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The State of Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa

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The State of Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa The State of Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa Towards Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation by the Year 2025 The State of Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa Towards Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation by the Year 2025 The State of Animal Production Systems in Africa Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa Towards Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation by the Year 2025 Compiled by AU-IBAR Animal Genetic Project Team Dr Simplice Nouala Dr N’guetta Austin Bosso Dr Mary Mbole-Kariuki Dr Edward Nengomasha Dr Pissang Tchangai EUROPEAN UNION iii Published in 2019 by AU-IBAR Kenindia Business Park Museum Hill, Westlands Road P.O. Box 30786-00100 Nairobi, KENYA Copyright © 2019 African Union - Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU- IBAR) All rights reserved. Reproduction of material in this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. However, reproduction and dissemination for educational or other non- commercial purposes are authorized provided the source is fully acknowledged. Requests for such permission should be addressed to: The Director, AU-IBAR or by e-mail to: [email protected] ISBN 978-9966-63-198-5 Recommended citation: AU-IBAR 2019: The State of Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Africa. AU-IBAR publication Printed in Kenya by iv “We have enough resources to feed not just ourselves but other regions too. We must seize this opportunity now.” – Kofi Annan, 2014 v Contents List of Figures, Boxes and Tables vii Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Executive Summary xxiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiv Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Animal Production Systems in Africa 9 Livestock production systems 10 Agro-pastoral and pastoral systems 10 Mixed crop-livestock systems 12 Landless systems 13 Fisheries and aquaculture production systems 16 Emerging or non-conventional species production systems 22 Chapter Three: Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR) in Africa 27 Diversity and adaptive characteristics of African FAnGR 28 Distribution of livestock species and breeds 31 Distribution of other livestock species 41 Fish diversity and distribution 52 Species of limited distribution 56 Population trends in FAnGR 63 Population trends of fish and aquaculture 77 Population trends of species of limited distribution 80 Characterisation of FAnGR 94 Chapter Four: Threats and Risk Status of Africa’s Genetic Resources 105 Threats to Africa’s Genetic Resources 106 Breeds at risk 114 Chapter Five: Genetic Improvement and Conservation Programmes in Africa 121 Status of animal identification and recording 122 Utilisation of reproductive technologies 125 Genetic improvement programmes 135 Status of conservation programmes 160 Chapter Six: Policy and Institutional Frameworks for Animal Genetic Resources 183 Policy and legislative frameworks for FAnGR 184 Institutional framework and capacity development 193 Human and institutional capacity development 208 Stakeholders and their roles in the management of genetic resources 211 Information systems and networks 215 Access and benefit sharing 218 The Nagoya Protocol 219 Chapter Seven: Priority Actions 223 Chapter Eight: Overall Conclusions 231 References 235 List of Contributors and Reviewers 263 Index 295 List of Figures, Boxes and Tables Figures Figure 1: Drought-resistant Langie goats found in Eritrea Figure 2: Flock of indegenous chickens found in Ghana Figure 3: Livestock production systems in sub-Saharan Africa, extended to include cropping systems Figure 4: Roadside grazing of N’Dama cattle in DRC Figure 5: Cage culture in the DRC Figure 6: Mussels rafts in South Africa – (A) Masiza Mussels Farm in Saldanha Bay, (B) Oceanwise-Dusky Kob Farm in East London and (C) Oyster racks in Hamburg, South Africa Figure 7: Masiza Mussels Farm in Saldanha Bay, South Africa Figure 8: Flow-through tank culture in Nembwe fish farm, South Africa Figure 9: Traditional beekeeping in Ethiopia Figure 10a: Improved Langstroth CAB hive, modern design for the African Bee Figure 10b: A group of farmers from Nzaui in Kenya preparing their smokers for honey harvesting Figure 11: Number of locally adapted and exotic breeds for the main livestock species in Africa Figure 12: Distribution of breeds among the main livestock species Figure 13: Regional distribution of livestock breeds among species in Africa Figure 14: Distribution of livestock breeds among countries in North Africa Figure 15: Distribution of livestock breeds among countries of Southern Africa, including Réunion ix THE STATE OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN AFRICA Figure 16: Distribution of livestock breeds among countries