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Pacu Farming- a Threat to Local Population in Purba Medinipur

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Pacu Farming- a Threat to Local Population in Purba Medinipur Pacu farming- a threat to local population in Purba Medinipur Angsuman Chanda www.rnlkwc.ac.in PG Department of Zoology, Raja N. L. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), Midnapur, PaschimMedinipur, West Bengal, India. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 28.04.2019 Recently introduced Pacu fish farming in Purba Medinipur district is Revised: 26.05.2019 picking up fast without envisaging scientific track to promote or regulate Accepted: 02.06.2019 it. The unofficially introduced Pacu in India is projected to be Piaractus brachypomus relying on the identifying characteristics. However, the species available in aquaculture and that in aquarium trade is yet to be scientifically validated. The identification of juvenile fish available at hatcheries, farms and aquarium shops based on morphological features may not be correct particularly when possibility of existing different species of Pacu and their interspecific hybrids may exist. Monitoring, risk assessment and identification of the individual species should bescientifically conducted. In Purba Medinipur, the farm-raised Pacu grows well but its production differs from farm to farm. The fish can utilize diets high in carbohydrates and plant proteins, tolerates poor water quality conditions, varied environments and culture conditions. Breeding of the fish is now well established for its farm raising and propagation yet ornamental value of the fish has also further fascinated aquarium shopkeepers and hobbyists to keep and propagate it in Purba Medinipur. Farm raising, hatchery production and aquarium trading of Pacu facilitated inadvertent releases of introduced Pacu which has gravitated into several natural water bodies. It is proposed that the available Pacu farms and hatcheries need to be urgently registered in view of proper Keyword: management and scientific regulations on Pacu farming. Based on the Pacu, field oriented information presented in this study, there are several Culture, adverse ecological concerns and consequences are observed. The issues Impact, and concerns of rapid expansion of Pacu in Purba Medinipur draws Local, attention of the policy makers and the scientific community to address Diversity, them keeping in view of the larger interest of the farmer’s community, Purba, Medinipur. society and the environment. Introduction region (Day, 1889), was probably the first person Introduction of exotic fishes in the Indian waters who tried to introduce the brown can be traced back more than a century old trout, Salmotrutta fario in the Nilgiri waters in history. While the country was under the British the year 1863, but his attempt was unsuccessful rule, such fisheries were possibly introducedfor (Jhingran, 1975). This was followed by recreational fisheries. Sir Francis Day, the author introduction of several exotic fish species from of the classical work on the Fish fauna of Indian various parts of the world to different regions 104 International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences • ISSN: 2455-6718 : RNI : WBENG/2016/76189 • Vol. 4 • 2019 of India for augmenting fish production through speciescalled piranha is also available which aquaculture, for sport fishery, for mosquito belongs to the family Characidae and subfamily control, weed control, for ornamental purpose Serrasalmidae belonging to the samegroup (Jegu etc with successes and failures. The larvaecidal M. 2003). The morphological information, fishes, such as, Poecilia characteristics and biology of Pacus found in retiuculta and Gambusia affinis were India are yet to be scientifically validated. At introduced in the year 1908 and 1928 the juvenile stage, Pacu resembles piranha respectively, to control mosquito larvae in (Pygocentrus natteri), but differs greatly in confined waters. But the larvaecidal value of behaviour and feeding habits even though they these species is not well established. There are belong to the same family (Singh and Lakra hundreds of ornamental fish species being 2011).Since the boundaries of the country are imported to our country since the aquarium trade porous, Pacu piracy and unauthorized is in progressive growth stage but insecticidal introductions have been carried out (Singh and value of these species is not well established. Lakra 2011) and actually needed scientific The ornamental fishes, although remain information are lacking. The unofficial culture confined to aquarium tanks, their release into and breeding of Pacu in India has natural habitats is not uncommon and the beenexpanding during recent past causing impacts in case of escapee were not yet assessed. concern of local fish biodiversity management The so-called fish Pacu, Piaractus and encouraging aquaculture for food security. brachypomus(Cuvier 1818) was unofficially As per reports available, a significant subset of introduced possibly during 2012 via Bangladesh alienspecies can become invasive and have (Chatterjee and Mazumdar, 2009;Singh and serious adverse impacton biodiversity and Lakra2011). As per information available in related ecosystem services, as well as haveother Fishbase, there are 12 species of Pacus (Froese, social and economic impact (Singh and Lakra Rainer and Pauly. 