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Se ies E i o s o is . S esi ge ames A. Swee Ka E. aeu e Ce e o emog a y a Eco ogy U i e si y o Wisco si Ma iso r d r l t r f th 40 C n f n nd p l t n o e M. e ki s
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C p r ht © 8 h rd f nt f th Un v r t f W n n S t All r ht r rv d
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Preface xvii
1 The Rise of the Extended Family in the Nineteenth Century
2 The Economics of the Family: Some Theoretical Considerations
r d t n l S l l Int rpr t t n h E n 6 Ex h n h r 20 E n h r nd v l f An l 22 E n An l nd n t r l t r 2 h t t n f E n An l 24 t r l Int rpr t t n 2 C n l n 2 v C nt nt
3 Evidence on the Economics of Extended-Family Structure 0
E n St t nd Ext nd d l Str t r E n p nd n nd th Ext nd d l 42 E n Ex h n nd Ext nd d l Str t r 4 C n l n
4 Approaches to the Demography of the Extended Family 60
h r t l C n d r t n 60 An l t M d l f Ext nd d l Str t r 6 S l t n Appr h h SOCSIM r ph M r l t n M d l 4
5 Analytic Strategies 84
v l f M r nt nd d nt l r p n t 84 h Wh pp r A pt n 8 h St nd rd r p n t Appr h 2 U f p th t l l th MOMSIM 02 C n l n 0
6 Simulation Results 06
h St nd rd r p n t lt 0 p th t l l nd St l Str t r C n l n 2 Contents ix
Conclusion 127
Appendix A: Notes on the Measurement of Historical Family Structure
l Ext n n v r h ld Ext n n h ld d h p nd l Str t r 40 h Un t f M r nt 42 h Eff t f Int rv n n r bl 4
Appendix B: Data and Setting 0
Appendix C: MOMSIM: An Individual-Level Model of Demography and Kinship 6
G n r l Ch r t r t f th M d l Inp t t nd All t n r d r 60 Str t f r A n n Ch r t r t 6 A pt n n A n nt f Ind v d l Ch r t r t 2 A r f th f t r All t n 4 Or n z t n f th M d l h b r j t n M d l 8 h MOMSIM Adj t nt hn 82 C n l n 84 x C nt nt
App nd x : h Eff t f r ph n Ext nd d l Str t r 8 h 00 St nd rd r p n t 86 M r t l tt rn nd St nd rd r p n t M rt l t , rt l t , nd St nd rd r p n t 8 An l thr h p th t l l 20 C n l n 206
App nd x E: M rr nd Cl tt rn f Ext nd d l Str t r 208 r ph nd Ext nd d l n n h r 208 rt l nd r z nt l Ext n n 2 p r nd r z nt l Ext n n 2 4 d h p nd rt l Ext n n 2 6 C n l n 2
App nd x : M lt v r t An l 220
bl r ph 2
Ind x 2 r
. . r nt f h ld C nt n n Ext nd d K n: En l nd nd A r , 600 84 .2. M n b r f Ext nd d K n p r 00 h ld : En l nd, 6 0 0 . . r nt f r n d n th Ext nd d K n, b O p t n l Cl : Er C nt , 8 4 .2. r nt f r n d n th Ext nd d K n, b O p t n l Cl : n h r n , 8 . . r nt f r n d n th Ext nd d K n, b l f r : Er C nt , 8 8 .4. St nd rd z d r nt f r n d n th Ext nd d K n, b l f ll n : Er C nt , 8 40 . . E n p nd n t f Ext nd d l , In l d n nd Ex l d n Ext nd d K n, b A f l d: Er C nt nd n h r n , 8 46 .6. r nt f M r nt d n n Ext nd d l , b Y r Sp nt ll : Er C nt , 8 C. . S pl f d l h rt f r f t r S br t n 0 C.2. M n b r f S rv v n Ch ldr n, b A f M th r: Un t d St t , 00, nd S l t d p l t n 6
x x r
C. . r nt f W n th On r M r S rv v n Ch ldr n, b A f M th r: Un t d St t , 00, nd S l t d p l t n C.4. Ex pl f S l t d K n Gr p . . r nt Ev r M rr d, b A nd S x: M rr n 0
bl
1.1. Ext nd d l h ld f r l t n Wh h S r t Ar Av l bl . . Ind v d l d n th Ext nd d l t v , Er C nt , 8 .2. Eff t f th In l n f Ext nd d l t v n th l E n p nd n t 4 . . Eff t f th In l n f Ext nd d l t v n th l E n p nd n t , b O p t n l Cl , Er C nt , 880 44 .4. h v n Arr n nt f M th r nd W r n W n 48 . . v n Arr n nt nd M lt h h ld ll n , Er C nt , 8 2 .6. W rd n t nd r nt d n th Ext nd d l t v , ff l , 8 . . r nt f Ind v d l th Av l bl K n f S l t d p , Un t d St t , 00 4 .2. r nt f Ind v d l A t ll d n th K n f S l t d p , Un t d St t , 00 4 . . r p n t f r Ind v d l t d th K n f S l t d p , Un t d St t , 00 6. . r ph r t r f r S l t n n : r nd tr l n nd St nd rd p l t n x v bl
6.2. r nd tr l nd St nd rd S l t n n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 2 6. . r ph r t r f r S l t n n : M d nt th C nt r n nd St nd rd p l t n 6.4. M d nt th C nt r nd St nd rd S l t n n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 6 6. . r ph r t r f r S l t n n : Ex r t d h rd W rld n nd St nd rd p l t n 6.6. Ex r t d h rd W rld nd St nd rd S l t n n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 8 6. . M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l nd E r ph C nd t n 2 6.8. M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l : C b n t n r ph M d l 24 A. . M r f Ext nd d l Str t r f r p th t l p l t n , A n C n t nt l S z 4 A.2. M r f Ext nd d l Str t r f r p th t l p l t n , A n r bl l S z 4 C. r p rt n f p l t n Ev r M rr d, b A nd S x, Un t d St t , 00 6 C.2. Ch r t r t f r p th t l K n Gr p 80 . . d nt l r p n t f r M j r K n Gr p n 00 88 .2. r ph r t r f M rr n . . M rr n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t .4. Av l b l t f M th r 4 . . Av l b l t f S t r .6. r ph r t r f r nt M rr n n . . Eff t f r nt v r M rr n n l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t .8. r ph r t r f Sp Int rv l n . . Eff t f A Int rv l b t n Sp n l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 8 bl xv
. 0. r ph r t r f M rt l t n . . M rt l t n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 200 . 2. r ph r t r f rt l t n 20 . . rt l t n : M r f l Str t r , A n 00 St nd rd r p n t 202 . 4. M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l : M rr n 204 . . M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l : r nt M rr n n 204 . 6. M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l : M rt l t n 20 . . M r f St l Str t r , A n St p th t l l : rt l t n 206 E. . S l t n lt , A n 8 St nd rd r p n t 2 0 E.2. r nt f Ext nd d l M b r d n n " rt l" nd " r z nt l" l , n h r n , 8 2 E. . M r t l St t f W n v r , n h r n , 8 2 E.4. d h p tt rn f r r n n hr G n r t n l , n h r n , 8 2 . . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , Er C nt , 8 22 .2. M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , Er C nt , 8 22 . . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , Er C nt , 880 22 .4. M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l f r W n A d 8 r Old r, Er C nt , 880 22 . . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , Er C nt , 00 2 0 .6. M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l f r W n A d 8 r Old r, Er C nt , 00 2 xv bl
. . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , Er C nt , 2 2 . . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l f r W n A d 8 r Old r, Er C nt , 2 . . M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l , rt n nd S lf rd, n h r , 8 2 4 . 0. M lt pl Cl f t n An l f th r b b l t f d n n n Ext nd d l f r W n A d 8 r Old r, rt n nd S lf rd, n h r , 8 2 Preface
S t n t r n bl l nt t l t th n . W p nd n f l l t f t tr n t d rn t th n th h nd d rd r, nd t tr t h rd. W h v n tr t d v n f t rv l lf dj t n h n , n n h h v r rv n nt l p rp t th p r t n f th h n h l . A f r , l nt t n x tl h t h pp n d t th f l d r n th n n t nth nt r : th r h ft fr xt nd d t n l r f l tr t r , h h rr d b th n l r f l f n t n ll d pt d t nd tr l t . W n h v n v d n h h h th t th pp t h n t pl : th fr n f xt nd d f l r hl d bl d b t n b t 0 nd 00. S th ld th r h b n d f d th f h l r h r n z th t th r n n r n th fr n f xt nd d f l n t th v th t t th extended f l th t f n t n ll d pt d t rl nd tr l t . h b r th t nn t xpl n th r f th xt nd d f l b t n r n th f n t n l t th r . h n n t nth nt r xt nd d f l n t f n t n l d pt t n t n l nd t n th r n p pl n r n l r d d n xt nd d f l h d l ttl t d th n p rp th xt nd d f l h v rv d. In t d, th xt nd d f l h ld b v d n nd r t n n f h n n l nd t n . nr v l th t r p d b th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r , I r nd p th l p t : n , d r ph , nd lt r .
xvii xv r f
E n th r , I r , d n t r ll f r xpl n n h n n th f l h n t t th r r l t v , p pl r ld pl t l r t n l. n n r l t v n t tr t f r n rv v l nd r th h r h nd t n f rl nd tr l p t l — n th n tr r , xt nd d n t p ll p d n dd d n b rd n. If r t n l n d n n nn t xpl n r d n n n n t nth nt r xt nd d f l , th n n l l t n n t th t v f r th r f th xt nd d f l . t th t d n t n th t t r l f t r r rr l v nt. Ev n f n d n t t ll h n t r n nt d t l v n xt nd d f l , t n h lp xpl n h th r bl t d . A th nt r pr d d, r nd r p pl r bl t ff rd th l x r f pp rt n th r d p nd nt n. r ph xpl n t n t rn t t b r p rt nt th n n n , nd th r th n f f th b . h r r f xt nd d f l b f r th nd tr l r v l t n pr r l b t p pl h d h rt f l v n r l t v . In th n n t nth nt r , r n l f xp t n , t th r th f ll n t rr xp nd d th z f n r p , nd n r d th pp rt n t t f r xt nd d f l . t d r ph n t th h l t r . h r f th xt nd d f l n d d th r v l t n n tt t d t f l l f . h t r n d l z d f l r l t n h p f r r th n th r n t r h d. h h d n t n f bl t n t n, nd r ft n ll n t pp rt r l t v t r t n nd p h t. All thr p t , th n, pl d r l n th r f th xt nd d f l . n n ll d r p pl t h n ll d dv nt l v n rr n nt . And th n r f xt nd d f l n p rt b pr d t f d r ph h n t th v r l t, n b nf d nt th t th r f th xt nd d f l ld n v r h v h pp n d th t h n n th p tt rn f d th nd rr . t f th n nd d r ph f t r n xpl n th n r d pp rt n t t r d n xt nd d f l , th d n t xpl n h p pl h t t dv nt f th pp rt n t . Wh n I th t th t r n h xt nd d f l , I d n t nt t v r ph z th r l f nd v d l n . S l h t r n h v b n r n l nt r t d n th t v nd rl n th b h v r f rd n r p pl . M n h v tr d th r t n l l nt f nd v d l d n n , nd h v r rd d n l l t n th n d r bl — v d n th t h t r l t r pl d n p rt nt r l n h p n th r n d t n . h h t l d t n pl t n th t th p r t f t r l n d th n n t lf. r f A x
h r ll nt r t n p t f l b h v r, t t , r th th t nn t b l xpl n d n t r f t r l lf hn . h n n t nth nt r xt nd d f l r t d p rtl n th rn t t r n n f d t . h th n l r r, I th n , th n l l t d d pt t n t n l nd t n . Ch n n tt t d t th f l n th rl nd tr l p r d r r fl t n f f nd nt l h ft n v l . It ld b d ff lt t r b th t h ft t nd v d l n . n t nth nt r t d b th p pl f th t , b t th d d ll t v l nd th t n pr d t t n.
h t xt d v t d t xpl n t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r , h l th pp nd x ddr v r t f r l t d . r n r d r , th t f l p rt f r r h ll b f nd t th b f th b . h r I d th r nt f f l tr t r , n t hn f r n l z n th d r ph f th xt nd d f l , th n t v t f f l tr t r t v r t n n d r ph nd t n , nd th pl t n f d r ph f r l d ff r n n f l tr t r . Alth h th pp nd x r h v l th d l l, th r n t d ff lt I h v tr d t th bl th n b d f th b .
I h v b n r n n th t p f r v r d d , nd l n th n p pl h v v n h lp. I f rt n t n h v n n n r d nt xt nd d n r p p d f xp rt n r r l t d t t p . M t r tr v n r h lp n r l t n, n h t r nd l th r n r ll . M th r t r v r t l dv n th p t r pr r nd d t tr t r d n th r r h. M p r nt pr v d d th d l f nt ll t l r n bl n . h h v l h n r t r , n t ntl b n th t d f n rth d x . And—n t th l t f th r pl h nt —th h v d n r th n n th r t dv n th f r d t .
In t rl t , r b n f tt d fr th dv nd r t f th l t v d Gl nd A. . h p n. M f r t xp r t f r l d r ph fr S t, h t ht t t h d n n t r . h r n d n nv l bl r f n r nt nd t n thr h t. h b r t f d rt t n, nd t b r th nfl n f M h l K tz, dv r n r d t h l. M r t t d bt t fr nd nd ll M r K n , h h f n lt nt n d r ph th d , r l t n, l Mx r f th r , th h t r f th f l , nd l h t r n r ll . Sh d t d th nt r n r pt v r l t v r, f rr t n t fl f l , nt nt, t l , nd r n z t n. h n r pt l r d t v r t b M h l K tz, n S th, S t, M r n v , nd S n W t n . h r dv v d fr tt n v r t f t t t l nd l l n . M n th r d rv nt n. M f r r r t — ld E ll r nd Er l p n— n lt d n p t r r ph nd th t , r p t v l . h r t f n t h nd r S h f ld f n rl p p r n th d r ph f th f l h lp d t h p ppr h t th t pr bl . n f r d t r v l t nt rpr t t n f th t r n rr r t. S n C hn, z , W rn r G nd r h r, , C nd , rr , W n t n M ll, M r r , M t l, Al x nd r n v , hn S hr d r, nd n Sh r ll h lp d th d , t n , r r t . I l r t f l f r th n r nt nd pp rt f ll n th h t r d p rt nt t M nn t . I r v d n d r bl h lp fr n t t t n . h . h l Gr d t t r S t d f nd d f nd n d r n x r f r d t h l. h n d f n t Gr n nt rn E t n C p r t v pr v d d n tr t n nd r l pr v nt d r n l n nt rv l p nt n M d n, W n n W l h v rn rv d th f n t n n h l d lph . I r t d bt t th h lpf l t ff f t p t n f l t , v d tt nh b r t r f th Un v r t f nn l v n nd th C nt r f r r ph nd E l f th Un v r t f W n n. h l tt r, I bl d t n t , pp rt d b IC r nt 0 8 6.
Minneapolis November 1986 r l n d C nn t n o. t I, Sa d d,. a , tt r th n for v r, l t d. th r hn & om & ll & S n & S r h & Dick k. o e,4, Se imus AAA. n & A t & Ch rl & t & rr t & b & E & 4 , 26 6 v d wo § & th r & M th r & th r & M th r Father &, Mother 4. nt .440 , nn h 2. C n l & C n t Un l Ed rd , e, C n, t ee n r , d th C t t." . . 4 ee d. ca . r ll t " a c
Geo ge " n th C n ," fr G r Cr h n t al., The Comic Almanack: An Ephemeris in Jest and Earnest, Containing Merry Tales, Humorous Poetry, Quips and Oddities ( nd n, 8 r pr nt 2 h f th Ext nd d l n th n t nth C nt r
I b l v th t r nh pp n fr th r th n n th r—I n fr th tt pt t pr l n th f l nn t n nd l nd t p pl h n t th r rt f ll h ld n v r n t r ll d . h h f n th l r l n t r t, b t n th ddl nd pp r l t ll n l r n b r d l . And th ld p pl d n t r ll l t h b tt r th n th n . S l tl r, Note-Books ( . 88
h ld th f th xt nd d f l th n ll r p th. In ld n d —b f r d rn z t n, nd tr l z t n, nd r l d — p pl l v d n xt nd d f l n p pl l v n n l r f l . h v f th h t r f th f l f r t pr p d n th n n t nth nt r , nd b th 0 t f l l d n th pr t t v l n f n . bt b t th ld th r f r t r d n 6 , h n t r l tt nd hn rr n p bl h d v d n th t r d n th xt nd d r l t v r r n Cl rth, tt n h h r , d r n th v n t nth nt r . S b nt r r h h h n th t th v ll n t x pt n l nl b t 0 p r nt f h h ld n En l h n t b t n 6 0 nd 80 n l d d xt nd d n. h v d n f r l n l
. A f l d f n d h r n r p f r l t d p pl h r d t th r. A n l r f l n h h nt n n r l t v th r th n h b nd, f , nd th r h ldr n n xt nd d f l n l d th r n. M t f th v d n t d n th h pt r r f r t xt nd d nd n l r households r th r th n f l th d t n t n b t n th t d d n pp nd x A. 2. h pr n p l h l f th ht r d d n h pt r 2. . l tt nd rr n ( 6 . h b nt r r h—b d n n l f l l n f r v r h ndr d l l t — tl rr d t b th C br d Gr p f r th t r f p l t n nd S l Str t r th r f nd n r d r b d n l tt nd W ll ( 2 . h nv t t n h v b n h rpl r t z d p ll G b rt ( nd r n r ( . v r, th r t d , nd p nd nt f th C br d Gr p, h v rr v d t th n l n th t nl 0 p r nt r l f h h ld n l d d xt nd d
4 h f th Ext nd d l
A r nt r, b f r l t n f nh b t nt r v l bl . v rth l , th l t d d t d t th t xt nd d l v n rr n nt r t l t n l n ht nth nt r A r th r n En l nd. h r r n f dh r nt t th th th t xt nd d f l pr d n t d n th rld h v l t. Unf rt n t l , n th h r pl d th ld n . It n nl b l v d th t A r n nd En l h f l tr t r h l b n v r h l n l n l r. h th t d f xt nd d f l tr t r h b n d d rr l v nt. If th fr n f xt nd d f l h r n d n h n d f r th p t 00 r , nd h l v n rr n nt r l n b rr t n, th n th n f nt d v l p nt n th h t r f th f l t l l h r . W th th r n n , v r l A r n l h t r n h v r t z d th t d f xt nd d f l tr t r . r x pl , b rt W ll r th t h r r h " th p nt n h ld n t b n rn d th h n nd v d l l v d, b t r th r th th quality f r l t n h p b t n n." 5 In f t, th fr n f xt nd d f l h n t r n d n t nt. h b t v d n n v l bl nd t th t th fr n f x t nd d f l h h ld increased fr th pr nd tr l p r d t th l t n n t nth nt r . Ev d n b t xt nd d h h ld fr d v r t f t d f b th En l nd nd A r pr nt d n f r . . 6 h r ph pl t th
n b f r 80 Gl ( 6 , r nt r ( 6 : 26 0 , th n Ad ( , nd th r r h d r b d n lbr ( 84: 20 . 4. I n f nl t l n l A r n f r h h r tr tl p r bl t th En l h d t , nd b th r b d n ll d t t fr th l t v nt nth nt r : th r r p r nt xt nd d h h ld n r t l, h d I l nd, n 68 ( l tt 2 : 8 , nd 6 p r nt xt nd d n df rd, Y r , n 6 8 (W ll : 2 . Alth h nn t n r l z n th b f d t fr t l l t , t n t rth th t th p r nt r v n ll r th n h b n f nd n th v nt nth r ht nth nt r En l h l l t . M r v r, th pr n th t xt nd d f l r r r n l n l A r b l t r d b th r nd f v d n ( 68: 40, 44 4 6 : 2 , Gr v n ( 66: 2 , nd ht ( . A l t n f nh b t nt n r b h ( 28: 4 t th t 0 p r nt f 8 f l n x M r l nd l l t n 6 nt n d xt nd d n. . W ll ( 8: 26 l D. S. S th ( b , K br n ( 6: 2 , K tz ( : , 06 . A n t bl x pt n Ch d ff ( 8: 20 . h n t n th t th A r n f l "b rn d rn" nt d t th t t t d f xt nd d f l tr t r ( r t nb r 66 , h h p rh p h lp t xpl n A r n h t r n pt n f th h p th f nt n t . 6. n r p r b l t , nl th r r h r h xpl tl d f n th r t t t th p r nt f h h ld nt n n xt nd d n r r pr nt d n f r . pp nd x A.
The Rise of the Extended Family 5
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r . . r nt f h h ld nt n n xt nd d n: En l nd nd A r , 600 84. S r : l tt ( 2 , Ar tr n ( 4 , And r n ( , r v n ( , Gl ( , S th ( 0 , pr ( , t r ( 4 , Gl ( , r r ( 2 , l n ( , r h ( 80 , l tt ( 8 , r nt r ( 6 , , W ll ( 82 , W ll ( , G n r l t r Off ( 68 , U.S. r f th C n ( 6 , , 8 , A r t ( . r f r n h r , Er C nt , nd th U.S. n 00 r b d n d t d r b d n pp nd x . r f rth r d t l , n t f nd n f t nt v n p r t t d f xt ht d t t dr n fr l l t nd n t n l pl n En l nd nd A r b t n nd 84. A rd n t th d t , th p r nt f h h ld nt n n xt nd d n f th f l h d r hl d bl d b t n 0 nd th l t n n t nth nt r n b th En l nd nd A r . 6 h f th Ext nd d l
t n 8 0 nd 88 , b t 20 p r nt f h h ld n l d d x t nd d n. r n th t nt th nt r , th tr nd h r v r d. In b th A r nd En l nd, th fr n f xt nd d h h ld h d l n d t l v l v n l r th n n th pr nd tr l p r d. In En l nd n , nl . p r nt f h h ld n l d d xt nd d n, h l n th Un t d St t n 84, th f r 6.0 p r nt. h d t pr nt d n f r . t ll nd r t t th n r n th fr n f xt nd d f l b t n th pr nd tr l p r d nd th h h t r n r . h l n t r p r n f t t t n h h ld tr t r pr nt d ff lt b th d f n t n f h t n t t t "h h ld" h n t r n d n t nt. If n th n , h v r, h n n d f n t n f th h h ld pr b bl r lt n nd r t t nt f th n r n xt nd d l v n rr n nt n th n n t nth nt r pr nd tr l n r t r pr b bl d pt d r n l v d f n t n f h h ld th n d d th r n n t nth nt r nt rp rt . . U.S. r f th C n ( 8 : 6 , W ll ( 82: 8 . W ll t f r f 20.2 p r nt xt nd d h h ld f r En l nd h l n 8 , b d n n n t n l pl pr p r d nd r th d r t n f M h l And r n. r dd t n l t nt th nt r d t , Gr t r t n, G n r l t r Off ( 68: 2 , U.S. r f th C n ( : 2 6 6 : 4 0 . h t nt th nt r A r n f r t d n th t xt nd n f r . r dj t d t n l d pr r nd v d l n th d n n t r. h rv l b l d " n" n f r . b d n th v r f ll d t p nt v r th rt r p r d , x pt th t f r th p r d b f r 800 th rv b d nt r l n th C br d Gr p d t . h rv th d th th SASGRAPH pl n f n t n th f n t n ppl d f r th nt n r ph th t pp r n h pt r nd pp n d x . 8. W h v t b t f nf r t n b t th d f n t n f th h h ld n t r n n , b t th rl r p r d r pr bl t . S , f r x pl , . l tt ( 2 : 2 28, 4 40 , W ll ( 2: 66 , . l tt ( 2b: 2 4 , ll tt ( 2 , And r n ( 2b , Wr ht ( 00 , U.S. r f th C n ( 4 : 8 , Gl ( : 2 0 . A r t d l h b n r tt n b t h pr bl f p r n, b t t d n t dd p t much; we simply l nf r t n n the criteria pl d b pr n n r t r . Int rn l v d n , h v r, t th t th pr nd tr l n r t r h v d pt d br d r d f n t n f th h h ld th n d d th t r n n r t r . In th n n t nth nt r , lt pl h h ld d ll n r f rl n nv t t r h v f nd th t b t n 0 nd 40 p r nt f h h ld h r d pr th th r h h ld ( f. Anderson 2 , K tz, t, and St rn 82 . According to Peter Laslett ( 2 , on the th r h nd, th pr nd tr l h h ld rd n r l " t r n " th pr , br dl d f n d. S n n f nt pr p rt n f n n t nth nt r lt f l d ll n nt n d n h r d d n d ff r nt h h ld , th n rr d f n t n d n th n n t nth nt r h v r d d th r l t v fr n f xt nd d f l h h ld . h f th Ext nd d l
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ddl t n, r t 24 2 4 8 2 264 86 2 8 20 2 88 248 E l n , M ddl x 8 8 8 248 86 2 20 C rd n t n, df rd h r 82 80 8 20 284 C rf C tl , r t 0 2 2 8 86 2 Cl rth, tt n h h r 6 6 8 688 8 8 2 28 Ch lv r C t n, W r 686 8 6 0 l t n, St ff rd h r 6 2 2 8 20 2 86 264 Ardl h, E x 6 2 2 0 8 4 66 Appl d r , v n 8 2 4 0 8 0 488 h d I l nd 68 2 8 8 2, 6 60 ,488 Er C nt , Y r 8 20 2,6 880 24 , 8 00 2 2, 6 ,4 2
S r : . l tt ( 2 : 6 r r ( 2: r nt r ( 6 : 26 0, : 6 l tt ( 8 : 42, 48 . r t l nl . r nt f p r n n xt nd d f l pp nd x A. 8 h f th Ext nd d l
r t f th l l t h n n f r . , h v nf r t n b t h h ld tr t r t nl n nt n t . It ht b bj t d th t th l l t r pr nt d n th rl r p r d ht n t b p r bl t th f th l t n n t nth nt r . A rd n l , t bl . pr v d f r f r th f l l t f r h h t r d t r v l bl . h tr nd n t bl : n v rt ll v r l l t h n, xt nd d f l h h ld r b n n r n l n nt l b t 8 0 r 880. In th rd f n l ndr n, th d t "t d pr v , b nd t n, th pt d n t n r rd n th p p d tr n t n fr th xt nd d f l t th n l r f l t th t f th Ind tr l v l t n." S l r n l n r nd t d b f r .2, h h b d n r nt r r h b h rd W ll. h r ph h th t th n n b r f p r n l t d xt nd d n p r 00 En l h h h ld l t tr pl d b t n 0 nd 8 0. 0 0, th n n b r f xt nd d n h d r t rn d t pr nd tr l l v l . n t th r, th v d n d n tr t th t th h h n d n f f l xt n n n th nd h lf f th n n t nth nt r n t l l ph n n n, n r v n n t n l n . In b th En l nd nd A r , xt nd d f l tr t r r n n th h h t r n r th n th r b f r r n . h tr n r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r pr v d d th p t f r r r h.
h d t d r tl ntr d t th pr d t n f tr d t n l l l th r . h ntr l t n tr htf r rd: h d d th fr n f xt nd d f l n r n th n n t nth nt r ?
. l ndr n ( : 6 . 0. W ll ( 8 b l r f r t rv d r b d n n np bl h d pp r ntl r tt n r nd 4 , n h h th n n b r f xt nd d n pp r t b h h r th n n th n n t nth nt r . h t t t n n l ll th th r f r fr th t nt th nt r r b t nt ll l r th n th t r n f r . If th f r f r 4 r t , t r fl t h rt t r p t r h n h rt r lt n fr d b l z t n. El h r ( 82 W ll t th t th p fr n f xt nd d f l h v rr d r nd 20. On th th r h nd, th d t n Er C nt nd ddl t n h n n t bl . t p fr n f xt nd d f l n th 8 0 r 880 , nd th f r fr l t n t n v n rl r p . At pr nt l ff nt d t t p n d n th x t t n f h n . Ev d n p l d b d S rd ( 8 f r th Un t d St t h l n th p r d fr 8 0 t 880 nd t th t th fr n f thr n r t n f l n r d dr t ll d r n th t p r d, b t S rd f r r pr d b th d l l d ff lt ( l 84 . Ev n th h th d t r tt r d, th h, n b r n bl nf d nt th t th p fr n f xt nd d f l rr d t ft r th 860 . At pr nt, l n th t th p rr d ll b f r 0. W ll b bl t n rr t d n f r th Un t d St t thr h t b l t n f th n bl U S pl f r 0 nd 40.
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A e ou se f nv t t n I nv n d th t th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r h ld b x pl n d n lt r l t r . h t r n d l z t n f h nd f l ll n n." C lt r l h t r n h v nt rpr t d th r v r n f r f l l f n f n r n l t n f th n l r f l fr th t d rld, n rd n th th ld th f th xt nd d f l . h v r pr nt l t v r d n f th v d n . It tr th t r r —d r , l tt r , t b r ph , n v l , nd dv b — t nd t tr th tr n th f b nd th p r nt , h ldr n, p , nd bl n , r th r th n th r d t nt r l t n . t t pr l th n r r l t n th t f r d th b f th t r n xt nd d f l . h v r h l n j r t f l t n n t nth nt r xt nd d f l n t d f n l r f l th th dd t n f p r nt r bl n f th
. S h pt r . t h f th Ext nd d l h b nd r f . h , xt nd d f l r f r d t r n pr l n d th f l nn t n f h ldh d nt th r d lt l v . S l nt t , n th h l , r n f rt bl th th n t n th t d h v l f f th r n. Ch n n th p pl th n r n r ll r rd d r l pt f r f nd nt l tr t r l h n . tr t r l h n I n t r l h n : th d f pr d t n, n r l t n h p , nd d r ph nd t n . M n pr j d d ff r nt. It t th t th p pl th n l l t d t t t r l tr t r th th r r nd: 2 In th ph r f f l r l t n h p , b nd f t n nd bl t n pl n p ll p rt nt r l . I th r f r pr d d th th pt n th t t r fr tf l t n v th f l p h l l n t th n n n n . In p t f th r nt t n, I h t b n r r h th n n l f d r ph nd n xpl n t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l . S n th b l f pr v r n xt nd d f l h tr d d r ph nd n , I f lt th t t ld b t t rt t b nv t t n h th r th tr tl t r l f t r r ff nt t nt f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th l t n n t nth nt r . h t pr v d t b pl t d— pl t d, n f t, th t n l f d r ph nd n r t n p v rt ll th nt r t d . h r l f lt r , l p r r l t n, h b n r l t d t th b f th b . And nv t t n f th d r ph nd n f xt nd d f l t ll dr t ll v r pl f d. Wh t r , I h v b n t t ll n f l t d n tr t n th n n f n f th t r l ph r . I h v b n n bl t h th t th ff t f d r ph r tr v l t d , I h v h n th r t l p rt n f d r ph h n t th r f th xt nd d f l . r h v I d d n d n th p r l n r l f xpl n t n. t nt rpr t t n r n r n bl n t nt th pr j d . r ph nd
2. M r v r, I f nd t ll pl bl th t l h n r fr th nt rn l d v l p nt f t f th ht fr th nt rn l d v l p nt f t r l tr t r . r h rpl d ff r n v , And r n ( 80: 6 64 . h d t n t n b t n t f th ht nd t r l tr t r rt f l: th t r l nd nt ll t l p t f t r nt t l b nd t th r th t t p rh p b rd t rr b t h h n r f nd nt l. St ll, f r n t n n f th rld n d t rt f l d t n t n n rt f n r l z t n r r th n tr t n f t r . Alth h th d v n f t nt th n nd th ht v r pl f , t d h v nt t v pp l. h f th Ext nd d l
n h n h v h d dr t ff t n xt nd d f l d r n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r , b t th r n v d n th t th r f n t n l d pt t n t n t r l r t n . f rth r r , th t r n fr f nd n b n n r nd t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l xt nd d f l r n t r l n n v t bl n n f tr t r l h n . h n thr t f l th r r l t n t h t r l h n n f l tr t r h b n, br dl p n , n . M ppr h t th n f th xt nd d f l f rl r r b d. In th f ll n t h pt r , I nf n lf t r n th t x t n n th r f th f l d n t h l l t f n nd th d n t xpl n r d nt l b h v r n th n n t nth nt r . M pr r f d r ph . t n th rl ht nth n t r nd th l t n n t nth nt r , th d r ph r f En l nd nd A r r r d ll tr n f r d. h d r ph tr n t n lt r d th b l l pp rt n t f r th f r t n f xt nd d f l . r ph r n t r , nd h pt r 4 nd r d v t d t th pr n pl f d r ph d t t n. h r lt f d r ph n l pp r n h pt r 6. f r t rn n t th n l , br f f r nt th d n rd r. I f r nt r ntr l t th nt t t v t d f f l tr t r , nd h ll r t rn t th n nd n. M t pr t l ntr b t n , p rh p , n t f nn v t n n th tr t f r n f l tr t r . W th h r l t n , I d d d n t n rt n p r t h pt r n th t p , n th r nd th t d lv n tr ht nt th d l l d n ld dr v t n r d r . d r f h rd r t h ld t rn tr ht t pp nd x A. r th r t f , I h ll br fl d r b h r f f l tr t r d ff r fr th f th r nv t t r . r t, nd t p rt nt, r nt f f l tr t r r d t th l v l f nd v d l r th r th n t th l v l f h h ld . h , n t d f r n th p r nt f h h ld nt n n xt nd d n, I r th p r nt f p r n r d n th xt nd d n. A d n tr t d n pp nd x A, r nt b h h ld v l t p rt nt pr n pl f r nt nd pr l d r t l t t t l n p l t n. S nd, th t d f f l tr t r , n t f h h ld tr t r . A f l d f n d n r p f r l t d p pl h r d t th r. l n t f l t r nd v d l , nd n nr l t v f th 2 The Rise of the Extended Family h h ld h d— h b rd r , l d r , nd rv nt — r n d r d t n t t t p r t f l f th r n. h rd, l f t n f f l tr t r d n t d p nd n th lt r ll d f n d r f r n p nt—th h d f h h ld—pr v d d b t r n n t r . In t d, I h v d n t d n l nd v d l th n h f l t b th r f r n p r n f r th t f l , n th b f n t nt r t r . I ll th nd v d l "f l h d ." h d n t n f n t nt r f r n p r n n r th t b l ll d nt l f l ll b l f d n t ntl . h , th tr t ll t d t n h p tt rn f b l l n h p fr p tt rn f t t nd th r t . h d n n th t f f r lt r p r bl t th f pr v r r h r . h n f nt l b l t , b t n r n : ll b v d nt, h f n l ld h v b n p bl f I h d r l d n tr d t n l r .
En h f th d f r n ll n nt r r th n n h f th l t r. t f r t n d r dn . 2 h E n f th l S h r t l C n d r t n
E n th r ll b n t t pr v d n n f d fr r f r all b h v r nv lv n r r r , n n r t ll r t, n n n t r ll n t r , ll r p ll p t t v . G r S. r, "A h r f M rr " ( 4 h r n r p rt nt pr r t t l r th n n n r rd t n t lf th n r n t n f t l t d pl n h n nt r t t l r . r n . Kn ht, The Economic Organization (
E n xpl n t n h p d ntr l p t n n th n l f f l tr t r f r t . In 8 , f r x pl , th n rv t v r d r l d pl r d th r f th " n t bl " f l , h h h ttr b t d t th r f n f t r n n th W t. h t r l t nt rpr t t n f th f l r v d nd r nt fr v r d ff r nt rt r th rt r l t r, th th p bl t n f En l Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. d , th p rt n f n nfl n n th v l t n f th f l r r l h ll n d. Ev n Ed rd Sh rt r, th t xtr xp n nt f th nt nt l h l f f l h t r , v n d v l p nt th pr v r n th n f th d rn f l r d t n l S l l Int rpr t t n l nd En l h v th r l n n tr l l th r . Str t r l f n t n l t nd d rn z t n th r t rt th t n d v l p nt t d th h ft fr xt nd d t n l r f l tr t r . W n n th t th pp t h ft t pl n th n n t nth nt r : th fr n f xt nd d f l n r d d r n p r d f r p d nd tr l z t n nd d rn z t n. t v n f th tr d t n l l l nt rpr t t n tr t xpl n th n th t n v r h pp n d, th r rth br f l b th r f n t n l ppr h h b n h hl nfl nt l.
. l ( 8 , 8 , En l ( 884 , Sh rt r ( 6 .
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h tr t r l f n t n l t r th t th xt nd d f l th l f pr d t v t v t n th pr nd tr l rld, n t th t ff nt n t f n r n z t n. n , h b r f th xt nd d f l —th ld rl n l d d—pl d f l r l n th f l n . Wh n pr d t n h ft d fr f l t f t r , th f l n d tr d. h n nd tr l t d nd d fl x bl nd b l f l th tr pp d d n n l r f l pr v l d b t f n t n ll d pt d t n n r l t . A p rt f th pr , th ld rl l t th r pr d t v r l nd b l t d fr t nd fr th f l . r d rn z t n th r t , th nfl n f n f t r l d r t. In r n n nd r ph b l t , th r f nd v d l , th l f tr d t n l v l , nd th n n f n t t r d d th v l f xt nd d n. th tr t r l f n t n l t , d rn z t n th r t p nt t d l n n th f n t n l r l f th d. h l r t d r t f l nd t hn l l h n d t h v nd r n d th t l t f th ld rl th n th f l b r nd r n th r ll nd n l d b l t . h pr bl p nd d b th h h l t r h r t r t f d v l p d t f r t n r d d th n d f r th ld rl t tr n t n l d nd tr d t n. M r v r, d rn z t n th r t r th t th n r d pr p rt n f ld r p pl n d rn t l d t nt r n r t n l p t t n f r j b nd n r d pr r f r r t r nt. h , r lt f th v r h n t d th d rn z t n, th t l t f th ld r n r t n d l n d nd th tr d t n l xt nd d f l d nt r t d.
2. h nt rpr t t n f th tr t r l f n t n l t r l t d t th t f En l ( 884 , h f r l t d th th th t fr ntr t t f l b r d t t d fr ntr t t f f l r l t n . h d h b n r r d nd l b r t d t r t l n th t rv th p rp f n rv t v l . h b t t t nt f th tr t r l f n t n l t nt rpr t t n pp r n r n ( nd r n nd l ( 6 . Al , r n rl r r ( 42, 2 , nd S l r ( , 6 , h n l f n n t nth nt r f l tr t r n th f r t h t r l t d n th f ld. r r t f th tr t r l f n t n l t ppr h t th f l nd nd tr l d v l p nt, Ed rd nd n ( , And r n ( 6 , t ( 6 , 0 , Gr ( 82 , n ( 64 , Gr nf ld ( 6 , S n ( , Y n nd W l tt ( . A rr ( 6 nd tt ( 64 p nt t, f th rl r t t fr r d n f r n . . M h f th n b tr d t W. hl, d d n n ( 8 , nd . l ( 8 , d d n M ( nd l tt ( 8 . h r n f d th t f ll nd r th r br f d rn z t n v r br d, nd d rn z t n th r t ft n ntr d t n n th r. t d ff lt t p n d n d rn z t n th r , p rtr l f th d t n t n b t n d rn z t n nd tr t r l f n t n l h t v rdr n n f t, th r n d r bl v rl p b t n th t p r p t v . C p r Onn ( , b t ( 6 , C ll ( 4 , 4b , C ll nd l ( 2 , r ( 60, h E n f th l
An n r nt t f h l rl n r h b n d v t d t r t f tr t r l f n t n l nd d rn z t n th r . I h ll f r th t pt t n t t r t n n th nt n p l . h th r , ft r ll, r n t t rr bl r l v nt t th pr bl t h nd th nn t b nv d t xpl n th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r . h l r n I t h n th f n t n l t nt rpr t t n t p nt t th b n t r f n tr l l th r . A rd n t b th tr t r l f n t n l nd d rn z t n th
6 , ff ( 62 , Sh ld n ( 8 , l t nd M nt n ( 4 , l t h r ( 6 , In l nd S th ( 4 , nd G d ( 6 , 6 b . h r t f d rn z t n r almost n r t pr p n nt , p ll th n th h ld f h t r . r rv f th ntr v r , p ll th r l t t th ld rl , Q d n ( 82 l nd x ( 6 , S l r ( 68 , Gr ( 8 . Alth h th r nt f th tr t r l f n t n l t nd d rn z t n th r t r l r, r pr nt t v f th t h l d r n v r l p nt . Str t r l f n t n l t tr th h n n f l tr t r t th nd tr l r v l t n, h r d rn z t n th r t h v t d br d r n f p r d f r th h n . M d rn z t n th r t h v tr d t n ll d t d th tr n t n pr r t th nd tr l r v l t n— . ., nn ( , b t ( 6 —b t r r nt th r t , p rt l rl th p l z n n l r nt l , r th t th h n rr d h l t r— . ., C ll nd l ( 2 . ntl , A h nb n nd St rn ( 8 pr p d th t lth h d rn z t n n n r l rr d b f r 80, t h nl ff t d th ld rl p p l t n d r n th l t nt r . h r r l d ff r n n th p r v d n l f th h n . Str t r l f n t n l t r th t th h ft t n l r f l r n t d n th r n l d rn z t n th r t n r ll b l v th t th h n b n n th b r nd tr l d d n. n ll , tr t r l f n t n l t r rd th d pt n f n l r f l tr t r p t v d pt t n, h r d rn z t n th r t ft n th l t n f th n l r f l nd th d t r r t n f th p t n f th ld rl r f l n t n nd n . h r nt p r l pp rt f r th r nt rpr t t n. b r , p r t v n l f f l tr t r nd th t t f th ld rl n t t v r n l v l f d v l p nt h v f nd th t pl x f l nd h h t t f r th d r h t r fr nt n d v l p n ntr th n n W t rn p t l t n t n C ll nd l ( 2 , l t nd M nt n ( 4 , C hn ( 82 , r nd M K l ( 2 , nd Sh n ( 68 . Oth r t d t th t r btl d l n d d p r G r nd r r ( , t rn , E b r, nd E b r ( 6 , W n h nd l b r ( 68 , l b r nd W n h ( 2 , lf nd M ddl t n ( 60 , O b rn nd ff ( . h r v d n th t th t t t l r l t n h p h r t d th th d n r f th W t th n th l v l f n d v l p nt. S nv t t n t th t th t t f th ld rl t pr r n th t th t f th h r h t nd t n , nd th t f r fr b n t n nt th f l f ld, th ld r fr ntl b nd n d. S d v r ( 0 , S n ( 4 , 60 . rth r r , n p n— h hl " d rn z d" t —th t t f th ld r n h h ( . S th 6 , v n 4, l r , lth h th r h b n pl f t n f f l tr t r n . Al , n th pr bl th n tr n t n fr xt nd d t n l r f l tr t r , Gr nf ld ( 6 , G r nd r r ( , b r ( 8 , G d ( 64 , . l tt ( 2 . 6 h E n f th l
n , th fr n f xt nd d f l f n t n f th t l t f xt nd d r l t v — p ll th ld rl . h t th t t l v l th r n z t n f th f l d t r n d b th t nd b n f t
f lt rn t v f l tr t r . h , th l l p r d pl th t xpl n n h t r l h n n th f l nt ll n n pr bl .