of Eastern Africa Figure 17: Distribution of livestock breeds among countries of Central Africa Figure 18: Distribution of livestock breeds among countries in West Africa Figure 19: Resilient Somali camel in Kenya, a transboundary breed found in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia Figure 20: African wild donkey, a soon endangered species Figure 21: Barbe horse breed found in Mauritania Figure 22: Smallholder farms of (A) ducks and (B) geese in Niger and Mauritania respectively Figure 23 Commonly-found black turkey of Benin (A), and the white turkey of Madagascar (B) Figure 24: Madagascan local rabbits Figure 25: Number of bee species per region in Africa Figure 26: A swarm of African worker bees on a honey comb Figure 27: A woman sun-drying silver cyprinid fish on racks. The fish is found across East Africa, and is known locally as dagaa, omena or mukene Figure 28: A flock of helmeted guinea fowls Figure 29: Ostriches at a farm in Aïr, Niger Figure 30: The cane rat or grasscutter, a delicacy in Western Africa Figure 31: Reared Giant snails ready for the market Figure 32: Polychrome-coat patterned guinea pigs Figure 33: Nile crocodiles at the Binga Crocodile Farm in Zimbabwe Figure 34: An Ethiopian livestock keeper with a Sheko bull, one of the endangered cattle breeds in the world Figure 35: Livestock population trends in East Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 36: Trends in livestock populations in Central Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 37: A pastoralist with his Kuri bull, one of the endangered cattle breeds in the world x List of Figures, Boxes and Tables Figure 38: Trends in livestock populations in North Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 39: A thin-tailed hair Peulh sheep in Mauritania Figure 40: Trends in livestock populations in Southern Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 41: Angora goat, which is known for wool and mohair production in Lesotho Figure 42: Trends in livestock populations in West Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 43: Trends in camel population in Africa by regions between 2000 and 2014 Figure 44: Trends in chicken population in Africa by region between 2000 and 2014 Figure 45: Trends in the number of beehives in Africa by region between 2000 and 2013 Figure 46: Trends in estimated donkey population in Africa by region between 2000 and 2014 Figure 47: Estimates of the horse populations in Africa by region between 2000 and 2014 Figure 48: Trends in rabbit populations in Africa between 2000 and 2014 Figure 49: Aquaculture taxonomic units in Africa as reported to FAO Figure 50: Production of marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture in Africa by region, 2013 Figure 51: Trends in aquaculture production in Africa by region between 2000 and 2014 Figure 52: Distribution of some African transboundary cattle breeds Figure 53: Distribution of some African transboundary goat breeds Figure 54: Distribution of some African transboundary sheep breeds Figure 55: Selected transboundary breeds of East Africa Figure 56: Selected transboundary breeds of North Africa Figure 57: Selected transboundary breeds of Southern Africa Figure 58: Selected transboundary breeds of West Africa Figure 59: Selected transboundary breeds of Central Africa xi THE STATE OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN AFRICA Figure 60: Proportion of countries’ progress in taking inventory of their FAnGR Figure 61: Proportion of African countries conducting phenotypic and molecular characterisation of their FAnGR Figure 62: Proportion of countries with baseline surveys, conducted or planned Figure 63: Proportion of countries with institutions mandated to foresee monitoring of FAnGR Figure 64: Use of Harmonised Animal Genetic Resources- Characterisation, Inventory and Monitoring (AnGR-CIM) Tool for Africa in Ghana Figure 65: Overview of the main threats associated with loss of breed numbers or diversity in FAnGR Figure 66: Examples of breeds involved in improvement programmes Figure 67: A herd of Nguni cattle, an indigenous breed known for its outstanding beef production Figure 68: Somali camel in northern Kenya Figure 69: A herd of East African shorthorn Zebu with Duruma strain found along the coastal shores of Kenya Figure 70: Some threatened FAnGR in need of conservation in Africa Figure 71: Number of countries and stakeholders using artificial insemination and embryo transfer Figure 72: AI breeding technology being applied on Sahiwal cattle in Transmara, Kenya Figure 73: Breeds with morphological variants found in indigenous chickens Figure 74: Tuli cattle at the Matopos Research Institute, Zimbabwe Figure 75: Djallonke sheep, a drought and trypano-tolerant breed Figure 76: D’Man sheep, a transboundary breed found in Algeria and Morocco Figure 77: White guinea fowls reared at the University of Ghana’s breeding farm xii List of Figures, Boxes and Tables Figure 78: East African goat, a transboundary
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