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Mitochondrial DNA Clocks Imply Linear Speciation Rates Within “Kinds”

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Mitochondrial DNA Clocks Imply Linear Speciation Rates Within “Kinds” Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):273–304. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/mitochondrial_DNA_clocks_linear_speciation_rates.pdf Mitochondrial DNA Clocks Imply Linear Speciation Rates Within “Kinds” Nathaniel T. Jeanson, Institute for Creation Research, 1806 Royal Lane, Dallas, TX 75229 currently Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, Kentucky 41048. Abstract The mechanism of speciation remains one of the most contested scientific questions among both evolutionists and creationists. The tight linkage between this question and the question of the timing of speciation suggests that answers to the latter may aid the investigation of the former. To date within the young-earth community, no comprehensive studies on the relationship between genetics and the timing of speciation have been performed. In this study, I show that mitochondrial DNA relationships within extant families depict linear rates of speciation, a finding consistent with a mechanism of speciation that involves an originally created heterozygous allele pool fractionated by genetic drift. Keywords: timing, mechanism, linear speciation rate, molecular clock, mitochondrial DNA Introduction the Flood outside the Ark. Though many individuals As the history of the origins debate demonstrates, perished in the Flood, God preserved the “kinds.” the mechanism and timing of speciation are tightly Since “kinds” are probably best approximated by linked questions, the answer to each bearing weight the taxonomic rank of family, rather than species on the other. With respect to the first question, or genus (Wood 2006), speciation within a “kind”/ Darwin’s primary answer—natural selection— family has clearly occurred post-Flood. Even before was born out of his understanding of the supposed the Flood, during the ~1700 years from the Creation millions-of-years history of life. If life was ancient Week to the Deluge, speciation likely occurred. and if species appeared slowly and gradually, then However, unlike evolution, this speciation process the slow and gradual process of natural selection had its limits. Scripture does not support the natural seemed a natural fit. biological transformation of one “kind” into another That natural selection will always act with extreme “kind,” but it does support diversification within a slowness, I fully admit . I do believe that natural “kind” (see also Jeanson 2013). selection will always act very slowly, often only at long Because the Bible puts the date of creation at intervals of time, and generally on only a very few of 6000–10,000 years ago (Hardy and Carter 2014; the inhabitants of the same region at the same time. McGee 2012) and the date of the Flood around 4350 I further believe, that this very slow, intermittent years ago, speciation under the YE view is much action of natural selection accords perfectly well with more rapid than speciation under the evolutionary what geology tells us of the rate and manner at which view. Hence, rather than rely solely on mutation the inhabitants of this world have changed. (Darwin and natural selection to explain the diversity of life 1859, 108–09) within “kinds,” many YE creationists have proposed Modern evolutionists have followed suit and novel mechanisms for speciation. From transposon taken Darwin’s link one step further, arguing for amplification (Shan 2009) to “variation-inducing the plausibility of evolution via natural selection by genetic elements (VIGEs)” designed within front- citing the antiquity of the earth (e.g., Dawkins 2009). loaded genomes (“baranomes”) (Terborg 2008, 2009) Conversely, the young-earth (YE) creation view to “directed genetic mutations” (Lightner 2009), connects the mechanism and timing of speciation, YE creationists have wrestled with a multitude of but in a manner very different from evolutionists. processes in order to explain how a host of species The text of Genesis sets boundaries for the YE might have arisen in the last few thousand years. answers. According to Genesis 1, God supernaturally Several specific observations within this general created different “kinds” of creatures and did not YE creation view have spawned unique proposals derive them via evolution from pre-existing life on the mechanism. Based on the similarity between forms. Subsequently, two (unclean) or seven (clean) creatures depicted in ancient cave art and modern of every land, air-breathing “kind” of creature went species, Wise (1994) suggested that speciation on board the Ark, and the rest of the “kinds” survived rates exploded following the Flood and then rapidly ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2015 Answers in Genesis. All rights reserved. Consent is given to unlimited copying, downloading, quoting from, and distribution of this article for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 274 N. T. Jeanson diminished within a few hundred years. Wise analyses may reveal the answers to when and how further argued that this trajectory implied that the these species originated. mechanism was primarily intrinsic to each kind Previously, analysis of mitochondrial DNA in rather than being due to natural selection and the context of the speciation question has pointed mutation. in the direction of the explosive speciation model. Concurring with Wise, Wood (2002, 2003) Wood (2012, 2013b) analyzed ancient DNA from observed that Scripture records the very rapid post- humans and from three animal families/“kinds,” Flood appearance of modern species in at least four and he argued that rapid DNA sequence change “kinds,” adding further support to the hypothesis of was required to explain the genetic diversity among a burst of speciation. However, Wood (2002, 2003, extant and extinct individuals. Consistent with the 2013a) proposed a slightly different mechanism for explosive speciation model, Wood concluded that species’ origins, one which was transposable element- mutation rates were high around the time of the mediated but environment- and/or mutation- Flood and then decayed to their current rates. triggered. However, this conclusion rested entirely on the Which one of these many hypotheses is correct? assumption that the ancient DNA sequences were One of the limitations to understanding the timing reliable. Despite the popularity of the ancient DNA, and mechanism of speciation has been the lack they appear to be degraded, perhaps beyond utility of sufficiently large datasets. For example, after (Criswell 2009; Thomas and Tomkins 2014). examining the scope of mammalian speciation Restricting his analyses to extant mitochondrial in a more comprehensive fashion, Wood (2011) DNA sequences, Jeanson (2013) recently discovered refined the rapid-post-Flood-burst speciation model. evidence for a mitochondrial DNA clock that marks Observing that most mammal families are not time within the YE paradigm. Unlike evolutionary speciose, Wood suggested that rapid burst speciation molecular clocks that “calibrate” genetic differences was a phenomenon limited to species-rich “kinds,” with evolutionary times of origin that have been not all “kinds.” derived from the evolutionary interpretation of the In addition, with respect to the traditional scientific fossil record (e.g., see Ho 2014 as an example), this field by which the past has been interrogated— mitochondrial DNA clock was derived from empirical paleontology, lack of a comprehensive creationist measurements of mutation rates. In fact, the only model has hampered firm conclusions from being assumption that the mitochondrial DNA clock made formed on the explosive speciation model. Since was that the rates of DNA change had been constant most creationists would agree that the majority through time, a uniformitarian assumption that, in of geologic layers were deposited during the Flood, this instance, fit the YE timescale. This discovery this fact eliminates a good chunk of the record from suggested that mitochondrial DNA comparisons may usefulness to the speciation question. For those reveal a window into the past at unprecedented time layers that remain, a contentious debate stills exists resolution. as to whether the K-T boundary or the Pliocene- Furthermore, the number of published Pleistocene boundary represents the Flood/post- mitochondrial DNA genomes in metazoans has Flood boundary (Austin et al. 1994; Holt 1996; Oard increased rapidly in the last few years. As of the 2007; Ross 2014; Whitmore and Garner 2008). If the time of this writing, the entire mitochondrial DNA Flood/post-Flood boundary is at the K-T, then the sequences from nearly 5000 metazoan species were thick layers of the Cenozoic represent a very short present in the NCBI RefSeq database. Together with window of time post-Flood with a very large diversity Jeanson’s (2013) findings, these data suggested that of species, adding credence to the rapid post-Flood further investigation of mitochondrial DNA might speciation hypothesis and the mechanisms that yield insights into the timing species’ origins and follow from it (e.g.,
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