The New Home Economics h n l f n d n n b f l h h v d r t t hn l ph t t n th th r f th n h n d r n th p t t d d . h th t l t l f n th r h v f r th f r t t b n pl d n th t d f n n r t b h v r, h h ldb r n , rr , nd th ll t n f t th n th f l . h pr f f l d n n t n th f r f n l t d l . h d l n r ll th t t t n pt n h f l d v l p l f t tr t f r ll t n r r r f t nd n . h l f th f l tr t t x z t f t n. S t f t n n d n t b t r l t n b b d n t t nd pr f r n . h , th n h n n xt n n f f r l n n l b nd th t r l ph r . h n h n t r j t b nn n t ddr th pr bl f f l tr t r b nd th n l r r p nd th h v n t b n r tl
4. r tr t r l f n t n l t nd d rn z t n th r t , th h n n p r t t th l v l f l r r p r v n th l v l f t h l . h f l t n t h th r lt f r t n l l l t n, b t r th r pr d t f l n r . h n r r n t t t d n h th t th x z l ff n . h pr p d h n f r th t bl h nt f l n r n t l l r. It t t d th t th n r v lv thr h pr f n t r l l t n, t r . If th r th , n ld xp t n r t r p nd v r l l t h n n nd t n . Oth r — p ll b l nthr p l t — r th t th r l v l tr t r f t rr r th t th r l v l, p rh p thr h p h l l h n , . ., l ( 0 . Und r th r t n , n r r n t h ff nt th r n r . h r r p tf ll t d th r l v l n l f l h n n l t f r d t t l v l t v t n. h nt f d r ( 4 — h p r p t v d ff r r tl fr n— r r v l n . h th r t l pl t n f l v l f n l r d d l t r n th h pt r l l ( 68 nd pp n d x A. . h t nfl nt l f r n th h l r ( 64, 6 , 4, 6 . h ntr b t n t S h ltz ( 4 nd l d ( nd t th p f th f ld. Al , S h ltz ( 8 nd rl v nd S h ltz ( 0 . U f l v rv f th n h n n l d rl v ( 4 , b n t n ( , nd S h ll ( 8 . r r t f th ppr h, l ( 68 , nd th nt f d r, A h nf lt r, G d , n n, nd Gr l h , ll n S h ltz ( 4 . h E n f th l
n rn d th h t r l h n . h h v n v rth l b t nt ll nfl n d th t d f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r . h n pt f f l tr t — h h f r t rt l t d b th th r t —h b n d l pl d b l h t r n h r d r tl n rn d th xt nd d f l tr t r . 6 h d l f th n h n t r t t . h th t f l h v p rf t nf r t n b f r th n d n , nd that th l t nd nt t f nf r t n d n t h n v r th l f r . h r t r f r pt l t f t n r l d t r n n t nt. h b r f h f l , t n n n n, l l t th n n f ll p bl d n d r n th r l f r , nd d t r n th r tr t f r pt z n th r p h l l nd t r l l . h r r f pr bl th th n r . G r r d l f t l t n ll tr t f th d ff lt . I n t nt r l p r d d b r nt nt n th t " t n b tr t l v l, l v nd th r t n l tt h nt , h x l t v t r fr nt l nt t th p rt l r p r n, n b n d r d p rt l r n n r t bl h h ld d t , nd n th n h n d b dd d t th n l . . . f th d nd f r d t ." h t n btl .
6. z nz nd W lp n ( 8 d r b d l f nt r n r t n l xt n n n n r lt r l nt xt. In h t l t n rt l , b n t n ( d br fl ddr h t r l h n nd xt nd d f l tr t r (p. 6 , b t h d n t n rp r t th v r bl nt d l. I d n t pr t nd th r h n l d f th l t r t r f th n h n , n r I l f d t v l t f th r t hn l p t f th d l . n th l , th work t b xpl tl d d b h t r n f f t ll r d th n h n , b t S h ll ( 8 rr tl nt p t d, th nt ll t l tr l d n h b t d h r. h nfl n f "f l tr t " n th r f h t r n f th f l d d t th nd f th h pt r. . h p nt r pl d b S h ll ( 8 . 8. r ( 4: 2 . f h f "b z rr " n t ph r f r "n n n " tt r , r h b n d r b d "th t K pl n f th n p r " (M Cl 8 : 0 . M d l f t l t n r n r p t v r l t th nd f d l th t ld b r r d f r n l f xt nd d f l tr t r . Unl f rt l t r t d l , rr d l r pr n p ll n rn d th th d t r n nt f r d n . r t n xt nd d f l d l, n ld n d t d v l p n th r n v r l r — h th rt n h n b t h ld pl b b r r d. I tr n l d bt, h v r, th t d v l p nt f h d l rth th ff rt. d t , rr d l h v dd d l ttl t r n l d f f l d n n . r x pl , r rr d l rr v t f r n l n : f r t, "p r n h r f r h th r r r l l t rr h th r th n r th r l r p r n h d n t." S nd, x r t r l t d t th n d n f p l n nd r lth n r r l l t b p l n . (A n r p nt, r l r th t h d l h th t p l n n r th t f t n f n. h rd, h n p pl rr th r p pl 8 h E n f th l
l t n h p b t n f l b r r ft n pl x nd v d l h v x d f l n b t n n th r th t nn t b d t l n p l t d n n nd ff r n rv . M r v r, nl th r d t , p pl r n t l p v l t n f p n t r ll p r bl t l t n f r fr r t r. h p r h f r fr r t r tr htf r rd: n b r nd n ll r r nv lv d n th x h n , nd th h b t n lt rn t r fr r t r ht pl bl d p nd n r t n l l l t n f t nd l t . M t l t n pr d n v r d ff r nt b : h pr p t v p b th b r nd ll r, nd b th t nd l t r nt n bl nd n l l bl . In t d f r l l t n fr n rr f p t n pr d t , nd v d l t p r h n n th r. h pt l d t ht n t ll t lf t b b ht. Und rl n th th t l t hn f th n h n th r r nt th t r t t f t n x z d f r th p p l t n h l . In th f t l t n— r th l t n f xt nd d n f r r d n —th pt n ld n t rd n r l b t, v n n rld th r t n l b h v r, p rf t nf r t n, nd p rf t p t t n. h b n t ll b r n th rr r t h v l p r t l t th r p . S n v r b r lt n l ll r, th d r b l t f b r d t r n th r pt n . h t d r bl p pl ll x z th r t f t n nd rr th r d r bl p pl . h l ft v r p pl r t th n n th r. It l d n tr bl th t th rr n nt ld n t b xp t d t pt z v r ll t f t n n th p p l t n.
th l r n t tr t , th n r r t t l t nd d th pr f n t r l l t n. n ll , pl th d l r b r r r l l t d v r nd f h p r n r rr , th ll f nd p rtn r th r l r h r t r t (p. 2 . On th h l , r t n h v v r rth d x p n n . . h p nt n b d n tr t d b n r n x pl . r nt nd th t th pt l p r n f t h th t n lt rn t v t h x t th t ld b n f t b th p rtn r f n x t n t h. x pl f th pt l rt n p p l t n f f r p pl , t l (Ml nd M2 nd t f l ( l nd 2 . h f r p pl n b rt d nt rr t , th th f ll n r lt : r t, l rr Ml, ld n t f t n f 8, nd 2 rr M2, ld n t f t n f . t l t f t n = Alt rn t v l , l rr M2, ld n t f t n f , nd 2 rr M , ld n t f t n f 4. t l t f t n = h E n f th l
A j r h rt n f th n h n t l f r th n l f f l d n n th t nt r t n n f l b r r n t d t l ddr d. In n r l, th r n pl t r xpl t pt n f n h h ld t l t f n t n. 0 h pr l d th n l f h p r, nfl t, b nd f bl t n, nd ltr . h nt f r n d r b t d l d v l p d b b rt . W ll ld rv r t f th nt r ppr h: W ll h ll p d t t th n t nt f n t l d n, h h d f n d th p r nt bj t nd th h ldr n bj t , h h d n d th b r th r ht t t t f t n n th t f t n f th r , h h r d th h b nd nd f nt n l t l t f n t n f th nd v d l t p — n h rt, h h d lv d th pr b l f f l n b d lv n th f l ." If r nt r t d nl n th nt r t n f th f l th th t d rld, th n t ht n t n tr t b n d t l t f n t n f r ll f l b r . t r d n d n d p nd n nt r t n b t n f l b r . Wh n t rn t th nt rn l d n f th f l , nn t d pt n l t l t f n t n— r n l f l tr t — th t n pl t pt n b t th
r r th t nd r th r t n th f r t rr n nt—th n th t x z r t t f t n— th n th t ll t pl . r n th t 2 nd Ml ll n t nt t rr n n th r, b b tt r lt rn t v r v l bl t b th f th . h ll n f t, 2 nd Ml n t h v n h n th tt r. h th r pl , l nd M2, h v ll th p r, b th n n r t f t n f r n n . And th ll rr n n th r, b th t th rr n nt th t v th th t t f t n. h , 2 nd M r t th h th r, nd t t l t f t n nl , r th r th n th pt l . All n t f r n l v nd r. Ex tl th pr bl ld r n d l f xt nd d f l tr t r . S n b th th xt nd d r l t v ( nd th n l r f l b r h v v n n r d n d n, b th r lt n l b r nd ll r . On n, th ll n th t r t t f t n nl l t b x z d. On nn t h lp nd r n h nd v d l r pp d t b bl t n pr r v l t n f th t f t n th ld d r v fr ll p bl rr . Aft r ll, th h f p n nt f p l t — t n l tt h nt— r n th pr f b r n n t lf. h , n n t bl t v l t th l t f lt rn t v pr p t nt l th pr l n r n t t n r ll nd r nd n h lr d d t l t p rt l t nt t b . 0. rl v ( 4 . n r th ( : r n z th t " f ll n l ld h v t b n th nd v d l , th d n f th r nt rr l t n h p ," b t l th th r , h r rd th t d ff lt: " h r th n n h ndl th . t , th r f r , t rt b assuming th t th f l nd d n n t t t n th t d t nt rn l x h n nd p r t n." . d r ( 4: . 20 h E n f th l pr n f p r, lt, ltr , r th r n nr t n l n nt v th t ld l d r p f nd v d l t b h v n . In h rt, f n l t l t f n t n f r th f l h l , th n t l h n f r h v n th t l d r t . G lt nd p r n b tr t d n n t r nl f d f n b n tr dd n p n f r f t f t n. h pr bl f nd nt l. A th t nd, th d l f th n h n —th f r t tt pt t n l z th nt rn l d n f th f l n th t l t r — n rp r t th h dd n pt n th t th r r n nt rn l d n t ll.
Exchange Theory Ex h n th r ddr th pr bl f nt rn l d n . In r nt r , th l l th r f n x h n h b n ppl d t th h t r l t d f n h p nd f l . I r f r h r pr n p ll t th r f M h l And r n, h h nd t d th t t n d nv t t n t d t f xt nd d n h p r l t n h p n th n n t nth nt r ." And r n nt rpr t t n p ll r l v nt f r th pr nt t d b h pr r l t xpl n th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n t r n n h r . And r n v r n f x h n th r n n th t l b t t n n th l f r l. h n d ff r n b t n And r n d l nd th f th n h n t th t And r n d l p r t t th l v l f nd v d l r th r th n th l v l f f l . ntr l th th t n h p r l t n h p r nd r nt n d nl h n th r b n f l f r ll p rt nv lv d. And r n tr th p rt n f p r n l n d nd l , nd h n l d th l n tr nt nd pp rt n t f d b nd v d l . . ll h ppr h " tr t r l l v l t r b d p r p t v ." Ind v d l , h r t , h v l , nd th n r ll r r t n n rd r t tt n th . And r n r th t th h b t n lt rn t v f r f t n r d n h th t n nd v d l x z h l tt n nt n th l n r n. d r b th pr n n t r : th th " rpl r r " n " nv t nt" nd r p "p h pr f t." Alth h And r n r n z th x t n f ff t v l nd
2. And r n ( , 2 , 2b, 6, , 8, 80 , Al , G ldn r ( 60 , l ( 64 , n ( 6 , h b lt nd K ll ( , Ed rd ( 6 , Ed rd nd r b r r ( , E h ( 4 , nn nd v n r ( 6 , O nd ( 8 , ( 8, , nd n ( 6 . h b t r t f And r n K tz ( p r th v f M n ld ( 8 , The Economics of the Family 1 costs, h n l concentrates on strictly economic factors. rt l rl n th f r d n f xt nd d n h t th t " v r p l t f h p th h h n d r nl n dv nt nd d - dv nt b ppr pr t " A n th r n l f t - r n n h r d tr fr n n pl nt ld h n h rt nd th pr bl f r n th r nd r nt r t d " r t l l f t t n " In h And r n r " n h p pr b- bl pr v d d th n f r f t n " n h rd h p d pr d nd t h n n r p dl n h p r l t n h p "t nd d t h v h rt-r n n tr nt l v rt n f l l t v nd " Ev n th h t r l n d th pr r r n p pl nt n d n r l t n h p xtr nd nr tt n p v rt ld l b th r nd n ; t n d n d n ld pr l d th r pr t n th t f nd nt l t x h n th r All nd v d l h nt n r l - t n h p th f l b r t h v n n d r th ld h v n t v f r nt n n th r l t n h p h t l h - v r h v rt n l v l f r r th n r pr t f r th benefits received. And r n r th t th h h fr n f r d n f th ld rl th th r rr d h ldr n d r n th n n t nth nt r br ht b t b n n r n th n d f n rr d pl h ld rl p rt l rl th h r d d h d l b n n n n d v r b f r th n n t nth nt r th r l ttl n n nt v f r th n r n r t n t r d th ld rl n " In th n nd tr l t n pl h d r t n b t n n ld r d p nd nt r l t v A h n h rt f r d n n l d t v n th th r p r nt ; v n r p rt nt th n r n th
13 And r n (1971 -1 17 -75; 197 And r n f th l l t n t r n r n nt f Mr rl n n I M rr Peter Pan (1911 - " r r t ft r W nd t d btf l h th r th ld b bl t p h r h n th r th t f d Mr rl n fr htf ll pr d f h r b t h v r h n r bl nd h t n th edge f Mr rl n b d h ld n h r h nd nd l l t n xp n h l h l d t h pl r n l Sh nt d t r t h t ht b t th t n t h ; h th p n l nd p f p p r nd f h nf d h th t n he had t begin t the beginning n b r p he rn d her thr t n n l nd th n ff h nt n M p n p nd th t h t I h v p t d n b t I d r t ll b r l th rt h ll n —d n t p — l n f v G r n l h lf n t f ft n x—d n t l r f n r— h p n - h f ft n h ll n — nd n t nt nd t dd d p d ff r ntl h t b t t l t W nd j t t thr h th p r d d t t lv x nd th t nd f l tr t d n " 1 And r n (1971 197 b 197 h E n f th l fr n f r n th r th ll h ldr n pl d pr n h ld- r rv h h ld b pr v d d b th ld rl th d l f th n n t And r n d l r t n l b h v r nd ( pl tl p rf t nf r t n On rr l th th pt n b t th r n p bl f n tt d t th r t l n nt rpr t t n It ft r ll th n t r f th b t And r n th r l l nd nt rn ll n t nt If h d l d n t r t l pr d t b rv d b h v r th n t t n t pt n Economic Theory and Levels of Analysis h n t n th t b h v r n nn r d t r n d thr h th x z t n f b n f t n t t n tr l nd - n th r t th r r p rt nt r p t n h h th n t - r f th r d ff r Ab v ll th th r t d r b t th l v l t h h n h n p r t r d t n l l l th r t ft n tr th d pt n f d pt v b h v r b l r r p r b t h l th n h n t v th f l th d n- n n t nd x h n th r t f n r t n l b h v r t th nd v d l l v l Ind v d l-l v l r nt h rt n pr t pp l A I p nt t n pp nd x A th r r nd t t t l j t f t n f r r nt b nd v d l nd th ppr h ff r v r t f th d- l l dv nt M r v r n nd h rd l h v r d t l n th t b th pr t l nd nv n nt t th r t r nd n l z l nd n d t t th r l v l " t j t b t pr t l nd nv n nt t n l z f l tr - t r fr th p r p t v f nd v d l nn t th t r d n- t l d n n t ll operates t th nd v d l l v l C rt nl nd v d l x rt r t r nfl n n f l tr t r th n d th r ; t - r- ld h ldr n d n t rd n r l h v n h b t h r th l v Ev n n d lt th p r t d t t l v n rr n - nt n ll d tr b t d v rth l h n b rv pl x xt nd d f l nt n n v r l d lt pl bl th t r th n n f l b r h nfl n d f l b r h p Ind v d l-l v l n l f f l tr t r d n t th t ll f l b r h v l p r t ntr l r d n d n ; n th ntr r h n l pr v d th nl p bl n f nv t t n th tr t r f p r r l t n th n th f l W nn t th
15 l nd l (197 h E n f th l 3
nfl n f p r r l t n h p n l v n rr n nt nl n- d th t r d n d n r n t d n n t r b n nd ff r nt t d f l I h v r d th t h f l t t n f th f l - tr t p r p t v t n p t t ddr nt r t n n f l b r Ev n f r d n d n r r h d ll t v l th b pr d t f b r n n nd pr pr h nd th d n- n pr - t h h b r f n r p ld nfl n r d n d n nd h h p rt ht v t v r p v n nt A rd n l I p r d d th t M h l And r n n r l p- pr h t th n f f l tr t r — h h b n nd v d l- l v l n l th th dd t n l r f n nt f r pr l nt r t n— r n bl th n th ppr h f th n h n t r th n tr l t h n t t th t I f nd x h n th r t b pl bl Q t th ntr r — x h n th r l d nl n p r n th th lt rn t v E n An l nd n t r l t r S l nd n th r t l d ff r b t th r l f n n t r l t nd b n f t n th d t r n t n f l v n rr n nt Ir n ll t th n t h h v pl d th r t t tr n nt n bl t v t n ; h v r d th t h pp n l v r n th r r f t f t n n b b d nd r t l t ntr t th l - l th r t — n l d n And r n— ph z f t r th t r n n n rr r n h n h n rv nd th tr t r f pl nt It rt nl d d t n d r n n t r l t v f r b h v- r f h t nd r t nd f l tr t r If nf n r lv t t d n th t f r t r l n th n l t r n l t n rr rn r f h n xp r n t n th r d n t t ll ll t nv t t n n t - r l t nd b n f t ; th r r l p t l t d M t r ll t v t d b h v r n ll dl b pr d t d b th r h nt n bl t v - t n nt f r th r d l b t n pr d t n nd t l b h v r; th t n n t r l f r r d d r p n bl f r h t v r l ft v r h tr b d f n t n l f t t l t th l f b h v r nd b h v r x z t l t S n t l t n t f b th t r l nd n n t r l b n f t n th n th t n t xpl n bl n t r l t r n r l n n f n n t r l l h t h ll d f n t n f t l t t p bl f r th n h h E n f th l
n t t v d d l n th p f n n t r l nfl n n r - d nt l b h v r If l r d th t d f t r d d t n n l f t t pl d t h v th p t l t d l ; th r f t v t n n xpl r d h n h n d n t th n pr v d fr r f r n l z n th nfl n n f l tr t r th t f ll t d th tr d t n l ph r f n ; th ppr h r l pr v d l b l f r b h v r n xpl n d b t r l n d r t n h l t t n f n n l n r ll t nn t f ll xpl n th r n p pl d th p rt l r th n th d nl n th nd ll t v t n h t r l b n ppr h nn t r ll ddr n n t r l nfl n n r d n d n r n n r r r nf n d t n th r n th n rr n h t t n f E n An l In th n th t fr tf l ppl t n f n th r t x- t nd d f l tr t r ld t l th n l f th t r l t nd b n f t f lt rn t l v n rr n nt fr th p r p t v f nd v d l f l b r t h n r tr t r lv t th n rr n pt l z t n f n n l th l t t n f th ppr h t nd t n h h r l f W h ld r lv t pl bl th t r t n l l l t n h h x z t n bl n r p n bl f r b rv d p tt rn f f l tr t r ? h t p bl pt n — pl t l r t n l b - h v r nd p rf t nf r t n— h ld b n t ntl b rn n nd h r t t n f l l n t pt n th t p pl l b h v r t n ll n rd r t x z th r n n nt r t h pt n n t v l d v n h n th d n r p r l n n ; p pl ll l th nf r t n n r t d t r- n h r th r tr lf- nt r t l nd h n d t nf r t n v l bl th r fr ntl n bl t nt rpr t t n b t th f l r pr b bl l ft n r t n ll l l t d th n v rt ll n f th th r j r d n p pl x pt p rh p th r l t d t r l n h f l h p h l l n tr t n n n ; t n l b nd n n r t n l nfl t nd l v l n d bt nfl n r d n d n h th pr t l p r t f t r l t f t n d Wh t r t p pl d n t v n n h t th nt fr l f ; p ll h n t t th r f l r l t n h p th pl ddl thr h Ind v d l h v n nfl t n t v h h th r r l r t n z r f ll h h r r h f n nt v n t ntl h ft n ; h E n f th l 5
h rt-t r l r br fl t th t p nl t b h nt d d b h n n r t n r thr h n nt rn l d n f th r n If r d th t n l f t v t n nd nt rp r n l r l t n h p t pl t n l l n v d d l n th ntr t- bl On th th r h nd th pp rt n t t ddr p t nt ll r l n I d bt th t xt nd d n r nt n d l l f r th r t r l rth Eld rl d p nd nt r n p nt h l l nd n nt rpr t t n r rd th l p t n nd tr t nt f ld rl n nt r l n n f th r f n t n l r l n th f l r n t t l r h n t pl bl h t t f f l b r d n t l h n n th r t l t n f r x pl ld r th t th h n n t t f h ldr n n W t rn t h b n nt r l f n t n f th r f ln ; n f t t ll d nt d th t th treatment f children h pr v d during the past few centuries, th r f n t n l r l h d n h d 1
f t pl t f n t n l th n p r d l n- rp r t n rv t v b h v th t t l t d t r n th p t n f nd v d l b th th n th f l nd n t h l btl f r f l r n ; t t th t ppr d n r t r ppr d b th r n t f l nd th t th r h r r h b th d rv t b rth r r th t r pl d t d r b th n t r— t f t n t l t b n f t v n p h pr f t— r l d d n th pl th t t d v f r x z n ll- b n Int d t n nd p r r n r d nd nfl t r d d t f r p t t n f r r r r In th p rf t rld f n th r th npl ntn f th r l rld v n h nd th t t pr v d th r t t t l t f r th r t t n b r
Historical Interpretations In p t f th l t t n f n ppr h t th n l f f l tr t r h t r n h v d xt n v f th th r r th t p rt h t r l t d n rp r t th f l - tr t p r p t v h l th n h n t th h t r n tr th x z t n f b n f t b f l r th r th n b nd v d l hn M d ll r r v n ll nd th r r th t th f l h l d pt d th tr t r nd pl nt p tt rn th t t
1 Ar (19 St n (1977 M (197 nt (197 Sh rt r (197 n h- b nd tt (19 9 h E n f th l
b n f l f r th r p 17 h n t v f nd v d l f l b r h v r v d h l tt nt n In th r f h t r n f th f l h v r th d t n t n b - t n f l tr t nd nd v d l-l v l n x h n bl rr d t r n r l r r th n n t ; th d n t ll th r th r t l d l t v r h l th r d n A rd n t ll f r l t n f f l tr t f r x pl "f l r n- v d f t n n n t r t d n " At th t h v r h " h p rt p t n n d n ll h t n rn nd n tr nt p n p n th "1 rh p th n d ff r n b t n th h t r n nd th n t n f l tr t th t th h t r n d pt h t r l ppr h h d n t n v f f l d pt t n n b tr t t r ; h t r l t d f f l tr t r r t th n p rt l r hr n l l nd r ph nt xt rth r r n h t r n f th f l th r n r n v r l ppr t n f th p rt n f p f n r- t n nd f h th r t n v r th l nd r thn t nd r r h nt n n t nth- nt r f l tr t r p ll tr th r t l p t f rb n p v rt nd th x n p d b n fl t t n nd nd tr l pl nt h r d pr d r nt th t f l nd n pr v d d th f r t l n f d f n n t th h rd h p f d b th r n l nd r rl nd tr l p t l " h r t tr n th f n r l t n h p n th n n t nth nt r xpl n d n pr l th t r h rb r A r t rt th t " th n ll t f th l f l th p r nt [ f x- t nd d f l ] n r d n r p n t n d ff lt " n t l t n l t -n n t nth- nt r A r n nt S l rl r r- v n r th t "th f n t n f n n d rn nd tr l n t r pr nt d n t r l n r h rr - v r fr r r l t b t r th r th d v l p nt f n r p n t n d d t t d b d rn nd tr l nd t n "
17 M d ll (197 1979 r v n (19 197 ll (1979 1979b G ld n (19 1 Oth r h t r n f ll And r n nt rpr t t n l l nd tr x h n r l t n h p b v f l tr t ; f r x pl rr h nd Orn t n (19 3 19 pr (1977 A r t (1979 And r n (19 19 5 nt n th f l - tr t h l f f l h t r n r r v l n 1 ll (1979 19 r x pl M d ll (197 Ch d ff nd r v n (197 1979 And r n (1971 pr (1977 r h (19 K tz (1975 G ld n (19 1 h h p th ppl d t th r p r d ll; M S th (1979 A r t (1979 57 r v n (197 177 Al r v n (19 1 1 h E n f th l 7
M rx t h t r n t l r v In n r l th r rd xt nd d f l tr t r d f n n t p v rt hn t r p f " h r n nd h ddl n " n th p v r h d xt nd d f l f nd tr l t r n Y r h r A rd n t n M d n t p f xt nd d f l r d n r r l nd tr l r r d r n th pr t p t l t p r d " r lt f r n p p r z t n n r n p p l t n pr r f l t d nd n t d l v n nd t n nd n t l t b th nd r p v rt n nd r d b th f l l f l "1
Conclusion E n nd t n pr v d th nt xt th n h h r d n d - n r d h pr l d rt n l v n rr n nt nd f v r th r b t th r n t n r l th r l r t r n h h d n r b d A v r t f f l tr t r r ll f bl fr t r l p nt f v Wh n v r th tr n n t r l t v n nt pl W h ld n v r n r n ; t h f r-r h n nfl n n v r ph r f h n t v t At th t th r n p t f h n b h v r th t n t nt r t th pr d t f r t n l l l t n f r t r l n In rp r t n th nt n bl th n f r l n n l n l t n; h n n th r v rfl t b nd t n p n n t r l t v nd pr t f ln h rpl d n h d If r nt r t d n f nd n t h p pl d th th n th d h ld b r f n n dv n th t h n t v t n n b r d d t r t n l l l t n f x t l t If t l t nd r t n l- t r br dl n h d f n d th n b tr t h d t n p th n r- nf n t v r t f r n f r h n b h v r t xp nd th n t ph r r d t n n ; n th nd r l ft th th pr p t n th t p pl d h t th nt t d M t r l r t n h v pr f nd n n f r f l tr - t r h t n t t Inh r t n t r n x pl nd n ld t n th r " h r t l t n f r n th r n rn d h th r r l t n h p th n th f l p r t n th d l f p t l t p t t n f r r r r h p t l t nt l t —th nt l t th t b ll d n n r t n l l l t n f r t r l n— n t th n v r l b f h n lt r ; t r l n p t f lt r n n t ll t r d
1 t r (197 91ff M d (197 3 ; th nt nt r h d b v n (1977 S l Ch t r (19 nd Wr ht n (19 1 On nh r t n nd f l tr t r r n r nd M nd l (197 G d h r nd h p n (197 And r n(19 l ndr n (1979 28 The Economics of the Family
Gr d t b nt d n th t p rt nt f t v b t t n t th nl r n p pl b h v th d l ltr t t nx t l v pr d nd l bl t n f ll rt n ff t p pl d n h r l t v p rt n f d ff r nt t v t n n t n- t nt In nt xt — h th stock r t r r n f t r —th t v f r d l rl pr d n t nd n d l f d n n f t r n bl ll In th f f l r l t n h p I nv n d th t th n fr f nd n r ll pl h ll r r l " Ind d I b l v I h v t t t n n h nt r l r t n l b t h r h r r l t n h p th p r nt p bl n r h ldr n S r d r nd r h I h v d v t d h p t - n th r f th f l Aft r ll f h t r n f th f l t th n t ph r l t r ll t f r ll th r l t t n n th r nd th d h v n r p r f nt d t n; h r v r th h v b n ntr d d th h v r d r t pr t A r lt b t nt l pr p rt n f h l rl n r n th l n d v t d t x f th v d View. In bd pl n th d r t ll tr t th r v l d tr th f th p l f r d h b ll- n n Among l h t r n th n h v n t r h d th p b t v n h r r n t r ll t f d nl th n r th t th nv bl h nd th pr v r f l h n
3 h f n n xpl n t n f r h t r l ph n n b p rtl r lt f pr j t n r t n l l l t n f r t r l n p rh p n p ll h r t r t d f th ht n l t -t nt th- nt r nd tr l t nd I p t t nfl n n h r r t r th n n th h h v b n bj t t r d t h l n n h pr p n nt f " nt f " h t r — h n n (19 K r (19 nd rn (19 5 —h v pr t d th ppl t n f n th r t h t r l t d h r nt p p l r t f nt f t n n h t r l t d l h lp t xpl n th pr n n f n th n n h r n d r bl t pt t n h n r n th nt t t v v d n t xpl n v r p t f l b h v r n t r th t n r nd n f t r r h r t r th n lt r l n h n t rn b f th pt n f n th r h nt th t nt t t v h t r l t d t nd t ttr b t v r t n n f l tr t r t r t n l n E n t — nd d r ph r t — r h pp t h n th n r th t p pl v l r f x d nd nl tr t r l nd t n h n It f r l ll n v bl th t p pl v l nd d l r rd n th r f l h v b n f rl n t nt d r n th p t f hundred r nd th t th h n h v tn d n f l tr t r h v pl b n r t n l n r p n t h n n xt rn l t r l r t n M n f l n I th n I h v d l r th t lt r l xpl n t n r pl bl t h v n r r th r f lt r l h n r th f nt f b nt th t t f ff r n f rt bl h E n f th l 9
t r n d tr n n f l l f h d l ttl pl f r th p l f r d hn n v n f th t d n n 1 5 h d d dl p n r n t t "It r d pl v t l t pl t pl f th h rth t h d v r b h ld G d b f r h f n n b t th th n r v th l v r tr b l v r f x h n th r r f l tr t th t d nr ht h th n
5 n (1 5 99 t n ht n (1957 3 3- n l f th p p nt t th ppr pr t n f th r l t ph r Ev d n n th E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
Ev r th n n th r z rld Wh th r h pp d r Wh n t r ht t th h rt f t It b ll n h n f "It ll E n " t l v n pr r WCAU- h l d lph
Wealth! wealth! wealth! Praise be to the god of the nineteenth century! the golden idol! the mighty Mammon! S h r th nt f th t h th r f th n t n th r n th n ppr h n t l f p r n t t d b n th r d r hn St rl n Essays and Tales (1
h l t h pt r p nt d t th th r t l fl f th n nt r- pr t t n f xt nd d-f l tr t r ; th h pt r p nt t th p r - l fl f th n ppr h r t I th r l t n h p b - t n n t t nd f l tr t r n rd r t t t th th th t xt nd d l v n rr n nt r r p n t t r l h rd h p I th n d v d n n d p nd n nd f l tr t n ll I t t th d t l f M h l And r n x h n th r M n n l b d n f v nd v d l-l v l pl f n n r pt h h t th r pr v d nf r t n b t nd v d l r f th pl r dr n fr th t t nd f d r l n r pt n f r Er C nt Y r — h h n l d th t f ff l nd th rr nd n r — n 1 55 1 19 nd 1915 n t th r th pl pr th l n t t r f n d t rr ntl v l bl f r n n n t nth- nt r l l t h f fth pl b d n th 1 71 n f t t xt l t n n n h r En l nd h t n r bl th n t nv t t d b And r- n nd r th p ll ppr pr t f r t t n And r n th th t th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r r lt f r pr l n x h n h n nd d r ph tr t r f th n h r t n
3
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 3 1 d ff r d r dl fr th t f Er C nt v rth l h ll p tt rn f xt nd d-f l tr t r n th A r n nd En l h pl r l l p r ll l h t th t xt nd d-f l tr - t r n t d t t d pr r l b l l p l r t A d r pt n f nd t n n h n t pp r n pp nd x
h r d r h ld b r n nd th t r nt f f l tr t r r n nv nt n l n thr r p t nd t d n h pt r 1 r t f l tr t r r d n t r f th nd v d l r th r th n n t r f th h h ld h I th p r nt f th p p l t n th t r d d th th r xt nd d r l t v n t th p r nt f h - h ld th t nt n d xt nd d n S nd I n rn d th f l tr t r n t th h h ld tr t r A f l d f n d h r n r p f r l t d p pl h r d n th h h ld rd r l d r rv nt nd th r n nr l t v f th h h ld h d r n d r d t n t t t p r t f l f th r n h rd n I pr r l n rn d th b l l r l t n h p I h v d n t d t n- d rd r f r n p r n f r h f l n t d f r l n n th lt r- ll d f n d h d f h h ld d t r n d b nt p r r n t r h r t n l f r th r nt tr t r h t nv lv d th d n f th th d l l r l t d t pp nd x A Economic Status and Extended-Family Structure t r n h v nn t d th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r t rb n p v rt nd nd tr l r n nd t n h xpl n t n l p r l pp rt n h t bl h d r l - t n h p b t n n h rd h p nd xt nd d-f l tr t r f r n p rt f n n t nth- nt r En l nd r A r h v d n n f t nd t th pp t b r f th pp r n tr t r d d th xt nd d r l t v f r r fr ntl th n d d b r f th r n l S l tl r d r b d th t t n l rl "th -
1 Ind v d l-l v l r f f l tr t r r pl d thr h t th r r h M r nt b h h ld n l d n f r t r n r t t ff t v l n r b rd r l d r rv nt nd th r h r nr l t d t th h h ld h d h d t rt th xt nt f r d n th n b th v r h l n j r t f b rd r l d r nd rv nt r d d th t r l t v r th n l r r l t v nl r l p r n t p ll p rt nt t n d r th f l r l t n h p f n nr l t v b b rd r l d r nd rv nt r n ntr t d n th r n l S nd r d n pp nd x A th h h ld n n ppr pr t n t f r nt f r nv t - t n f f l tr t r ; t f r b tt r t r f l tr t r b nd v d l 3 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
h f n th l r l n t r t b t n th ddl nd pp r l t ll n l r n b r d l " I h v pl d v r t f r f n t t h f h h h dv nt nd l b l t h t d l v l bl r p t n l t t h p t n l l t n n th n r fl d nd t r f n r n b t r n n r t r r r n rn d th t p f b n th n th l h r r h r l r nt f th r f r — p ll r t l r rt n nd th lf- pl d n r ll —th p t n l l t n r n d t f r pr p t n l tr t f t n I h v th r f r nf n d lf t f r-t r d l f t n f - p t n ; n r t r pr n ddl l th p t n l t r A b r l f d n th b f nf r t n fr th r r b n d r t r th n f n f t r nd n p p r dv rt nt h pp r t t r —h r t r d th h h r b r — n t f pr f n l r nt r nt nd r h nt ; th l r b r n l d h t - ll r pl f b n nd v rn nt t r rt n nd th l A n th r n l ll d r r r f r th t p rt th th rt n l t tl h r n ll d r r n t l r l f l b r r h pl d n r l- t r r n d r d p r t l
tl r (191 33 On h t r n n xpl n t n f r xt nd d-f l tr - t r th d n n h pt r 3 r lv th b t nd l f r r n Er C nt n th b f th r r l t n h p t th n f pr d t n M h l K tz nd h t t rn d t b n d r t r th n f t r n h d l f th n nd n p p r dv rt nt M n p t n l l f t n f th Er C nt p p l t n b d n th r r r h It p bl t d v n p t n l l f t n t th t ll pl v r n rr tl r l t v t v r n l S f th pr bl r d d b K tz (19 1 579- 5 K tz t nd St rn (19 Ar tr n (197 197 n (197 l- l (197 M t pp r t r —h r t r d th b r — r v l nt t K tz b n l h f th t r "b r " d f n d h r h t pr bl t b t r th lt rn t v h t r " pp r l " n ppr pr t b th t r n l d n f ddl n t t n l d n l b r r t r t On th th r h nd " ddl l " ld t x l d th v r r h r l " ntr pr n r l l " r "b n l " h v b n d b th r b t th t r pl tr t r l nd th r t l r l th t I nn t v r f ; K tz (19 1 l b r r l f d rd n t th p t n f th f l h d x pt h r th f l h d n t pl d In h n t n I d th p t n f th ld t pl d b r f th l r t n l r r p n th f l t th t th f l h d n t n r l th h h ld h d l t d n th n r pt n ; t n r p r b l t b t n r p nd r t I h v d - n t d t nd rd r f r n p r n f r h f l S pp nd x A
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 33
h fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt b l f r Er C nt h n n f r 3 1 5 h t n b t n l nd f l tr t r dr t nd n t bl In h n r b r f th r n l r f r less l l t r d th xt nd d r l t v th n r th b r M r v r th n th r n l xt nd d- f l tr t r n d r bl l fr nt n n ll d r r th n n ll d r r h p tt rn n t pl n n f tr t r l d ff r n b t n l n x r t l t t n t v t r d r t n f l l r d n h b r l t n h p r n n h n d h n th v r bl r ntr ll d thr h r r n n l - ( pp nd x Alth h l d ff r n n th fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n - nt r n f nt n ll n r th xt nt f d ff r n h d d n h d b 1915 h n n t nth- nt r l p tt rn f xt nd d- f l tr t r pp r ntl nt n d t r d ft r 1915 19 th r l t n h p b t n l nd xt n n h d r v r d xt nd d f l r t fr nt n th r n l ° h tr n t n b t n h h n t t nd r d n n xt nd d f l l v d nt h n pl lt rn t r f l r n W th n th b r th pr n f d t rv nt pr v d b tt r nd t r f r l t v n r n th n p -
5 Ab t th rd f th nf r t n n p t n n f r 1 55 th r th n x l d th I pl d "h t d " p t t n pr d r W th h l r pr p rt n f n x l n n ld h hl l d n r lt ; p t n th n v l n z th pr b b l t f rr r h pr d r r f ll h n p t n l d t n th p t r n th p t n f th pr v nd v d l n th f l h h d th b rthpl h h ld t t x r t l t t nd r p nt l ll If th r n pr v nd v d l th ll th h r t r t th pr r n th p t n f th n xt b nt nd v d l th th ppr pr t h r t r - t Ex l d n nd v d l th n d t ld ld rr t r lt nl f th p - t n f h nd v d l r t p l f th p p l t n h l p t n th n d t n d n t th t th nd v d l th n d t r t p l f th nt r p p l t n; n t d r n nl th t th r p t n r t p l f th p p l - t n th t h th h r t r t S n th h r t r t I d— n l d n pr x t th n th f l — r ll h hl r l t d t p t n th n r pt n f r p t - t n r n d r bl r r n bl th n th n r pt n f r x l n In 19 th r l t n h p b t n xt nd d-f l tr t r nd n t t r pl x th n n th n n t nth nt r M t b l t n f th 19 bl U S pl ( f th U S f d r l n nd t th t th h h t fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt rr d n th r n l b t xt nd d f l r l t fr nt n th pp r- ddl l h b d l d tr b t n t th t d ff r nt h n r p r t n t n r xt nd d l v n rr n nt n d ff r nt - n tr t
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 35
bl 3 1 Ind v d l d n th Ext nd d l t v Er C nt 1 55-1915 ( r r Ex l d d M ddl W th Un ll d S ll d Cl S rv nt
8 r nt xt nd d 11 1 7 1 3 b r f 7 3 33 3 1 17 5 1 880 r nt xt nd d 17 3 5 1 b r f 3 7 75 1 5 7 00 r nt xt nd d 15 1 19 5 3 b r f 9 171 1 39 5 1 9 r nt xt nd d 13 17 3 9 b r f 13 793 935 11 991 1 197 r n th "b r " p t n h h v n d t rv nt t n l t tl d t l t f r th n n t nth nt r A t bl 3 1 d n- tr t th p t v r l t n h p b t n h h n t t nd x- t nd d l v n rr n nt v n r pr n n d h n th r t r n pl d f r th Er C nt d t r th n h r t xt l t n I d pt d d ff r nt tr t f p t n l l f t n In t d f t rn n t th r r n rd r t l r f b p t n l l t n I x l d d fr th n l th r p h t t ld n t b r d l d nt f d h p bl b h f th p p l t n r d n th ll h j b t tl f f t r h nd r ll v n th pr n nd th t p bl t d t n h ll d r r n b l M n l l b r r r l n l d d n th r nd th t th r l t t b nd d bt n ll th b r r d nt f d b th pr n f d t rv nt n th r h h ld h rt n h p p r nd tr n p rt r r r n t n l d d n th n l rt n t l n th
7 On th r l t n h p f rv nt t n Mr t n f h ld M n nt (1 1 nd Ar tr n (197 d t n th r l t n h p f p t n t th pr n f rv nt h t t f l b r r n t bl ; th r n r th b tt f th l h r r- h r t xt l r r n t t l ttl r v r bl M l f t r p r t v r n r th t p f th r n l n t r f n p ll p r-l v r nd p nn r On th th r h nd f th f l nd h ldr n t xt l j b — h p r — r v r p rl p d nd d; C ll r (19 1 S n th l f t n t pl d n th b b d n th p t n f th f l h d t f th r r 3 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
n h r t xt l t n th r p r pr nt d ll pr p rt n f th p p l t n r 3 v th p r nt f th p p l t n r d n th x- t nd d r l t v n n h r br n d n b p t n l t r Alth h th p t n l l f t n n t tr tl p r bl t th t pl d f r Er C nt th En l h f r b r tr n r bl n t th A r n n ; p pl r d n n f l th rv nt l v d th xt nd d n l t thr t ft n th n f l h d d b n l l b r r On n th b r l t n h p b t n n t t nd f l tr t r h n l ttl h n l d ff r n n x r t l t t nd b rthpl r ntr ll d 9 f th r d nt f th n h r t xt l t n r f r r b t b t nt l pr p rt n f th Er C nt p p l t n n d n r lt r r n f l r x l d d fr th pr d n f r f r Er C nt b th r p t n pr v d p r r f th r n t t A r p f r r r l htl r l l t r d th xt nd d r l t v th n r n nf r r b t th d ff r n d n h d h n ntr l f r h f t r n t v t nd l n th f r d n r 1 55 n th n t t f f r r n n th t t r lt r l n f r th t r th th n f p p l t n ll d t r n t n f th r l t n h p b t n f l tr t r nd v l f f r h r l t n h p ll tr t d n f r 3 3 h h h th t th tr n p t v r l t n h p b t n n t t nd xt nd d l v n rr n nt th t h r t r z d th rb n n l x t d n th f r r f Er C nt On dd t n l r f n t t —d ll n v l — pr - v d d b th Y r t t n f 1 55 ll n v l h n b r f dv nt r f n r n r t t n b ;
h ld d t t n l n f f l n th t xt l t r r l I n t ll br th t xt l r r nt t t r h h t t nd l t t Wh n t r d th t th t r p b h v d l t d nt ll th r p t t f l tr t r h v r I r b n d th t h p t n l r p r h r ft r r f rr d t " ll d" nd " n ll d " h ll d t r n l d v r f n h r p r rd r p nn r d bl r nd r t nt r tt r tt n p r t v bl h r d r nd n h n ll d t r n l d n r l l b r r td r l b r r p rt r n vv n tr t n l b r r r h l b r r r d l b r r r th b r p t n j t p r n nd t r f t t t f r th r n l ; t v r ft n d ff lt t d t n h l r n f t r r fr rt n h I d t n h d th b r n th b f pr n f d t rv nt S rv nt h p t n ppr nt r h p t nt r h r pl d b p bl n r r t r nt r ld n t d t r n n l n f th f l n th b r t r 9 S pp nd x
Economics of Extended-Family Structure
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nl r bj t v l r n d v r bl — h p t n—th r l ttl h n f l f n d ll n v l S nd t nt n h h ll n d r bl r btl n l th n th f r- t r p t n l- l f t n t h rd n d ll n v l - r f n pt n t b b tt r nd t r th n p t n l l f n ll-b n ; th p t n l l t n h v r t d th t t th n th t r l r t n n ll th d t n d ll- n v l t b r l bl nd n t nt h r rd d nt f r d ll n v l n th n t h h r ; d ll n v l ll v n n dd nt h h p nt t r t r rd n r th r th n r h t t n h r r l f n d t f r th v r bl 3 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
1 2000 3 4000 5 7 l f f r (d ll r r 3 3 r nt f p r n r d n th xt nd d n b v l f f r Er C nt 1 55
p t th dv nt th r r pl t n th th f f l d ll n v l f r n l z n th d ff r n n f l tr t r b t n n tr t h pr bl r lt fr th nt rr l t n h p b t n f l tr t r nd f l z Ext nd d f l t nd t b l r r th n n n xt nd d f l nd th th r r l r r nd r xp n v d ll n A rd n l v n f th r r n r l t n h p b t n n t t nd xt nd d-f l tr t r ld x- p t p t v r l t n h p b t n d ll n v l nd f l xt n n
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p n t f r th pr bl d r t t nd rd z t n pl d t h ld f l z n t nt r d ll n v l In f t th tr t v r p n t f r th pr bl l n t n d ff r n n f l z b t n n tr t n r l nd r t t th d ff r n n f l tr t r h r f r th t nd rd z d r f f l d ll- n v l ld n rv t v t t f th d ff r n n f l tr t r b t n n tr t ; th tr d ff r n r l t r- t nl r t r r n th n nd n d r th r l t n h p ll tr t d n f r 3 h fr n f r d n th xt nd d n l t thr t r t r t th h h t d ll n v l th n t th l t C n d r n th d n rd b f th r nt t hn th tr n r l t n h p n l v l d n tr t tr n t n b t n xt n n nd n ll-b n h r l v d n th t th tr n th f n t b nd th h - h ld b t th n th n hb rh d f ll d l r l p tt rn M nv t t n f n hb rh d r d n p tt rn f r Er C nt n 1 55 t ll n th pr l n r t b t t d p r t n r l n l - n An l f th p t l d tr b t n f rn fr n nd - t th t b r f b r f l r n d r bl r l l t h v n r d n th n f bl th n r b r f th r n l h v d n t th t th t t t pr nt d n th h pt r r nd t r f l d ff r n n th tr n th f n r l - t n h p n r ll n t j t d ff r n n th xt nt f n r l t n h p nd r n r f h f nd n th t th b r r d d th xt nd d r l t v r fr ntl th n th r n l d d h ld n t rpr h f h t r n f n n t nth- nt r En l nd nd A r h h v br n d n h h ld tr t r b l h v h d l r r lt b t th h v r r l tr d th p nt rth r r v d n fr th r p r d nd pl -- n lt r d v r n n It l nd t nt th- nt r Ch n — t th t xt nd d f l h v ll b n n ntr t d n th lth "
1 I pl d d r t t nd rd z t n j t n ld f p r n th rt l t f t p p l t n th d ff r n tr t r h t nd rd p p l t n t n t b th nt r Er C nt p p l t n h t hn ll t t t h t th p r nt f xt nd d l v n rr n nt t h d ll n v l ld b f th d tr b t n f f l z d d n t v r th d ll n v l Wh r d ll n nt n d r th n n f l th v l f th d ll n d tr b t d n th f l n pr p rt n t th r z r 3 3-3 5 r th d n th SASG A pl n f n t n 11 r S th (197 Wh t n (1975 r h (1979 And r n (1971 K tz (1975 Economics of Extended-Family Structure
1 3 5 7 l f d ll n (d ll r r 3 St nd rd z d p r nt f p r n r d n th xt nd d n b v l f d ll n Er C nt 1 55 t r n f th f l h v b n nfl n d b nt p r r l d ff r n n f l tr t r h p r r n r l l th n n th r r p t r d n xt nd d f l h v d n fr Er C nt — h h h pr n n d n n f th r l t n h p b - t n h h p t n l t t nd xt nd d f l tr t r b t n 1 55 nd 1915—r fl t th b nn n f t nt th- nt r r v r l f th l p tt rn f xt nd d-f l tr t r W r pr nt d th f n t n t n f r f t r r r h h t h rr d d r n th p t v nt r t th n ntr t n f xt nd d l v n rr n - nt n th p r n t d f n th r h?