2017). The popular species 2011). Internationally, culture and breeding of Pacu are Colossomama cropomum technology of Pacus, Colossomama cropomum (tambaqui), Piaractus brachypomusand (tambaqui), Piaractus brachypomus and Piaractus mesopotamicus. Red-bellied Pacuand Piaractus mesopotamicus is now well black Pacuhave been reported from India (Singh, established andavailable (Hashimoto, Senhorini Dinesh, and Abubakar, 2012).Nevertheless, and Foresti, 2012). However, it is also important Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818) to mention that inrecent years, hybrids of Pacus commonly known asPacu, pirapitinga, have also been produced andreported to roopchand is understood to be available atmany represent recent advances in aquaculture of Pacu of the farms, markets and aquarium shops of (Hashimoto, Senhorini and Foresti, 2012). Since Indian states and the fish has got both food and three species of Pacus Colossoma macropomum ornamental value. In addition, another Pacu like (tambaqui), Piaractus brachypomus and International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences • ISSN: 2455-6718 : RNI : WBENG/2016/76189 • Vol.4 • 2019 105 Piaractus mesopotamicus are very common at species farmers are cultivating and demonstrate farms and hatcheries inseveral countries, authenticity. Absence of monitoring by morphological distinction of such unintentional competent agencies/authorities/scientific or deliberate hybrids production from the organizations, the warnings reported by parents becomes highly unidentifiable, Hashimoto et al. (2012) based on experience particularly between interspecific hybrids and elsewhere particularly in the USA and Asia will pure species individuals. It is thus difficult to be needed towards theimplementation of generate species specific information of the regulatory measures and managementon Pacu individuals available at the farms and markets. culture. Keeping in view of the above facts, Hybrids Pacucan be erroneously identified as presentscenario on the culture and breeding of pure species in breeding facilities, which might Pacu in Purba Medinipur has been synthesized reduce production on farms and negatively and presented in the present paper. Further, affect native populations due to escapes or variousenvironmental conditions required for unscientific stock ingpractices [Hashimoto, the fish to spread hasalso been generated so as Senhorini and Foresti, 2014).These deliberate to make out possible invasions. The instances or unauthorized activities of hybrid production of inadvertent releases of the fish in different are considered to be more resistant tovaried naturalaquatic bodies are highlighted besides environmental factors [Moraes, Avilez and Hori, lessons to be learnt from the other countries and even other states of our country to contemplate 2006). Further, mislabelling of theexisting scientific measures toregulate culture and species may become a cheat to the market and propagation of Pacu in Purba Medinipur. farmersas the hybrids may not be as productive and remunerative for aquaculture as that of pure Materials and Methods species (Hashimoto, Senhorini and Foresti, Present work is mainly based on the field and 2012). Nevertheless, genetic and environmental market survey during March, 2018 to February, problems are alsoforeseen and since different 2019.Pacu fish were collected and surveyed in species of Pacus are reproductively compatible different blocks like Egra-I&II, Contai-I&II, (Hashimoto, Senhorini and Foresti, 2012). The Mahisadal, Moyna, NandigramI, Panskura, propagule pressure on the Pacu fish farming in Potaspur-I&II,Bhawanpur-I&II,Tamluk of India isequal for aquaculture as food and also Purba Medinipur district. Different farm sides for ornamental keeping (Datta and Nandeesha, were also visited and their culture process was 2006; Ghosh, and Datta, 2014). It is quite likely noted. Seeds were collected from fish hatchery that attempts are in operation or maybe made of Onda, Bishnupur of Bankura district, reported towards creating fancy appearance of the fish by fish-farmers on Purba Medinipur. through crossbreeding of different species of Aquaculture of Pacu in PurbaMedinipur Pacu for value addition especially in ornamental trade. It is therefore, imperative toensure what Both red-bellied Pacu, Piaractus brachypomus 106 International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences • ISSN: 2455-6718
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