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An r nt t n t rd h t r fr th b tt p l h lp t nt f r th pr v l n pt n th t xt nd d l v n rr n nt nd tr n n t r f n r d f n n t n h rd h p f d b th r n l h "n " l h t r h b n r n rn d th r n - l b h v r th n th th b h v r f l t rl r nd b nt t nd rd th fr n f xt nd d f l n th r n l n Er C nt nd n h r h h - f r f n th b tt f th l h r r h h v t r xpl n t n f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n t r f th pr r r t n f t r n r n - l l f In v f th nt r t n th l v f r r r xpl n t n f xt nd d f l n n f n tr nd r t nd bl It n n th l r n n n xt nd d n n th n n t nth nt r pp r ntl l x r —n t r p n t p v rt At th t b th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r pr b- bl n t l p f h ld b r f v r tr n th p r- t n f n lf r p r In t d h ld l f r xpl n - t n — n r th r —th t n nt f r n r n pl x l v n rr n nt n b th th r n l nd th b r h h r tt d t th h rd h p th —th t th h h fr - n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r r p n t dv r n r t n — ht r th t th r t n l f r d pt n xt nd d-f l tr t r f nd nt ll d ff r nt f r th r n l nd f r th b r A rd n t th r n n th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th l t t r n r ld h v b n r p n t h rd h p despite th f t th t xt nd d l v n rr n - nt r p ll n n th h h t r n Aft r ll t f th p p l t n r n l ; th r d nt l b h v r f th lth b rr l v nt f r xpl n n th h h overall fr n f xt nd d f - l n th p r d h l n f r nt ld b r p ll n f th r r b d l d tr b t n f xt nd d-f l tr t r th r p t t - n t t h t f th f v r h h nd v r l n t t r d d n xt nd d f l r ft n th n d d p r n f ddl n r n ht p t th t th r r nt r l d ff r nt r n h r n - l nd b r p pl r d d th xt nd d n h v d n n d ll n v l h v r nd t th t th fr n f xt nd d f l nt p nt n l th r n n t t It f r p bl th t h nt n r l t n h p ld r fr t t ll d ff r nt h n t h l v l f th l h r r h A h rd h p pr r r d ll d l n d th n r n - Economics of Extended-Family Structure n r r v r t f th r t v — t d th h h r n t t — ld r d ll nt pl t t th n r t l t th pr bl n r t r d t l In p rt l r t h n d nd h l t thr h th d pt n f xt nd d-f l tr t r r pl x l v n rr n nt b n f l f r th f l h l r nl f r th xt nd d n th lv ? rth r r t nv t t th p f n r t n t d th f l xt n n h t n th t f ll ddr th Economic Dependence and the Extended Family If t r n f l tr t r t d th h h n t t n t d f th h rd h p th b b t n n xt nd d n d d n t ll l r t th n p t n f th f l h l In f t t n n xt nd d r l t n ll p d n n b rd n n n n t nth- nt r f l M t xt nd d r l t n n n n t nth- nt r f l d d n t rn nd th h d d r t p ll h d l r- t t j b th n th f l h d
h f l n -d p nd n r t pr v d n f t t n th n ntr b t n f xt nd d n h n -d p nd n r t h r d f n d th r t f n n pl d f l b r t pl d f l b r A h h d p nd n r t nf v r bl ; t n th t r l t v l ll n b r f rn r t pp rt r l t v l l r n b r f d p nd nt If v r th n l r n l l d p nd n r t n ll dv nt h r d r h ld b r n nd th t b nf r t n n n n pl nt nf rr d fr th p t n l l t n th n d p nd n r t b b d b n pl t r p rt n 1
1 r th h pr f r t n th f l n d p nd n r t d f n d n b r f n n pl d f l b r x 1 n b r f pl d f l b r h n -d p nd n r t b d n n l t n f p t n Wh r n p t n l t d I d th t th nd v d l n t pl d h n t b j t f d; t th nf r t n pl h v b n tt d b th n t r M r v r th xt nt f n h v v r d b l r p r d h r d n t f r t nt nt th r l t v f pl d xt nd d n nd pl d n l r-f l b r S n th n l r f l ll n l d d n d lt l h d f h h ld nd h h- t t j b r ll h ld b h p pl n ht xp t th t th n d p nd n r t nd r t t th r l t v b rd n f xt nd d n t th r t
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bl 3 Eff t f th In l n f Ext nd d l t v n th l E n - p nd n t ( n r nt n h r Er C nt Er C nt Er C nt 1 71 1 19 1915 p nd n d l n d 1 5 1 37 1 9 1 p nd n n h n d 5 1 1 5 p nd n n r d 7 53 3 5 5 t l 1 99 9 1 1 b r f 1 95 3 3 5 11 9 C l n d n t t 1 b f r nd n rr r
th n n n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt th n -d p nd n r t f ll b r f xt nd d f l p r d th th t f th n l r b r f xt nd d f l h f r pp r n t bl 3 " h d t nd t th t n n n t nth- nt r Er C nt nd n th n h r t xt l t n n 1 71 nl ll pr p rt n f xt nd d f l b n f t d fr th pr n f xt nd d r l t v t l t n t r f th n -d p nd n r t E p ll n n h r nd n 1 Er C nt th dd t n f xt nd d r l t v h r l l t r th d p nd n r t th n t l r t In Er C nt th p tt rn r v r d b t n 1 nd 1915 1915 l htl r f l b n f t d fr th n r h rt b th n l n f xt nd d n
l n r lth h h ht n v bl r th th r r nd r ll th r n th f r b d n th n -d p nd n r t h ld b nt rpr t d th t n I h ld l n t th t th d t r n t n f h h f l b r r xt nd d nd h h r n l r h r f bl b d n th r l t n t h h ld h d v n n th n r th r th n n th r l t n-t -f l -h d v r bl d r b d n pp nd x A K tl nd n v (197 nd K tz t nd St rn (19 pl d r l b r t r / n pt n nd b d n th nd nd r p t n f h - h ld Aft r n d r bl xp r nt t n th th nd th nd b d n th U S p v rt d l n (Or h n 19 5 I d d d t t th pl r f th pr p rt n pl d h r pl t d r tr r th r rb tr r nd b th d p nd n th nd nd r p t n f th h h ld th r p rtl d p nd nt n f l tr t r 13 h 1 55 Er C nt pl x l d d fr th n l f d p nd n b th f l n d p nd n r t d p nd n p t n l d t nd th p t n l d t r n t v r pl t n th t n r h "h t d " p t t n pr d r d t rr t f r th pr bl ( n t 5 d t f r p t n l tr t f t n b t d p nd n f r ld b l d n E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
ll th t n Er C nt b t n 1 nd 1915 th pr p rt n f xt nd d f l n th b r d l n d r l t v t th pr p r- t n n th r n l h th t nt th- nt r p tt rn f xt nd d-f l tr t r - l v r ll p r nt f xt nd d f - l n ntr t d n th p r- t n h p h f r pr - nt d n t bl 3 t th t th t nt th- nt r n ntr t n f xt nd d f l n th p r b r l t d t h ft t rd r n ll d pt v xt nd d f l ; b t n 1 nd 1915 th n l n f xt nd d r l t v n r n l pr v d th f l - n -d p nd n r t bl 3 3 l nd pp rt t th nt rpr t t n h f r h th t n 1 b r xt nd d f l r b t nt ll r l l t b n f t fr th n l n f xt nd d r l t v th n r r n - l f l A n n ll d r r -th r p th th r t t - n n d-th n -d p nd n r t pr v d b th pr -
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r Upp r Un ll d S ll d r r 1880 p nd n d l n d 3 33 7 3 9 p nd n n h n d 7 3 1 1 p nd n n r d 51 9 5 7 9 5 5 t l 1 1 1 1 b r f 1 1 7 3 3 9
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1915 p nd n d l n d 5 33 1 Dependence n h n d 3 9 5 3 p nd n n r d 33 5 3 3 1 t l 1 1 1 1 b r f 1 9 7 1
Economics of Extended-Family Structure 45
n f xt nd d r l t v nl f fth f th t 1915 th pp t l p tt rn f d p nd n pr v l d th b r r least l l nd th n ll d r most l l t b n f t fr r d n th x- t nd d n h 1915 p tt rn n fr n n p nt f v th p pl th th r t t n n d ll d pt d xt nd d-f l tr t r nl h n th d d n t nv lv n dd t n l b rd n f d - p nd n At th t lth r p pl — h ld b t ff rd t—fr ntl pp rt d d p nd nt n ntr t th n n t nth- nt r l p tt rn f d p nd n n xt nd d f l l ttl n n th p r t r p — h ld l t ff rd t— d pt d th l t b n f l xt nd d-f l tr t r h r th lth br d th t b n f l xt nd d l v n rr n nt
Ev n f th v r ll ff t f xt nd d n d dv nt n th n n t nth nt r t n n xt nd d r l t v ht h v pr v d d n f l r t n th t n ll tr n d ph f th l f r h t h n th r r n d p nd nt — h n h ldr n— n th f l n pl d r l t n h pr v d d xtr n ld b t n n At p nt f th l f r h n th r r f d p nd nt n th th r h nd n n pl d r l t v ld b t n n th r l t v l l ttl h rd h p In th r rd f l xt n n ld b tr t f r th n v r t n n th n -d p nd n r t v r th l f r r 3 5 t t th h p th r h n f l I h v pl tt d th n n d p nd n r t f xt nd d f l and f th r n l r b r l n b f th f l h d h f r r x- pr d p r h ndr d p r n d p nd n r t f 1 nd t n l n b r f n n pl d nd pl d p r n d p nd n r t f nd t t n n n pl d pl d p r n nd n If xt nd d l v n rr n nt d d nd d pr v d n f p n th n h rd h p n nd r d b th l f r n ld xp t t f nd th rv f r ll b r f xt nd d f l t b th r th n th t f r n l r b r f xt nd d f l In 1 th pr n f xt nd d r l t v d d n t h v n f nt ff t n th n -d p nd n r t f r f l n h h th h d b t n nd 5 r ld Wh n th h d v r 5 r nd r
1 h h p th pr p d b And r n (19 1 3 ; l r v n (1975 K tz t nd St rn (19 t t d th th th t t n n n f ll th d th l f l f d p nd n nd th r f nd n r n t nt th n E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
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—All b r f xt nd d f l — — l r b r f xt nd d f l r 3 5 E n -d p nd n r t f xt nd d f l n l d n nd x l d n xt nd d n b f f l h d Er C nt nd n h r t n 1 71-1915 th n l n f xt nd d n n f ntl r n d th n - d p nd n r t . In n , th pr n f xt nd d n d d th th l f r f d p nd n n 1 Er C nt b t nl b h r l t v n f ntl r n d th n d p nd n r t f r f - l th v r n h d nd f l t l t r p nt n th l f r In th l n r — h n th r r n pl d h ldr n t ll t h —th n l n f xt nd d n h d v rt ll n ff t n th r t In 1915 b ntr t th dd t n f xt nd d n f ll pr v d nd th d th l f r f d p nd n h pr n f xt nd d
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 7 relatives d th n d p nd n r t d r n th ddl r h n h t n t n d d h n t v ff t f xt nd d r l t v r n ntr t d n th f l th ld r h d t t f l f h n th pr r n th f l b d t l v r
In th v d n n d p nd n n t ntl t th t th d l f f l tr t h r t r r l v n f r th t nt th- nt r x- t nd d f l th n f r th n n t nth Ext nd d-f l tr t r t h v b n n ll d f n t n l n th n n t nth nt r h n th fr n f xt nd d f l h h t In b th Er C nt nd n h r xt nd d n r n d th f l n -d p nd n r t — p ll f r th r p th t ld l t ff rd t— nd th pr n f xt nd d n d d n t l r t h rd h p t d th th l f r 1915 ll th h d h n d xt nd d n pr v d th n d p nd n r t — p ll f r th h n d d t th t— nd th ff t f xt nd d n r p rt l rl b n f l d r n th t ph f th l f r th r t t n tr n Ir n ll th d pt n f advantageous p tt rn f d p nd n in extended families rr d j t th fr n f xt nd d f l b n t d l n
Economic Exchange and Extended-Family Structure And r n r th t " r t l l f t t n " f n x h n r r p n bl f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r " h v d n fr Er C nt nd n h r t th t h r n In f t th t t n —th pr bl f r n th r n pl nt h n h rt r t n lln nd ld —f r th t p rt d r d th f r t n f xt nd d f l n t r n n h r nd Er C nt
r nt n And r n xpl n t n f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r th pl nt f n t d th h A rd n t h x h n th r d p nd nt x- t nd d r l t n r br ht nt th f l f ld n x h n f r b b - tt n nd h p n rv h l th r nt ff t th ll bl 3 shows the relationship b t n residence th xt nd d r l t v nd pl nt f th r th ll h ldr n In Er C nt n 1 r n th r th h ldr n nd r 5 r less l l t r d n xt nd d f l th n r th r n pl d th r th n h ldr n r r n n th t ll h ldr n h pr b-
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Erie County, 1880 d n n xt nd d f l 1 9 3 19 1 3 9 Oth r l v n rr n nt 3 1 7 9 7 1 t l 1 1 1 1 373 5 1 3 1 9
Erie County, 1900 d n n xt nd d f l 3 3 17 9 1 5 Oth r l v n rr n nt 7 7 1 79 9 7 t l 1 1 1 1 9 955 7 13
Erie County, 1915 d n n xt nd d f l 9 1 5 5 Oth r l v n rr n nt 3 3 5 7 t l 1 1 1 1 15 73 5 35 1
Lancashire, 1871 d n n xt nd d f l 3 9 13 5 31 Oth r l v n rr n nt 7 79 1 5 9 t l 1 1 1 1 135 5 1 1 7
bl b f l th r n th r f ll h ldr n r ft n p r If n h rd h p r t th t th th r f r d t r th n th f l p rh p ld n t ff rd t nt n n n - pl d xt nd d r l t v On th th r h nd f th xt nd d r l t v pl d th n h r h ld n t pr v d h ld- r rv t n 1 nd 1915 th r l t n h p b t n th r pl - nt nd f l xt n n h n d dr t ll 1915 r n th r f ll h ldr n r f r r l l t r d n xt nd d f l th n r th r n pl d th r f n h ldr n r r n n th t ll h ldr n h h n t rd r
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 9
n ll f n t n l f r f xt nd d f l n t nt th th v d n n d p nd n pr nt d b v p t n n r n f l l b r f r p rt p t n n th Un t d St t h l b t n 1 nd 1915 th r n h n r n Er C nt M r v r th pl nt f th r b n- r n l r r d r n th p r d 1915 97 p r nt f th r th n h ldr n d d n t r th pl nt f th r h d nl r n l ff t n th v r ll fr n f xt nd d f l In th n h r t xt l t n n 1 71 nl Er C nt n 1 th pl nt f th r f n h ldr n t d th xt nd d- f l tr t r n th l th t t n n t n p rt nt n- tr b t r t th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n t r n n- h r p t th t xt l ll — h h d p nd d n f l l b r—th pl nt f th r r l t v l n l " Ov r ll r n th r th ll h ldr n ld b r p n bl f r l th n 1 p r nt f th n h r p p l t n r d n n xt nd d f l Ev n th ll p r nt f xt nd d l v n rr n nt h ld n t b nt r l r b d t n x h n h n And r n r th t xt nd d n r br ht nt th f l b th r n d d t t th pl f r n th r M r ft n h v r th r r pr b bl bl t r b th r lr d r d nt r l t v n th h h ld v l bl t p rf r b b - tt n nd h p n h r th xt nt th t th l tt r t t n pr v l d th pl nt f th r ld h v h d n nfl n n th fr n f xt nd d f l
And r n l r th t th l l n pl nt h r t r t f nd tr l p t l r p n bl f r th f r t n f xt nd d f - l "h ddl n " n n l h h ld h rt n r b tt r bl t th r th p r d r rth r r f nl n r l t n t f r th n pp rt f r th n pl d f l b r ld b pr v d d b n th th xp t t n f r p nt t l t r d t
1 S t (1959 In ff l th pp rt n t f r pl nt f n r n - ll l ; K tz t nd St rn (19 nd Y n -M hl n (1977 h v r ll v r rb n f l l b r-f r p rt p t n n n n t nth- nt r En l nd nd A r ld f ll h r b t n th Er C nt nd n h r f r b th f r r n ll l nd th l tt r n ll h h; ll nd S tt (197 17 h pl nt f n pr b bl nd r t t d b th n l t n f p - t n b t th r n r n t th t th nd r t t nt f pl nt f r th r f n h ldr n r t r th n th t f r th r n 1 And r n (1971 1 9-5 5 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
h h p th n b t t d n nf r t n n n pl nt fr th 1 n In th t r n Er C nt 13 p r nt f th l t d n pl d r d d n xt nd d f l p r d th p r nt f th r t f th p p l t n h p tt rn nt ll n- ff t d h n th ff t f x nd r t l t t r ntr ll d 19 In n h r th r n r f n pl nt p r b t n t t And r n h p th b n th p t n l l t n On ntr l f r th p r nt f xt nd d l v n rr n nt v rt - ll d nt l f r r n - n th n p t n l t d nd f r pl d n O r v d n nd t th t n pl nt d d n t n f ntl n- tr b t t th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r h n th n pl d r nl l t t n xt nd d n b h n r ll b rd n At th t n pl d p r n r nl l t b pp rt d b th r r l t v ; n n pl nt t fr nt n th r n l th r l t v f th n pl d r n d bt t p ll d dv nt d th n d - t r r t pp rt d p nd nt n "
Ov r r d n h h r lt d fr h n h rt l d b And r n t h v ntr b t d t th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r If r t n n n p r p t v t n t v h n p rf t r t In th l ht th pr bl n t h n b l t h rt f h n b t r th r n n b l t f th r n l t ff rd h n th n r n bl l n d t n fr th r pl f pl nt r th t th r f th xt nd d f l r lt d fr r n n h n h rt t l r th t th pr n r f r h n t tr pp d n-
19 Un pl nt dr t ll nd rr p rt d b th n b t th t h ld n t r t n d ff lt f r th n l nl th f r h n pl nt nd t d r p nd d d ff r ntl fr th n pl d p p l t n h l n t r f th r f l tr t r Un pl d p pl r n r l d lt S n th tr t r f xt nd d f l ld r th n th tr t r f th nt r p p l t n h n t nd rd z f r th d ff r n n f l tr t r b t n n pl d p pl nd f r th h l p p l t n greater th n th n t nd rd z d f r t G nd r h v r nt rv l n nfl n n p r n l t d n pl d t nd t b l nd th pr p rt n f f l r t r f r xt nd d f l th n f r th p p l t n h l Of r nd v d l r d btl t d b th r n d r n t f n pl - nt b t th r n v d n th t h t n n r ll r pr l rth r r h t n d n t t h v t n th f r f ff r f h n
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 51
r th t th r n l n r n l n bl t ff rd r nt p nt 1 r t r n n h r I h v n d r t v d n n th nt rr l - t n h p f f l xt n n nd h n h rt b t n n nf r d b t th ff rd b l t f h n h r l n f r n - l rn r n En l nd pr b bl n r d b t l t p r nt b t n 1 nd 1 71 d t r v l bl n th v r l v l f r n - l r nt b t t p bl th t th r f t r th n r l v r v n t th nd f th nt r r nt nt d f r nl 1 p r nt f r n - l xp nd t r n Y r h h t th n t h n h rt If th f r r pr nt t v th n r nt n r t h v n d nl ll p rt n f th increased income f rn r n tt r h dr t th r f h n t d r n th r f th n n t nth nt r In br f th r nt th t th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r d r v d fr h n h rt pl th t h n b n n r n l n ff rd bl f r th r n l S n n r b t nt ll nd r nt r pr nt d nl ll p r nt f r n - l xp nd t r t d btf l th t h n h rt n p rt nt ntr b t r t th r f th xt nd d f l It l t n bl h th r h n h rt t ll - t d th xt nd d-f l tr t r pl h r f r d nt r d d d t n d d n t n r l p th th pr bl b
1 A h rt-t r l f h n n d bt rr d n r f r p d rb n z t n and h h n- r t n t th h n h rt ld h v b n r fl t d n th t f h n n r t h n S h h n n t t ll h v p r t d v r ff t v l ; h v r f r t n l b h v r and p rf t nf r t n th r rd t f l r d n d n t nl f r t l r pt n b t th h n r t M t h ll nd n (19 3 3 h d b t v r th t nd rd f l v n n th nd tr l r v l t n n r b nd Alth h d r nt p r t n th v r ll p t f nd tr l z t n n th ll-b n f th r n l n th f r t th rd f th n n t nth nt r th r n n r l r nt th t r l p r p t r n - l n r b t nt ll v r th r f th nt r h l S f th t p rt nt ntr b t n t th d b t r r pr nt d n A l r (1975 b t l n (19 5 r n (19 9 M th (19 h lp - r n nd p n (195 nd n nd C l (19 3 ntr (19 7 h h n h rt n t n n th n n t nth nt r ; M r h ll (19 1 7 r d n f th t f h n pr p rt n f r n - l n n th Un t d St t th b d t n l f M d ll (1979 St rn (1979 nd n (19 1 5 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
bl 3 5 v n Arr n nt nd M lt h h ld ll n Er C nt 1 55 ( n r nt b r f h ld n ll n On hr r + d n n xt nd d f l 1 1 1 13 3 Oth r l v n rr n nt 7 5 7 t l 1 1 1 1 b r f 99 771 13 17 5 7 7 t n n xt nd d n h n pr v d n d r t p r l v d n n h n h rt b t f r ff l th r r v r t f r th t r r l t d t th pr bl h f r t r f h n h rt nt n d b And r n h lf h t th t th pr n f lt f l d ll n n
nd t r f h n h rt If th r l bl th n h n h rt n t t d th xt nd d l v n rr n nt A t bl 3 5 h th r h h ld n d ll n th l r th v r ll p r nt- f xt nd d f l W rd d n t l r bl If th And r n th t h n h rt l d t v r r d n nd th t v r r d n l d t h h d n t th n rd d n t b bl nd t r f h n h rt t th r t l v l h r l t n h p f xt nd d l v n rr n nt t rd d n t h n n t bl 3 h f r nd t th t th r v rt ll n t n b t n d n t nd th fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt t th rd l v l In f t th t n rr l t n b t n th t v r bl n t v ; f n th n h h d n- t t d th n l r-f l tr t r A th rd nd t r f h n h rt d ll n v l p r p r n If n p pl r r d nt ll p th n n ld xp t th t d ll n v l p r p r n ld b l C ntr r t And r n h p th th p r nt f p r n n xt nd d f l t l d ll- n v l p r p r n h l r th n th t t h h d ll n v l p r
p r n . 2
And r n (1971 33 5 h r l t n h p f d ll n v l p r p t t xt nd d-f l tr t r n- t ll l r t th r l t n h p f d ll n v l p r f l t xt nd d-f l tr t r n th l tt r h b n t nd rd z d f r d ff r nt l f l z ; f r 3 h n t v r l t n h p b t n th nd t r f h n h rt nd f l xt n- n p rt ll r fl t th f t th t xt nd d f l r t n n th
Economics of Extended-Family Structure 53
bl 3 W rd n t nd r nt d n th Ext nd d l t v ff l 1 55
W rd Ind x f r nt b r b r n t Ext nd d n W rd 1 7 5 5 15 9 7 73 5 3 5 11 5 3 13 7 5 1 19 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 9 3 7 5 5 1 7 5 71 1 3 7 7 97 7 9 7 5 11 15 3 3 3 7 1 1 19 5 3 5 13 11 t l 19 9 93
1 = W rd
n ll I h ld p nt t th t h n h rt pr n p ll n rb n r n - l ph n n n h r f r f r d n r n f - nt f f l xt n n n ld xp t th t xt nd d f l ld b t fr nt n th rb n r n l t t d ll r n Er C nt b t n 1 55 nd 1915 r l htl less l l th n r d nt f th ff l h nt rl nd t d pt xt nd d l v n rr n - nt nd h v lr d n th r n l l t l l t r d n xt nd d f l In th n lth h nn t r h n h rt d r tl v r v l bl nd t r h th r n r l t n h p r n t v r l t n h p b t n h n h rt nd xt nd d-f l tr t r It b r nd h h r- t t p r n nj d l - r d d h n nd t n t th n t v r l t n h p d n t t b p r l pr d t f nt rv n n v r bl n t r n h n ntr l f r l n th r v r bl n lt v r t n l S pp nd x h pr n f b rd r l b r n th f v r r d n If xt nd d f l r r ft n v r r d d th n r th r f l n ld n t xp t th t t n b rd r fr ntl ; h dd t n l h h ld b r ld nl h v r v t d th r d n In f t p r n n xt nd d f l r d d th b rd r r fr ntl th n d d p r n n t r d n n xt nd d f l In 1 55 n Er C nt f r x pl 17 p r nt f xt nd d-f l b r r d d th b rd r h r nl 1 p r nt f th r t f th p p l t n d d h p r bl f r f r 1 r 15 p r nt nd 11 p r nt r p t v l 5 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r is not pl bl th t housing h rt t ll discouraged xt nd d- f l tr t r ; h h rt ht h v nt th t p pl r n bl t f nd rt r l r n h t h b th th r n l r f l nd xt nd d n And r n r t n n th r j r r f xt nd d-f l tr t r n th n n t nth nt r r th t r nt t t - r n t f d pl x t f pr bl — n l d n f nd n pl t l v — nd n " r b f r th t p rt nt r f t n v l bl t r nt " An l z n th ff t f r t n n f l tr t r p v r l th d l l nd th r t l pr bl " Alth h r t n ld— t l t th r t ll — n r th r d n f kin, t l dr t ll l t th r n f n v l bl f r r d n h n t ff t f h h r t n n n n t nth- nt r n h r nd Er C nt t d r th f r t n f xt nd d f l In v r d t t pl d t th b rn n r t t th r rr nt pl f r d n h r t l l t r d th xt nd d n " In n h r n n r nt l v d n xt nd d f l 3 p r nt r ft n th n r nt ; n Er C nt n 1 55 th p r bl f r 5 percent. For the th r d t t nl state or country of birth is available, b t th n r l p tt rn pp r nt h v d n fr Er C nt l d n tr t th t xt nd d l v n rr n nt r not even common short-run living arrangement for r nt th lv h 1 55 n n l d v r bl nd t n th n b r f r h nd v d l h d p nt l ll A f r 3 nd t th r nt h h d rr v d r ntl r least l l t r d n xt nd d f l h l n r th t p pl p nt l ll th r fr ntl th d pt d xt nd d l v n rr n nt On n th n l n t nd h n ntr l f r th ff t f nt rv n n v r bl A rd n t And r n pr bl r lt n fr lln l l d t th f r t n f xt nd d f l t lln nn t xpl n h extended l v n rr n nt r p ll pr v l nt n th l t n n t nth nt r r ph d t n l f xp t n t th t p pl r t l t ft n t th b nn n f th n n t nth nt r th
And r n (1971 15 - 7 S n t 1 h pt r 5 f r d n f r t n nd f l tr t r h t ll th h n ntr l f r th ff t f nt rv n n tr t r l v r bl S pp nd x
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 55
-1 -5 -1 11-19 - 9 3 -39 + Y r l l r 3 r nt f r nt r d n n xt nd d f l b r p nt l ll Er C nt 1 55
r t th nd r n h h lth nd t n n th r n l f nd tr l t r n d f r t th p f rb n z t n t tr pp d pr v nt n n t t n Y t n t d b v th rb n r n l th r p l t l l t d pt xt nd d f l tr t r M r v r n d t t th t lln n t n f ntl - t d th th f r t n f xt nd d f l Alth h nn t - r t t l rb d t d h v r d r f d b l t f r 1 55 Er C nt Onl 1 p r nt f th h r l t d d f d b 56 Economics of Extended-Family Structure bl nd r f bl nd d r d d n xt nd d f l p r d th p r nt f th r t f th p p l t n 9
Of And r n x " r t l l f t t n " nl ld nt d f r n f nt pr p rt n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r In b th n h r nd Er C nt th j r t f th ld rl r d d th xt nd d n h b n f t f r d n fr th p nt f v f th ld rl r bv h r t j r t f th v r 5 h d n p - t n r ld p pl th t v n th lt rn t v t r d n th n th l h r th p nt f v f th n r n r t n h v r t d ff lt t f nd n n r t n l f r r d n And r n t f r t r l n nt v f r n r b r f th r n l t r d th ld rl n r t h r n l v n rt r p rp rt dl nt r d t n f r nt Of r th ld nl b tr f ld r n h d ff nt n r r t ntr b t t r nt p nt S n th d r r r l pl d t d btf l th t n ld dd n f nt th h f r n - l ld rl t ll h v n d th r h S nd And r n r th t h r n th n ld r p r n ll d n pl t v d th xp n f p r h n f rn t r h n pr v d n r f f rn t r ; I h v th r f r n t tt pt d t t t And r n nh r t n - f-f rn t r h p th h rd f th n r n r t n n l d d r n th r th ld rl p r n ld pr v d v l bl h ld- r nd h p n rv . h r n th f t r n p rt nt r d d b v n ll rd n t And r n h n h rt pr v nt d n n pl fr t bl h n r d n f th r n " A n t r d b v th t th f t r d d n t n r th p r nt f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r A d fr th p bl nfl n f f rn t r nd h n r h p And r n r nt th t r d n th ld rl n b n f l f r th n r n r t n np r v S f th ld rl n th nd tr l t n h v b n bl t ff r th r h ldr n h r f rn t r n x h n f r nt n n t h ld p n nd th t h ndr d r rl r n f th ld rl h d r b t nt l br b t ff r th n " n l r p f f rn t r " l nd r lt r l t l r p rh p Ev n th th r n f nt n n nt v f
9 n pl nt d b l t l t rt nl h nd rr p rt d A l n th h d b l t r p rt d r p nd d t th t d b l t l rl t th h d b l t n t r p rt d th n l t nd A l th r lt th h n nt rv n n v r bl r ntr ll d; pp nd x 3 And r n (1971 1 1
E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r 57
r lt r l nh r t n xt nd d f l th ld rl n r h l fr nt n th ht nth nt r M r n r l th r t l n d r t n l ntr d t And r n h p th th t r d n th ld rl n b r d r bl n th n n t nth nt r A n t d rl r d rn z t n th r t nd tr t r l-f n t n l t h v p nt d t v r t f n h h th t l t f th ld rl t th r t f th f l declined d r n th r f th n n t nth nt r h br d n f th f l n r p d t hn l l nd l h n th r f l t r nd n r d n- t r n r t n l p t t n r d t h v r nd r d th ld b l t h h p th r n npr v n b t n n t l t d f r r d d n nt v t r d th th ld rl n n f r r t r n nt v It t pl bl th t th dv nt f nt n n ld rl n r d l n n t th t th t f l xt n n n th r C n l n h r n be n t n th t n n d r t n ff t d f l r d n d n n th n n t nth nt r h h l d r - r fr ntl v d n th lth r n h b h v r f d p n- d nt xt nd d r l t v r t n l nd pr b bl l l t d; th h d t r l b n f t t n
31 And r n (1971 1 1 Of r n p r n h v nt n d th r p r nt n ld th th xp t t n th t th n t rn ld b pp rt d b th r h ldr n S h b h v r n t h v r n x h n th r t r fl t n f l n r nd b nd f bl t n If n t r r l r t n l n r l t n h p h nt r n- r t n l obligations could not be maintained. And r n l t th t th r tr t n n p r r l f n th n n t nth nt r r d d th n t t t n l lt rn t v t r d n th n v r lth h t tr th t l r r p r nt f th p p l t n t d nd r th Old r f r r pr b bl n t t t n l z d Und r th td r r l f t d n t nt n nt n r d n n r h Ind d ld rl h r d d th xt nd d n r l bl h th economic r r v l bl f r x h n r nt d b p r r l f b f r 1 ntr t n th l tt r p rt f th n n t nth nt r td r r l f n l n r n r ll v l bl W r h r r r b f r 17 nd th r n r d r n th ht nth nt r nt n d ll nt th n n t nth In f t th tt n p f n r h j r l f th r h r r nl r h n 1 h n th p p l t n f En l nd x d d ht ll n; l (19 3 157 Alth h t nn t b pr v n th v l bl v d n pp rt th n l n th t th pr p rt n f n t t t n l z d ld rl n r d b t n pr nd tr l nd h h t r n t h th v l b l t f ld rl n f r r d n n xt nd d f l pr b bl r d d b h n n l- lf r p l In A r th n r l d r t n f h n n th p r-r l f t l r S M r h ll (19 7 9 1 1 1 7ff h (197 115ff (1971 1 3ff A h r ft (1 9 13 -37 Oxl (197 On A r n p r r l f K tz (19 3 5 E n f Ext nd d- l Str t r
h r r r r l h v r t l b n f t f r t n l r f l n d l ttl fr t n n n xt nd d r l t v h nn t nt f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r n t r f r pr l x h n r h ld xt nd d l v n rr n nt b v d n d pt v f l tr t ; n th ntr r f r n f l th pr n f d p nd nt xt nd d r l t v n d bt h v b rd n th t j p rd z d th t r l ll-b n f th f l h l W t th t th d v p r n f r n n xt nd d f l d d n t r t n th h nd f th p r r l t n h f l b r h x r d ntr l v r n r r pr b bl l x r d n- tr l v r th r d n f n h f n l d p r r l t n th n th f l t n l d th t th d v p t f r th f r t n f xt nd d f l n th r n ll r t n l n r l l t v t l t fr tr tl t r l p nt f v h r n fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r ht pl h v b n f n t n f r n th pr p rt n f p pl h ld ff rd th " Ext nd d-f l tr t r t d th h h n t t n b th t r n n h r nd Er C nt t r n h v n r ll v d xt nd d l v n rr n nt r p n t n dv r t ; th v d n pr nt d h r t th t th h ld n t d b r rd d l x r In th l ht th d pt n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt ht b v d b - pr d t f r n n t f th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r n n f r l t v pr p r t n nd r h th fr n f xt nd d f l h d l n d n th t nt th nt r nd h n l r f l tr t r t - t d th n d v l p nt "
On n l t l p th n n xpl n t n f r pr t - ll n th n f n dd d t th t p r p t v I r ll nv r t n I h d th ll- n n n t Wh n I xpl n d th t th fr n f xt nd d f l n r d n th n n t nth nt r h d "Of r In r r n r p pl ld ff rd th " Wh th n I d d d xt nd d f l b l n n th t n- t th nt r n nt n d t r ? "Obv l " h r p nd d
3 On h n n n n t 33 hl n (19 99-1 7 W n h nd l b r (19 ; l G r nd r r (1971 1- M h l h nd S tt (19
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" r p pl ld ff rd t l v l n ." Wh l th t xpl n t n n t b b l t l rr n l bl th pl th r n nt rv n n h n n v l r v r pl x n h n " r th f h l f th n th x t n f th n l Gr l r h n f r lt rn t v xpl n t n r fr tf l t I ll th r f r b nd n th f r nt th th t f n nd pl n nt th nd f d r ph
3 A p bl h n ld b pr v d d b t r (19 5 3 h p th th t xt n n n ntr t d n th f " ddl n t pr r " n t t nd l fr nt n th " f rt bl " nd n th "d t t t " If t p pl n th ht nth nt r r d t t t t n th n n t nth nt r r ddl n t pr r- nd t n th t nt th r f rt bl th n th r nd d l n f th xt nd d f l ld b xpl n d th t r t pl t n r n t h v - t d th n r t b t I d n t b t I h v n n v d n th t xt nd d f l r n ntr t d n th f ddl n t pr r r t n n n p r d 4 Appr h t th r ph f th Ext nd d l
t r l d r ph n h h f h n th d h rd S nn Sugar and Slaves (197 W ppr h d th pr bl d tl b x n n th p n n f th r nd f nd th t n f r r th n r lv h d f l d t r n n r Rats, Lice, and History (1935
In rd r t l v th xt nd d r l t v n t have xt nd d r l - t v h fr n nd t n f b rth d th nd rr n p p l t n d f n th b l l nt xt th n h h r d n d - n r d A rd n l tt pt t nt f r h t r l h n n th fr n f xt nd d f l t h th nfl n f h n n d r ph nd t n t th th r t f l t r n h n ht t b t th t f n l z n th h t r l d r ph f th xt nd d f l h h pt r rv th v r ppr h p pl h v t n h r t l C n d r t n It n v r t nt r n M r n v pr p d d r ph nt rpr t t n f d rn z t n nd xt nd d-f l tr t r v r d th t h h fr n f xt nd d f l p bl n pr - d rn t b f h h rt l t r h rt l f xp t n pr v nt d pr d r d n n thr - n r t n f l ; t p pl d b f r th b r ndp r nt r h rtl th r ft r A rd n t v th xt nd d f l ft n th ideal n pr d rn t v n th h h h fr n f xt nd d f l pr l d d b d r ph n tr nt h rt l t d l n th d rn z - t n th fr n f xt nd d f l n r ; th th r v l f th d r ph b rr r r p pl r bl t h v th r d l f l t p t n v n n r n xt nd d-f l tr t r t d th d rn z t n ld n r l b nf n d t h rt- l v d "tr n t n l" ph Wh n xt nd d-f l tr t r b
r ph f th Ext nd d l pr d n nt t l d t " r f tr nd tr n h h pr d h n n th d r t n f l v rt l nd h r z nt l pr l f r t n " In th r rd h n rt l t d l n ff ntl t ll h h fr - n f xt nd d f l t t nd t b nd n th d l f xt nd d-f l tr t r 1 v tt pt n t pr d t th xp r n f nt p r r h rd W rld ntr ; h n t d r b n h t r l h n n th W t In t br d tl n h v r v nt rpr t t n f t n tl th th t r nt v d n n f l tr t r n En l nd nd A r n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r A v th r t th fr n f xt nd d f l l n th pr nd tr l p r d A rt l t d l n d th fr n f xt nd d f l n r d b t th n r h rt-l v d; n th t nt th nt r th fr n f xt nd d f l r t rn d t pr nd tr l l v l At b t th t th t v r pp r d t r l tt p bl h d h f nd n th t n l r f l tr t r pr d n t d v r- h l n l n pr nd tr l En l nd h d r ph xpl n t n f r th l fr n f xt nd d f l d t l pr p d b t l tt n t d th t th l f xt nd d f l n pr nd tr l En l nd n n f lt r l pr f r n r th r th n d r ph p r t v h ntr v r v r th r l t v p rt n f d r ph p r - t v nd lt r l h d t r n nt f pr nd tr l f l tr t r h p rt nt th r t l pl t n h nt rpr t t n f tr t r l- f n t n l nd d rn z t n th r d r b d n h pt r r h rpl h ll n d b th n v d n n h t r l f l tr t r A n t d th l l th r tt pt t xpl n d l n n th xt nd d f l If th r n d l n n th xt nd d f l th nd tr l z t n nd d rn z t n th n t b p ntl t d v l p h xpl n t n If h v r th r h d b n n ideal f xt nd d- f l tr t r b f r th nd tr l r v l t n nd th t d l d - pp r d b th t nt th nt r th n n tr l l nt r- pr t t n f th v l t n f th f l ld b r h b l t t d In t d f
1 v (19 5 9 t p ; l v (197 nd v nd ll r (1973 v r nt p bl h d b f r t d l n n th t th fr n f xt nd d f l l n pr nd tr l En l nd l tt f nd n f r t pp r d n l tt nd rr n (19 3 b t th r lt r n n l v nd th d d n t r v d r l t n h r lt p bl h d n l tt (19 5 nd l tt (19 r r b t nt l On l tt rl p bl t n f h f nd n n t 1 v d Gl (19 h r d d b l pp r ntl th f r t t pr p d r ph xpl n t n f r l tt f nd n r ph f th Ext nd d l
xpl n n th d l n f th xt nd d f l l l th r t ld n xpl n th d l n f xt nd d-f l d l h d r ph nt rpr t t n h r v d t f t pp rt fr dv t f th t -f l h p th A rd n t th t -f l h p th t l n pr nd tr l W t rn t f r n h ld t r n n h r h r p r nt h h ld ft r rr h l ll th r h ldr n l ft h t t bl h n h h ld h pr v d d h - n f r tr n n f pr p rt nd r d t d ppl f l b r n th p r nt ld h r r v r l v r t n n th t -f l h p th b t rd n t t nt rpr t t n t n r ll th ld t l h ld h r n d n h p r nt h h ld ft r rr h t l nt ff rt t r n l th t -f l h p th th th t t t l f nd n f th C br d Gr p n b f nd n th r f tz r n r r n r tr th d v l p nt l l f th t f l
A n t n t v n p nt n t t r - t n nd v t t p t r f h h ld nd f l th t th h t r n nd l t n rt t nt t p W n nt n xt nd d f l n n l r t r th r th n b n t p th pl b ph n th d v l p nt l l f n l f l r - n z t n h r b n r l r f t th t pp r nl r r l n p p l t n b th l t f r nl h rt p r d f th f l l r n d n t pp r t ll r th p nt f v th xt nd d f l r l ph thr h h h t f l h r n r p nt t th t -f l h p th d r b l n h h h h h ld t rt nuclear, b t h - h ld—d f n d h h ld nt n n p r nt nd rr d h ld-
3 h t -f l h p th ntr d d b l (1 71 h b n h hl nfl nt l n b th h t r n nd l t r h hl p rt n v rv l tt (197 197 ; l n (19 1 nd M (1955 h l ppl t n f l th r n (19 1 h r h b n t n th t th nt rpr t t n f th t f l d pt d b h t r n d n t t ll rr p nd t l nt rpr t t n; W ll (19 3 l (1 71 1 d f n d the t f l f ll "On f th h ldr n rr d l t the p r nt l v n n t th th nd p rp t t th th r n rr n th tr d - t n f th n t r h th r h ldr n t th lv p t d th f l h h n th pr f r n t t r n l b t th n t " h d f n t n b n v r l r p t b t t r hl n t nt th th l d f n t n f h t r n S f r x pl l ndr n (1979 St n (1977 nd Sh rt r (197 r n r (197 b S l r n r (1975 197 1977b r ph f th Ext nd d l 3
p n the rr f h ld nd b n l r h h ld n h n b th p r nt d r n th r f th l h l n r p f n l r h h ld r t d b th bl n h d n t r n n th r p r nt h h ld ft r rr h n n l r h h ld ll b t p n th rr f h ld nd th h l pr ll b r p t d Ev n f v r n n th p p l t n f ll d t -f l r n z - t n l r l n t h r t r z d b l t rr rl d th nd r l t v l h h f rt l t th pr p rt n f b rv d t h h ld t n n t ld n r l b l h n r pl n d r bl r pl x h n f d r ph n tr nt n xt nd d-f l tr t r th n v h d pr p d h rt l t n t th nl p bl d r ph n tr nt n th fr n f xt nd d f l r n r nt rpr t t n p nt t th p rt n f rr d t r n nt f th fr n f xt nd d f l In n t r l f rt l t p p l t n t rr th t p rt nt nfl n n n r t n l n th G n r t n l n th— l n th l f xp t n — pr n p l d t r n nt f th xt nt f v rl p b t n n r t n If p pl t nd t b r h ldr n l t n l f th n f thr - n r t n f l occur v n where rt l t n t x pt n ll v r h h-h r ld d pr nd tr l p tt rn f l t rr n th W t n r l d t t d l n n r t n h r f r l t rr h v been just p rt nt h h rt l t n producing d r ph n tr nt n th fr n f thr - n r t n f l n pr nd tr l En l nd nd A r th r n n d l n n rr d r n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r ld h v b n j r r f n r n th fr n f xt nd d f l h t -f l h p th l ntr d h n h r b f rt l t ld nfl n th fr n f xt nd d f l lth h r n r n t xpl t n th p nt f th r l th t nl one
5 jn l (19 5 O th t (1973 On d l n n rr f Wr l (19 v n (1977 Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 Gl (1973 19 nd Gr t r t n G n r l t r Off (1 1-1 1 h h pr v d d t n th p r nt f rr rr n b f r 1 G r ph p r n l nd pp rt t th th th t t rr h d p rt nt n n f r xt nd d-f l tr t r h E r p n rr p tt rn nf n d t n rth t rn E r p ; n t rn nd th rn E r p rr rr d h rl r h r nt n v d n th t f l tr t r b t nt ll r pl x n th S th nd E t S jn l (19 Cz p (197 M tt r r nd K n (19 l tt (1977 15-1 M tt r r nd S d r (19 37 r n r (197 l n (1973 1975 M Ardl (197 r ph f th Ext nd d l
h ld ll r n n h r h r p r nt h h ld ft r rr ll th r h ldr n t r t n n l r h h ld p n rr h t n t pl n r t n l n th nd rt l t th t d t t th fr n f t h h ld n p p l t n th t b t -f l r l ; th l v l f f rt l t l p rt nt b t d t t th n b r f " xtr " h ldr n h t f r nd p nd nt n l r h h ld h f rt l t th n ld ntr b t t l b rv d fr n f t h h ld r n r r nt l p nt t p rt nt n th r t l r n l r t t h th t xt nd d-f l tr t r ld h v h d r t l functional r l n t th t h d f xt nd d f l S nd t t th t th j r t f th p p l t n ht h v xp r - n d t -f l l v n rr n nt t p nt d r n th r l v v n f nl ll n r t r d d n t h h ld t n n t r n r t t d th t -f l h p th n v d n fr h- t nth- nt r A tr f nd th t r l t v l ll pr p rt n f h h ld nt n d b th p r nt nd rr d h ldr n t f th h h ld th v r n h d h p r nt ld b t l l t b l v j r t r t r xt nd d h d n t r n r t t n r l n th t j r t f h h ld nt thr h t ph h ld th v r young h d d 1 t 7 r t p l M rr n r ll rr d l t nd r n r d t t th t t p pl d d n t b h - h ld h d nt l th r h d th r th rt h h b h d n ll rl h d r t r d r ph pp rt n t t f r t h h ld th n t p pl d d rth r r th v r n h d h v b n t p l n th r r p t It l l th t th th th r t t f l r r r bl t rr n t nd lth p pl r pr b bl b t bl t b h h ld h d n ll rl n l f r n r d t nd t th t t h h ld r l t thr t r n n p nt th l r l ndh ld n th n th r n p nt th l ttl l nd If b th t -f l tr t r nd rl h d h p r - t d th pr p rt h ld n th n r n r f nd n n t h v r t r l v n f r th p p l t n h l In th r rd r n r v d n f r th t -f l h p th b pl b -pr d t f nt rv n n v r bl Ev n f r n r npr v n h v r t r n pl bl t th t -f l h p th nn t b t t d thr h th f t t t
r n r (197 b r ph f th Ext nd d l 5
n r t d d r tl fr th n r l t f nh b t nt S l rl nn t d r tl r th xt nt t h h th increase f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r h ld b r b d pl t d - r ph h n h r n t h v r n l bl h pr bl t hn l n t n tr t t t t l d l t v l t th ff t f d r ph f t r n f l tr t r Alth h th pr bl pl t hn l t n n th l pl x h r nd r f th h pt r r v pr v tt pt t r ppl th th pr bl f nt n f r d r ph ff t n xt nd d-f l tr t r r t I d n l t ppr h t th d r ph f th xt nd d f l S nd I ntr d th th d l f r l - t n nd r l t n h rd I d r b nd r t z th j r pr v r l t n d l f r th h t r l t d f xt nd d f l tr t r th SOCSIM d l d v l p d b K W W ht r nd E A l Ch pt r 5 nd pp nd x C tl n n ppr h t th pr bl h h b d n n d r ph r l t n d l Analytic Models of Extended-Family Structure Wh n v pr nt d h d r ph nt rpr t t n f th v l t n f f l tr t r h ll d f r th d v l p nt f d r ph d l t d n nd r t nd n th r l t n h p b t n d r ph nd th x- t nd d f l b rv t n th t " t l n tr t n f th d - r ph d l nv lv d pp r t b n nt r t n l pl x tt r" h pr v n t b r nd r t t nt h rl t t d f th ff t f d r ph nd t n n f l tr t r r ll b d n n l t d l h d l r l t d n v r t f r p t b t th t th t f r b nt r r h An l t d l n d r ph r n xpr n f pt n n th t l t r S h d l r p d f t n th t d f n th r l t n h p b t n v r bl In th d r ph f th f l th d p nd nt v r bl f th t n r h r t r t f th h h ld r f l nd th nd p nd nt v r bl r d r ph nd t n pr n p ll f rt l t rt l t nd n pt l t h f n l t d l f r t d n th d r ph f th f l b n th A J, t n 1931 b t th rl t r n l f th nfl n f d r ph n th xt nd d f l nd rt n b
7 v (19 5 51 S l ll r (19 5 r ph f th Ext nd d l
An l C l h d l pp r d n nj n t n th v th r t - l r C l d l pl nd l nt b t t d n t ddr th pr bl f frequencies f xt nd d f l In t d C l f n th n z f h h ld nd r v r h h ld-f r t n r l C l d l n t v r f l f r th pr nt p rp t t th n tr n n ff t f d r ph n xt nd d-f l tr t r n ld n d t n th percentage f xt nd d f l th t ld r lt fr v n t f pt n ; n z f f l n t d t l r l v nt l tt f r t p bl t n f h f nd n th t xt nd d f l r r r n pr nd tr l En l nd p r d v r l r r l v nt d l h f r t tt pt fr v d Gl h d v d pl n l t d l t ll tr t th p nt th t thr - n r t n h h ld ld b nfr nt n p p l t n th h h rt l t h tr t r f th d l r d Gl d th t ll p r nt h v x h ldr n ll b rn h n b th p r nt r d 3 th t ll x h ldr n h v f r t h ld t 5 nd th t l f xp t n t b rth 5 Gl d b n l xp n n t l l t th r t f rv v n p r nt t rv v n h ldr n t th t th p r nt b r ndp r nt —th t h n th p r nt r 55 nd th h ldr n r 5 h th p nt f v rl p b t n n r- t n ; f th h ldr n r n n r th r ld b n r nd h l- dr n nd f th r n ld r r f th r ndp r nt ld h v d d G v n th nd t n Gl l l t th t nl 7 p r nt f th 5- r- ld h ldr n ld b bl t r d th th r p r nt I pl t n th d l th pt n th t nl n f v r l rr d bl n ll r d th v n t f p r nt n rd n th th t -f l h p th Gl d l th f r t tt pt t r th nfl n f d - r ph n th fr n f thr - n r t n f l nd v r l b -
h d l n t nt d r ph nd t n v r h h rt l t (l f xp - t n t b rth f rl rr ( ll n rr t 15 nd h h f rt l t ( r r pr d t n r t = 3 5 C l h th t f n h h ld f r t n r l th t x z th fr n f thr - n r t n f l th n f l z b t 75 p r nt l r r th n f n th t v r n r d d n n l r f l (C l 19 5 E rl r r n th d r ph f th f l n l d t (1931 r t (1959 nd K n t dt r (19 3 9 v rth l v f nd f rt n C l f nd n f r r n th t r n t lt th r l r A d f t n f C l t hn b h K r h (197 r pr nt d n nj n t n th t r l tt (197 n th r t l t t nt n 197 It r n th t l tt— h v d ff r r dl fr th f v — l f nd f rt n th r lt 1 Gl (19
Demography of the Extended Family 7
nt d l d pt d th b f r t th d l n t v r f l h d r ph pt n r nr l t ; Gl h lf p nt t " f n t l th t " M r v r th d l n pr v n f r p r nt - n-l nd t th r f r n r r hl h lf f p t nt l thr - n r t n f l On th th r h nd Gl pl tl th t ll r ndp r nt h v t l t n rv v n h ld nd th h v r t t th pr p rt n f r ndp r nt th t ld r d th th r h ldr n It h ld l b pt n nd th t Gl n t tr n t r th fr n f thr - n r t n f l t n l nt n t ; r th r h d l nt nd d t t t th pr p rt n f f l th t ld v r thr h thr - n r t n ph A t h pp n th 7 p r nt f r pr b bl n t f r ff fr th v r ll p r nt f t f l t n nt n t th t ld r lt fr Gl pt n f th v r pr bl th h t hn r rr t d t th j t d l ; th b r lt n fr th thr pr bl t nd t n l n n th r t " In 19 9 E A Wr l d r b d t hn th t t b d f t n f Gl ppr h Alth h th t t hn r l r Wr l ppr h r ph t t d h d l nt f r th p b l t f r d n th p r nt - n-l ll th p r nt rth r r th r nt f thr - n r t n v rl p t n t th n f pl n t d f th t h h th x fr n f v rt l xt n n r Wr l th t th n f rr d pl nd th t th n f th r p r nt 7 l pl tl th t th v r pr b b l t th t p r nt f rr d p r n ll b l v v l nt t th pr b b l t f rv v n fr t 7 h ld n t n r l b tr ; pr b b l t f p r nt l rv v l d p nd n th d tr b t n f rr d p r n nd th h p f th rt l t rv Wr l r ll n th r f r th t ll rr d pl r nd ll f th r p r nt r 7 h d l f rth r p t l t th t rr d pl h v b t n n nd n n h ldr n ll b rn h n th pl r d 3 th t v r n rr t 7 nd th t l f xp t n t b rth 3 5 Wr l r d n r l r h t d ff r nt fr th f Gl ; h th t d d p r nt f th ld t n r t n l r d th th r h ldr n b t rr d n n v r d h l tt r r l r th r dd n t ntr d t th t -f l d l f xt nd d-f l f r -
11 S h pt r 1 Wr l (19 9 ; l Wr l (197 r ph f th Ext nd d l t n h d l pl b n l xp n n t r th pr p rt n f rr d pl h ld r d th th r d d p r nt r p r nt - n-l Und r th d r ph nd t n tl n d b v th t f r t t b 9 p r nt Wr l r rd th r lt "t r d t b r l t d " nd h r ht Alth h th rt f ppr h t th rd r f n t d f thr - n r t n f - l nd r v n d r ph r th th r h n n f t t n th xt nt t h h th pl f n pt n l d t rr n r lt " t r n h v t n th r lt f th d l h t r l nd th h v ft n nt rpr t d th r n n f rr n t Gl d l ph t t d n b rv r r n St n r t th t " n t th d r ph ttr t n f ld p pl n pr - d rn t th pr p rt n f nj l f l th r ndp r nt t ll l v t n n t ld n v r h v b n r th n b t t nt - v n p r nt " In l r v n M h l K tz nd h t r t th t Wr l " l - l t d th t t n rl d rn rt l t nt n d r t n n r th n 15 [sic] p r nt f h h ld ld v r h v thr n r t n pr nt t n t " And r n r ll d t b th Gl nd Wr l th h t t nt th t "t th r t l l l t n f f l p t n nd r pr nd tr l d r ph nd t n t t r p t v l th t nl 7 r 9 p r nt f th f l ld nt n thr n r t n "" S h p n n l n r pl t l nj t f d nd th b dl r pr nt Gl nd Wr l At b t th th r f nd n t th t n t h r t r z d b l t rr nd rl d th th x fr n f thr - n r t n f l ht b b t nt ll n tr n d If th t hn t ll pr v n th n t th t n l t d l t th h h ld l v l r n rd t hn f r th t d f th d r ph f th xt nd d f l In p t f th r l t t n th rl b - f-th - nv l p t h- n f r t t n th fr n f thr - n r t n f l t th t r f r b nt n l f th nfl n f d r ph n h t r - l f l f r t n h t bl h d th pr n pl th t th ff t f d r ph n b d n th nt xt f h h ld f r t n
13 r n r dl nd r n l n M nd l (197 h v p bl h d n r d f t n f Wr l ppr h b t th p t f th r r f n nt ll Unl Wr l h v r r dl nd M nd l t pl n d r bl nf d n n th d l S l M nd l (197 1 St n (1977 K tz t nd St rn (19 r n r (197 b 7 h 15 p r nt f r t d b K tz t nd St rn n rr r An th r x pl f nt rpr t t n—th t f C l d l— pp r n Wh t n (1975 9-1 Demography of the Extended Family 69
"r l " , , th t rr d bl n d n t r d th n n th r S h r l ll t f n th p f b n t n f n f r t t th r t l nt r t All b nt h h ld-l v l d l f xt nd d- f l tr t r h v r l d n h p th t l r l
A j r l t t n f th t hn d d f r th t th r x l v l n rn d th v rt l xt n n—th t th th z r fr n f thr - n r t n f l h n r h r z nt l xt n- n h h r lt fr th pr n f bl n nt n l , n ph n r n f th h d r h d p h n t p r r p n bl f r b t nt l pr p rt n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt n t p p l t n f r h h d t r v l bl n l d n pr nd tr l nd n n t nth- nt r En l nd nd A r It ht th t t l p rt nt t nd r t nd th ff t f d r ph n h r z nt l xt n n n n l t n p p l t n th j r t ll l h v rt f l v n h r z nt l n v l bl f r r d n In f t d r ph nd t n r p rh p v n r p rt nt d t r n nt f h r z n l xt n n th n th r d t r n nt f v rt l xt n n h tr b n pr t th b l f h r z nt l xt n n nf n d t n h p n rr t f d r ph h r t r t C r d nt h r z nt ll xt nd d n t nd t b " n tt h d nd - v d l " Un tt h d nd v d l r d f n d d lt b h l r nd p n t r d d r nd rph n In th Un t d St t n 19 95 p r nt f h r z nt l xt n n n n f n tt h d h r z nt l n " In dd t n h r z nt ll xt nd d n r t p ll n ntr t d n rt n r p ; n n n t nth- nt r En l nd nd A r t r n th r t nt nd th rt And n t ll t p f h r z nt ll xt nd d r l t n r l l t r d ; n W t rn xp r - n th n t p f h r z nt ll r l t d n h v b n bl n b- l n - n-l n ph nd n h h r z nt ll xt nd d r l t v th t r l l t r d n x- t nd d f l th n t t t ll b r p f ll h r z nt ll x- t nd d r l t n M r v r th v l b l t f h h h-r h r z nt ll xt nd d n f r r d n n xt nd d f l h hl n t v t d r ph nd t n r x pl th fr n f n tt h d nd - v d l n p p l t n f n t n f tr t r rr 15 h t 95 p r nt f h r z nt ll xt nd d f l ld pp r n l r f l f ll n tt h d f l b r r r v d; th r n r h d h p (S th d f n t n f "f l " nd "f l h d" n pp nd x A h b d n t b l t n f th 19 bl U S pl r ph f th Ext nd d l
rr nd r rr r t rt l t nd nt rv l b t n p r ph h n ld l d t dr t h n n th p l f n tt h d h r z nt ll xt nd d n v l bl t r d n xt nd d f l h r f r n rd r t th ff t f d r ph f t r n xt nd d f l tr t r n d t l t h r z nt l xt n n ll v rt l xt n n h f f n l t d l n v rt l xt n n p rtl n - n f th pr p t n f h t r n th th t -f l h p th- r z nt ll xt nd d f l r pl n d r d l nt r t- n h f h p th t l h h ld f r t n r l l d r d l n h r z n l xt n n h r l r n t p r ll d r v d; r th r th r b d n th r f t -f l f r t n S n h v n th r f h r z nt ll xt nd d f l f r t n n t f r l f r n l z n h r z nt l xt n n ld b rb tr r An th r r n h r z nt l xt n n h b n n r d th l t l d ff lt f n fr n f h r z nt l n thr h n l t t h- n In r nt r d r ph r h v d n d r bl pr r n th r d t h v r n n l t th d h b n d v d f r t t n th fr n d tr b t n f h r z nt l n br n d n b th r d r ph h r t r t A n t d r d n f h r z nt l n h hl d p nd nt n th r h r t r t h rr nt n l t th d r n d t f r d v l p n d l f h r z nt ll xt nd d f l tr t r
An l t d l r n n xp n v nd t d ppr h t th t d f n d r ph pr bl A b pp r nt h v r th r
1 Alth h h t r n h v f r v n l ttl tt nt n t h r z nt l xt n n t t t l pr r n th r h b n d b d r ph r In 197 G d n K f tz nd ll d r b d n n l t th d th t ll t t n f th n n b r f xt nd d n f b th v rt l nd h r z nt l t p th t ld b v l bl nd r v n d r ph r Unl th t hn d v l p d b th h t r l d - r ph r th th d n t xpl tl n rn d th l v n rr n nt f th th G d n-K f tz- ll ppr h n r v l nl th mean number f r l t v f v n t p ; t n t p bl f t t n th percentage f p r n th r l t v f v n t p h l An l C l r d r b d b v th d l n ppr pr t f r n l z n th fr n f xt nd d f l n real p p l t n S G d n K f tz nd ll (197 nd th r "Add nd " (1975 M r r ntl h ll (19 d r v d t t f th fr n d tr b t n f h r z nt ll xt nd d n b t h n bl t br th n d n b th r nd r t l t t ll t d th t t ht b p bl t n rp r t h r f n nt n n n l t d l b t b f th pl x t nv lv d r l t n ht b r ppr pr t ppr h S dd - t n l n l t l l t n f th d r ph f n h p n l d r t (1959 I r- hr (19 7 nd And r n (197
r ph f th Ext nd d l 7 1 n t ll d pt d t n th ff t f d r ph nd t n n h t r l f l tr t r v d n n bl pl x t n l t d l t pl f n pt n h n r v r - pl f t n f n l t d l h v pr v n t b pr bl v n f r th t d f h n f rt l t h pr bl f th xt nd d f l h r pl x W t b nd t t n th fr n f thr - n r t n v rl p r th n n b r f rt n n t p th ff t f d r ph n tr nt n xt nd d-f l tr t r n d t n th d t l d h r t r t f all n v l bl f r r d n n f l h d t h ld b n th f r f fr n d tr b t n r th r th n n M r v r h ld h v th f r br n d n b h r t r t f th f l h d nd h p nd l b b n - t n f n n h nv nt d n n l t d l p bl f h f t nd t d btf l th t n n ll " The pr bl pl t pl x t b ff ntl r lv d th n l t th d l rt n t l lt rn t v th d r v l bl
Simulation Approaches r n th A r n C v l W r C pt n x nd d p h lf d r n h r v r h d r v d t t f pi b r p t dl thr n n dl f n n l n th r t nd rd r t n nd nt n th pr p rt n f t th t t f ll thr h h rt f r l t n C pt n x nd t d r f r nd tr l h t f n n tr l pr v d d l ttl n n- f r t n b t th b n t n f n tr l ld ld r t r lt h br d t d f n t n f l t n n l d ll tt pt t r l t h t r h b n ppl d t d l f h d v r ph n n th tbr f W rld W r I nd th pr f ph t nth t d r ph l t n f rl p f nd f d l It pr d r f r ll t n d r ph v nt —b rth d th nd rr —t h p th t l nd v d l r r p A l t d p p l t n th r b n tr t d th h r t r t f h h h ld rr p nd t th h r - t r t f r l p p l t n th t h r th d r ph r t h l t n ppr h ll t r h r t r t f h p th t-
17 On th l t t n f n l t t hn Sh p (19 9 rr tt (1977 nd ll n (19 nd nd l (19 S l ll nt (19 5 1 and MacCluer (1973), 7 r ph f th Ext nd d l
l p p l t n th t b d ff lt r p bl t r f r r l p p l t n " S l t n d l f ll nt t n r l t r r l t n nd r l t n M r l t n l C pt n x xp r nt n b v d r f tr l r ph v nt r n d t nd v d l n rd r t b ld p l f h t r Wh n ff ntl n nd v d l h v b n r t d r l t n d l n r t - r t t t h ll t n f v t l v nt t nd v d l v rn d b pr d t r- n d pr b b l t h n b h h r l t n d l n v t l v nt t h p th t l nd v d l h b n d r b d b n nd h rd l In ppl n rt l t d t f r x pl th pr b b l t f p f nd v d l d th b d p n th x nd r f th t nd v d l nd h th r th d th t ll rr d d t r n d b th pr b b l t nd b th n r t n f r nd n b r h f th pr b b l t f d th f r p f nd v d l d t r n d t b h n n 1 r nd n b r fr 1 t 1 n r- t d nd f th h pp n d t b r l d th n d r d t t pl ppl n th th d f n r t n h n - pl t l f pr d l l t d f r h nd v d l n th pl " A G S nt p nt t th pr h th dv nt th t "n n t - t n r pr b b l t n b ntr d d nd n l n b d t l d r r d n th tp t r bl pl t t f d t fr n d l rv 1
19 r d r pt n f l t n ppr h Ol n (197 nd M Cl r (1973 Sh p (19 9 M n n (19 1 S nt (197 nd r l nd nd b (19 l nd l (197 1 S nt (197 5 A pl h t r l ppl t n f M nt C rl l t n rr d t b rv r (1973 h l l t d th pr p rt n f p r n t v r h ld h v n l v n p r nt r ndp r nt nd r t- r ndp r nt nd r v r n d r ph nd t n r n d r d nl nd nt n th pr bl r tl pl f d; th fr n f nd nt n nt ll f n t n f rt l t nd n r t n l n th Oth r h t r l r l t n d l n l d SOCSIM (d d b l CAMSIM (d r b d n l tt 19 nd n d l MOMSIM (d r b d n h pt r 5 nd pp nd x C h r th nl r l t n d v t d t n l f xt nd d-f l tr t r lth h ll (1979 d l ll d AM US n rn d th xt nd d n r l t n h p r ph ppl t n f r l t n n l d rv tz (19 9 (1975 nd G lb rt nd l (19
Demography of the Extended Family 73
f th r nd l nt r l t n l n n M nt C rl l t n C pt n x t n f n dl d - r ph r l t n d l r bj t t r nd rr r n - z th rr r t n r t n r t l r p p l t n h r tr d - ff h v r—th l r r th l t d p p l t n th r x- p n v th d l b t r n h th r f r f d r ph l t n— r l t n-- r d ff r ntl M r l t n rt f pr b t n n l t t hn nd r l t n In t d f ll t n h r t r t t nd v d l r l t n p r t t th l v l f r p A p p l - t n br n nt b r p b d n h h r t r t x nd r t l t t Ov r v n t p r d p rt n f th b r f h b r p ll d v b rth r rr th r lt n r v l fr th p p l t n; th r d r ph v nt h rr r lt n h ft n nd v d l b t n b r p A t pr d ll nd - v d l r h ft d nt older b r p nd th n t b r p r f ll d th n b rn b b h th p p l t n pr j t d v r t Unl r l t n r l t n d l pr v d d t r - n t l t n ; th r n r nd l nt It p bl t v d th r nd f t r b r l t n b d n r p r th r th n n nd v d l S pp th t rd n t pr d t r n d pr b b l t n th t 1 p r nt f th p p l t n th v n t f h r t r - t ll d n v n p r d In r l t n d l n pl l t th b r p th t h th ppr pr t h r t r t and r d t z b 1 p r nt h r n n d t d t r n which b r f th b r p ll d th r n n d t ntr d r nd n ntr t b r l t n n tr t individual l f h t r th r nd l nt nt l h nl r l dv nt f r l t n r l t v t r l - t n th t th f r r pr v d d t r n t l t n b v d n th n d t ntr d r nd rr r " A n t d rl r h v r n bt n h h r n r l t n f n r t ff ntl l r n b r f In ff t th n r l t n ff r v n f p t r t h r r n th th r h nd j r l t t n f r l t n th t t h t t dv nt n l t d l r l t n n r ll r r pl f n pt n th t pr r rth r r f n h r t r t f th p p l t n t b t n nt nt— h h r t r t f xt nd d-f l b r —th n th
n rt (19 1 7 r ph f th Ext nd d l n b r f b r p r r d lt pl r p dl nd th d l b n ld ntr t n r l t n d l th n b r f h r - t r t pl d b n r d dr t ll th t r tl lt r n th tr t r r pl x t f th d l f th l t t n f r l t n t h fl pl d f r pl pr bl h t pr n r l t n d l f th f l d v d t d t d v l p d b hn n rt " h d l n n r t d tr b t n f n l r-f l z nd h ldr n rv v n v r th r f n r pr d t v r b t t nn t b - pl d f r th t d f xt nd d-f l tr t r Alth h t l l th t r ph t t d r l t n d l f f l r l t n h p b d v l p d n th f t r th t hn ll n v r b p rf l r fl x bl th r l t n ppr h " M n n l f n r l t n n t th t ff t v t hn rr ntl v l bl f r ddr n th pr bl f xt nd d-f l tr t r I h v d v l p d r l t n d l p f ll t th p t f d r ph n h t r l xt nd d-f l tr t r ; th th d d r b d n pp nd x C h nl pr v r l t n d l d n d f r th p rp SOCSIM d v l p d b K nn th W h- t r nd E A l " r b th th d l l nd th r t l p r p t v th SOCSIM d l xtr l p rt nt I h v th r f r d v t d th r t f th h pt r t d n f th d l
The SOCSIM Demographic Microsimulation Model On nn ft rn n n n f 1971 t r l tt K nn th W ht r nd E n l t b d nt n h p t l f r n t C ll C br d It ht th t th thr ld h v l ttl t t l b t; th f r t n h t r n th nd t t t n nd th th rd n nthr p l t r n l nv r t n l tt xpl n d h h p th th t th p pl f pr nd tr l En l nd v r h l n l pr f rr d t r d n n l r r th r th n xt nd d f l h t W ht r b rpr ; lth h l tt h d p bl h d h f r t f nd n ht r b f r th h d n t t f nd h f n d n t d ll r l f l h t r n A th d n pr d d th lt rn t v h p th r d th t th b rv d l fr n f t h h ld n pr nd tr l En l nd ht pl h v b n f n t n f d r ph nd t n In th r rd r n r h d
3 n rt (19 1 S l W t n nd M n n (19 nd d r (1975 A h n n pp nd x C r l t n n b combined th r l t n h ppr h ff r th ff n nd r f r l t n t th r th th fl x b l t f r l t n 5 W ht r l nd l tt (197
Demography of the Extended Family 75
r d t -f l tr t r ht h v pr d n t d n th th th d r ph pp rt n t t r d n t f l " It h pp n d th t th thr h l r r n l l f d t ddr th pr bl t t t ll l t d nt f n h p tr t r n t n A r lr d xpl r n th f l t n d l f r th n l f n h p; l tt h d t th b t v l bl h t r l d t n b th h h ld tr t r nd d r ph r t ; nd W ht r h d th t hn l xp rt t rr thr h th t And W ht r l nd l tt b ll b r t r n h t t b j r nd rt n th d v l p nt f r l t n d l t r th ff t f d r ph nd t n n h h ld tr t r n pr nd tr l En l nd S v n r ft r th r t n t h p t l W ht r l nd l tt p bl h d th r r lt n v l nt tl d Statistical Studies in Historical Social Structure, h n l d d th t l tt h d b n rr t ll l n " n r rt t d r ph f r th f r n l n th r f t -f l f r t n b h v r th h l l v l f r- r n pl x h h ld pp r nj t f bl "" Unl l tt rl r r th v l bj t d t l ttl l r t n h th d l d nt n ; b d Statistical Studies, t th r v l nd v r l rt l r r r d pl t d nt th r l t n d l nd l f t n t pl d b th pr j- t t nl h t r n b t l d r ph r r pr d th th r ; th t f r r h r d t h v d n tr t d n l v l th t l tt r ht nd r n r r n " In f t th r lt f W ht r l nd l tt t d r b t b t h r r h tr t h r fl nd th f nd n th t d r r n t nt th r n r nt rpr t t n th t t -f l tr t r pr f rr d h n t t d n th n d r bl r t f th r ; t th f r t t d f t nd nd t r pr nt n pr v t hn l h v nt M n th d l h b n f t d r t ll fr th th r p n r n l b r t th n l n b d n th rl ff rt r n n th l l d n
h th r pl th SOCSIM r l t n d l t n l z h - h ld tr t r n pr nd tr l En l nd SOCSIM d f t n f n
Ib d pr f 7 Ib d Ib d l nd W ht r (1977 l nd r (1977 l t l (197 v r bl nt rpr t t n b d r ph r n l d n rt (19 1 ; M h l And r n (19 3 l v tr n pp rt rt ll th nl r t l r p n fr t h (19 7 r ph f th Ext nd d l
rl v r n f th d r ph r l t n POPSIM, h h d v l p d t t d p p l t n r th W ht r nd l tt pt t d l n t nl th ff t f d - r ph b t l th ff t f r d n d n h d l d - n d t l t th l v n rr n nt f th nh b t nt f pr n- d tr l En l h v ll f f h ndr d l Ind v d l r n d t h h ld rd n t t f h p th t l r l v rn n r d n d n p th t l r l n r l t n r n f p f n th b h v r f th l t d p p l t n 9 Unl th pr b b l t d t p f d r ph b h v r h v r h r l r n t p r ll d t r n d h r r v r t f th t h p th t l r l h v b n d n l t n d l 3 h tr t pl d b th SOCSIM d l- r n t f d v n r l t r pr nt b h v r pr d t d b p rt - l r th r t t f th t th r th n l t n n b d t d pr v th r thr h nt rf t l r nt f th r lt f th l t n d n t rr p nd t nd t n n n b rv d p p l t n nd th f nd nt l d r ph p t f th d l r rr t th pr v th t th th r — xpr d n th r l — t b n rr t h h p th t l r l r n t l nt nd d t d r b r l t ; r th r th r h p th th t r pl d nt d l t h t
9 W h v n nt r d h p th t l r l b f r n th n l t d l f C l Gl nd Wr l h SOCSIM r l r v r d ff r nt h v r b th n t r f th r pl x t nd n t r f th r nd rl n ph l ph In th pr v n l t d l th r l d n t ff t th b d r ph f n t n n f th t ; n t d th d f n h h p t f th t t b r d r x pl Gl r th r t f rr d p r n t l v n p r n f th pr v n r t n nd Wr l r th r t f rr d pl t d d p r nt nd p r nt - n-l h rt f r l r t xt nt n r ; n t l d n b t h t n n t r r l t v t h t M n ppl t n f h p th t l r l d r b d n h pt r 5 l r t th t f Gl nd Wr l th n t t W ht r nd l 3 In n nt t d v r l th t r d l b r t l d ff r nt fr r l t r x pl n n rp r t h p th t l r l d n d t r fl t pr p d v rn nt p l n rd r t h t th ff t f h p l ld b ; Or tt t l (197 Alt rn t v l n tt pt t d v r l t r l th t t l b h v r l l p bl If l t n n rp r t n h r l pr d r t r lt l r t th d r tl l l t d fr n b rv d p p l t n th n th t th t th r l r t ll f ll d t h ld b r n nd th t h p th t l r d n r l d n t t ll ll n t pr v h p th Ev n f l t n d l n rp r t n pp dl r l t h p th t l r l pr d r lt th t rr p nd l l t r l p p l t n th r n r nt th t th h p th rr t; lt rn t v r l l t l x t th t ld pr d l r r lt h p nt d b M h l And r n (19 35
r ph f th Ext nd d l 77
ff t th h v h p t nt ll f l t hn f r h t r n n t ll th t nd t rt f " xp r nt" n th p t h r r h v r p tf ll It d ff lt t d pr v l th r b n h p th t l r l S l th r t d n t rd n r l t t th r h p th l rl nd p f ll th t th h p th n b d - r tl tr n l t d nt pr r n n tr t n h t p t th p r n d n n th l t n t nt rpr t n l th r h r h h t t t In n th n nv t t r n h p th t l r l n r l t n n nl d pr v l th r f th r n r t n " In th r tt pt t t t th t -f l h p th W ht r nd - l " r " p p l t n bj t t b rv d pr nd tr l d r ph r t ; n th pr th ppl d h p th t l r l v rn n r d n d n th t f v r d th f r t n f t f l h r n d th t f th r l t d p p l t n h d r t r p r nt f t h - h ld th n th r l pr nd tr l En l h p p l t n th n d r ph n tr nt ld n t b th f th l p r nt f t h - h ld b rv d n th r l p p l t n In t pl t f r th t -f l h p th t t r l th t n h ld r n d n h r h r p r nt h h ld ft r rr h l th r t l ft h t t bl h n h h ld h nf r t n n t ff nt t ll t p pl t h h ld n r l t n r x pl h r th r r th n n h ld n t p f h h n t b h nd ft r rr nd t h t th th r l v h " h r n r d- p n v r n f th t -f l h p th th t v r th t t n nv n n t h t r n nd l t th t th h d f rl r pr nt d th t -f l h p th W ht r nd l n tr t d thr t f h p th t l r l th t pr d r n f
31 An th r pr bl th t f th r l r pt pl th ll l t n v t bl pr d r lt v r d ff r nt fr n r l p p l t n nd "d pr v " th th r n t n S pl r l r r l d r b b h v r r l t ll b th nn t - d t v r t n b t n d ff r nt nd f nd v d l ; f r t t f l th r ld h v t pl r pl t d r l t pl x r l r v l l ttl n t d ff lt t d t r n h h p t f th r l pr d th r lt ; d n f th pr bl b l 3 h r l t l nt f r v r th r t t n th t n r p p r x pl th r l t p f h t h pp n f h ld h t b h nd h ldl r d b f r h r h r p r nt SOCSIM t ll tt pt t d l nt r pr nd tr l n t - f th t l n rp r t h p th t l r l v rn n h tt r h n rr h rth r d t l n rn n th r l t nd h th r n rp r t d nt th d l n b f nd n l nd W ht r (1977 113-1 nd l t l (197 7 Demography of the Extended Family v r t n n t -f l fr n n t nt th v r t f nt r- pr t t n f th h p th " A rd n t th f r t t f r l — ll d "pr n pt l"—th f r t h ld t rr r n n th p r nt h - h ld ft r rr ; rd n t th nd t f r l — ll d " pr r l" —th ld t n r n ; nd rd n t th th rd t—th " lt - n pt l" r l —th l t rr d h ld r n Und r ll thr t f r l th th r h ldr n nn t l v th r p r nt h h ld nt l th r d d r rr d rth r r rd n t th r l f b th pr p t v br d nd pr p t v r r r r d t r n n th r p r nt h h ld ft r rr th t rr pr h b t d Sp d n t p r t d t l d r t f th r l t b t I ll p nt t f n r l pr bl W ht r nd l d pt d th h h ld th r n t f r nt h th r d n n t r th t t l n b r f h h ld n th p p l t n; th r n r t r th n b r f t h h ld A rd n l th r r f th p r nt- f h h ld th t t t -f l f r t n n t d p nd nt n th r r l f r f r t n f nonstem h h ld t n th t -h h ld f r t n r l A th SOCSIM r l r tr t r d th n t nl x z th pr p r- t n f t h h ld b t th l n z th pr p rt n f th r h h ld r x pl th r n h n f r th f r t n f l t r h h ld x pt thr h th d th f ll h h ld b r b t n ; t p bl t f r n l t r h h ld Ind d th nl n h h ld n b f r d thr h rr nd th d l n z th fr n f rr SOCSIM closed d l h n th t th r n pr v n f r r t n; rr p rtn r f r b r f th l t d p p l t n t b f nd th n th p p l t n r th rr nn t t pl ntr t n n open l t n d l rr p rtn r r r t d th r n d d S n rr nn t t pl f th r n t bl p rtn r th n th v ll nd n th p p l t n z r n b t n p pl n th l t d p p l t n t b pr h b t d fr rr lt th r; t p bl n SOCSIM t rr n fr th n xt v ll h th r f th d l pr v d n r f rr r t pr d d b th d l b t I p t th t th r n- r l t ll l "
33 h xt nt t h h th r l f rl r pr nt th t -f l h p th p n t t n; n t h th htf l r v (19 3 r d n f th d ff r n b t n l d nd p n l t n th d Sh p (19 9 nd rv tz t l (19 9 7 r ph f th Ext nd d l
v r t n n t -f l fr n n t nt th v r t f nt r- pr t t n f th h p th " A rd n t th f r t t f r l — ll d "pr n pt l"—th f r t h ld t rr r n n th p r nt h - h ld ft r rr ; rd n t th nd t f r l — ll d " pr r l" —th ld t n r n ; nd rd n t th th rd t—th " lt - n pt l" r l —th l t rr d h ld r n Und r ll thr t f r l th th r h ldr n nn t l v th r p r nt h h ld nt l th r d d r rr d rth r r rd n t th r l f b th pr p t v br d nd pr p t v r r r r d t r n n th r p r nt h h ld ft r rr th t rr pr h b t d Sp d n t p r t d t l d r t f th r l t b t I ll p nt t f n r l pr bl W ht r nd l d pt d th h h ld th r n t f r nt h th r d n n t r th t t l n b r f h h ld n th p p l t n; th r n r t r th n b r f t h h ld A rd n l th r r f th p r nt- f h h ld th t t t -f l f r t n n t d p nd nt n th r r l f r f r t n f nonstem h h ld t n th t -h h ld f r t n r l A th SOCSIM r l r tr t r d th n t nl x z th pr p r- t n f t h h ld b t th l n z th pr p rt n f th r h h ld r x pl th r n h n f r th f r t n f l t r h h ld x pt thr h th d th f ll h h ld b r b t n ; t p bl t f r n l t r h h ld Ind d th nl n h h ld n b f r d thr h rr nd th d l n z th fr n f rr SOCSIM closed d l h n th t th r n pr v n f r r t n; rr p rtn r f r b r f th l t d p p l t n t b f nd th n th p p l t n r th rr nn t t pl ntr t n n open l t n d l rr p rtn r r r t d th r n d d S n rr nn t t pl f th r n t bl p rtn r th n th v ll nd n th p p l t n z r n b t n p pl n th l t d p p l t n t b pr h b t d fr rr lt th r; t p bl n SOCSIM t rr n fr th n xt v ll h th r f th d l pr v d n r f rr r t pr d d b th d l b t I p t th t th r n- r l t ll l 3
33 h xt nt t h h th r l f rl r pr nt th t -f l h p th p n t t n; n t h th htf l r v (19 3 r d n f th d ff r n b t n l d nd p n l t n th d Sh p (19 9 nd rv tz t l (19 9
r ph f th Ext nd d l 79
h pr d r f r r j t n rr d r b d n th f ll n p fr th t hn l d r pt n f SOCSIM h l t n pr v d nd t n f th pl x t f th r l If th rr r h h f l d—th t f v r p t nt l r h SCO I pr h b t d b OUS fr rr n th br d r h n f r r n dd t n l h n pr v d d h pr - r ll G OOM( n th WA = f r th l h SCO th ll t f ll th r r t r th n I f h l x t h th "b t v l bl " f th l r j t d b th br d " h n nd x" If th b t v l bl l t ll r j t d nd f MO 5 th pr r pr nt th " SUI A E
G OOM OU " 35 It n t r ll f r t t p fr t hn l d r pt n t f nt xt b t t rv t n p rt nt p nt On nn t nd r t nd th r l f SOCSIM th t nd r t nd n th nt r pr r h d - r pt n f th r l n f r n p In p rt th t t f t th x ll nt d nt t n f th pr r h nt f p d v t d t th r l h v r n l r p rt n n f th l t n r d bl d t l f th r l h pl x t f th r l l d t v r l d ff lt r t h pl x t t d ff lt f n t p bl f r h t r n t nd r- t nd th r hl th th SOCSIM d l t ll r Und r t nd- n th r l t th r hl r r b t nt l nv t nt f t v n f r th ll v r d n p t r pr r n nd r l - t n t hn h n r n th SOCSIM d l h n t b n bj t d t th nd f r r r t t d rv S nd th t xp r nt t n t p bl t n th r l t v p rt n f th v r pr v n f th r l t h n h n n f d t r n n h th r th fl n th t h v n f nt ff t M r n r ll n h n n f d t r n n which aspects f th r l t pr d th v r ll r lt h rd pl x r l t r n r l r th r rb tr r t - r n nd l t h v r r l d v t d r th n f nt n t d r b n th b h v r l r l f th t -f l h p th S n t t th b t p rt f v l t d r b f ll th SOCSIM h p th t l r l t f th d t l n r l nv nt d b th th r f th d l W ht r nd l ld h v b n t h d th dv f
35 l t l (197 57 8o Demography of the Extended Family
rd nd r d n r rd n r l t n d l "If t t pl t d th r r f nt pr t t n r t b r x t f l n ht f p rt nt p nt ( r v n f rr d t th xtr f v n l n ht f th pr bl t lf r x pl t ll r t n l d v r bl b t h h n th n n n " 3 SOCSIM l l ht f th pr bl ; t h p th t l r l th t t nt r t n t d r ph nd t n Ind d n th SOCSIM d l d r ph t xt nt dictated b th h p th t l r l " h ntr l pr bl th t p r d th d v l p nt f SOCSIM th ff t f d r ph n h t r l h h ld tr t r ; n th nd h v r SOCSIM pr r l n rn d th th ff t f r l on h h ld tr t r
Ev n f t n f th th t th SOCSIM r l r t l d r b th t -f l h p th th r lt f th d l ld b b W ht r nd l thr t f r l ld h br d p tr f t -h h ld fr n th t n th nd th r d l r v l l ttl A n f r n l f xp t n t b rth f nd n t rr f 5 th l t n pr d ( n v r n h r fr 1 p r nt t 5 p r nt t f l t n n t d p nd n n h h v r n f th h p th t l t -f l r l ppl d 3 h C br d Gr p h f nd th t n xt -f r En l h ttl nt b f r 1 n v r f 13 p r nt f h h ld pp r d t f l 39 h f th l t n r t nd th d t fr th n t r r pr nt t v h r b t n 9 p r nt nd 3 p r nt f th h h ld th t ld h v pp r d t h h ld t ll d d
3 rd nd r d n (197 37 h r b rr ( nd th f rt l t n d p nd n h h ld tr t r nd h h ld tr t r d p nd n th r l h th r r l t v l f n rn th th ff t f d r ph r fl t d n th r h f nr l t d r ph p r t r f r th r d l 3 W ht r l nd l tt (197 xh b t 1 39 Ib d p 7 xh b t 5 3 A t ll n th r t r th th f r f r MLN pl h h ld h h l htl r n rv t v d f n t n f t h h ld th n th pl f r th r l t n r n ; th tr p r nt f t h h ld b th r d f n t n ld b r n ll h h r W ht r nd l l ll d th r d r ph r t t v r n th r n r f th r r . Ov r ll, f h t v r th f ll r n f p bl v r t n n b th d r ph r t nd t -f l r l th r r lt t th t b t n 7 p r nt nd p r nt f p t nt l t f l t ll x t d Ib d p xh b t h r n ld h v b n v n r t r f th th r h d ppl d th f ll p t l t d r n f d r ph v r t n t h f th thr t f h p th t l r l Str tl p n n nn t pl d v d th p r nt f xt nd d h h ld b rv d b th p r nt pr d d b th l t n t f nd th "pr p n t " f h h ld t b t f l Demography of the Extended Family 8i
W ht r l nd l tt th r r lt t r th t d r - ph n t j r n tr nt n th f r t n f t h h ld n ll v r n f th l t n pr d d h h r fr n f t h h ld th n t p ll x t d n En l h n t " h p t n nt n bl t n n l t th n l f v t n t t t S pp th t 13 p r nt f th t t l p p l t n v t d f r p rt l r nd d t nd nl 1 p r nt f th t t l r l bl t v t It ld b b rd t r th t th r tr t n n ffr r n t j r n tr nt n th p r nt f th t t l p p l t n v t n f r th nd d t " t th x tl th r nt d b W ht r nd l b t t h h ld A rd n t th r f r 13 p r nt f h h ld d pt d th t -f l f r nd f 1 p r nt r l bl t d nd r th t r tr t v r l t f th d l If t r n l t n 13 p r nt t f p p l t n t r f 1 p r nt ld b ll d l nd l d W ht r nd l d n t v th r pr bl n t r f th p p l t n t r th h v d th p nt h l t h v h n th t d r ph n tr nt r n t th pr n p l r n f r th l fr n f t h h ld th t h v b n f nd n pr nd tr l En l nd In f t th r v d n pl th pp t v n n th h p th t l r l th t t f v r th r —th pr d n th r t t fr n f t -f l h h ld —W ht r nd l r lt nd t th t d r ph n tr nt r th n h lv d th v r- ll p r nt f t -f l h h ld Wh n ll thr t f h p th t l r l r t n nt nt th SOCSIM v d n p- p r ntl n t nt th th nt rpr t t n th t j r t f nd v d l h h d th pt n f r d n n t h h ld t ll d d "
nd th f b l t n tr nt th th r v SOCSIM n f r v l n th n t v t f h h ld tr t r t v r t n n p f d r ph f t r r h f th r thr t f h p th t l
b I p nt t n pp nd x A th t t l n b r f h h ld d p nd nt n h h ld tr t r A rd n l n rd r t r pr p n t t r h h ld tr t r n t r f th nd v d l rth r d n f th tt r pp r n h pt r 5 nd pp nd x C 1 Ib d pp - 5 9 h pr bl l d t d f v t n t r f th p p l t n t r S pp nd x A 3 h ht b tr v n f l th n h lf f th t h h ld th t ld x t t ll d d x t; t ll d p nd n th r l t v z f t h h ld p r d th th r h h ld St h h ld r pr b bl n f ntl l r r th n th r h h ld b th nn t n t f l t r nd t n l d n nn l r r l t v h d d n h pt r nd pp nd x A r ph f th Ext nd d l r d n r l W ht r nd l r n th r d l bj t t v r t f d r ph nd t n h n l d fr th n l th t d ff r n d r ph nd t n l d t nl ll d ff r n n h - h ld tr t r nd th t rr h r t r nfl n n h h ld tr t r th n th r f rt l t r rt l t It ht th t h ld n th r l n t nt nd ll n th d - r ph f t r t v r ld l t th nfl n f d r ph fr th nfl n f r d n r l v r th r r n pl t pt n th t n t j t f d f r h t r l t d f h h ld tr - t r t th t th h p th t l r d n r l r r l t M d l th t d p nd n r d n r l n nl r v l th ff t f d r ph n h h ld tr t r th n th nt xt f p rt l r t f r d n r l ; th th r nf n d t th t d f th nt r t n b t n r l nd d r ph If th r t r pl d b th l - t n d l f r th f r t n nd d l t n f h h ld r n t th th r t r pl d b th r l p p l t n th n nn t th t th ff t f d r ph v r t n n h h ld tr t r ll b l r n th d l p p l t n nd th r l p p l t n An x pl ll rv t l r f th p nt t th t r nt r t d n n l z n h h ld n t n f parents h r d th th r rr d h ldr n W p t l t th h p th t l r l th t h h h ld r f r d p n th rr f h ld n rd n th th t -f l h p th S pp th t th r l p p l t n d n t f ll th t -f l r l nd h h h ld r f r d h n ld rl d d p r nt v n th th r rr d h ldr n ft r th n n l n r nt n h h ld f th r n Und r th r - t n l t n d l b d n r h p th t l r l ll h th t r d n f p r nt th rr d h ldr n t n t v t t rr ; th rl r h ldr n r rr d th l n r th p r d f r d n ntr t n th r l p p l t n th r l t n h p f r- r t h h ld tr t r ld b b t nt ll r b th rr f h ldr n ld n t l d d r tl t th f r t n f h h ld nt n n p r nt th rr d h ldr n rth r r th r l f rt l t ld b ll r n th l t n th n n th r l p p l t n b rt l t th t p rt nt d t r n nt f d h d h n th h n p t l t d b th h p th t l r l nr l t r d l nn t r t l th p t f d r ph f t r d n r l r l t n v t bl nr l t n th r l rld pl t pl x t n p l t n p t r pr r C n - ntl l t n d l b d n h p th t l r l p r d v r ph f th Ext nd d l 3 f r n l f th ff t f d r ph n h t r l h h ld tr t r " h SOCSIM d r ph r l t n pr r pr b bl th t pl x t t t l d l v r r t d f r th t d f h t r l l tr t r t h v rt ll r n t th t ff t v t hn f r t h n h n xt h pt r pr p b tt r tr p
If th pr bl p d b nr l t r l ld h b v r ld t ll b f d th nd pt n v r n th d r ph r t h l h ld th r l n t nt r pl tl n th t d r ph f t r h v n ff t n r d n r l In r l t f r dr t h ft n d r ph nd t n — h th Ir h p t t f n — ld l t rt nl nfl n n r v rn n r d n d n M r btl d r ph v r t n pr b bl l ff t r d n r l h v r l t r l nd r v r n d r ph nd t n th r f r t l ll th r l t v r h f C t h- On th n h nd t h ld th r l n t nt n rd r t l t th r l f d r ph On th th r h nd t ll th r l t v r f h th t b r l t n h t r t l pt r th ff t f d r ph v r t n h pr bl — h h h r d b n ppr h— f rth r d d n h pt r 5 nd pp nd x C 5 An l t Str t
h n t n f r t r x pt h r th t r pr p rl b l n I rt n th t rr d l f n t r l t n t th f l nd v l z t n pr nt n v r r t t r It f t nd l n b t d d nd n n It r r n th r r t ph l ph l ll n r nt f tr n n t nd r t nd th hn b n The Family: A Necessity of Civilization (1 9 "Y pl n d r bl nf d n n Mr l r " d th p l nt l ft l " h h n l ttl th d h h r f h n t nd n j t l ttl t th r t l nd f nt t b t h h th n f d t t v n h It n t t h t th t n r t n th b n f th Sh lt rd r nd th A r tr r h h b n r n rl rr t th n th ff l f r " A C n n l The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1 91
th l ttl th d f Mr l n l t tr t r p rh p t th r t l nd f nt t t f r t nr v l th t r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r t d pt n nv n- t n l pr n pl f d t t n h h pt r l t d t th n nf r t n n r t nd r- t nd th d r ph r lt pr nt d n h pt r I d r b pr n p l tr t f n l nd p nt t th t r f th pt n f d r ph d l I d n t h v r h b t th d l t lf; th h h t nd r t nd r f th rd d d t l t t rn t pp nd x C t f r t l t ntr d n p- t l nd xpl n n r l ppr h
Levels of Measurement and Residential Propensities tt rn f r d n b t n n r l r l d t r n d b th v l - b l t f n h rt - r- ld n f r x pl r r l r d th th r rr d d ht r h n t b 3 - r- ld n h v n p l v r n t l v n th th r rr d d ht r b t r th r b v r f 3 - r- ld h v rr d d ht r r ph ff t f l tr t r b d t r n n th h r t r - t f th p l f v l bl n O r n rn th n th th d -
An l t Str t 5
r ph f t r th t n d t r n ntr nt r d p rt r fr th n r p h f r th t p rt I h v l t d d n t d r - ph n th n rr t n ; p f ll pl d h r d r ph r f r t th v r bl t d r tl nn t d th th fr n nd t n f b rth d th nd rr rth d th nd rr r n t th l d r ph d t r - n nt f f l tr t r r bl th t f ll th n br d r d f n t n f d r ph — h r nd r t n— l x rt n d r bl n- fl n n th f l 1 rth r r th t nt r t n d t r n nt f f l tr t r — t l t fr th p r p t v f l h t r n — r n t th d r ph n v n rr n nt r pr f ndl ff t d b r d n d n b d n n nd lt r l n d r t n h f l n nh r t n t nd l n r n v r th n h h th th n ff t f l tr t r t d t n h th b d r ph nt xt n h h r d n d n r d If r nt r t d n f l tr t r b t pr v d n f n l b h v r th n t r l th t d t r n h t nd f l v n rr n nt r d r ph ll f bl It nv n nt th n t d v d th d t r n nt f f l tr t r nt t t r r t th r r th d r ph f t r n rr l n v d h n l d ll th v r bl th n n ff t th fr n nd h r t r t f l v n n v l bl f r r d n h nd t r n t f v r th n l ; t n p ll nfl n n f l tr t r th t r n t f n t n f th p l f v l bl n r ft r I r f r t th nd t r "r d nt l pr f r n " h t r h ld n t b t n t pl v l t n; n rt n r d n-
1 I d t n h "n rr " d r ph v r bl fr th r l v r bl n t b th h v d ff r nt b t r th r b th d t r n th b r h p f th n r p On th d r ph v nt f b rth rr nd d th h v rr d th r n f p t nt l f l b r th h h nd v d l ld r d f x d nd nn t b nfl n d b th nd v d l ( x pt p rh p thr h rd r h h t lf d r ph v nt n th n rr n M r t n nd r ff t th p l f l v n n nl b th ff t d r ph b h v r n th n rr n ; n t 5 n pp nd x C M r t n n d ff r nt t r fr r h v r n th t f r t n t l t ll p bl f r n nd v d l t r d th rt n r l t v v rth l th r r v r l r n f r n d r n r t n p r t l fr b rth rr nd d th r t th t f v n t lf r d n d n; v n b t n t r b t n ntr pr v nt r d n b t th n v n d n th bl h th ff t S nd l ff nt h t r l d t n th pr f r t n t n rp r t t nt d r ph d l th t r l pr n r n ll th n n f r t n f r f l tr t r n b d r tl t d d n r - t n l d t ; th r r ll n n d t r rt t th rt f th d d r b d n th An l t Str t t l pr f r n d f n d h r b b nd th ntr l f th nd - v d l nv lv d h r l f d r ph p rt nt pr n p ll b t t n th n d t l t th ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r h fl n rd r t t h ndl n th n nd r ph r f r d nt l b h v r Id ll n ld nt t r h t f l tr t r ld b l n th b n f d r ph n tr nt ; th t n ld nt t r r d nt l pr f r n r v d r ph d l h v n t tt pt d t r r d n- t l pr f r n h d l f xt nd d-f l tr t r d r b d n the l t h pt r r b d n h p th t l residence r l ; th assume th r t l t f r d nt l pr f r n t th t t S h n ppr h n r v l nl th b n d ff t f d r ph nd t n nd h p th t l r l If nt t d t n h d r ph ff t fr n nd lt r l nfl n n f l tr t r nn t b n th h hl t l z d pt n b t p pl pr f r n In t d h ld tt pt t d r b r d n "r l " p r ll Wh th n h v pr v d l t rt d t th t f pt n b t r d nt l pr f r n ? On n th f r nt r r t l h d p th t l r l n d l f xt nd d-f l tr t r r n t t d b th nv nt n f r n r d nt l p tt rn t th l v l f h h ld On nn t r t h p th t l xt nd d h h ld th t h v n n f ll t n nd - v d l t h h ld h n th t one t rt f pt n b t nd v d l r d nt l pr f r n h ld d n t r d n d n ; p pl d And t p bl t nd v d l-l v l r d nt l pr f r n n h h ld-l v l d t Ind v d l-l v l r nt ll t t t r d nt l pr f r- n th t n n th h n f h h ld f r t n n d- v n n l S tt S th h pr p d th t f l tr t r h ld d ll b r d rd n t th "pr p n t " f nd v d l t r d th th r r l t v " r p n t " d f n d th xt nt t h h nd v d l h h v th d r ph p b l t f r d n th v n t f n t ll d r x pl n t d f r n th p r nt-
r x pl t r l t v nn t r d t th r f n f th r d n j l t r d n n j l ld b n d r d t b r d nt l pr f r n n th p rt f th v rn nt 3 S pp nd x A S S th (19 1 An l t Str t 7
f th p p l t n th t l v th th r r nd h ldr n n r th p r nt f r ndp r nt h l v th th r r nd h ldr n h f pr p n t ll t r f l tr t r r l t v t th p p l t n t r f r d n th v n t f n h t t - ll nt f r th n ff t f d r ph f t r r ph ff t f l tr t r b d t r n n th tr t r f th n r p; r nt b r d nt l pr p n t n r nt r l t v t th p l f v l bl n h v tr t f r f lt r n t th ff t f p r l d r ph f t r th t n v r r d nt l pr f r n b d n n nd lt r l n d r t n r tr t n r lv t th p p l t n t r f r d n th v n t f n h ft r f fr n xp r nt l d r pt n f r d nt l p tt rn If h pl t d r b th l v n rr n - nt f p pl n th p t n f r n tr t n d l l f th n r nt b pr p n t n t d r bl ; h ld n t d r th v r ll p r nt f th p p l t n r d n n h t p f h - h ld If h t b nd xp r nt l d r pt n nd n l z r d nt l d n n th n t l t th v r r h n ff t f d r ph n th n p l S th d n t t pr t l n f r n l v n rr n - nt n t r f pr p n t nd t n t pl t h r - nt f r d nt l pr p n t r r n l d f th p t nt l l v n rr n nt f h nd v d l W t n n p rt l r h t nd f r l t v x t d—b th n d nd t d th h h ld— th h h nd v d l ld r d Alth h h t r l r t ll h b t f l tr t r th n th h h ld th n r ll pr v d l ttl d r t v d n b t n r l t n h p t d th h h ld h t t S th x pl rd n r l h v n d r t n f r- n th p r nt f ld rl h r r ndp r nt nd th r f r nn t r th pr p n t t r d th r nd h ldr n M n n f l nt rpr t t n f d t n f l r l t n h p th n th h h ld r - r nf r t n b t n r p n r ll
5 h pl f r f r d nt l pr p n t d n t fully nt f r th d r t ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r f r t r n r t pr p n t d n t nt f r th p bl ff t f h v n p rt l r b n t n f n h ld b p rt nt f r x pl n t n h h t -f l r l r t ll f ll d S nd r d nt l pr p n t nl t th existence f r l t v f p rt l r t p nt nt; th d n t ntr l f r n dd t n l ff t f h v n lt pl n A f rth r p t nt l pr bl th t f l structure itself affect demographic conditions; see Burch and Gendall (1970). M ppl t n f r d nt l pr p n t h dd t n l r n l th t r v nt th pr bl t xt nt; th d n n n t 1 nd n pp nd x C nd An l t Str t
Ev n th h nn t d r tl r th v l b l t f n n t h t r l nt xt n nf r r t d l b t n r p l n n n h b t d r ph nd t n dr h nf r- n n d t n tr t d r ph d l f n h p n d l pr r l d n d f r th l l t n f r d nt l pr p n t t nt ll d l f n h p r th r th n d l f h h ld tr t r G v n p f t f d r ph nd - t n th d l n t t th pr p rt n f nd v d l f h x nd r t l t t h ld h v l v n n r b n t n f l v n n f p f t p h t p f n n r t d b th d l n l d t rn l nd p t rn l r ndp r nt p r nt p r nt - n-l nt n l nt - n-l n l - n-l p bl n bl n - n- l n h ldr n h ldr n- n-l n n ph n - n-l n ph - n-l nd r nd h ldr n h r l t n l t r n b f rth r br n d n b x nd r t l t t th lv th f r n fr n f v l bl n r f l ttl th ff t f d r ph v r t n n xt nd d-f l tr t r n th p t t n r t b l d n th r f r n v l b l t f n nt f r th t n pt ll bl nd th t f n th n r l t n h p th t r p r ll r th r t ll t n f nt I h v d pt d t tr t f r n l z n th r l t n h p b t n th v l b l t f n nd h t r l f l tr t r r t I pl t hn th t I ll " t nd rd pr p n t " h ppr h ll t t n f h t th ff t f d r ph v r t n n f l tr - t r ld b f r d nt l pr f r n r h ld n t nt h nd tr t nv lv th f h p th t l r l p t tr n r rv - t n b t h p th t l r l th n pl f l r l p- pl nt r n l t t hn M pl nt t n f h p th t l r l d ff r b th n pt ll nd th d l ll fr th t f pr v r l t r h t n l t tr t r d r b d n th h pt r A d t l d d r pt n f d r ph r l t n d l— h h ll d MOMSIM— n b f nd n pp nd x C h d r pt n l n nd pl t d nd I p th z th th h ld r th r v d t t n th n b t t n pt ll v r d ff lt nd I h v v d d th f t hn l l n h r v r p bl Ab v ll l h b n t p rt pr f nd n f th h n f t t t l p l t n App nd x C nt l r d n f r n n h h t nd r t nd f ll h r lt r d r v d It l dv bl f r th h nt rt n n t n th t th rt f h t r nt f An l t Str t 9
h r r n p t nt l r f rr r n d r ph d l f n h p b t n t nd t b v th r t It p rt nt n h th t t h ld b ddr d h r n th t xt r th r th n b r d n n pp nd x A rd n l ll t br f x r n b f r th d n f tr t
The Whopper Assumption M r l t n r b r t n l f h t r f r h p th t l p p- l t n n th b f pr d t r n d pr b b l t h pr d r f r n n l f - r v nt t nd v d l nv lv v r t f p- t n th t r n v r n d r nr l t A d n f th pt n pp r n pp nd x C Wh n d r ph d l r d f r th t d f n h p th r n dd t n l pt n nd th n Wh pp r h l f h t r f h nd v d l n n r p n d nd p nd ntl f ll th th r nd v d l n th r p h pl th t th h r t r t f n b r f n r p r nt r l n rr l t d th th h r t r t f th r b r f th n r p h l t rt nl r n M b r f th n r p n r l p p l t n ll n r ll h r n f th h r t r t — h t n ht t r d r ph f l r bl n r x pl f l b r ft n b l n t th thn r p l nd r l n nd th fr ntl r d n th p rt f th ntr r th r n b r f th n r p r pr b bl r l r t n n th r n d r ph b h v r th n th r t p r n r nd l l t d fr th p p l t n h l r x pl n r p n h h th b r r p r ll pr b bl xp r n t t ll h h r rt l t th n n r p th lth b r S l rl n r p b l n t thn r p th t t nd t rr n b r f h n r p ld t nd t rr n r th n th r t f th p p l t n h pr n pl h ld f r ll d r ph h r t r t n ld xp t r t r h n t th n n r p th n th n r p f l r z pr d f nd v d l l t d r nd l fr th p p l - t n h b r f n r p n th r l p p l t n ll n t- ntl xp r n r v r rt l t l t r rr r l r f rt l t th n th n r l p p l t n S h h r d h r t r t ld t nd t n z th v l b l t f n C nv r l b r f th r n r p n th r l p p l t n ld n t ntl h v h r t r t th t x - z th fr n f n W th n d r ph d l n th th r h nd th r n r n f r n r p t t ll t f v r th v l b l t f n nd th r n r p t t ll t n z th 9 An l t Str t fr n f n; n d ff r n b t n n r p r nt r l th pr d t f r nd v r t n
h pt n th t th h r t r t f b r f n r p r n rr l t d h ld n t l d t rr r n th r t n b r f n f n p rt l r v r t v r th d l ll pr d l v r t n n th fr n f n f n p rt l r t p th n ld r n r l p p l t n r x pl n ld xp t th t ll r pr p rt n f th l t d p p l t n ld h v n r nd h ldr n— t r r —th n n r l p p l t n th th d r ph h r t r - t In dd t n n ld xp t th t n th l t d p p l t n th r ld b ll r pr p rt n f p r n th v r f r nd h ldr n— f r th n n —th n ld b f nd n th r l p p l t n On v r th t ff t ld t nd t n l t th n n b r f v l bl r nd h ldr n t t d b th d l h ld t ll b t r t t I h v p nt d t b f r f r th n l f th ff t f d r ph n h t r l f l tr t r th n n b r f n f v n t p h l p rt nt th n th fr n d tr b t n In p rt l r t d t r n th pr p rt n f th p p l t n th t h n r r n f v n t p v l bl f r r d n A rd n l th pt n f nd p nd n n th d r ph h r t r t f d ff r nt b r f n r p ld h v r n n th xt nt th t x r t d h n t f h r t r- t ld x r t d h n t f n fr n th d l ll t nd t nd r t t th pr p rt n f nd v d l h v n n ll f v l bl n f v n t p In th r rd th d l pr b bl v r t t th pr p rt n f th p p l t n h h v n r r v l bl n f v n t p h dv r ff t f th pt n r p rt l rl r f r th n t p t l l t r n b n t n r x pl th rr r h ld n t ff t th pr p rt n f th p p l t n th l v n th r n t nl p bl t h v n th r nd h r h n f b n l v d p nd nt r l n h r n h r t r t ntr t t p bl t h v n r nd h ldr n If r nd h ldr n n v n n r p b h v h n l th r p t t rt l t th n th dd r r t r th t ll ll h v d d r th t ll ll rv v t n th r n r l p p l t n th t nd rd d v t n f th n b r f v l bl r nd h l- dr n ld b r t r th n n th l t d p p l t n h r r t p l f th Wh pp r A pt n th t h v p l r l v n f r n th ff t f d r ph n tr nt n An l t Str t th fr n f thr - n r t n f l n pr nd tr l E r p r t th Wh pp r A pt n pl th t t rr nr l t d t f p r nt l d th S n th pr nd tr l p tt rn f l t rr pr b bl t l t p rtl n n f p pl t n t r v th r nh r t n b f r th rr d ld xp t tr n rr l t n b t n rr nd p r nt l l n v t S h rr l t n ld n z th v r nt rv l b t n rr nd p r nt l d th It ld r d th r t nt f t p nt ft r p r nt l d th nd b f r rr nd t ld l r d th r t nt f t p nt ft r rr nd b f r p r nt l d th h r f r f th h rr d rl t nd d t h v p r nt h d d n nd th h rr d l t t nd d t h v l n - rv v n p r nt th v r ll v rl p b t n th rr f h ldr n nd th d th f th r p r nt ld b n z d S n d r ph d l t th t th r n rr l t n b t n t rr nd p r nt l l n v t th l t n v t bl v r t t th p t nt l f r f r t n f thr - n r t n f l h nd p l f th Wh pp r A pt n h t d th th rt l t f h b nd nd v h Wh pp r A pt n pl th t th d th f n p rtn r n rr nt r l nr l t d t th d th f th th r Alth h I n f n d t n th f r th pr nd tr l p r d th r pl v d n f r rr l t n f p l n v t n th t nt th nt r nd th r n r n t b l v th t th n ph n n n A rr l t n b t n th l f xp t n f h b nd nd v p rt nt b t nl t n l v n b r f th ld t n r t n t f r thr - n r t n f l If th n nd
h t p t v rr l t n x t d b t n rr nd p r nt l l n v t n th pr nd tr l W t n npl ; Ohl n (19 1 b (1953 Wr l (197 S th (197 S S th (1973b ll (19 Gr v n (197 jn l (19 r n r (197 b G d h r nd h p n (197 ntl v n (19 h pr p d th r v n t r nt th t th r n inverse r l t n h p b t n rr nd p r nt l l n v t n pr nd tr l En l nd b t h n l b dl fl d v n f nd n r nl b -pr d t f hr n l l h n h f l r t ntr l f r h n v r t x rb t d b v n n f r l t r f rr A pl b - f-th - nv l p l l t n n v n d t t th r th d l l f -t bl rv v l r t n ll tr t th p nt th t h ld pr b bl h v f nd tr n p t v t n b t n p t rn l l n v t nd rr f h h d f d n rr b f r 175 n p pl h h d l v n f th r nt l th r t l t 1 r ld 7 A r l t d v l t n f th Wh pp r A pt n t d b W ll n (19 3 nt th t th ff pr n f r rr " r n r ll v t t d n bl d l nd pr d p d t ll rb f n " h pl p t v rr l t n b t n th rt l t f nd v d l nd th rt l t f th r p r nt f r r p 9 An l t Str t
n h rv v d l n n h t f r thr - n r t n f l t nd d t b rr d t n n th r— nd th r f r n ntr t d n ll n b r f f l n t d f r nd l d p r d thr h t th p p l t n—th x fr n f thr - n r t n f l ld b r d d th xt nt th t th rr d n b n t n th l n - rv v n b r f th ld t n r t n ld b " t d " W nn t t ll h b dl th t p l v l t n f th Wh pp r A pt n ld d t rt th pr d t n f d r ph d l f n h p t th x pl rv t nd r r nt b t th Wh pp r A pt n n n r l An t t f th v l b l t f n d r v d fr th d d p nd n n th Wh pp r A pt n r l l t b nfl t d nd pr b bl b t nt ll S n ll t hn d v d t d t n rp r t th Wh pp r A pt n ll f th pr b bl nd r t t th ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r h r t r th d t l th h h r n t p th f r th pr bl th t ll r p p r lt f n n t t r l - t n h p b t n th h r t r t f d ff r nt b r f th n r p h b th pr b b l t th t t r f n ll r n b n t n r d d f t r f n r d f n d n rr l r x pl th dd r n r ll h h th t n nd v d l ll h v lt pl l v n bl n b t th dd f h v n lt pl d d t r b t n 5 nd 9 r f r l l If th r n v r r l t n v r r th n n nd v d l th n v n t r f n th pr bl I h v b n d n r l r l r v nt d h n dv nt f l f n n lt n l b th r x t p nd r t l t t h v r t f th pr bl l d p nd n th tr t pl d t r l t th v l b l t f n t t l l v n rr n nt If n n th t hn f t nd rd pr p n t (d d b l n ll rr r n th d l r l r l rr l v nt l n h rr r r n t nt; th r n f r th ll b d l r pr ntl On th th r h nd n l t n t hn th t d p nd n h p th t l r l ll pr b bl v r t t th pr p rt n f th p p l t n p bl f r d- n th xt nd d n h t n ppl ll t n f t r l d r b d b l nd t th SOCSIM d l d d n h pt r h Wh pp r A pt n f r ppl n t nl t n d l b t l t ll d r ph d l f th f l
The Standard Propensities Approach I h v lr d ntr d d th n pt f r d nt l pr p n t h r d r ll r ll th t pr p n t r t hn f r r n f l tr t r r l t v t th p p l t n d r ph ll p bl f d pt n
An l t Str t 93 p rt l r l v n rr n nt r x pl th pr p n t t r d th r nd h ldr n th pr p rt n f r ndp r nt h r d th r nd h ldr n d nt l pr p n t n h lp t d t n h r - d nt l pr f r n fr th tr tl d r ph d t r n nt f f l tr t r h t n d r b h r d nt l pr p n t n b l l t d th th MOMSIM d r ph d l nd xpl n h th n b ppl d n th n l f th l n -t r ff t f d r ph h n n xt nd d-f l tr t r If p d t l d nf r t n b t th l v n rr n nt nd d r ph nd t n f p p l t n l t n d l ll t l l t d t l d r d nt l pr p n t h l l t n f pr p n- t f r p f t p f n ll tr t d n t bl 5 1 thr h 5 3 bl 5 1 fr nt f tp t pr d d b th d l; t h t t f th v l b l t f t r nd r nd n f f l h d n th Un t d St t n 19 I h th Un t d St t n 19 b x ll nt d t n b th d r ph nd t n nd l v n rr n nt r v l bl h f r r pr nt th ppr x t p r nt f p r n n 19 h h d xt nd d n f p rt l r t p v l bl f r r d n r th n n r th pr p rt n f p r n n 19 h r d d n f l th t t ll nt n d p rt l r t p f xt nd d n h f r r nt n d n t bl 5 t th t ll th f r r l p ll th f r rr d nd d d t r nd r nd n bl 5 3 h th pr p n t t r d th p f t p f t r nd r nd n —th t th p r nt f p r n h ld h v r - d d th n xt nd d r l t v f th nd t d t p h t ll d d h f r r d r v d b d v d n t bl 5 b t bl 5 1 h figures in t bl 5 3 h th t th r r t d l f v r t n n r d nt l pr p n t th nd v d l h r t r t r x pl th pr p n t t r d th ld rl p n t r t r v r l h ndr d t r t th pr p n t t r d th ld rl rr d t r f th pr p n t l l t d f r br d l f t n f n— h h d n t br d n r l t v b th r x r t l t t nd t p — r n t v r f l t d t l d r d nt l pr p n t n t t t r v l- n nd x f r d nt l pr f r n A f ll r t f r d nt l pr p n- t f r 19 pr nt d nd d d n pp nd x Id ll n ld nt t l l t d t l d r d nt l pr p n t
t th t r l t n h p r l f d rd n t r l t n h p t f l h d; pp nd x A r n nd th t "f l h d " pl d n th r n t n l f t n b t pl n f d n t n t nd rd r f r n p r n n rd r t d r b b l l r l t n h p h l f t n n t bl 5 1 n t nt pr p n- t t r d th f l h d h h v v n t f h r t r t ; n t 1 9 An l t Str t
bl 5 1 r nt f Ind v d l th Av l bl K n f S l t d p Un t d St t 19
S t r f d A f S t r S n l M rr d W d d
-9 1 1 -19 3 1 13 7 - 9 17 15 3 -39 9 7 9 - 9 1 5 29.50 4.29 5 -59 1 7 1 5 11 - 9 3 1 7 + 1 1 3 1 5 Gr nd n f d A f Gr nd n S n l M rr d W d d -9 1 1 -19 5 3 13 - 9 1 .0 3 -39 5 3
bl 5 r nt f Ind v d l A t ll d n th K n f S l t d p Un t d St t 19
S t r f d A f S t r S n l M rr d W d d
-9 7 1 -19 1 - 9 57 7 7 3 -39 7 7 1 - 9 375 3 5 -59 1 37 7 - 9 1 1 7 3 7 + 1
Grandsons of d A f Gr nd n S n l M rr d W d d
-9 5 1 -19 1 15 9 - 9 15 7 3 -39 1
An l t Str t 95
bl 5 3 r p n t f r Ind v d l t d th K n f S l t d p Un t d St t 19 ( n r nt ; bl 5 v d d b bl 5 1 S t r f d A f S t r S n l M rr d W d d -9 5 1 -19 5 1 - 9 5 1 31 3 -39 11 - 9 75 11 1 53 5 -59 1 1 3 1 7 - 9 33 7 1 79 7 + 5 71 Gr nd n f d A f Gr nd n S n l M rr d W d d -9 1 1 -19 19 1 9 - 9 1 5 1 3 -39 11 1 5 f r v r t f t nd pl b f r th l t n n t nth nt r n rd r t h n n p tt rn f r d n d n In f t th p bl O r n l d f f l tr t r n th p r d b f r 1 5 b d n t n " n " f l l p p l t n h d t r d n t ll pr v d d t l d d r ph h r t r t - x nd r t l t t - t th nd v d l l v l M r v r th n b r f nv lv d t ll t l l t n n f l r d nt l pr p n t W n d l th th pr bl f r nd rr r th n th r l t n b n r t n l r h p th t l p p l t n b t th r n t t p th r nd v r t n n th r l p p l t n t v n f nn t l l t pr nd tr l pr p n t th d ff r n lt rn t tr t f r th n l f th ff t f l n -t r d r ph h n n f l tr t r
d t n h th r l f d r ph h n fr th r l f h n n r d nt l pr f r n t l t th nd p nd nt ff t f h f th t f t r r ph nd t n nd r d nt l pr f r n
9 h f l f th C br d Gr p ht b d t n tr t v r r h r d nt l pr p n t b t n th d t f r th t p rt d n t n l d nf r t n n h v r t n ld b d In pr t l t r d t l d nd r n bl r t r d nt l 9 An l t Str t
h n lt n l th r th pr d th b rv d h n f f l tr t r n h d r ph h n ff t f l tr - t r r pl tl n h f l tr t r ld h v h n d f r d nt l pr f r n h d r n d n t nt b t d r ph nd - t n h d v r d h r d nt l pr p n t fr 19 n b pl d standard pr p n t t nd rd pr p n t I n t f r d nt l pr - p n t th t r d t d f n n t nt r l t n h p b t n th v l b l t f n nd r d nt l p tt rn b n n t f t nd rd pr p n t th d t n v l b l t f n rr p nd n t lt rn t d r ph nd t n n nf r— t l t ppr x t l —th n- fl n f d r ph h n h t nd rd pr p n t n b d rd t f r n th nd p nd nt r l f d r ph n d - t r n n r d n p tt rn St nd rd pr p n t ll t l l t h t r t f l tr t r ld h v b n l nd r v r n d r ph nd t n f r d nt l pr p n t h d b n n t nt nd h d nf r d t th f th t nd rd p p l t n W th th MOMSIM d l n l l t th v l b l t f p f t p f n nd r d ff r n d r ph nd - t n A d r ph nd t n h n d th d tr b t n f v l bl n f d ff r nt t p In t r f xt nd d-f l tr t r t p f n— h d d th r — r h r p rt nt th n th r — h n th v r ll ff t f h n n v l b l t f n n th fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n nt n d pt t nd rd t f ht th t r fl t th r l t v p rt n f h n t p n th t nd rd p p l t n h th p rp f t nd rd pr p n t h n b v d n f t t ll ht n p f nd f n t d r v n n f l r r f th ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r h f t nd rd pr p n t t v l t th ff t f v r n d r ph nd t n n f l tr t r n l t th f pr nd x t nfl t n A pr nd x r r f th pr p n t nn t b n tr t d x pt n th b f nd v d l-l v l n d t th t n l d v r bl n r l t n t h d f n l t n l t b r n nd th t l l t n f d t l d r d nt l pr p n t f r th pr nd tr l p r d ld n t d r tl t ll h th r r n t d - r ph h n ld xpl n th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r d nt l pr p n t pr v d r f f l tr t r th th d r ph r - v d th lv th pr p n t nn t t ll b t th r l f d r ph W n d t p t th d r ph b n nd b l d n th d t l d f r nt f r th t n pt ll bl nd th t f n th n r l t n h p th t r t n f nt
An l t Str t 97 pr f r r p f d t r d n t h n n f r l nd n t ll d t r ll p rt nt p r th n r l l v l f pr r t d pt t nd rd t f ht f r d ff r nt d t rd n t th r r l t v p rt n h p t n f t nd rd t f ht nr l t n th r l t v p rt n f d ff r nt d t n t ntl h n n t th d t rt n n- p bl In th r l rld b th th d tr b t n f pr nd th d tr b t n f n pt n f d t r n n t nt fl x If d d n t d pt t nd rd t f ht r fl t n th r l t v p rt n f d ff r nt d t ld b n bl t d nt n l th ff t f h n n pr fr th ff t f h n n n pt n p tt rn M t hn l p r bl t th f d r t t nd rd z t n f tr t r t p r d th r t b t n p p l t n d t n h th ff t f d ff r n n th d tr b t n fr th ff t f d ff r n n th l v l f rt l t th nt rf t l p- t n th t th p p l t n h v n d nt l d tr b t n W h " t nd rd" p p l t n nd ht th - p f rt l t r t b th pr p rt n f th t nd rd p p l t n n h t r If th t n- d rd d tr b t n n ppr pr t nd th p p l t n d ff r r d ll n th r p tt rn f rt l t d r t t nd rd z t n n ld h hl l d n r lt St nd rd z t n d n t th r f r n v r th p r d ff r n f rt l t th th nt rv n n f t r f tr t r r v d t t d t l t ll t h t th n r l n t d nd d r t n f rt l t d ff r n ld b f tr t r ld b h ld n t nt h l t t n ppl t th f t nd rd pr p n t f r n l z n th ff t f d r ph h n n f l tr t r l t th r l f d r ph t n t nt pr p n t t n th f pr nd r d r t t nd rd z t n h v r th r t h r d nt l pr p n t r n t r ll n t nt h d tr b t n f r d nt l pr p n t n r l l t r n n- t nt th n th d tr b t n f pr Wh n v r b t nt l h n n th r l t v p rt n f p f t p f n h v rr d n t n- d rd t f ht b l d n M r v r th pr p n t th - lv r t xt nt f n t n f d r ph nd t n h
1 C n d r f r x pl t n h h t th n r f r n h ld—b t n r th n n —t r d th h r h r p r nt ft r rr S h b h v r ld b n t nt th t -f l r l In h r t n ld xp t th pr p n t t r d th p r nt t d l n f f rt l t n r d nd v v r Wh r h pr bl r n n t x t th ld b h ndl d thr h th f nd t n l pr p n t lth h 9 An l t Str t are a potential sources of bias. We should bear in mind, however, that the same potential error exists whenever social scientists hold one or more variables constant in order to assess the independent effects of another variable. Unless we adopt some kind of standard, we have no means of disen- tangling the relative importance of changing availability of kin and chang- ing propensities to reside with specific types of kin. By holding propen- sities constant and allowing the availability of kin to vary, we can at least begin to get a handle on the problem." th ld f rth r pl t n lr d v r l b r t t hn h d ff lt ld b n z d pl b pl n lt rn t t nd rd-pr p n t p p l t n b f r t b n n th r d nt l pr p n t f p p l t n A th th d r ph h r t r t f p p l t n nd th n b n n th d r ph h r t r t f p p l t n A th th r d nt l pr p n t f p p l t n h ppr h n l t th f lt rn t t nd rd- d tr b t n h n d r tl t nd rd z n d r ph r t S h tr t nn t b pl d f r nl th r d nt l pr p n t rr p nd n t ll th p p l t n b n p r d r n n G v n r l t d t t f n l d b t th h t r l d r ph f th f l th p rt l d p nd n f r d nt l pr p n t n d r ph nd t n d n t r l pr th th d All f r r f h t r l l v n rr n nt nd d - r ph nd t n r h hl ppr x t nd h t r ll n d t v l t th r l f d r ph t f ht r fl t n th ppr x t p rt n f d ff r nt n t p It h r p rt nt th t n rr d n h v t nf ld th r d nt l pr p n t rr d n th n t th t pr p n t t r d th ld rl p r nt b ff t d b f rt l t A b n t p th p tt rn f r d nt l pr p n t n d ff r nt t nd pl ll b n n n r n l b tt r p t n t n r l z b t th n h h d r ph ff t pr p n t An dd t n l p t nt l pr bl t fr th f t th t l v n rr n nt b nfl n d b th number f l v n n ll b th x t n f n r r n r x pl p r n th t n rv v n bl n h v r t r h n th n p r n th nl n rv v n bl n f l v n th n r r bl n t th pr b bl n t j r f t r p r d th th nfl n f th v l b l t f any n f p f t p In 19 ld rl n th lt pl rv v n h ldr n r n t b t nt ll r l l t r d th h ld th n r ld rl n th nl n rv v n h ld h ph n n n n t d b S S th (1979 If f nd th t th number f n f n t p pr n p l d t r n nt f l v n rr n nt th n r pl x t b l t n pr d r ht b r r d v r b f th r t d t l f MOMSIM n t bl ( pp nd x C lt pl n f p rt l r t p r v l bl r l t v l r r l th n b r f n t p nt 11 It ht t f r t th t h ld d th pp t th t h ld th v l b l t f n n t nt nd ll th r d nt l pr p n t t v r Aft r ll r n nt r t r d nt l d n n n t th v l b l t f n h l t eliminate th ff t f d r ph v r t n th t n nd r t nd th n t r f h n n r d n d - n If ld h ld d r ph nd t n n t nt th n ld h f l tr t r ld h v h n d f th r h d b n n d r ph h n A n t d h v r nn t ll th pr p n t t r d th p f t p f n t
An l t Str t 99
M tr t t l l t h t th d tr b t n f f l t p would be n p p l t n th t h r d th propensities th U S p p l - t n n 19 b t h h h d d ff r nt t f d r ph nd t n h pr t l n v n th h l ff nt d t t l l t d t l d pr p n t f r th p r d b f r th n n t nth nt r n th d r t d r f r th d r ph r f br d r n f h t r l p r d W l h v p r ll b rv d r f r t f l tr t r n t l t th v nt nth nt r p r n actual f l tr t r t th hypothetical f l tr t r th t ld h v r lt d f r d nt l pr p n t h d b n n t nt n nf r th xt nt t h h r d nt l pr p n t t h v h n d h pr d r f r l l t n h t f l tr t r ld b l f b n d th t nd rd pr p n t fr th Un t d St t n 19 th d r ph nd t n rr p nd n t d ff r nt t nd pl f rl tr htf r rd r t l l t th r d nt l pr p n t f r th t nd rd p p l t n d r b d b v xt r n th d l n lt rn t v d r ph p r t r h l t n r lt pr - v d d t n th pr p rt n f p r n th v l bl n f h t p x nd r t l t t nd r th lt rn t d r ph nd t n h f r r th n lt pl d b th rr p nd n t nd rd pr p n- t fr 19 h ld th pr p rt n f th p p l t n th t ld h v r d d th h p f t p f n f pr p n t h d r n d n t nt v r n l ff nt d t t l l t pr p n t n t h t r l p r d A n lt rn t v ld nv nt h p th t l pr p n t b t th r ld b l ttl p nt t th x r An d t f pr p n t ld n r l b rb tr r nd ld nd p d n tr t n nl th lf- v d nt f t th t d ff r nt pr p n t ld d ff r nt f l tr t r h n d r ph h ld n t nt h n ff t th n l n f th SOCSIM d l r h tr t br n n nearer t th l f nt n f r th ff t f d r ph h n n f l tr t r r ph h b tt r nd r t d th n r d nt l d n n nd t t p r t r t t ll r p r l pr t r n th n th t n bl ppr h t h ld r d nt l pr p n t n t nt nd r th ff t n f l xt n n f lt rn t v d r ph r 1 In dd t n t n th t pr p n t t r d th n r n n t nt t l p t l t th t pr p n t t r d th f l h d h h v v n t f h r t r t r n n t nt h ll t t t h p th t l pr p rt n f p r n under lt rn t v d r ph r t n h ld r d th f l h d f h x nd r t l t t t r t r t th t f l h d h p d h r pl n f d n t n n t nt r f r n p r n th n f l ; pp nd x A h pr p rt n f p r n r d n th f l h d f h x nd r t l t t I n An l t Str t
I h v d v t d n d r bl p t d n f th l t t n f h p th t l r l tr t f r nd r t nd n th nt r t n f d r ph nd f l tr t r t n d r th p nt f l r t nd d ff r n b t n h p th t l r l nd t nd rd pr p n t p th t l r l r pl n f t t ll d r b n th r t l t f r d nt l pr f r n G v n n t nt t f r - d n r l n n v r th d r ph p r t r f d l t h f l tr t r ld b ff t d St nd rd pr p n t r l n f d r b n r d nt l pr f r n nd th tr t f n l l r t th pr p n t r n t d n d t x z n p rt l r t p f f l such thr - n r t n f l St nd rd pr p n t b v d rt f pr b b l t t f r d n r l t nl h p th t l r l t nd rd pr p n t r p r ll b d h d pt n f n t nd rd t f r d nt l pr f r n d t r- t n h r t l z d th d t nd rd th r t r ll b th r f l d n r lt h n r l z t n h ld f r th x pl f d t b sm S A
S
h r S th pr p rt n r d n th f l h d f v n x nd r t l t t n th t nd rd (19 p p l t n A th pr p rt n f p r n f h x nd r t l t t n th lt rn t p p l t n nd S th pr p rt n f p r n f h x nd r t l t t n th t nd rd p p l t n h h th ff t f h ld n p tt rn f h d h p n t nt j t th r r d nt l pr p n t r h ld n t nt On dd t n l l l t n n d d t pr nt th r lt f th t nd rd-pr p n t t hn h pr d r d r b d n th t xt f r l l t n f l tr t r nd r t nd rd pr p n t ld l r t bl th t h th p r nt f p r n h ld h v r d d th xt nd d n f h t p x nd r t l t t f th pr p n t t r d th h n r th n 19 b t d r ph nd t n r d ff r nt S n th t bl n t f h ndr d f ll t t pl x f r nv n nt n l W t th r f r r t th t bl nt br d r t r f n h r r n n th xt nt t h h d ff r nt combinations f n r l l t r S b n t n n v r r; f r x pl n nn t r d th b th rr d th r nd d d th r f th f l h d Oth r n t p usually r n b n t n; f r x pl h r rr d th r pr nt th r n r ll rr d f th r ll I h v d th t th pr p n t f r d ff r nt n t p t r n b n t n r n n t nt In th r rd th l l h d f b n t n d ff r fr th 19 t nd rd p p l t n nl t th xt nt th t th v l b l t f n d ff r nt rr thr h th r t n f r lt bt n d fr th f t nd rd pr p n t pl dd up the percentage of persons r d n th n n r l t r f n nd th n d fl t th t t l b f t r r pr nt n th pr p rt n f b n t n f r th t t r n th t nd rd p p l t n h f tn t n t t t pr f f th rt n th t " r t n f l h t r n b n nt r t n nd x t n xp r n n th t t l t nth f r h t r f th r nd v r d " (K v nd M rt 197 9-1 An l t Str t I I pr nd nd t nd rd z t n f d r ph r t ll f r th t nd rd z t n f r d nt l pr f r n In f rn h p th t l r l r n t nt nd d t b r l t th r th r d n d t t t p f h p th b t r d nt l b h v r h h p th n f r b h v r th r rd t r d n d n l p p l t n r n t n t nt h f h p th t l r l n pr v d n ht nt th nt r t n f d r ph nd f l tr t r b t nl n th b tr t nt xt f nr l t r d nt l pr f r- n If r l t th p t f d r ph f t r n f l tr t r n th r l rld r d r pt n f t nd rd r d nt l pr f r- n h ld b r l t p bl U n t nd rd r d nt l pr p n t t n l z th ff t f d - r ph n f l tr t r l h n p rt nt pr t l dv nt An fl n th d l th t pr d pr p rt n l t t rr r n th t t f v l bl n ll n l t r x pl pp th t l overstates th v l b l t f r nd h ldr n b p r nt h ld r lt n t nd rd pr p n t f r r d n th r nd h l- dr n th t r understated b p r nt h t rr r n l t; th rr r n t nd rd pr p n t ld rr t f r rr r n th v l b l t f r nd h ldr n nd r lt rn t v d r ph r G v n th v r pt n f th r l t n d l d d b v nd n pp nd x C th r n b n d bt th t th t t f v l b l t f n pr d d b r n r t t h n - r t r th ? h r r ll n n f f nd n th t; f ld d r tl r th v l b l t f n th r ld b n n d f r th d l rt n t l n ld xp t th t t r f rr r ld b t t In th r rd rr r pr b bl ld b n th d r t n nd f r hl pr p rt n l n t d r rdl f th d - r ph p r t r pl d h th f t nd rd pr p n t ll t nd t n z rr r n th d l
On p nt h ld b d b l t l l r t nd rd pr p n t r n p n h l l t n f d t l d r d nt l pr p n t r r n n r nt t f r t d t nd h d t r rr ntl n v l- bl f r p r d b f r th d-n n t nth nt r M r v r n t d h n n d r ph nd t n n cause h n n r d nt l pr - p n t I d n t nt nd th t t nd rd pr p n t ll t d t r- n th l n -t r ff t f d r ph h n n xt nd d-f l tr t r W n nl nd r tl nf r th n h h r d n d n h n d b p r n r lt pr d d thr h f t n- d rd pr p n t th p r l r f h t r l f l tr t r I I02 An l t Str t h v n d bt h v r th t n r l z t n b d n n l th t nd rd pr p n t ll b r r l t th n ll n r l z t n b d n n l b r t t f h p th t l r l M r v r f r v r n t nd r t nd h b t r d nt l b h v r ll h v t tt pt r n r d nt l d n n M f r d nt l pr p n t nt nd d f r t t p n th t d r t n r ll th r l t t n t nd rd pr p n t r p rf l n l t d v h t l t f th th d b t ll tr t d b x pl nd h x pl ll b f rth n n n h t f th n xt h pt r nd pp nd x D r d v t d t th n l f r lt d r v d n t nd rd pr p n t t b f r I n nv l th pr d t f r nd d n I t xpl n n lt rn t v n l t ppr h Use of Hypothetical Rules with MOMSIM r th p r p t v f xt nd d-f l tr t r n t ll t p f r l - t v r ll p rt nt MOMSIM n r t d t l d t t t n th v l b l t f d v r t f n f h x nd r t l t t n l z h t r l f l tr t r ff t v l n d t f n th t p f n th t r t l l t r d n xt nd d f l St nd rd pr p n t pr v d n f ht n d ff r nt t p f n rd- n t th r r l t v p rt n r th r t l p r p t v h - v r t t b r ppr pr t t n ntr t x l v l n th v l b l t f p f b n t n f n h f h p th t l r d n r l n b n f n rr n th p f r n l t f n th t th r t ll p rt nt b n t n f n A pl d h r h p th t l r l r r l n f n th fr n th h h rt n b n t n f n ld pp r n p p l t n Unl th f SOCSIM th h p th t l r l n h v n ff t n th d r ph h n f th d l; nd d t nd v d l n th l t d p p l t n r n t v n r p d nt r d nt l f l In t d th r l r pl t f r h n tr t n r t r nd d n n t r f r r n v l- bl n h n t t th t th r l pl d n h v n th n n n th th pl d n SOCSIM In f t th r l h v n f th pr bl th SOCSIM r l t I h v v d d f th r t t h rt n f SOCSIM th SOCSIM r l th h p th t l r l r d n d t th d r ph p t nt l f r r d n n t f l In p r- t l r th r th pr p rt n f th p p l t n th t ld h v r d d n t f l f rt n f l -f r t n r l r b d t b r nt rr d t t th l v l f nd v d l t An l t Str t 1 3
nn r t d v r l t l f th h h ld tr t r f nd - v d l h ld n t r d n t f l h f t l n t n f th t pr bl t p t f th SOCSIM r l ( h pt r h x pl f th SOCSIM r l t r h p r d d f th p rt n f p n r l pl l nn t b d r l t nd h ld n t b d n d t r l t th r t btl t nd d t l If r d n r l r pl x th t th ht n v bl ppr h r l t th n t b p bl t n h h p t f th r l pr d d th r lt W h ld v h p th t l r l n t d pl n f r n th fr n f rt n l t b n t n f n W h v th n lr d pl tl b nd n d th n t n f d l n th th t t t ll r r th p r p t v th p rt n f l r t f r t h th dv nt f btl t th SOCSIM d l r I h v d v d thr t f t -f l r l h n t f r l — r l S t 1— d n d t ppr x t th n tr nt rpr t t n f th t -f l h p th- h r l r f ll 1 h ld t l v n n r n n h p r nt l f l ft r rr If th r r n rv v n n th ld t d ht r r n 3 Oth r h ldr n l v th r p r nt l f l h n th rr r h n th r h 1 h h v r f r t h pl nt t n f th r l pl h pr r d t r n f th r l v n p r nt th n ld t rr d n n h n r p If th r r n n th pr r h f r l v n p r nt th n ld t rr d d ht r If th r f th b n t n f n x t th n r p nt n t f l h b r f th t f l n t f th p nd n l v n p r nt f th rr d n r d ht r t th r th th n rr d bl n nd h ldr n f th n r d h- t r h r n r th n 1 If th r r rr d b r f n n r p h r n t p rt f t f l th n th r n r p th pr r bj t th t th ppr pr t r f rr n nt t f l " h l f t n pr d r ll n tr t n f - p f r t f
13 h r f rr n nt t f l b d n pr b b l t distribution l l t d n pr v r n f th d l h d tr b t n nd t th pr b b l t th t rr d p r n f h ll b rr d t ld t rr d n ( r ld t rr d d ht r th n l bl n th t l t n l v n p r nt h t t n n ll r th t n ld t rr d n rr n ld t rr d d ht r th t br th r Wh n th r th couple d t r d th th n p r nt nd th nd- ld t rr d d ht r t h n t f r t f l I An l t Str t r d n n t f l W th th h lp f th p b pr j t n d l d r b d n pp nd x C (t l l t th d tr b t n th r t n b nv rt d nt t t f th v r ll p r nt f th p p l t n th t ld r d n t f l f th r l r t ll f ll d l S t nd 3 r d n d t pr v d r n r t t f th x fr n f t f l l S t th l S t 1 x pt th r n pr f r n f r n v r d ht r h n th t th d r t n f rr x z d h h t nd t x z th n b r f r nd h ldr n l S t 3 th l S t x pt th t th n rr d bl n nd h ldr n f th rr d n r d ht r r n n th r p r nt h h ld f r th r nt r l v l S t 3 l t t SOCSIM h p th t l r l " h f r pr d d b MOMSIM h p th t l r l h v l t d t l t h r nl n n rr p t f th v l b l t f n M r v r l th t t t pr d d b SOCSIM th t t f t - f l tr t r r pr b bl v r t t d t I p t th t th pr bl th th f r r l xtr MOMSIM nd SOCSIM h r th Wh pp r A pt n th t th h r t r- t f b r f th n r p r n rr l t d r r n xpl n d b v th pt n l t n v t bl l d t v r t - t f th pr p rt n f th p p l t n th t ld r d n t f l v r v d th r pr bl nt r l t th SOCSIM d l th t t nd t x r t th p t nt l fr n f t l v n rr n nt r t n f rt l t h ndl d b d t n h ldr n v r b rn n t d f b - p f r t A I r n pp nd x C th f - p f r t ll l d t v r t t nt f th fr n f p r n th n r r d nd nt n f n p f t p S nd v d v r t t nt f t l v n rr n nt th t d r v fr nr l t ll l rr r t In th l t h pt r I p nt d t th t nd r th SOCSIM r l th nl t r t n h h ld t rr SOCSIM b d n ll l d p p l - t n rr r t n th d l b nr l t ll l h t f t r l d t n nr l t ll l fr n f n n t h - h ld MOMSIM b n tr t n p n d l b d n nd v d l-l v l r nt th pr bl pl d n t r I h v r t v n b t th f h p th t l r l n n
1 In th f rr b t n t ld t h ldr n l S t nd 3 p r t n l l t l S t 1 S n t 13 An l t Str t I 5
r l t n If ld t t d t l d pr p n t f r ll p r d h p th t l r l ld b nn r ; ld t l t ppr x t l d r b r d nt l pr f r n p r ll G v n th l t t n f th d t th tr t p bl Und r th r - t n th f h p th t l r l b j t f d t h ld b r n nd th t th r l r p rtl th nv t t r n r t n h t l t f r d n r l r t t f r n z th l t t n f th th d nd tr t r r lt th ppr pr t pt
Conclusion r p t l t n r t d t l d t t f th v l b l t f n nd r v n t f d r ph nd t n h pl h d b n n d r ph h r t r t t l t d nd v d l t r t h p th t l n r p h pr d r f r n nt f h r t r t nv lv v r t f pt n f h h pr b bl r lt n b- t nt l rr r h t pr bl t pt n th Wh pp r A pt n h h l d t x r t n f th v l b l t f l v n n f r r d n Add t n l pt n t th r th d t l d d - r pt n f th d l pp r n pp nd x C I h v l d r b d t n l t tr t t f th d t n r t d b h f r t tr t f t nd rd r d nt l pr p n t l l t d fr th U S n n 19 U f t nd rd pr p n t n bl t t t h t th r d n p tt rn f v n p p l t n ld b l f th p p l t n d r d n d n l r t th f th U S p p l t n n 19 b t xp r n d d ff r nt d r ph nd t n h nd tr t f h p th t l r l t t t th x p bl fr n f t f l v n t f d r ph p r t r r th h h v rv v d nt l n th r t l n h r d r j d f th r lt f th d l pr nt d n th n xt h pt r j t f t z nt n th d l S l t n lt
r ll W ttl t b th l d r l l nd O l n W lt K ll Pogo (19 9 d th n n t h h t t nt r t r t z n n nfr ndl p r t r th r l t h lf Ind d h th t h r l t d b l n d r pr p rl t th t r f h t- ht-h v - h pp n d h r l th b t nd th r t f dv nt r ; nd h h ld th n t b tr l r h th h t n d t th n th t r ll ff? K nn th Gr h The Wind in the Willows (19
Wh t f ll h ld b v d nf r d p l t n I ll pr nt d t l d t bl th t l nd l d n r f l n l r h t bl r th pr d t f nd f h t r l nd d r ph xp r nt S l t n n bl t xpl r th pl t n f t f pt n b t t d n t r v l h t r l f t v rth l t n b n tr t v t nr v l th pl t n f n pt n nd l Mr d t r l t h t- ht-h v -h pp n d h p t nt l ff t f d r ph nd t n n xt nd d-f l tr t r pr v t b n d r bl r pl t d th n h l r h v pr v l pp d h r t tr n th f th t nd rd-pr p n t ppr h d r b d n th l t h pt r l n t b l t t n v r th pl x d r ph h n t th pr nt h pt r r n rn d th h t r l th n th th r t l n v d l n th h t r l r nt n lt r f d r ph d t l r n r l n l f th ff t f d r ph nd t n n xt nd d- f l tr t r h b n r l t d t pp nd x . h r I l t th n h h h t r f d r ph b h v r—b rth r- r nd d th — nt r t th f l tr t r h h pt r xpl r th pl t n f th d r ph tr n t n f r th fr n nd h r t r t f xt nd d f l C p r d t th r f r b r n th d- ht nth nt r th En l h nd A r n f th l t -n n t nth nt r l v d l n r h d f r h ldr n nd rr d rl r h t n nd n t d f th h n d ff r d n th t d f th Atl nt t f th d r ph p th f En l nd
1 t n th d- ht nth nt r nd th l t -n n t nth nt r th v r ll d r t n f d r ph h n n A r r hl l r t th t n En l nd t th
IO S l t n lt I 7
nd A r r d ff r nt th r d t n t n th b 19 th b d r ph h r t r t f th t ntr r tr n l l r
n r l t t nt b r th pl x t f th t t n; n p rt l r th t n nd n t d f d r ph h n r d ff r nt A t rr pp r ntl - h t l r n th Un t d St t b 19 th n t h d b n n th ht nth nt r b t t n l r j t h n th h n rr d Y b (19 1 11 -15 r th t t rr increased d r n th n n t nth nt r n A r v r h nf r th fr d t n th v r ll p r nt f rr d n n th p p l t n nd f l t nt f r h n n th pr p rt n rr n d h d nd r rr W ll (1971 75 t th t rr n n n th r thr h t th ht nth nt r nd O t r d nd lt n (197 d t f r St rbr d h dr t n r n f l rr b t n th d- ht nth nt r nd 1 -1 39 h l n t t r v l bl S S th (1973 55 d t f r n h M h tt h h h n d r bl fl t t n n rr d r n th ht nth nt r l ht d l n t th t t f th n n t nth nt r nd r r bl t b l t fr th n nt l 1 t n l d t h n dd t n l dr p t th nd f th nt r In En l nd b ntr t t rr d l n d n th l tt r h lf f th ht nth nt r nd th f r t h lf f th n n t nth; ft r 1 71 th tr nd r v r d S Gr t r t n G n r l t r Off (1 1-19 Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 t f En l nd pr d d A r n th d l n f rr th pp t th f r th d l n f f rt l t nd rt l t h tr nd n th v r bl r h n n n t th t rn f th nt r d r ph nd t n n th t ntr h d n- v r d h ppr x t r d b rth nd d th r t n h ntr b t n 1 nd 19 r Births Deaths Year U.S. England U.S. England 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 19 9 9 17 17 h t t r b d n v r t f r C l nd ln (19 3 1 3 M Cl ll nd nd h r (19 1 9 15 -5 Gl (1951 5 M t h ll nd n (19 Wr l nd S h f ld (19 1 5 9 h p n nd Wh lpt n (1933 3 Y b (19 1 99 In h r th l d n th r t d r d I v r d th r t t C p r Gr t r t n G n r l t r Off (1 51 1 9 U S r f th C n (1975 nd r nd Gr v (19 7 r t n K f tz nd S h n (197 Gr b ll K r nd Wh lpt n (195 r nt r (1973 n v (19 1 t n C l nd ln (19 3 3 nd t th t f rt l t p tt rn n th Un t d St t nd En l nd r xtr l l th h t th p r d 1 -19 h Un t d St t nd En l nd r l t l th r p t t rr n 19 h d n t rr 5 9 f r n n th Un t d St t p r d th 5 n En l nd nd W l l rr h d r b t nt l d ff r n ; th d n 1 9 n th Un t d St t nd n En l nd nd W l A f r th v l b l t f n n rn d th f l d ff r n ld b p rtl nt rb l n d b th l d ff r n ; v r ll th n l n pp nd x t th t th d ff r n n IO S l t n lt
I h v n tr t d f r h p th t l p p l t n t ll tr t th n- n f d r ph h n h f r t f th d n d t th d r ph xp r n f En l nd nd A r n 19 S n d r ph nd t n r n rl l n th l t h lf f th n n t nth nt r n l d l n rv r n bl pr x f r b th ntr h nd p p l t n r fl t th d r ph f En - l nd r nd 17 5 h d t l rl pr d th n r n th fr - n f xt nd d f l h th r t p p l t n r pr nt d - r ph xtr ; th r h t x r t d h r t r z t n f d r ph nd t n n d v l p n ntr nd n th l t - t nt th- nt r nd tr l rld A h ll th l t t p p- l t n pr v d r v l n p r p t v fr h h t v th h t r l l t n I h v n t tt pt d t d l th d r ph xp r n f th A r n l n f r v r l r n r n th n l r l bl d r ph t t t f r l n l A r h l M r v r p nt d t n h pt r 1 d t n f l tr t r f r th A r n l n r x d n l r h p nt f th x r t h lp
rr b t n th Un t d St t nd En l nd n 19 ld n t r th n 1 t p r nt d ff r n n th fr n f xt nd d f l t v n th d ff r n pr b bl x r t d th th A r n nd En l h f r r b d n p r d r th r th n h rt d t ; n t d A r n rr r d l n n t th nd f th nt r h r En l h rr r n p; th f h d r tr p t v d t n rr n 19 ht f nd th t th d n t ll l r n En l nd h rr d t pp r n U S r f th C n (1975 nd Gr t r t n G n r l t r Off (1 9 3 S h t r n t n th f pl b f r - nd- ft r h f r th n l f th xt nd d f l G v n th pr nt t t f n l d b t h n n f l tr t r h v r r btl n l n t rr nt d In r nt r h v l rn d r t d l b t th hr n l f d r ph h n n ht nth- nd n n t nth- nt r En l nd b t h v n h f r r p f th p f t n f h n n f l tr t r Alth h th r l d v d n th t th fr n f xt nd d f l h l r n v nt nth- nd rl - ht nth- nt r En l nd th n n En l nd r A r n th l t -n n t nth nt r nn t pr ntl h b nd th pl d h t h pl t f n l th r f r r fl t th v d n M t rn- f-th - nt r d l nt nd d t r pr nt b th En l nd nd A r b t t t ll b d n A r n d t h A r n d t n th p r d r f r p r r t th En l h; th d ll f r l r nd v d l-l v l d t t th t pr v d nf r t n n rr d r t n nd l t v f rt l t h U S 19 bl U S pl t th r r nt ; n p r bl d t r v l bl f r En l nd n th p r d h A r n l n l d t r tt r d nd th r r dr t r n l v r t n b t n En l nd nd th Ch p nd b t n th fr nt r nd l n r- ttl d r n S n l r l bl n r l t t f r th l n l p r d br d t t nt r n r l p rtl r h pr n p l r f r A r n l n l d r ph r t d n n t 1 nd Simulation Results I09
nd r t nd th h t r l nt r t n f d r ph nd f l tr - t r ; t ldn t n t f n n r n h h n l ttl b t th r n h f t th t nn t r t l d l th d r ph f th f l n l n l A r b n r t l h rl - ht nth- nt r p p l t n f th A r n l n n t th d l nt d nt f th Un t d St t t th nd f th n n t nth nt r r th t p rt th t rn- f-th - nt r p p l t n n t d nd d fr th l n t f r b f r th r l t r ll r lt r ll M r v r th d - r ph b h v r f rl A r n p l r b th t nd rd f th t And h ld b r n nd th t th A r n l n t t th b nn n f th ht nth nt r r x pt n l n v r t f th r r p t ll h d ff r d fr th h r n d n r t n n th r l r n x r t r l n d t n p l t nd pr p rt h r n b r r ll nd th r p t n t th d f th ld r- n xtr rd n r nd t p r r If th r l v n rr n nt r bl d th f th En l h p p l t n th ld b t t n t th r l n f r d nt l b h v r nd r xtr tr t r l nd t n t b f th n l r t n f th A r n l n t n th f r t h lf f th ht nth nt r th b n ppr pr t b n h r f r p r n th th A r n p p l t n f 19 ; th 5 S h t r n ld r th t l n l A r n 17 — p ll r t n En l nd— nd d th t ppr pr t lt r l nt d nt f A r n 19 h r t n l rl h d nfl n b nd th r n n f nt n b r h v nt nth- nt r A r n l n d ff r d r dl fr th r nt r- p rt n th ld ntr n th r t rr f rt l t nd rt l t Alth h th d ff r n d n h d h t b th ht nth nt r v n th n th l n t l v d l n r rr d rl r nd h d n r h ldr n th n En l h p pl d d In ht- nth- nt r En l nd—th r n f r h h th b t t t t r v l bl —l f xp t n t - 9 r n d fr 33 t n th v r l l t th t h v b n t d d h h r 5 r h h r th n n En l nd h d p r t n f rt l t v n r t r; t t f r r pr d t n r t f r En l nd r n b t 9 t 3 h ldr n n t j t v r n En l nd h n t rr n th En l nd l l t d r n th f r t h lf f th ht nth nt r b t f r n nd f r n h f r r r n bl l r t th En l h p tt rn b t t ll b t n r On th h l t d b B. l tt (1973 n ld xp t th t d r ph n tr nt n x- t nd d-f l tr t r r l v r n l n l A r th n n rl d rn En l nd On A r n l n l d r ph p tt rn Gr v n (197 177-7 1 3 193-9 -1 r d (197 93-9 (19 5 197 rt n (1971 W l h nd M n rd (197 tt r (19 5 S S th (197 1973 nt (19 1 9 57 n (191 nd St ttl r (197 rb r (197 S th (197 n v (1971 197 A f l v rv f th l t r t r pp r n M C r nd M n rd (19 5 r En l h p r n Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 5 55 5 9 7 h nb l n d x r t ht h v p ll p rt nt n n f r f l tr t r ; n th t p M ll r (19 5 nd M n rd (1973 O Simulation Results pr nd tr l En l h p p l t n pr b bl t th p rp t l t ll
En h f r t n l z t n l t t rn t th r lt I f r t pr nt f nd n b d n th t nd rd-pr p n t t hn h ph f th n l t t th ff t f d r ph h n n th fr n nd h r - t r t f xt nd d f l n n t nt pr f r n I th n t rn t h p th t l r l t l t th p t nt l fr n f t f l nd r h t f d r ph nd t n h St nd rd r p n t lt h t n d r b th p f nd f f l tr t r th t ld b f nd n p p l t n th t h r d th t nd rd r d nt l pr p n t f 19 b t h d d ff r nt d r ph nd t n ld n r d nt l pr - p n t n t nt th l t n r lt nd t h t pr p rt n f th p p l t n ld h v r d d n xt nd d f l nd r f r t p f d r ph r —th f th Un t d St t nd En l nd n 19 pr nd tr l En l nd d-t nt nth- nt r nd tr l t nd nt p r r d v l p n ntr h nf r t n h lp th xt nt t h h d r ph f t r n nt f r th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r nd t d l n n th t nt th h d r ph p r t r pl d t r pr nt th Un t d St t nd En l nd n 19 nd En l nd d r n th f r t h lf f th ht nth nt r pp r n t bl 1 h 19 p p l t n l b l d "S " n t th b f th t nd rd pr p n t ; th pr nd tr l p p l t n l b l d " E." Ex pt f r rt l t th p r t r h n f r th S p p l t n r l l t d fr th 19 bl U S pl f th U S f d r l n ; rt l t b d n th 19 -19 U S l f t bl h E p r t r nf r l l f bl t th b t v l bl p r- l d t f r th p r d; n p rt l r I ppr x t En l h d r ph b h v r f r th f r t h lf f th ht nth nt r t t d n Wr l nd S h f ld p l t n t r . C p r d t th 19 t nd rd
h th "Gl v r" l f t bl ; U S r f th C n (19 1 h d r ph p r t r nf r r r bl l l t f r v n n U S r f th C n (1975 r n nd th t th n f th r v r 9 t th b rth f th r h ldr n n t v l nt t n n r t n l n th; th r d b f r th h v n pp rt n t t b r h ldr n t l t r h r f r th f r h n r h t h h r th n n n r t n l n th ld b 9 Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 h PRE r n l ttl f th dj t nt t hn d r b d n pp nd x C In t d f dj t n t rr p nt rv l nd p r nt n v r rr d I pl d d tr b t n f r r t l t t b b d n th f l f th Simulation Results
bl 1 r ph r t r f r S l t n n r nd tr l n nd St nd rd p l t n f n E S M d n f l t rr 5 M d n l t rr 1 5 M n nt rv l b t n p 1 M n t h ldb rth f r th r h rv v t 5 3 7 31 3 r nt f n n v r rr d t 1 1 l xp t t n f l f t b rth 3 3 M l xp t t n f l f t b rth 3 5 7 t l f rt l t r t 3 79 p p l t n th PRE d l l t rr h h pr p rt n n v r rr n nd h h rt l t nd f rt l t bl tl n th f l tr t r th t r lt nd r pr nd tr l d r ph nd t n f ppl th r d nt l pr p n t f th 19 t nd rd p p l t n h STD r n— h h r fl t th t l d - r ph nd t n f 19 — l h n h t p r f th t bl nd t th p r nt f p r n h ld h v r d d n xt nd d f l n p p l t n th t h r d th d r ph nd t n h n n t bl 1 nd th r d nt l pr p n t l l t d f r 19 h f r n t bl nd t th t th d r ph nd t n f En l nd b f r 175 pr f ndl d r d xt nd d-f l tr t r Ov r ll f th r r n d ff r n n r d nt l pr p n t nl b t 13 p r nt f th ht nth- nt r p p l t n ld h v r - d d n xt nd d f l p r d th b t 1 p r nt n 19
lt fr th PRE nd STD r n t nt th th h p th th t th r n h n n r d nt l pr p n t v r nt r nd h lf A rd n t th r n n th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r nt r l n n f d r ph h n
Wh n I f r t t th r lt I rpr d W ht r l nd l tt n th b f r lt f th SOCSIM d l h d n l d d th t d r ph f t r h v nl l ht n n f r f l tr t r
C br d Gr p n l tt (1977 h t t l f rt l t r t r r d l ttl dj t nt n th E d l d t bl f rt l t pt n nd th r f r n rp r t h h r f rt l t t t ll ; pp nd x C M rt l t b d n r n l d l l f t bl A l htl dj t d v r n f th v l 7 M d l W t l f t bl fr C l nd n (19 3 pl d I 2 S l t n lt
bl r nd tr l nd St nd rd S l t n n M r f l Str t r A n 19 St nd rd r p n t
f n E S r nt f nd v d l r d n n Ext nd d f l 1 1 rt ll xt nd d f l 5 3 11 9 r z nt ll xt nd d f l 11 1 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r l t n t h d S bl n 3 7 S bl n - n-l 3 ph / 3 Un l /A nt 5 5 r nt 7 r nt - n-l 1 9 Gr nd h ldr n/Ch ldr n- n-l 1 5 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n x nd r t l t t M l S n l 3 M rr d 1 7 W d d 1 5 1 9 l S n l 7 3 M rr d 1 1 9 W d d 9 5 3 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r p -9 1 7 1 -19 1 5 - 9 3 3 -39 1 - 9 1 7 3 5 -59 1 1 - 9 1 9 9 7 + 9 7
In p t f th pr bl th SOCSIM tl n d n h pt r I n t ll p r d d f th n r l th th t d r ph r ll d n t tt r h h t n l n f t n pr j d ; I nt d t b l v th t th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r n t r l n rt f t f h n n d r ph b t t ll r fl t d n f nt l- t r l h n r n nd th t th r lt n t bl d n t t ll pr v th t r d nt l pr f r n r n d n t nt b t n th f r t h lf f th Simulation Results II3
ht nth nt r nd th l f th n n t nth nt r In f t th r h v b n r d l h n n r d nt l pr p n t th t t nd d t n l t Und r th r t n b p r n d n th p r - ll b rv d fr n f xt nd d f l ht t ll b l r t th fr n pr d d b th d l h n n t nt pr p n t ( pp nd x . Cl t h th r r d nt l pr p n t t ll h n d b l n d fr th r d t l d br d n n r th t p f t bl h nd nd th rd r f t bl pr v d n nd t n f p f types f xt nd d f l th t ld r nd r h d r ph r h r r t n l f t n v rt l xt n n d f n d h r r d n th p r nt p r nt - n-l h ldr n- n-l r r nd- h ldr n; h r z nt ll xt nd d f l nt n th r t p f xt nd d n r nd tr l d r ph nd t n ld d r b th v rt - l nd h r z nt l xt n n b t th ff t p ll r d f r v rt ll xt nd d f l h l fr n f v rt ll xt nd d f l n th E r n n n f b th l t rr nd rl d th ( th nf pp nd x If r d nt l pr p n t t ll d d n t h n d r n th l t ht nth nd n n t nth nt r ld xp t t f nd th t h r - z nt ll xt nd d r l t n h p r b t nt ll r n th n v rt ll xt nd d r l t n h p n th r l pr nd tr l p p l t n j t n th E h p th t l p p l t n h pr nd tr l d t r nf rt - n t l b ; th d n t h n r l pr d n n f h r z n- t l xt n n b f r 175 b t th f nd n t fr r nt pr bl `° Alth h t nn t t b pr v n h v r I p t th t 1 A rd n t W ll (19 3b 5 51 p r nt f xt nd d n r p r nt p r nt - n- l h ldr n- n-l r r nd h ldr n n th p r d 1 5 -17 9 h f r h v r r f r t th p r nt f r l t v h r v rt ll xt nd d n t th p r nt f p pl r d n th v rt ll xt nd d n If v rt ll xt nd d n rr d n b n t n r fr ntl th n h r z nt ll xt nd d n 51 p r nt v rt ll xt nd d n ht tr n l t nt n d r bl ll r p r nt f v rt ll xt nd d l v n rr n nt P. l tt (197 1 d t t th t 5 p r nt f xt nd d h h ld nt n d thr n r t n b t th f r b d n h " t nd rd 1 n t " h h n l d n n t nth- nt r l l t M r v r th r n t t ll th r l t v p r nt f h r z nt ll xt nd d f l ; h h ld nt n b th v rt ll nd h r z nt ll xt nd d n h d r t n f h n n th r l t v fr n f v rt ll nd h r z nt ll xt nd d n d pp r t b n t nt th h p th f t nd rd pr p n t W ll (19 3b 5 d t nd t n n r n th pr p rt n f n h r v rt ll xt nd d fr 51 p r nt n 1 5 -17 9 t p r nt n 175 -1 nd 59 p r nt n 1 51 t th f r pr b bl v r t t th d r f h n b f b r lt n fr h n n h d h p p tt rn M r p f ll v r t t b r n f r f r t- n r t n n t b II Simulation Results
r d nt l pr p n t r n t t ll n t nt Ov r ll t t pl bl th t th pr p n t t r d th v rt ll xt nd d n h h r n th pr nd tr l p r d th n t n 19 nd th pr p n t t r d th h r z nt ll xt nd d n rr p nd n l l r "
I l r n th l t n d l n d r ph nd t n th t ppr x t th f d-t nt th- nt r W t rn nd tr l - t h r n— ll d MO — l f rt l t l rt l t nd d r t t rr h p f p r t r r v n n t bl 3; I II th r lt pp r n t bl If n t nd rd pr p n t th v r ll p r nt f th p p l t n r d n n xt nd d f l nd r th MO nd t n ld b l t th II n th t nd rd 19 p p l t n d p t r d d ff r n n d r ph nd t n h h h l f xp t n f th t nt th- nt r d v l p d rld f v r th f r t n f xt nd d f l b t th ff t l t n l d t b l f rt l t ( pp n-
l t d th h d f h h ld nt n n thr - n r t n f l h th r d l n n th r l t v • fr n f p r nt nd n n r n th r l t v fr n f r nd h ldr n At n v n p nt r nd h ldr n t nd t b r n r th n p r nt n th t nd t r n b n t n A rd n l th f r x r t th xt nt f h n It pr l th pr bl f v r bl -h d h p p tt rn th t l d t d pt n t nt r t r f r f l h d h p n n r ; pp nd x A 11 In p rt l r I p t th t th n h n r d l n n th pr p n t t r d th rr d p r nt nd n n r n th pr p n t t r d th n l bl n h r r v r l r n t b l v th r t th f nd n f th t -r l d l (t bl 7 r n n t nt th th h p th th t th pr p n t t r d th rr d n r l f r th pr nd tr l p r d n th 19 t nd rd p p l t n In 19 v rt l xt n n ll nt r d n th d d p r nt ( pp nd x h nn t h v b n th n th pr nd tr l p r d b th r ldn t h v b n n h d d p r nt t nt f r th b rv d fr n f t f l ( d n f th t -r l r lt b l h pl th t pr p n t t r d th rr d p r nt d r d b th nd f th n n t nth nt r S nd f th pr p n t t r d th rr d p r n nt d n th n th r pr p n t —f r r d n th d d nd n l n— t h v n p b th v r ll pr p n t d d n t h n h If pr p n t d l n d th r t h v r n t p n t h rd f th r r n h n n pr p n t th t pl bl d r t n th n th t I nd t In 19 th pr p n t f r r d n th rr d xt nd d n r x d n l l ; t nl l th t th ld h v b n l r t ll n th rl ht nth nt r On th th r h nd th pr p n t f r t p f n l n r xtr l h h n 19 nd I d bt th t th ld h v b n h h h r n th ht nth nt r h th r r t r p b l t f r h n n th d r t n I t th n n th pp t d r t n nd h h n l t d b th n l th t r l At l p r l nt t t v l v l I l r p nd n t l t r r v d n fr r n r (197 b nd th r n th f r f xt nd d f l n th pr nd tr l p r d S l t n lt II5
bl 3 r ph r t r f r S l t n n M d- nt th-C nt r n nd St nd rd p l t n
f n MO S
M d n f l t rr M d n l t rr 3 5 M n nt rv l b t n p 5 M n t h ldb rth f r th r h rv v t 5 9 31 3 r nt f n n v r rr d t 7 5 l xp t t n f l f t b rth 7 7 3 M l xp t t n f l f t b rth 73 7 t l f rt l t r t 51 3 79 d x Alth h th r l ttl h n n th r t fr n f xt nd d f l th MO d r ph nd t n d n r h ft fr h r z nt l t v rt l xt n n h E S nd MO r n f r fl t t l t n r h tl n th n f d r ph h n n th W t v r th p t t nt r bl nd th r f r ll t n r l z - t n b t th ff t f d r ph h ft n xt nd d-f l tr - t r v r th l n t r Ov r ll d r ph h n h r l x d n- tr nt n th f r t n f xt nd d f l At th t n b nf d nt th t th r h b n n f nt h ft t rd nd t n f v r n th f r t n f v rt ll r th r th n h r z nt ll xt nd d f l A I n t d n h pt r 1 th fr n f xt nd d f l t ll declined b t nt ll n t nt th- nt r En l nd nd A r If r - d nt l pr p n t h d r n d n t nt th fr n f xt nd d f l ld h v increased d r n th t nt th nt r h f nd- n d n tr t th t r d nt l pr f r n h v n t n f t r n d n t nt n 19 h r lt nd rl n th f t th t d r ph f t r lth h r t l r n t th l r f h n n xt nd d- f l tr t r r ph f t r r h r p rt nt n nfl n n xt nd d-f l tr t r before 19 th n ft r rd
h th r r n n t nd rd pr p n t — ll d E — n t nt nd d t d r b r l p p l t n b t t h r t ll f l Alth h th r n n t tr tl r l t d t th n t n ddr d n th r t ll tr t th p t nt l p t f d r ph f t r n xt nd d- f l tr t r h r n n rp r t rl rr h h pr p rt n rr n h h f rt l t nd h h rt l t — n n r l h t II S l t n lt
bl M d- nt th-C nt r nd St nd rd S l t n n M r f l Str t r A n 19 St nd rd r p n t
f n MO S r nt f nd v d l r d n n Ext nd d f l 1 rt ll xt nd d f l 15 3 11 9 r z nt ll xt nd d f l 9 3 11 1 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r l t n t h d S bl n S bl n - n-l 3 3 ph / 3 Un l /A nt 5 r nt 7 r nt - n-l 3 3 9 Gr nd h ldr n/Ch ldr n- n-l 7 5 5 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n x nd r t l t t M l S n l 7 7 M rr d 1 7 W d d 1 1 9 l S n l 9 3 M rr d 3 1 9 W d d 1 5 3 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r p -9 5 3 1 -19 3 5 - 9 3 3 3 -39 3 1 - 9 1 3 5 -59 1 1 - 9 3 1 9 7 + 7
x r t d p t r f d r ph nd t n n nt p r r d v l- p n t " bl 5 h th d r ph pt n f th E r n nd t bl nd t th f l tr t r th t ld r lt fr th pt n t th r th th 19 t nd rd pr p n t
1 h E r n h p ll x r t d rt l t ; rt l t d t b h h r th n rd n r l x t n h rd W rld ntr t d I d pt d th pr t b th E r n p rtl d n d t t t v th th t th h h rt l t h r t r t f pr d rn t ld pr l d h h fr n f t f l S v t l (19 5 nd d n n h pt r S l t n lt II7
bl 5 r ph r t r f r S l t n n Ex r t d h rd W rld n nd St nd rd p l t n f n E S M d n f l t rr 1 M d n l t rr 1 3 5 M n nt rv l b t n p 3 7 M n t h ldb rth f r th r h rv v t 5 7 7 31 3 r nt f n n v r rr d t l xp t t n f l f t b rth 9 3 M l xp t t n f l f t b rth 1 9 7 t l f rt l t r t 3 79
Und r th E r x r t d h rd W rld d r ph p- t n th r t fr n f r d n th xt nd d n r lt n fr t nd rd pr p n t l — l t l f r th E r n t t d ff r nt h n nd rl th p rf l l r t In th E r n rl rr n r v rt l xt n n nd d r h r - z nt l xt n n; h h f rt l t f v r ll rt f xt nd d f l b t p ll h r z nt ll xt nd d n ; nd h h rt l t n tr n r - d n th ll t p f n ( pp nd x h ff t nt r t n n th r nd r th E nd t n th fr n f v rt l xt n n l t l t th fr n f h r z nt l xt n n
h r lt f th t nd rd pr p n t r n rr nt v r l n l n W n b v rt ll rt n th t th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r n r d b h n n d r ph nd - t n In f t th r lt f r n t nt th th nt rpr t t n th t d r ph h n th l f th n r n fr n f xt nd d f l W h ld n t h v r n l d th t r d nt l pr p n t d d n t h n " In th W t th ht nth- nd n n t nth- nt r tr nd — n r -
13 h f t nd rd pr p n t f r n l z n th ff t f d r ph n x- t nd d-f l tr t r h l t t n h th d h ld b v d n r th n n f ht n th v l b l t f d ff r nt nd f n n pl bl In pp nd x I h v tr d th nd rl n tr t r f th 19 t nd rd pr p n t nd th p f h n b h h th v l b l t f n n d t t f l tr t r A l n b r n nd th p tt rn f t nd rd pr p n t nd th l t t n f th r t t t t pr d d b th t hn t nd rd pr p n t r f l d v f r n th pl t n f th l t n r lt W h ld r b r h v r th t pr p n t r n t l n t nt; n f t r d nt l pr p n t r t xt nt f n t n f d r ph nd t n h p tt rn f pr p n t pr v l n n th Un t d St t n 19 ht n t r v l r t d l b t th ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r n p p l t n th t h v r dl d ff r nt r d nt l pr f r n 1I S l t n lt
bl Ex r t d h rd W rld nd St nd rd S l t n n M r f l Str t r A n 19 St nd rd r p n t
f n E S r nt f nd v d l r d n n Ext nd d f l 13 3 1 rt ll xt nd d f l 7 11 9 r z nt ll xt nd d f l 7 11 1 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r l t n t h d S bl n S bl n - n-l 3 3 ph / 3 Un l /A nt 5 r nt 3 5 r nt - n-l 1 9 Gr nd h ldr n/Ch ldr n- n-l 1 9 5 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n x nd r t l t t M l S n l M rr d 1 1 7 W d d 1 1 9 l S n l 1 3 M rr d 1 1 9 W d d 5 5 5 3 r nt f nd v d l r d n th n b n r p -9 3 1 -19 3 5 - 9 7 3 3 -39 1 1 - 9 1 9 3 5 -59 1 - 9 1 7 9 7 + 7
n p t nt l f r xt nd d f l nd p ll f r h r z nt l xt n- n- nt n d nt th t nt th nt r lb t t r d r t r t Aft r th t rn f th nt r f rt l t rt l t nd rr f ll f rth r h h r l x d n tr nt n th f r t n f xt nd d f l nd p ll n r d v rt l xt n n Y t d p t th r f v r bl nd t n th fr n f xt nd d f l t ll f ll ft r 19 In th nt p r r d v l p n rld n th th r h nd pr v l n d r ph nd t n n r f l tr t r th t b r S l t n lt II9
r bl n t th l v n rr n nt f pr nd tr l En l nd; h v r d ff r nt h n pr d th l r r lt
p th t l l nd St l Str t r b t n h t r n nd l t b t th pr nd tr l f l h v pl d r t ph n th n tr nt nd h r l t n t t l v n rr n nt n th ht nth nt r W th l fr - n f t f l th r lt f r d nt l pr f r n l tt t r t pr n p ll f n t n f d r ph n tr nt r n r r ? h f h p th t l r l th l t n n pr - v d t nt t v n r t th t n If n d r b p rt l r f l tr t r x tl MOMSIM n t ll th x p r nt f p p l t n th t ld h v d pt d th t l v n rr n nt h n b h v d thr h th f h p th t l r l A d r b d n th l t h pt r h p th t l r l r d h r t t t th p r nt f p r n h ld h v r d d n t f l nd r v n t f d r ph nd t n St f l r h r d f n d th f l th t n l d p r nt th r v r- rr d h ld nd th r h ld- n-l r r nd h ld t t th p t nt l f r f r n t f l nd r v r d - r ph nd t n I r n th d l th thr d ff r nt t f r l l S t 1 p f th t th ld t rr ntl l v n rr d n r n n h p r nt h h ld ft r rr ; f n n x t th ld t d ht r r n ; nd v r n l l v th h h ld p n rr r p n r h n 1 h h v r f r t l S t d ff r fr l S t 1 nl n th t th r n pr f r n f r n v r d ht r n th f r r l S t 3 th l S t x pt th t n rr d h ldr n nd r nd h ldr n r n n th r p r n- t l f l f r th r nt r l v n t d f l v n t 1 l S t 3 n b v d n f t t n x pl bl fr n f t f l
Und r th S d r ph nd t n ( h h r pr nt th Un t d St t nd En l nd n 19 x f 3 3 p r nt f th p p l - t n ld h v r d d n t f l f l S t 1 h d b n f ll d h p r bl f r f r th pr nd tr l p r d b- t nt ll l r r h n nl 1 p r nt Alth h th t -r l t hn v r d ff r nt fr th t nd rd-
1 h d f n t n n t t v l nt t th d f n t n f t f l d pt d b W ht r l nd l tt (197 b t t v r l ; n th r t r t M pl I S l t n lt pr p n t ppr h th r lt h v l r pl t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l Ch n n d r ph nd t n b t n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r ld h v l d t dr t n r n t -t p l v n rr n nt f v r th n l h d r n d n- t nt h n l n l h ld f r th r lt bt n d n th th r t f t -f l -f r t n r l h r lt f b n n th E d - r ph nd t n th h t f h p th t l r l r h n n t bl 7 h f r t r h th p r nt f th p p l t n th t h d th potential t r d n t f l nd r h r l t t th t th f r r f rl l f r ll thr r l t h nd r pr nd - tr l d r ph nd t n r l t v l ll fr t n f th p p l t n ld h v d pt d t -f l tr t r h nd r f t bl 7 h th n z f t f l nd r h t f r l h th rd r f th t bl v r h t t f th p r nt f th p p l t n th t t ll r d d n t f l n pr nd tr l En l nd W n th ppr x t p r nt f t households n pr nd tr l En l nd b t d n t n — pl b - n t b l t n h v b n p bl h d—th pr p rt n f individuals r d n n t f l nv rt th b rv d p r nt f t h h ld n pr nd - tr l En l nd nt n t t f th p r nt f p r n r d n n t f l n d t pl d t fr v r t f r nd t v r l r th r h pt n h f r n th th rd r f t bl 7 h ld th r f r b v d v r r h ppr x t n nd I p t th t th rr n th l d Ev n th nd v d l-l v l t t r n d r bl h h r th n th p r nt f t households n pr nd tr l En l nd; th b t f l t nd d t b n d r bl l r r th n n l r f l "
15 l l t th t t t n d f r t t n th n n b r f p r n p r h h ld r d n l d r ; rv nt nd th r n nf l b r I n th t h nd v d l d d n t r d th th r n t bf l ; f t ll h v d n b t I n n rv t v t t W ll d t (19 3b 99 nd t th t 7 p r n p r h h ld r b rd r r l d r d r n 1 5 -17 9 n En l nd h p- t n th t rv nt nd l d r d d n t r d n th r n t bf l pl bl b th r ft n t p r r h h ld t t d pr p rt n t l n t n f n n l p pl S jn l (19 nd M S th (19 1 S nd n d t n th z f t f l A n th p r l f r h v n t b n t b l t d nd p b- l h d b t f r th p rp f v l t n th r lt f t ppr pr t t th n z f t f l t n fr t bl 7 h rd n d t n th n z f n n t f l h l n n n b t I h v d th t th f r f r n n t f l l t th p r ll b rv d n z f ll f l ft r btr t S l t n lt 1 I
bl 7 M r f St - l Str t r A n St p th t l l nd E r ph C nd t n
l S t 1 3 M x p r nt f p p l t n n t f l 1 1 9 M n z f t f l 5 5 5 1 7 E t t d p r nt f pr nd tr l En l h p p l t n r d n n t f l 1 1 1 1 E t t d pr p n t t r d n t f l n pr nd tr l En l nd 75 7 S n t 15
h t t d pr p n t t r d n t f l nd r th E d r ph nd t n l t d n th f n l r f t bl 7 h r t t f th p r nt f th p pl h ld h v r d d n t f l h " t ll " d d l l t d b d v d n th th rd r f t bl 7 b th f r t r f th t bl h t t d pr p n- t r r d b t l th f r n th th rd r (th t t d
rv nt l d r r nd h ldr n h ldr n- n-l nd p r nt f th h d A rd n t W ll (19 3b 97-5 n h h ld z n 1 5 -17 9 Of th h h ld b r n v r f r tt h d l d r nd 1 r rv nt h t t l n b r f xt nd d r l t v p r h h ld 1 f h 51 p r nt r p r nt p r nt - n-l h ldr n- n-l nd r nd h ldr n If btr t ll th t r f h h ld b r n f l z f n nv rt ll xt nd d f l ld b 3 9 h t n rv t v ; v n th t th pr n f xt nd d n t f l ld t ll t nd t b l r r th n th n n t f l St f l ft r ll nn t n t f l t r On h v d th pt n th f r l f r l l t n th p r nt f p r n n t f l
n b r n t PHS X MSS t t l p p l t n (M S x 1 + (MS ( S h r S th p r nt f h h ld f th t t p r th l l t n I d th f r fr th C br d Gr p xt -t n t h h 13 p r nt h f r pp r n l tt ntr b t n t W ht r l nd l tt (197 th n z f t f l h t n fr r l t n d l M S th n n b r f rv nt nd l d r p r h h ld h d t b 7 MS th n z f n n t f l (h h ld b r n rv nt nd l d r h d t b 3 9 th p r nt f h h ld th t r n n t (1 n p h n r t r f th t n S x th n b r f p r n r d n n t f l p r 1 h h ld MI S x 1 th n b r f l d r nd rv nt p r 1 h h ld ; MS x th n b r f p r n n n n t f l p r 1 h h ld h th d n n t r dd p t th t t l p p l t n p r 1 h h ld t th t f A l nd MS r v r t t t d b v th v r ll r lt b d d n rd I Simulation Results p r nt f p r n n t f l th pr p n t r pr b bl l ttl n th l d
h t t d pr p n t t r d n t f l t r d pr f r n f r t -f l tr t r n pr nd tr l En l nd h - pl th t h r r nd t -th rd t thr - rt r f th p pl h could h v r d d n t f l actually d d h r lt r tr n h pl v n r t r nf r t t t -f l r n z t n th n th l d n dv t f th t -f l h p th h v l d 1 An n h h nd rt n d r ph r l t n— nd v n th l rt n r l r d r— t b r th t th r r nn r bl f r rr r t r p nt h n x r rth r r I h v r - p t dl tr d h ld n t pl t h nf d n n r lt bt n d b n h p th t l r l It th r f r b pr t r t rt th t r n r r ht nd l tt r n t p n nd th t th pt n f d r ph d l — p ll th t p l f th Wh pp r A pt n d r b d n th l t h pt r— h ld l d t n v r t t f th v l b l t f n f r r d n n t f l If n th n th n th pr f r n f r t f l pr b bl v n r t r th n t d n t bl 7
h t nd rd pr p n t r lt pr nt d rl r rpr d ; th r lt f th t -f l r n r h A n h n d n t r l tt The World We Have Lost, I h l h rt dl b l v d th t th pr nd tr l En l h pr f rr d t l v n n l r f l M r v r r lt d t ntr d t th r lt f th SOCSIM d l d r b d n h pt r On l r x n t n t t rn t th t th r lt f th t -f l r n fr r r r bl l t th SOCSIM r lt h n t f SOCSIM r l —th "pr r l" r l — r v r r hl p r bl t l S t 3 Und r pr r l r l th SOCSIM d l pr d b t n 7 7 p r nt nd 3 p r nt t f l n d -
1 r n r (197 b f r x pl r th t t -f l r n z t n pr d n t d nl n th l ndh ld n l n t rv d pr n p ll n n t t t n f r th tr n n f pr p rt S rv nt nd l d r r n t rd n r l l ndh ld r ; th th pr p rt n f th p p l t n t r " f d pt n t -f l tr t r ld b n r th n p r nt n rd n t W ll (19 3b 99 p r nt r rv nt nd l d r rth r r n f l h d n pr p rt th pr p rt n f p r n n f l th t h ld l nd f r l r S W ll (19 3b 99 G d h r nd h p n (197 nd h r (19 7 S l t n lt I 3 r ph p r t r l t t n " Und r l S t 3 d l pr d t th t 9 p r nt f th p p l t n ld r d n t f l Ev n ll n f r th f t th t I r n t th l v l f nd v d l nd SOCSIM r t th h h ld l v l th d ff r n b t n th d l n th fr n f t -f l tr t r tr v l A n t d n h pt r 5 nd pp nd x C th SOCSIM d l n rp r t v r l f t r th t ht b xp t d t x r t th fr n f t f l G v n th r d l d ff r n n th tr t r f r d l th l l r t f r lt r r bl h d ff r n n th r lt pr d d b nd th pr d d b SOCSIM pr r l n f pr nt t n nd nt rpr t t n A I p nt d t n h pt r th SOCSIM r lt r n t nt th th h p th th t t p pl h ld h v r d d n t f l t ll d d l tt r nt th t p pl pr f rr d n l r l v n rr n nt h n l r l n h b rv t n th t th x p - bl p r nt f t h h ld d d n t x t n pr nd tr l En l nd " M n l t n r lt l t th t n t v r n h ld h v r d d n t f l d d t th t t b xp t d nd t rt nl d n t d n tr t pr f r n f r n l r f l l b h v r r pl t l n v r l; h ld n t h th r everyone pt d f r t f l b t r th r h th r h r d n d n pr d n t d O r b t v d n t th t th d d
h nd t bl d l n th h p th t l r l —t bl — h th x p bl p r nt f p r n h ld r d n t f - l nd r l S t 1 nd th MO nd E d r ph p r t r 17 SOCSIM pr r l r l n rp r t pr f r n f r l h r h r l S t 3 d n t A p r n f l S t 1 nd ll tr t h v r h pr f r n h l ttl p t n th t f th d l M r p rt nt th pr r l r l t th nl n f th r b d n th f th nd n r t n nd ll thr f r l t r b d n th t r t r n At th t l S t 3 th nl n f n th t d n t n rp r t pr v n f r n rr d h ldr n t l v th r p r nt l h h ld nd n n f th r l n rp r t h pr v n h th l t p r n b t n l S t 3 nd th pr r l r l W ht r nd l d d n t d n r n th t tt pt d t pr nd tr l d - r ph nd t n l l nd th p r n d ff lt t lth h th d n t h v n b n t n f d r ph p r t r d r tl p r bl t th v n n Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 th r r n 3 5 nd br t p r t r h p r nt- f t f l (b d f n t n h h M pl n th r t r pr d d b f r th r n 3 p r nt 3 p r nt 3 p r nt nd 7 7 p r nt (W ht r l nd l tt 197 5 p r d th 9 p r nt f r l S t 3 1 S h pt r I S l t n lt
bl M r f St - l Str t r A n St p th t l l C b n t n r ph M d l MO E S M x p r nt f p p l t n n t f l nd r l S t 1 7 9 3 3 M n z f t f l 5 3
h f r nd t th t th ll p t nt l f r t f l n th pr nd tr l W t n n l Und r MO d r ph nd t n l t h lf f th p p l t n ld r d n t f l — r th n t th pr p rt n h ld d nd r th E nd t n Y t th p r ll b rv d fr n f f l th t tr t r h t l r n th d-t nt th nt r th n n th d- ht nth nt r 19 On n l n th r f r n p bl th r t h v b n tr nd d l n n th pr p n t t r d n t f l d r n th p t r h r lt f th E r n r ll tr n p r nt f p p l - t n th h d r ph h r t r t —h h rt l t rl r- r nd h h f rt l t — ld r d n t f l nd r l S t 1 h b t nt ll h h r th n th p r bl f r f r th Un t d St t n 19 l r l b f rl r rr h r d r r ll th t nd r t nd rd pr p n t th E nd t n pr d d ll v r ll fr n f xt nd d f l h t r l t v r d ff r nt n l n W h ld b r n nd th t MOMSIM r lt d p nd nt r l n h t h t r h h h fr n f p t nt l t l v n rr n nt nd r th E p r t r n v nt nt n th t h h rt l t pr l d d pr d d pt n f thr - n r t n f l n l -d v l p d ntr " In f t th rl rr nd h h f rt l t t d th h p p l t n x rt nt rv l n pr r t h h rt l t In-
19 Ex tl p r bl f r r n t pr ntl v l bl b t hl n (19 nd S S th (19 A h n n t bl th E nd t n d l t xt n n f n t nd rd pr p n t fr 19 h t r l h v r pr v d r f th x fr n f t p f thr - n r t n f l S n v f d n th p t f r f r n thr - n r t n f l th t r l b r ppr pr t th n th t nd rd pr p n t d v f r t t n h h p th th t h h rt l t ld pr v nt xt nd d-f l tr t r ( v 19 5 r n nd th t th rt l t r p t l t d b th E r n r xtr th n rd n r l f nd n nt p r r h rd W rld p p l t n S l t n lt I 5 d d th fr n f t f l ld b l t h h n d v l p- n n t n n W t rn nd tr l ntr t lf th n h h rt l t n ff nt t pr l d h h fr - n f t f l ; t t b n t n f h h rt l t th l t rr t pr d j r n tr nt n t -f l tr t r S h b n t n f d r ph h r t r t r r ; n f t pr nd tr l n rth t rn E r p b n n th r p t In t rn nd th rn E r p h r h h r fr n f t f l h b n f nd p pl rr d rl r n pl h rl r h E r lt th r f r t th t r ph l d ff r n n th fr n f t f l r pr nd tr l E r p h v b n f n t n f d r ph f t r C n l n h r lt f h v p rt nt pl t n f r th h t r f th f l h d r ph nd t n pr v l n t th nd f th n n t nth nt r r h hl f v r bl t th f r t n f xt nd d f l ntr t th fr n f v l bl xt nd d n b- t nt ll l r n pr nd tr l En l nd At th v r l t d r ph h n b v d n r nd t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r On th f t f l h ld b r t v rth - l r lt t tr n pr f r n f r t -f l tr t r n En l nd b f r th n n t nth nt r In f t th l t n r lt pl th t th t f l n v t r th " d l" t p f f l n pr nd tr l En l nd " Ov r ll th r r h d n tr t th t th ppl f n h hl n t v t v r t n n d r ph nd t n h ll t d f f l tr t r — h th r n rn d th h t r l h n th l f r r d ff r nt l b t n r th n p p l t n — h ld r f ll n d r th p t nt l ff t f d r ph f t r h ff t f th f t r r n t l bv ff r nt d - r ph v r bl n l n n th r t; th r ff t b dd t v ; r th n t nt r t t ll I h v nl ll d d t th th r t l n th h pt r; r d r h h t nd r t nd r
1 jn l (19 5 In p rt f h r th fr n f pl x h h ld v r h h t rr xtr l l — l d n f 15 f r n nd 1 f r n; M tt r r nd S d r (19 37 On rr nd th d ff r n n f l tr t r b t n n rth t rn E r p nd th rn nd t rn E r p n t 5 n h pt r v (19 5 I S l t n lt
b t th nt r t n f d r ph nd n h p nd b t MOMSIM h ld n lt pp nd x On r b t nt v r n In h pt r 3 I tr d th dr t l d ff r n n th fr n f xt nd d f l n n n t nth- nt r En l nd nd A r h r r l p rt nt l d ff r n n d r ph nd t n It th r f r rth nv t - t n h th r d r ph f t r n xpl n th l p tt rn f f l tr t r h n r n v r d r ph h d nt r t- n n n f r th characteristics f xt nd d f l n d ff r nt n tr t It ld b nt l t t pr nt r lt n th t p h r h h ld l t f nd t h t l t th nt r t n f d r ph nd n h ld t rn t pp nd x E t r d th n xt h pt r—th n l n—f r t C n l n
f ll l p r r n "S n t n t t t t l " th th f l n th t th r r nt n d n t pr f nd d G r Or ll 1984 (19 9 Wh n d h h t th pp t f n Intr d t n h d " h h t f h t?" h h d dn t h lp h h d h p d b t l l O l pt h h d nd t ld th t th pp t f n Intr d t n d r h C ntr d t n; nd h v r d t l n rd I r th t h t t Wh r h v n C ntr d t n b l t I h pp n d t v r l "Wh t b t n n t h ndr d nd v n?" And h n h d d n th t n h d n b t n thr h t t t n t nd th r r thr h ndr d n th f ld h n r l ft ft r n h r nd h lf? W f nd th v r x t n nd h n h v b n x t d t n h curl p nd t l p And h tt n f l l ttl l n r n h h r b r p ll th n Gr nd h ht t h lf b t th- n nt l h t d h nd n d h h d A A M ln The House at Pooh Corner (19
W h v d n n nd h v nt d r t n th n nd t h ll b n v r x t n t n t t f r th C ntr d t n nv nt n n r p pl nd h v n th j p thr h h p I h v d t r n d th t d r ph h n ld nt f r th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r h f r th t v r th n l n t nt In f t v rt ll n th n l n t nt And d r ph n t b th t p rt nt th n ft r ll S h t r n h v r d th t th t -f l t pr d - n t d n th pr nd tr l W t b t pr v d d n f n rv n r lt r l nh r t n nd f n r n t d ppl f l b r n th f l f r M d r ph n l l nd pp rt t th t -f l h p th n t t th t th r r d pr f r n f r r d n n t f l n ht nth- nt r En l nd t th t th t -f l h p th rr t h ld pl th t th n t v f r l v n n xt nd d f l r t d t
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I27 I C n l n th pr nd tr l t f r lt r h n ld xp t th t th n r l h ft f pl nt fr r lt r nd t rd l b r n th n n t nth nt r ld h v l d t d l n n th pr p n t t r d n xt nd d f l h l t n r lt t th t n h n r l d l n n th pr p n t t r d n xt nd d f l t pl h n v n r pt n th t th r t h v b n n t v f r l v n n xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r In th r rd th r lt r ll n nt v f r xt nd d l v n rr n nt r d ll d - l n d n n nt v t h v nt pl S h n n nt v h b n pr p d b h t r n f th t r n f l Unl th t f l — h h rv d n f n rv n pr p rt —th n n t nth- nt r xt nd d f l h b n v d n f p n th l f pr p rt A rd n t th nt rpr t t n t r l h rd h p n nd r d b l b r nd nd tr l nd t n l d t n nt rd p nd n n xt nd d n ddl n th n n xt nd d f l t t f r rv v l 2 I h p th t n n l n h pt r 3 h l d th h rd h p th t r t Ext nd d f l r f r r n n th b r th n th r n th nd tr l r n l r- th r r th r n v d n th t xt nd d l v n rr n nt r ft n tr t f r t l t n n th f f p v rt r " r t l l f t t n " h pp t h p th r pl bl Ext nd d f l r th n f l x r n th n n t nth nt r W th r n th t nd rd f l v n p rh p r p pl ld ff rd t pp rt d p n- d nt n A th ld n n nt v f r xt nd d f l d l n d th n n tr nt n xt nd d f l l h v d n h d W th th t pr rr n lt n l th r ht b n pp r nt h n n r d nt l pr f r n n n h v b n nd t n f r th r f th xt nd d f l t th d n t t ll th h l t r In th t nt th nt r n h v nt n d t r h l th pr p n t t r d n x- t nd d f l h d l n d pr p t l Expl n t n n t r f r n n th t p pl h d n nd rl n d r t l v n xt nd d f l S h d r th t nt th- nt r xp r n d n- tr t f r fr n v r l t th t r n t h v h d p l pr d p t n f r xt nd d l v n rr n nt W n d n t th t f l tr t r r l r n tt t
h l t r t r d d n h pt r C n l n I 9 th p pp t r f n nd d r ph E n nd d - r ph h n r t d nd t n th t d xt nd d f l p bl St ll th t r n d d n t r d th th r xt nd d n r l b t p bl f r th t d ; th l h d t choose xt nd d-f l tr t r W t l f r r f xpl n t n b nd d r ph nd n nd r t nd th r f th xt nd d f l h ld n p rt l r t d th p l r nt xt f t r n n r nd v l W h ld f th r r p t f t r n culture th t p ll f v r d th f r t n f xt nd d f l If n r d n n nt t t v v d n ld nt rt n th v th t n lt r l h n rr d nt l th t nt th nt r ; d - r ph nd n n l r pl t l n t nt th th h - p th th t p pl h d l nt d t l v th xt nd d n b t b f r th n n t nth nt r n nd d r ph n tr nt pr v nt d th fr d n t th th th t tt t d t rd n nd t rd th f l r n d n t nt h t r l C nt p r r rh t r d n tr t th t th t r n h ld v b t th f l v r d ff r nt fr th f th r f r b r n th ht nth nt r h h r v l f nt n l -
3 Wh n l v th t d nt f bl rld f n nd d r ph nd nt r th rld f d nd b l f t t l r W n n l n r n tl d v d t nt n rr t t t l b x t t p t f h n nt r t n nn t b l nt d nd f l nl t n b r th n h A p n t n nd j d r d n f nt p r r r n r ll th ht t nt tl h t r n t n r l z t n n th n t r f l h n th t b th r v r n t r nn t b pr v n I h v nd rt n n h r f l t d f l t r r v d n fr th t r n r At th l f r h v r I th t th r d r nd l n f p l t n th h pr n p l d t b th r f th h t r n h h v n b f r h h f l r t xpl r th r hl th l t t v r n th f l d l r l t l f t th r r th r n d r t n ll ptl r z d b M r r t At d " t d n t f nd t x tl nd th n t p r nd p r nd r nd r t l nd t ll ll p n lt r f nd hr dd d f tn t And ft r h l t l n th n l v t t n t nd n t t t nd nd r h t th r n th f r t pl And b d th t v r th n b n d n lr d f h d t nd r lf ll n r nd n th dr t th b tt f th b rr l n f th n nth r r d t t d nt p r b t rd r bbl n thr h n - r pt f r n t r l r l v n n th d f n t v d t n f n d nn r- nv t t n nd th tr - t b " (At d 197 99-1 h n t t th t nt t t v r r h d n t h v pr bl f t n h r l th pr bl f f nd n h nt f M r M ltr v r ppl t n "M d t d ff lt th t th n v r t h d n d f rth r f th p t r W th t t I nn t pl t th Ult t M h n " ( ff rt 197 3 I3 C n l n t n l tp r n n th t p t t f t th t r n pr p t n th th f l A l t n fr th r t n f W lt r Gr ff n p bl h d n 1 ll rv t n t th fl v r f th l t r t r If d r d t th r p ll t nd r r ll l ht nd h d- f th h rt ll b n t n nd r n n ll f l l fr t rn l p t rn l nj l ff t n nd h d j t f r l tt r th h h t p ll t th t h ht nd d pth nd l n th nd br dth nd n - t d f nd t rn t f n n ld r t t t th th f r p t l l tt r -O-M-E r rld h r n t r ntr d — h v n f f t n t th t p t f l f — l ttl rld f j nd l v f nn n nd tr n l t All r l n d t h th r b th t nt t nd nd r n t ; h b nd t f f t h b nd; p r nt t h ldr n h ldr n t p r nt ; br th r nd t r t t r nd br th r p r l th t f l tr t t r n thr h th f l r p Gr ff n nt n n th br thl v n f r n th r p h l t d p r t l r f t n f h nd f l n t nf n d t th nn r bl dv b f th p r d; th nt nt p r t f t n d r rr p nd n r n b r ph nd v n h - t r t th r r f pt l v At th t t f th v l I t d S l tl r r t f th xt nd d f l th t h v x n d th p r t n f tr t r l f t r n d pth th nt f th t t b rv r f th t r n n b r r p t t n "I b l v th t r nh pp n fr th r th n n th r—I n fr th tt pt t pr l n th f l nn t n nd l nd t p pl h n t th r rt f ll h ld n v r n t r ll d h h f n th l r l n t r t b t n th ddl nd pp r l t ll n l r n b r d l And th ld p pl d n t r ll l t h b tt r th n th n " h dv b f th l t n n t nth nt r t p ll d r b d th h r f fr th " nx t f th t r rld " h r n h r n pr v l d nd nn n pr t t d r n tl r
Of r tp r n n every t p n r d th r n n nd h h r l t r I rt n th t h h r proportion f p bl h d r d lt th th f l n th n n t nth nt r th n n th pr d n nt r 5 Gr ff n (1 tl r (191 33 S l tl r (19 3 7 A d v r t f h t r n h v xpl r d th p rv v th n t r n lt r h l tr t nt r ht n (1957 3 1-5 391-93 nd n nd n C n l n I3I
nt t th h h v r l l r bl d pr n Y t b r r p t b l t r r d th t n d l r l t v b n- t n d v n f th r n n l b l t Gr ff n xpl t b t th " h nj n t n t pr v d f r n h h ld b nd ll b r f th f l th h d f th f l v rl n th d t r th n n nf d l; th th r b r d l n th bl t n r n t fr fr n v r nj l x r r lth nd l v d rv n p r nt br th r r t r n nt r d f rt If n ffl n b h d t ll v n d t nt r l t n t l v n th h r t f tr n r " 9 h nt nt l z t n f h ldh d th d l z t n f th th r- h ld r l t n h p nd th r f r nt l v ll ntr b t d t th n f bl t n b t n l r l t n ° Op n nfl t t nt nt t d n l f f th t h r h d b r t r n v l h t r n l r f t n f h nd f l h t b n n n d l z t n f nt n ff t v r l t n h p b t n - b r f th n l r r p h h t r n h v xpl tl l n d th rh t r t r n th d l f th nuclear f l t h ld b r n nd th t xt nd d n r n r ll th r th n l r n f h ldh d— h p r nt nd bl n — r th d p nd nt f n l r n— h r nd h ldr n h t r t p l f th t r n h d d n t x l d h r l t n ; th dv b r f ll f d n - t n r rd n th "d t f br th r nd t r " nd th " bl t n " f rr d h ldr n t th r ld rl p r nt " And th r d nt p n t r t r nd d d th r r t f r f th b r t r n n v l " W lt r ht n h pl d r t tr n th h r f t b l t nd r t f r th t r n " h lt r from th nx t f
(19 5 -59 5- 7 1 -9 S l n (197 33-5 W hl (197 n (19 1 h d (19 Y n (19 15 -53 rt n (1971 r n l (19 9 v d ff (197 On d t pr v S nn tt (197 M ntz (19 3 nd r n nd Kl (19 ; l And r n (19 h r n b l ttl d bt th t th t r n h t ll r th r ppr v A f r th xt nd d f l n rn d th r l n f n f t r n tt t d t h nd f l th t th r nf r d th b nd f bl t n b t n l r l t v 9 Gr ff n (1 535 1 h p rt n f th thr d l h b n tr d b th " nt nt l" h l f f l h t r n ; p ll Sh rt r (197 St n (1977 Ar (19 l ndr n (1979 r b h (197 A f l d n f th nr f l h t r pp r n And r n (19 S l l r (19 nd b (19 n p n n t rr nd l (1951 nd ht n (1957 n th d f r nt l v 11 S f r x pl (1 55 b n (1 9 Gr ff n (1 (1 3 1 Sh lt r (1977 A rb h (197 19 M ntz (19 3 I3 C n l n
d rn l f h lt r for th r l nd p r t l v l h h th r l p r t nd th r t l p r t r thr t n n t d tr " h t r rld d d d n r nd th f l n " ll d rd n" pr t t n h ldl nn n nd v rt h ll n t nl pt th t r rld t; th l pt l r l t n n W n d n t l f r t f nd pl bl r f f r nd n r t th t dr v th t r n t r f n f l l f h n r d p f rb n z t n p t n l nd r ph b l t nd th l r - t n f n nd l h n r t d npr d nt d t r l nd n f n rt nt b t th f t r Of r l f h d l b n n rt n nd th t p rt nt r f r —d rth nd d — r t ll d l n n n th n n t nth nt r Wh t n th n th t nd v d l h d ntr l v r th r n f t nd r r p n - bl f r h t v r b f ll th " h rh t r f S l S l tr n nd v d l ll nd p r n l r p n b l t h d b n f t t r n p ll b r t r n r p r n ll r p n bl f r d n b t th r n p t n rr pl f r d n nd r l n t r t r xt nt th n n pr v n r t n " l n r r th r t l d n pr r l ntr ll d b p r nt n t nd h r h In n f pr v nt xp t t n f n ll ph r f l f r h h h h d d n t t th xp t t n — r p th t pr b bl pr d th b l f th p p l t n— r t ld th t th h d nl th lv t bl h d l f fr ll rr d th t th b rd n
13 ht n (1957 3 3 1 h th f d rd r n th n n t nth nt r nd th n nt r l tr nd nx t h v b n tr d b S th- nb r (1971 197 197 19 5 h p n (1977 5 1 nd M d nd S b n (19 r th t t n l tt h nt t ll pr t d b t l n d p nd n . I pp th t th ld pr v d n f r n l n th nt rpr t t n f M h l And r n nd Ed rd Sh rt r On r n t th th ht 15 h n t t th t t r n t ll h d n n f l ntr l v r th r l v r t th l t f b h v r r v r l r r b d b n n tr nt A xt rn l r f ntr l d n h d nt rn l n n r d; lt r pl d r n h th f d l n n ntr l b p r nt n t nd h r h h v b n xpl r d b n h t r n ; n (197 St n (1977 l ndr n (1979 r b h (197 Ar (19 Sh rt r (197 h th r nd th r d ff r n th t n f th h n n h th r th b n n th pp r r th l r l nd n th r f nd nt l A f h t r n r th t xt rn l ntr l t ll n r d; h (1977 r t (197 nd lt (19 rh p M r p t t " r d r f n t n." h th r th f p r n l r p n b l t b n f r f l ntr l (M r 197 On th th r h nd rd n t pl n (197 " r d j t n th r rd f r n th n l ft t l " C n l n I33 of guilt and self-doubt; the psychological stresses of that burden created n r t In th tt n nt nt p r t d l r r l n 1 Un bl t p n p pl r tr t d nt th h th f l nd nt n ff t v r l t n h p h r nt l r f t n f h nd f l nl n f n p bl r p n t p h l l n r t v rth l t h ld p l r ttr t n f r th t r n A ht n r th d l- z d th r h ldh d—th p r d f th r l v d r n h h th h d b n fr fr th n d t r t l d n " " h h f h ld- h d — h t h ll d t n l t r r nd t " r t n n- t p r r " h v r name x t t n h h n l n n d r b " A d lt th t r n ht l fr n r t b l n n t the nl nv r n nt n h h th h d v r f lt secure. Onl n th r h nd f l ld th h p t f nd r f fr "th nx t f d rn l f " And th t r n ft n nt n d t r d th p r nt r bl n l n ft r th h d r n h r n n d t th t th r h p f th " h ld G d " was actually effective in alleviating insecurity; the point is simply that n t r n th ht t Ind d t p rf tl pl bl th t l v n n n xt nd d f l ft n r v t d f l n f n r t I p t n f t th t th r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r rv d n ff t v l p rp S l th r t ft n th t n r b h v r nd l n t t t n t rv f l p rp ; th r th ld n t x t It n v bl th t t n n xt nd d r l t n d d t f n t n l n d b t h v n pr r r n t th Unl xt nd d-f l tr t r d pt d n th l t n n t nth nt r b t ff r d r l l t n t l
1 n d f n t n f h I h v n t d b f r r v l n n th r " h th tr n t r f h — t th pl f p ; th h lt r n t nl fr ll nj r b t fr ll t rr r d bt nd d v n In f r t n t th t n t h ; f r th nx t f th t r l f p n tr t nt t nd th n n t ntl - nd d n n n nl v d r h t l t f th t r rld ll d b th r h b nd r f t r v r th thr h ld t t b h ; t th n nl p rt f th t t r rld h h h v r f d v r nd l ht d f r n t f r t r d pl v t l t pl t pl f th h rth t h d v r b h ld G d b f r h f n n b t th h th n r v th l v — f r t th nd r f nd f r r t p nl f n bl r h d nd l ht f r t v nd t th n nd f lf ll th pr f " ( n 1 5 99 t n In dd t n t ht n (1957 3 3- nt n th p r (197 17 ht n (1957 3 3- 1 Gr ff n (1 19 ht n (1957 3 3- I 3 C n l n n d n f n t n l n n f xt nd d-f l tr t r ld h v b n p r l f rt t If th t r n f l d d rv f l l p rp th t p rp n t n bv n h tr t r l f t r th t pp r ntl n r d xt nd d-f l tr t r n th n n t nth nt r — h n r d lth nd r d d rt l t —d d n t r t need f r th xt nd d f l ; th nl r t d th possibility f r h h fr n f xt nd d f l " W h ld b r f th t pt t n t n l z t x l v l n f n t n l t r S h n ppr h r d th t d f t t n x n th r n f rv l h n It h p r n l f t fl nd nt rn l ntr d t n nd bl nd t "th pl f th nt n nt nd th nf r n " 1 h r f th xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r n t n n v t bl d pt t n t th n d f nd tr l z t n r d rn z t n It r ppr pr t l v d h t r l d nt th t f nfl n f d r ph n nd p h l l nd t n h p r t n f th thr f t r rd n t d pl n r b nd r h t rt f l; th r n f t nt rt n d p t f l r r h t r l pr th r n n r d r ph n r p h l h ld b v d th f nd nt l f th pr l n d nn t n f th t r n f l ; h f th nd t n n r nd n n ff nt
If I rr t n r n th t th t r n d l z t n f th f l r t d n f bl t n t rd n th n v n n th p h l l ph r th reasons f r xt nd d- f l tr t r h v b n nr l t d t n purpose th xt nd d f l h v rv d Und r th r t n f n t n l n l f th xt nd d f l nn t h lp t nd r t nd h xt nd d f l r n n th t r n 1 A rd n t th f n t n l t p r d v r p rt f th h n h r l t pl n th f lf ll nt f th t l h l n f l th r h b lt- n b t rd f n t n l t nt rpr t t n W p f l tr t r th l t l r - n z t n th l rd r h v f t h d p h t r l r t ; t n t th r t n f t nt th- nt r l In W t rn t th h r r h l r n z t n f b th l r nd r l l f h b n n t ntl j t f d nd r t n l z d n f n t n l t t r I p th t th th pl ht f rb rt Alb rt r n h r (193 v "On nt ll t l x t nt h h v r b n d n d M n r nd r l rn d th n I h v d rn d n h t r pl t rh th pr d t r n d p tt rn h h r n r n l d fr I n nl n f r l f r th h t r n th t h h ld r n z n th d v l p nt f h n d t n th pl f th nt n nt nd nf r - n " r x pl n r n l f xp t n f r l l r l t d t r n n- In th r nt pr nt d b v p h l l h n l nt r nn t d th C n l n I35
n h n ; h v r th r l t n h p r n p l t v nd p rh p nr lv- bl M r v r t ld v r pl f t t th t n h n caused p h l - l h n C l n l f nn b n r n v nt t r th r r nn r bl n r nd t n t r n r n th h b t f p n t n r v r l nd t n f r n v nt nd l b l n th h h pr bl n th r t p rt n r n nd t n t h v hr n l l pr x t t th v nt n t n b t th t r nt nd t n r ll r l t d t nd r t t nd d n t d " d t " t d t n h th fr th r p rt nt "r t" r "f n- d nt l" h l tt r t p f n t b lt r l n x pt n h r n nv d n h rd nv lv d Wh n n h n p n n b t h h f v r l nd t n t nt r t n th l t n t l b l ll f th n n l f t n ; th ll d " lt l xpl n t n " n t h v r lv d th pr bl f h t t d h n v r l p rt nt nd t n — n th t r l l nd d t f r b n t r d — r ll nd t n f n n th r h nt f n r rr r r l v nt n th nt xt "M t pr bl l n r h v f n t r l t n h b f r th r l t n nt n n f th b t h h nd t n l n d l tr l th A rd n l t pr bl t l t n r f ll bl M r f ll ll l f l ; nv r l h p l n r d f p l " ( r d 1973 13-1 App nd x bl r ph Ind x App nd x A t n th M r nt f t r l l Str t r
r t z t n n d r n l t "Y h v b n f rv l pr ptn " h b rv d " x tl d d t r f I ?" "C rt nl " d th n p t r " b n th— th d h t h t I l — th d " A th Chr t The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (19 G d v fr h t th ll h h ld E l n n Collected Poems (19
h d t pr nt d n h pt r 1 r l t f r th t p rt t th p r nt- f xt nd d h h ld n v r n t hr h t th r nd r f th v l I pr nt f r b d n btl b t n f - ntl d ff r nt r nt tr t r t I f n xt nd d families r th r th n xt nd d households. S nd I l f r l t n h p n f l b r n th t nd p nd nt f h d h p p f d b n n r t r n ll nd t p rt nt I d pt nd v d l r th r th n h h ld-l v l r nt; n th r rd I th p r nt f th p p l t n r d n n xt nd d f l r th r th n th p r nt f h h ld th t r xt nd d h pp nd x l t h t n rth d x ppr h nd xpl n th nt t v nd t t t l r t n l f r r nt tr t
Family Extension versus Household Extension M r r h f n th xt nt t h h nd v d l r d d th th r xt nd d r l t v It n t t d f household tr t r ; n t d I n rn d th family tr t r A f l d f n d n r p f
1 I h v v d d f r th t p rt d pt n n t nd rd f l - l f t n h h th n d r b d b l tt (197 h p rtl b I pt l f th t l t f n n r l l f t n t rt ll v r n t n th t b t h h ld tr t r r r n t f l f t n n l t f l f -
I39 I40 Appendix A r l t d p r n h r d n th h h ld th d f n t n n f l n r d n th h h ld rd r l d r nd rv nt n t r l t d b bl d r rr d n t b l n t th f l th h d f h h ld In t d h p r n n t t t p - r t f l Und r d f n t n th r r n n tr nt n th z r tr t r f f l ; th ft n n t f n l nd v d l Wh r d r t nf r t n b t f l r l t n h p n t v l bl f r th rv nt nd l d r t nf rr d n th b f rn x nd r t l t t A h p th t l x pl l r f th p nt I n h h ld l t n dr n fr n n r pt th t nt n th f ll n nd - v d l h h ld h d f n th r f h h ld h d l l d r nr l t d t th h h ld h d th l d r f nd n nr - l t d f l rv nt h h h ld nt n thr f l h f r t f l th t f th h h ld h d t th r th h f h ld nd th r h f l n xt nd d f l ; th th r f th h h ld h d th xt nd d r l t v pr nt h nd f l n t f th rr d l d r ; th th rd f l n t f th l t r rv nt th r th nd n r th th rd f l pr nt n th h h ld l f d n xt nd d f l A th x pl nd t n l n r r d n f nd - v d l h r n t r l t d t n n th r h ld tr t r p r t t p — lb t r l t d n S n th n nv t t n f th r n h nd v d l fr ntl r d d th th r n xt nd d n n th l t n n t nth nt r b rd r l d r nd rv nt r p r- t nt nl b th n t t t p r t f l th t d d n t ft n nt n xt nd d n h ld d h p nd l Str t r h r l t n-t -h d v r bl th t pp r n n n f r pr - v d th th nf r t n n r t r t d t n t ph - t n f l f r ll n l t l pr bl ; t b t t d v l p l f t n h t d t th pr bl t h nd thr h pr f xp r nt t n r th r n I d bt th d f n rp r t n f l -t p l f t n nt th d t t th t f d n n h t v r h n d pt ll pr b bl h v t b lt r d n t n n ll f r th v r t l t l f t n h ld b rr d t b h n It h r ntl b n r d th t l f t n h ld b d n b h nd b t r r th "j d nt" f th h t r n; B. l tt (19 3-1 An t f l f t n h v r f t n t rb tr r t b v rn d b l rl p f d t f r l nd f th r l r p f n h th n b f ll d b h n On v r pl h th t t h v r l t v l br d ppl t n th v rt l- h r z nt l d h t d r b d n h pt r nd nd ppl d t xt n v l n pp n- d x E M r nt f t r l l Str t r I I n n h h ld h d h p p tt rn nd b l l r l t n h p th f th r p rt nt p t f h h ld tr t r b t th h ld n t b nf d tt rn f h h ld h d h p r f l nd t r f th r t nd d p nd n nd th n fr ntl l nd n ht nt processes of family formation and dissolution. I employ headship for th p rp n pp nd x E h p tt rn f b l l r l t n h p h v r r f nd nt l; f h t nd r t nd th f l l f l th f l n r nt rn l f l d n t nt l th t nd r t nd h ll nd v d l n th h h ld r b l ll r l t d t n n th r xtr t b l l r l t n h p fr th nf r t n v n n th n t n r th t th n l b d n n t nt r f r n p nt h f t th t n n r pt d r b f l r l t n h p fr th p nt f v f th h h ld h d h t d t t d th l f t n t d pt d b h t r n p ll h n h h ld tr t r l f d b h n n t d f b h nd r x pl h h ld n t n f h d f n nd d ht r rd n r l l f d n l r h h ld h l h h ld nt n n f th r th r h d nd t r ll l f d n xt nd d h h ld v n th h th t r b l ll d nt l compare h h ld structure over time or between groups, h ld d pt t nd rd r f r n p r n f r n n h p nd n t r l n th n t r h f h h ld h d h pr t n r th t ntr t n h d h p p tt rn ll n t b nt rpr t d d ff r- n n th b l l p tt rn f f l tr t r r th t d I pl d t nd rd r t r t d t r n th "h d" f h r p f r d nt n In n r l th f l h d d f n d th ld t d lt l member of th l r t n l r r p th n any r p f r d nt n If n d lt ( v r l r pr nt th f l h d th ld t f l b r f th l r t n l r r p h d f n t n x t n th t th r pr f r n f r l reference persons v r f l r f r n p r n I pt d f r x t d f n t n b t n z th n b r f tr n f r t n f th n l t n ; nd r d f n t n f l h d h p fr ntl th h h ld h d h p l t d n th n Wh n the h h ld n t f n l n l r f l n tr n f r t n f h d h p is rd n r l needed. A new reference person t b n d f r b t rt r f xt nd d f l nd h - h ld th v r l f l l r r n f l h d A p t r pr r d t convert fr relation-to-household-head to rela-
S n t 1 h pt r I App nd x A t n-t -f l -h d t x z th n b r f n - l r-f l b r th r t r t nd t n z th fr n f xt nd d n The Unit of Measurement Q nt t t v h t r l r r h n f l tr t r h l t n v r- ll d pt d th h h ld th b n t f r nt I h v d pt d d ff r nt ppr h r l n nt r l n nd v d l-l v l r nt h r r nd nt t v t t t l nd n l t l dv nt t r nt b nd v d l b t t f th dv nt h v b n v rl d b h t r n f th f l S v r l h t r n h v p nt d t th t f h t d r b th r d nt l xp r n f p p l t n h ld r h h ld tr t r n t r f th nd v d l r th r th n th h h ld h f r x pl n t d f r n th p r nt f h h ld th t r xt nd d ht r th p r nt f nd v d l h l v n xt nd d h h ld In h rt r nt f h h ld tr t r b nd v d l nt t v n f r nt r t d n n l z n th xp r n f p pl r th r th n th xp r n f h h ld t nd v d l-l v l r nt h nd t t t l r t n l ll r nt nd r t — h p r nt f xt nd d h h ld r n r l f rt l t r t — r b ll fr t n h n r t r n t f th th t xh b t th h r t r t r tr n t r h d n n t r h ld n t f th th t ld n v bl xh b t th t h r t r t ; n d r ph t r th d n n t r th "p p l t n t r " h r f rt l t r l t v t th p p l t n p bl f v n b rth ( ll ppr x t d th p p l t n f n f h ldb r n nd r th v t r v d b p l t l nd d t r l t v t th v t n p p l t n n t d f r l t v t th p p l t n h l th xt nt th t r d n n t r n l d nd v d l h nn t p th v n h r t r t r t t t r bl rr d E p ll f r p r n r p th n l n f rr l v nt n th d n n - t r n l d t l d n n l n C n d r f r x pl th -
3 A v r t f h t r n h v n t d th d ff r n b t n nd v d l-l v l nd h h ld-l v l r nt b t th d dv nt f h h ld-l v l r nt h v n t b n f ll xpl r d nd h t r n l t n v r ll nt n t pl h - h ld-l v l r r d n f th W t n (19 S S th (1979b - r n r (1977 159- 3 t r n xpl r n th l f - r ppr h h v b n f r d t d pt nd v d l-l v l r nt nd h v n t d f th dv nt f d n ; Eld r (1975 197 197 b K rtz r (19 nd l (19 n v (197 An rl ppr h t th pr bl t d b lp rn (197 Measurement of Historical Family Structure I43 p r n f th l t v t n t ntr n th n v r l ffr nd n th h hl r tr t d ffr If r d th p r nt f th nt r p p l t n th t v t d l t r th r th n th p r nt f th v t n p p l t n th t v t d l t our f r ld r fl t th xt nt f ffr r th n th xt nt f pp rt f r l t th t t l p p l t n p r d n n t r f r th r nt f v t n d t t th t t l n b r f h h ld n p p l t n p r d n n t r f r th r nt f h h ld tr t r S pp h t r th n d n f xt nd d-h h ld tr t r n p p l t n f f x d z h l th d t d v d th n b r f h h ld nt n n xt nd d r l t v b th t t l n b r f h - h ld h pl t assumption is that ll households in the population h v the p t nt l t b xt nd d h ll f l Ext nd d h - h ld t nd t b l r r th n n n xt nd d h h ld b th b th nn t n t f " l t r " nd b th t n l d n t d f th n l r f l A th n b r f xt nd d h h ld n r th t t l n b r f h h ld t nd t d l n f ll l h ld n- t nt h p tt rn ll tr t d b t bl A 1 W h v thr h p th t l populations of the same z nd th t nd r ll r t n
bl A 1 M r f Ext nd d l Str t r f r p th t l p l t n A n C n t nt l S z
p l t n p l t n p l t n "A" "C" Assumed characteristics S z f p p l t n b M n z of extended households 5 5 5 M n z f n n xt nd d h h ld 3 3 3 d b r f xt nd d h h ld 19 t l n b r f h h ld ((( — bd / + d 5 f p l t n l v n n xt nd d h h ld (b x d 95 M x p bl n b r f extended h h ld ( /b 40 40 Measures of extended household structure r nt f h h ld xt nd d (d/ 3 35 1 r nt f p t nt ll xt nd d h h ld t ll xt nd d (d/ 1 7 5 1 r nt f p p l t n l v n in xt nd d h h ld (f/ 1 7 5 1 I App nd x A
xt nd d h h ld ll h v n f f v b r h r n n x- t nd d h h ld ll h v n f thr p l t n "C" th t ll h h ld r xt nd d; n xt nd d h h ld z f v nd th r r p pl n th p p l t n p p l t n "C" h f rt xt nd d h h ld p l t n "A" f r xt nd d h - h ld nd p p l t n " " n n t n h l r r th n b r f xt nd d h h ld th ll r ll b th t t l n b r f h h ld G v n th t th z f ll thr p p l t n nd th v r z f xt nd d h h ld n h p p l t n f v n th t th x n b r f h h ld th t ld b xt nd d n h p p l t n f rt In th r rd th n b r f h h ld " t r " f b n xt nd d f rt n ll thr p p l t n v n th h th t t l n b r f h h ld v r b t nt ll b t n p p l t n If r h h ld tr t r r l t v t th p p l t n f h - h ld t r f b n xt nd d th n 1 p r nt f th h h ld n p p l t n "A" th t ld b xt nd d r xt nd d h r n p p l t n " " th f r p r nt A rd n t th nv nt n l r h h th t t l n b r f h h ld th d n n t r th p r nt f xt nd d h h ld r n d r bl ll r p r- nt nd 35 p r nt r p t v l In t p p l t n th t t l n b r f h h ld h h r th n th p t nt l n b r f xt nd d h h ld If th t t l n b r f h h ld r d n n t r ll rd n l nd r t t th tr pr v l n f xt nd d h h ld If n t d d pt th nd v d l r n t f r nt v d nd r t t n th pr v l n f xt nd d h h ld h b tt r f t bl A 1 h th p r nt f nd v d l n h h p th t l p p l t n l v n n xt nd d h h ld In p p l t n "A " 1 p r nt f th p p l t n l v n xt nd d h h ld h r n p p l t n " ," p r nt l v n xt nd d h h ld t th t t th r lt h n r h h ld tr t r r l t v t th nd v d l d h n th h h ld th n t f r nt nd r tr t r lv t th p p l t n f h h ld th t r p t nt ll xt nd d h b ll nd v d l n th p p l t n r " t r " f r d n n n xt nd d h h ld In t bl A 1 d th t th n z f xt nd d h h ld nd th n z f n n xt nd d h h ld r f x d h p- t n f r nr l t ; th z d tr b t n f h h ld n v r r tl b t n p p l t n h p t nt l ff t f h v r t n r ll tr t d n t bl A M r nt f t r l l Str t r I 5
bl A M r f Ext nd d l Str t r f r p th t l p l t n A n r bl l S z p l t n p l t n p l t n
Assumed characteristics S z f p p l t n b M n z f xt nd d h h ld 5 M n z f n n xt nd d h h ld 3 d b r f xt nd d h h ld 1 1 9 t l n b r f h h ld
((( — bd / + d 7 5 f p l t n l v n n xt nd d h h ld (b x d 7 5 3 M x p bl n b r f xt nd d h h ld ( /b 33 5 Measures of extended household structure r nt f h h ld xt nd d (d/ 15 1 7 1 r nt f p t nt ll xt nd d h h ld t ll xt nd d (d/ 3 5 1 r nt f p p l t n l v n n extended households (f/a) 3 5 1
A n h v thr p p l t n f d nt l z b t th t th n z f xt nd d nd n n xt nd d h h ld v r b t n p p l - t n p l t n " " th th l r t n z f xt nd d h h ld nd th l t n z f n n xt nd d h h ld h th h h t n b r f xt nd d h h ld nd th r t t p r nt f th p p l t n l v n n xt nd d h h ld r d x ll h n l t th nv nt n l r —th p r nt f h h ld xt nd d— th t p p l t n " " h th l t p r nt f xt nd d h h ld At th th r xtr p p l t n " " th th ll t n z f xt nd d h h ld nd th l r t n z f n n x- t nd d h h ld h th l t n b r f xt nd d h h ld nd th l t p r nt f th p p l t n l v n n th b t t nt n th h h t p r nt f xt nd d h h ld S pp th t p p l t n " " "E " nd " " r pr nt d thr - v t p r d h n th r n n t f r nt—th h h ld— ld n t nl nd r t t th n t d f h n b t ld l t th d r t n f h n In r l h t r l p p l t n th d r f rr r ll r b t t ft n r l Ch n th rr t d n n t r n t r l t t t l f n p nt; I App nd x A
t b l t l r t l h n r p r nt r r t f n nd In th p l t l x pl t d b v h n th r n d n n t r n r lt n p r nt th t rr p nd t th xt nt f ffr r th n t th xt nt f pp rt f r l In th f h h ld tr t r h n th t t l n b r f h h ld th d n n t r n l d t t t t th t r l r l d t t d b th d tr b t n f h h ld z b t n h h ld t p h t r n h v n- t ntl d n n ppr pr t r f h h ld tr t r th r n l n n rn n l n -t r h n n h h ld tr t r b b dl t n Ult t l t r lv h t r tr n t r Wh n n l z h h ld tr t r r ll n rn d th r d n d n r th n d t n b r n r t r th t n t v t r d n d n n rd r t nd t b h v r nd d n n t r th t pl t l n ff t d b r d n d n th t ll h v b f r v l t n th z f th n r t r h nv nt n l n r t r—th n b r f h h ld f p rt - l r t p — t n t v t r d n d n t n t n ntr n - ll b d r On th th r h nd th nv nt n l d n n t r— th t t l n b r f h h ld — l nfl n d b r d n d - n W nn t ff t v l th d n n t r (n b r f h - h ld t v l t th n r t r (n b r f xt nd d h h ld b n r t r nd d n n t r r n xtr bl nt rt n d tt r v n r nf n th r l t n h p b t n n r t r nd d n n t r n th r n t nt n r pr d t bl O r r lt r b r d b th f t th t b th n r t r nd d n n t r r ff t d t d ff r n d r b r d n d n th v r th n th t r tr n t r h t t t l r n b v d d b n th nd v d l th n t f r nt f h h ld tr t r b th t t l n b r f nd v d l n p p l t n nd p nd nt f th r r d n d n nd th nd p nd nt f h h ld z nd h h ld t p h nf nd n ff t f h h ld z n th p t nt l n b r f h h ld f v n t p pr nt n pr bl f b nd n th h - h ld r n t f r nt A t bl A 1 nd t d pt n th nd v d l th n t f r nt ld th r lt d pt n th h h ld th n t f r nt nd l t n th d n n t r t th h h ld th t ld h v v n tr t r M r v r f r nt r t d n r d n d n th nd v d l nt t v l r ppr pr t n t f r nt th n th h - h ld It ft r ll n t th h h ld n t th t r d n M r nt f t r l l Str t r I 7 d n b t r th r th r p f nd v d l l v n n th h h ld r p t nt ll l v n n th h h ld r n r n th n th t t l p p l t n f nd v d l n ppr pr t d n n t r f r th r nt f h h ld tr t r I h v th r f r h n t r f l tr t r n t r f th p r- nt f th p p l t n r d n n f l f v n t p h nd v d l n t h v r th nl n t f r nt ppr - pr t f r th t d f h h ld tr t r h b t n t f r nt d p nd n th p rt l r pr bl nd r t d In nt t l t r lv t nd v d l f p rt l r r x r r n r h t d d pt " r t l n t " th n t f r - nt Wh t v r n t f r nt h t p rt nt t r th t th d n n t r r n ff t d b h h ld z h h ld tr t r r r d n d n
The Effects of Intervening Variables h r nt ph n th f l l f r h f d tt nt n n th f t th t h h ld tr t r v r dr t ll th v rth l n h t r n nd l t nt n t n l t d ff r n n tr t r h n th p r h h ld tr t r b t n r p r v r t l n n th h h ld th n t f r nt f h h ld tr t r t nd t p rp t t th pr t b t v r- t ll p bl t nt f r d ff r n n tr t r l n nd v d l r n r p d t th r n h h ld Ind d nn t v n l f h h ld b n n tr htf r rd nn r b h h h ld nt n v r t f nd v d l f d ff r nt If d pt th nd v d l th n t f r nt h v r t t nt f r v r t n n tr t r ff r n n tr t r ff t h h ld tr t r f r v r t f r n S f th v r t n n h h ld tr t r n n f d r ph n tr nt n th v l b l t f n A th d f rr t n f r th f t r d r b d n h pt r 5 nd pp nd x C Oth r d ff r n n h h ld tr t r b t n
It f r tr th t n n l r f l r d n d n b d ll - t v l r ll p r r t th th f l h d Wh n t t xt nd d f l th d lt xt nd d n h v r t l n nt f r r d n pr b bl n r h r d d n h pt r nd 3 5 r n r (1977 h n h rp ntr t t d r ph r h h v h ft d fr -d p nd nt r l r d b rthr t nl f d th v r l t d d t nd h v n r n l d pt d - nd p nd nt r l th t t l f rt l t r t S jn l (19 7b I 4 Appendix A
r p d p nd n n r r n n tr nt r x pl th ld rl r d th th r d lt h ldr n r fr ntl th n d th ddl - d b th f r r r r l l t b n ll d p nd nt If p p l t n h h h pr p rt n f ld rl p pl th v r ll p r nt f th p p l t n l v n th th r d lt h ldr n ht l b r l t v l h h v n f t h th p r nt f p pl l v n th d lt h ldr n r l t v l l On f ntr ll n f r d ff r n n tr t r h n p r n h h ld tr t r b t n r p pr v d d r b nd - v d l pl t br d n ll h h ld t t t nt n rr r p S pp f r x pl r p r n th h h ld tr - t r f r nt th th t f th n t v b rn If th r nt t nd d t b n r th n th n t v b rn nd n p pl r l l l th n ld p pl t r d n xt nd d h h ld th n l r v r ll p r nt f r nt ht l v n xt nd d h h ld pl b - f d ff r n d r t n th p p l t n nt n rr r p ld ntr l f r nd l t n d ff r n b t n th r nt nd th n t v b rn t p f h r r t h v r h n r nt r t d n h t th v r ll d ff r n n h h ld tr t r b t n t r p ld b f th t r p h d n d nt l d tr b t n If r h h ld tr t r t th nd v d l l v l v r t f t t t l t hn b ppl d t ntr l f r r x pl n pl d r t t nd rd- z t n d r ph t hn d t ntr l f r d ff r nt l tr t r h n p r n b rth d th nd rr r t Alt rn - t v l r r n t hn b d th r n pp nd x A n t th nl v r bl th t tr htf r rd t th l v l f th nd v d l b t ntr t bl t th l v l f th h h ld; th r x pl r x nd r t l t t Wh t I h v d b t ppl ll t n h r t r t th t d r b n nd v d l r th r th n r p In h rt f n h t ntr l f r v r t n n nd v d l-l v l v r bl
7 Ev n f th r r n overall d ff r n n h h ld tr t r b t n t r p t ll d d t br d n ll h h ld- tr t r t t t b n d ff r n n th p tt rn f h h ld tr t r r fr ntl n l t ll r v l n rr r x pl f rth r v n f th r nt nd th n t v b rn r ll l l t r d n xt nd d h h ld th r ht b n f nt d ff r n n th p tt rn f xt nd d-h h ld tr t r b t n th t r p ; h d ff r n ld l nd n ht nt ntr t n pr f xt nd d-f l f r t n A d r pt n f d r t t nd rd z t n pp r n Shr nd S l (1973 9-91 19- 1 M r nt f t r l l Str t r I 9 th n n t th nd v d l n t d f th h h ld th b n t f r nt h r r l f r v r bl th t n b d nl b l n t th nt r f l l tr t r t lf n f th ; n th r x pl f l n h r r t ll th r v r bl th t t b r d t n v n h h r l v l f r t n h t z All f th n b n rp r t d nt n n l t th l v l f th nd v d l n th nd v d l th l t p bl l v l f r t n On n tt h p rt l r t z r f l n t v r nd v d l r rd b t n nn t t p rt l r r t l t t th v r t r v r f l h r nt b nd v d l ll n t n rp - r t th r t t p bl r n f v r bl nt n l n l
h r nt v n n th pp nd x d n t pr v d th nl r t n l f r r nt b nd v d l ; I nd t n h pt r nd 5 nd pp nd x C nd v d l-l v l r nt ff r d t n t th r t l dv nt nd ll r r t d r ph d l n th n p bl th h h ld-l v l r nt h th d l l d n pr nt d b v ff nt f r nd r- t nd n h pt r 3; nl th pl t t t t r pl d th r t th h rt f th v l n l f th d r ph f th xt nd d f l nd th t t p r r h r ph t t d t hn A rd n l h pt r nd 5 nd pp nd x C l d l th f r nt App nd x t nd S tt n
h n xt p nt t b n d r d th d f br n n t th r th l v r nd th r v n nd th f r t br n h f th n d r t n th locale . . . It h l d t th t l circumspection of space b l t l n r t th ff t f n l t d n d nt t h th f r f fr t p t r Ed r All n Poems of Edgar Allen Poe (1 "G t th n f r h v " d Cl r n "Inf r t n h t h t r ft r n t t " "It d p nd " d pp n "Wh t nd f nf r t n?" "Oh n t nf r t n b t n d All l n " " t r l nf r t n " d n f th rl h pp r d t b th nt ll t l h f f th r p "M t nt r t n f r d n r r h nt th p t " "I " d pp n n l n th f t th t h d d n t "Wh t th pl h r ?" A th Chr t Postern of Fate (1973
S l h t r n h v t nd n t f n th l l nd th p f h n t t d v l bl t l; th r h t b l rn d b l n t p rt l r t n p rt l r pl h r f th xt nd d f l n t h v r l l ph n - n n; I h v tr d t pp r ntl rr d b th n En l nd nd A r p t f l l d t th r f r th n t n t t d h d t f r th r r h r n t h n b f n p l h r t r t f l l t In t d I pl d th b t d t t v l bl t Alt th r I d v n d t t h h pr v d nf r t n b t 3 nd v d l r f th p rt n d t Er C nt Y r n 1 55 1 19 nd 1915 h d t r th r d nd nv rt d t h n -r d bl f r nd r th d r t n f M h l K tz r n Gl nd M r St rn n t th r th Er C nt pl n t t t th l n t t r f d t v l bl f r n n n t nth- nt r l l t Ev n r p rt nt f r t d f
I 0 t nd S tt n I5I
xt nd d-f l tr t r th 1 55 Y r t t n pr v d th rl t A r n v d n n r l t n h p t h d f h h ld d t f l dr n fr th 1 71 n r pt n f t t xt l t n n n h r En l nd r l pl d h t n r l t d t r fl t th r n f v r t n th t x t d n th n h r t xt l d tr t d r n th p r d h d t fr Er C nt nd n h r pr v d d th b f r n l f th n f th xt nd d f l h Er C nt pl ll d t d f hr n l l h n ; th n h r d t ll d p r n f th En l h nd A r n xp r n p t th dv nt f th Er C nt nd n h r pl th r n t ff nt f r n l f th demography f xt nd d- f l tr t r r th ph f th r r h I t rn d t th 19 bl U S pl h h l r r nd n rp r t r d r ph nf r t n th n th th r d t f l h n t t d ll th l h t r n t l n l l nd t n t l l b h v r C p r t v n l ll th pp t tr t f th r l r b h v r n pl th r dl d ff r nt nd t n n r l t p rt l r l l nd t n th r n f r th b h v r t dv nt f th tr t n t n th n b t l l nd t n I h v th r f r pr v d d th bn l t h f nd - t n n h n t th t I t d d r n th nd h lf f th n n t nth nt r ff l b - t n A th t rn t r n f th Er C n l t p p l t n nd n r th r t d t th f t f th t r h t r fr 75 nh b t nt n 1 55 t n 1 nd t 5 b 1915 M h f ff l r th f l d b E r p n r t n p - ll fr G r n nd l nd h n h t r f th t r fl t d th v p r d f A r nd tr l nd t hn l l d v l p nt In th d- n n t nth nt r th t pr r l r l nt r t n- b d n th h p nt f d fr th Gr t t th Er C n l hr h t th n n t nth nt r ff l n f t r n - t r b d n th r t r l fl n nt th t fr th W t-
1 h 1 55 n p ll f l b t n l d t th r n l v r bl — v l f d ll n nd r r d nt l ll h d t t n t f 1 p r nt pl f ff l n 1 55 h h r n ll nv rt d t h n -r d bl f r b r n Gl (1973 ; p r nt pl f th r t f Er C nt n 1 55; nd pl r n n fr 7 p r nt t 1 p r nt f r Er C nt h l n 1 19 nd 1915 W th th x pt n f th Gl pl ll f th d t r pr p r d nd r th d r t n f M r St rn nd M h l K tz I5 App nd x l b r r n nd l v t h tr d n r d d v r nd tr l d v l p nt n l d n f rn t r n ll n br n b t h r n nd t nn n r x t t nn lv n l nd M nn t r n tr n - f r d th t nt nt r f r t l nd t b l pr d t n ft r th t rn f th nt r h pl l n l d ff l r r l h nt rl nd r 1 55 th p p l t n n f Er C nt l n d t th r lt r l n n rd r t bt n d t n th h r t r t f f r W th t r n- nd d r -b d n Er C nt r n d n f Y r j r r lt r l r n nt l ft r W rld W r II h n h r pl d r v fr t t xt l t n rt n-n r- lt n nd S lf rd rt n nd S lf rd ntr t r dl th h th r nd th Er C nt Unl Er C nt h h h d d v r nd tr l b nd thn p t n th En l h l l t r r l t v l h n th t n r d n t d b th t xt l n- d tr h h b 1 71 ff r n fr th ff t f f r n p t - t n h p p l t n f rt n l t nt r l En l h b rn h r b t p r nt f th S lf rd p p l t n n t d f r nt tl fr Ir l nd rt n-n r- lt n d l v d d l ll t n h t n n d n t d b th A h rth f l p nn n ll nd b t h lf th r r l v d n tt b lt nd r nt d b th A h rth f l According t W ll dd f t r r ppl nd h rp r t f th f t r t th r " d b t nt l t n b ld n r ll dr n d nd ll l ht d h v n n d r n fr nt nd n th r n th b " h r r r n ll pr p r ; v n d r n th d pr n r f th 1 tr v l r r r d n th t r l f rt th p r t v nj d h r l v d n f r r bl h h t nd rd f h lth n t t n nd l t r t th
C n d r bl nd r r r h n th l nd n h r t r t f ff l n th p r d has b n rr d t S f r x pl St rn (1979 K tz t nd St rn (19 Gl (1973 197 Y n -M hl n (1977 Sh lt n (197 Al n (1 9 S f l nt p r r r n l d rr nd El t (19 C rp nt r (19 7 ff l rd f lth (1 55 l (19 5 ff l Ch b r f C r (1911-191 3 dd (1842). There were t t p f tt with two rooms nd others with f r h v r h nt n d 5 p pl n l d n 75 ll r r Hansard (1 11 h b t r n th A h rth f l nd nd t n n rt n n r ll Boyson (197 See l C l n (1 75 h r (1 111 W C l r (1 15 n (197 1 dd (1 9 A h rth (1 7 - 1 5 On h lth nd t n zz ll nd W n r ht (1973 1 7 Faucher (1844: 11 l r (1 15 On l t r Parliamentary Papers (1 33 S n r (1 37 t nd S tt n 153
b n f t f rt n d d n t th t t; A h rth x r d tr t p t rn l t p r nt nd n v r h r r r n n r p n pr p r p n ld r lt n d l nd th h f r r r n p t d fr ntl f r l nl n nd "h b t f l f " C nd t n n S lf rd r v r d ff r nt; En l d r b d th t "th l l " n nd t n r n th r t n En - l nd nd th n t t n t v rt ll n n x t nt M rt l t d v t t n ; n 1 71 v r h lf th h ldr n d d th n th r f r t r 9 h l v l f p v rt r nd ll t r n S lf rd r n t r Y t th r n th r p t t S lf rd t tl n b r h f r ht n ndl t n nd ndl b r r b th 1 7 b n f h n bl b rb n r tr t f r n f t r r b n r r h nt nd pr f n l "
7 h p l t l p n n f th rt n r r r pp r ntl f rl f r t th l ft; h r (1 11 nd Parliamentary Papers (1 II 5- A h rth (1 h r (1 113 Parliamentary Papers (1 3 7 7 En l p n f v t t A h rth ll nd th r l th r t th t " n p tr r h l r l t n th l f f th v rl r h t th b r pr th r r f th b t l v nt ll nd r ll " (195 1 On p t f A h rth p t rn l th t h v h d n ff t n f l tr t r h t v d r nt f th r fr r n (Parliamentary Papers 1 II 75 n th h t r n f th A h rth f l t th t " t p bl n A h rth nt r t f r th v t t t h nd r l r f l nd l h h d l ttl d ff lt n d v l p n r l t n h r h nt r t r n rn d" ( n 197 1 Wh th r r n t t n h nt r t A h rth d d t v l r r t h r r h ldr n (Parliamentary Papers 1 I 99 Alth h th r n d r bl t t n th t A h rth p t rn l l d t j b r t n t l t n n t n h f r d ddl - d r r nd r f d t t r p n b l t (Hansard 1 11 It h ld l b n t d th t h f th v d n t d h r d r v fr n rl r p r d th n th n pl 1 71 th t n n d l n lth h nd t n r t ll b tt r th n n th r p rt f th r n S Wh ttl (1 5 35 nd r n h (1 59 7 En l d r b S lf rd t l n th (195 1- 3 b rt (1971 13-1 7 Gr n ll (197 35-5 9 hr h t th v nt nn l rt l t r n S lf rd th n n v rp l r M n h t r " t th d th t ll " x l d nt p r r r t "I t n t d r - f l t n t th t f rt - ht p r nt r l t n -h lf f th h ldr n b rn n S lf rd p r h th n th f r t f v r f l f " h r tt n n 1 ; n 1 71 th f r 5 p r nt (Tenth Annual Report on the Health of Salford with Statistical Abstracts for the Decennium 1 ntr d t n 1 On l t r l (1 51 b rt (1971 - 9 1 9-3 M n h t r St t t l S t (1 3 On r l (1 51 nd th l tt r t th d t r f th Salford Weekly News f 31 M r h 1 77 On p v rt rn ( np bl h d S lf rd C ntr l br r Ch d (1 1-3 11 bt n n d t n b r f b r f l th b r h r v r - pl d I 5 App nd x
h pl fr Er C nt nd n h r f r th b for n l f th ff t f n f t r n xt nd d-f l tr t r r th p t f th r r h t dv nt t l l d t th t r l nd t n nd n r n z t n f Er C nt rt n nd S lf rd r tr n l d ff r nt p r n f th l l t n t th xt nt t h h n f t r t th n t l v l d t t r d nt l d n rth r r n f r d t l l d t t t d f l tr t r b f r 19 b n t n l pl r n t t v l bl f r th r En l nd r A r t th h rt f r r h n rn n t n b t r th r d - r ph In th ph f th t d I t rn t n t n l d t Inf r t n b t d r ph nd t n r r d l v l bl t th n t n l l v l th n f r l l t M r v r r r h tr t f r d r ph n l —d r b d n h pt r 5—r r l r pl f th n A rd n l h f th r r h pl th 19 bl U S - pl f th U S f d r l n 1 h d t t— h h pr v d d t n v r 1 p r n — pr b bl th l r t nd h h t l t h t r- l census pl v l bl n h n -r d bl f r It n rp r t v r l v r bl nt l f r d r ph n l th t r n t v l bl n rl r n h ldr n v r b rn h ldr n rv v n nd d r t n f rr p t th dr t ntr t n l l nd t n n rt n S l- f rd nd Er C nt l r p tt rn f f l tr t r r f nd n ll thr n t h v r ll fr n f xt nd d l v n rr n - nt d ff r d nl l htl b t n th l l t nt -t p r nt f th Er C nt pl n 1 r d d th xt nd d r l t v p r d th 1 p r nt n rt n nd 3 p r nt n S lf rd th r r v rt ll n n f nt d ff r n n f l tr t r b t n rt n nd S lf rd th t f l r b n d t pr d th t b l - t n d n th t d Ev d n fr th n t n l pl r nf r th n l n - t d b th l l d t r In br d tl n p tt rn f f l tr t r n n h r nd n Er C nt r r pl t d t th n t n l l v l n 19 h v r ll l r t r lt f strikingly similar decisions on the p rt f nd v d l ; th pr p n t f r nd v d l t r d th r l t v f p f t p — l f d rd n t r l t n h p x nd r - t l t t — l l p r ll l n th thr n t nd th n t n l
1 h d r b d n Gr h (19 t nd S tt n I55
pl " rth r r d ff r nt l n f l tr t r b l - r ph b l t nd l f r f ll d th n r l p tt rn n n h r Er C nt nd th Un t d St t h l S h l r t n f l l v n rr n nt t th t th p tt rn I d r b r n t pl r p n t l l nd t n r v n n t n l n A rd n l I h v tr d d r ph nd n xpl n - t n f r th h h fr n f xt nd d f l n th n n t nth nt r th t ht ppl t b th En l nd nd A r ; n l n I b l v r ll n r l z bl
13 r d r pt n f r d nt l pr p n t h pt r 5 nd App nd x C MOMSIM An Ind v d l v l M d l f r ph nd K n h p
"C n h ndl nv l t d tr x M n d - nd t n d th rd- p t n b r n th C h n th lt n n n-t p r l nv lv nt f th h n f ld?" "M r I n d t nd fr p b n h f t th t t th t " A ff rt Nine Hundred Grandmothers (197 r v r l r n I h v n t b n bl t p th n t f r th p rt f n rr t v nt n r l r r nn t d h p I v th n t d j nt d I f nd th r h v n dr n th p fr r Wh n v r t ld n r p rp t tr n pl nt th fr th n t r l r hr n l l rd r I h v n t r pl d t d S t I p n th pr nt t n th p t t n M h h b n tt d I ld n t th t ff rt n tr n lf t th t f th r r ll n r n tr t n nt r l r n rr t v th h l b rth n f h rr r h h l p n br n h Q n Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1
h r r r p t n h h d n n d r ph r l - t n l r t t n p th r h hl dd t v b th nd ph r nd b th l d t d p r nd fr tr t n rth r I p t th t n n n v r r ll r v r fr th r xp r n W r It r nt n f ll d nt fr r n l t d bbl r t f ll-bl n M nt C rl d l r th t r ld b l n r th n Q n Confessions. I h v n ntl l t d t l t d r p- t n f d l t t nd h t d ff lt f r th r d r t nd r t nd th r t n l b h nd f th p l r t f ppr h; th d v lv d n l n nd t rt pr f xp r - nt t n h f n l pr d t r pr nt tt pt t x z f r p t n v rt r ff n v r t l t nd pl t In th ff rt f fth v rt — nt t v b l t —h p rh p f ll n b th d
I56 MOMSIM 157
t th d l n t r ll d ff lt t nd r t nd; t pl d ff lt t xpl n h pr bl th t n rd r t nd r t nd n n p t f th d l n r ll n d t n b t ll th th r p t ; th n tt r n h t rd r th d l xpl n d th r ll l b nf n t th b nn n t th p t nt r d r ll b r rd d th pr h n n
General Characteristics of the Model h d l d r b d n th pp nd x ll d M d l d ff r n nt nt fr th d l f th f l d r b d n h pt r n thr r l r p t r t t n t d l f h h ld tr t r ; n t d t d l f n h p S nd n h p d t th l v l f th nd v d l r th r th n t th l v l f th h h ld r f l n ll h p th t l r l r n t pl d n nt r l p rt f th d l MOMSIM l d ff r r d ll fr pr v r l t n d l n t r f t r n z t n Oth r d r ph r l t n b n th p p l t n th t h n n h r t r t nd th n th t p p l t n nth b nth r r b r In h t nt rv l v r nd v d l xp d t rt n r f d th rr nd h ldb r- n It th n r t p tr f th nt r p p l t n t ll t h p rp f pl t n r t r p f r l t d nd - v d l h xh b t th d r ph b h v r f n b rv d p p l - t n t r l r h th n r pt n pr v d nf r - t n nl b t th h r d d t th r; b ntr t MOMSIM d n d t r v l th h r t r t f ll r l t v r rdl f th r l v n rr n nt h r n n d f r th d l t th nt r p p l t n lt n l In t d th d l v l h p r t r p f r l t d p pl E h f l r p b n th f l n t r h b rn n 1 r b f r th "pr nt " h n t r rr nd h h ldr n n rd n th b rv d pr b b l t nd h f h r h ldr n n t rn xp d t r f rr h ldb rth nd d th In th f h n th d l n r t r p f r l t d nd v d l Wh n h r p pl t ll h r t r t — n l d n th t n f ll v nt — r t b l t d r r tt n n t p f r l t r n l nd th pr b n n th n n t r h pr d r r p t d nt l n d t pl f f l h b n n r t d h ppr h f tr t n h f l r p v l r th r th n n ll f l n rr ntl ff r v r t f dv nt r t t l t ll pl r t h ndl f l n t t M r v r th ppr h ll n t n r t l r pl v n h n th t r MOMSIM I59
pr r l t n n r pt nd f p r v t l t t t W r f r d th r f r th r t p r d l pl r t nv nt nf r - t n n b h v r h l t n ppr h d r b d h r h v r l f t r th t h lp p t pl r t n t d b v h p th t l r l r n t pl d p rt f th d r ph fr r S nd th th d r tr t d t d r ph v r bl n rr l d f n d; th r n tt pt t n- rp r t v r bl h r r ph b l t nd l th ff t f d r ph n f l tr t r f r b r p f th p p l t n n t r n th d l p r t l f r h b r p h f t r h r d b t th r d r ph l t n h rd th d l " p n " n th n th t rr p rtn r d n t h v t b l t d th n th l t d p p l t n b t r n t d r t d th r n d d In th n th l t d p p l t n b v d pl f l r r p p l t n pt pl n dd t n l t d n t tt pt t d l h n v r l n p r d f t S l t n rd n r l h v th p - b l t n n f th r h f v rt th t n nt n th ll t n f d r ph v nt r th r b h v r n r t n ft r n r t n nd th pr j t th p p l t n nt th f t r h d l h v r d n d x l v l t l f r v l t n p r d d t n f l tr t r th r n n d f r l n -r n pr j t n M n f h p th t l r l xt rn l t th d r ph fr r f th d l; n th n l t d l d d n h pt r th pl d t r n h t r d S th d n n h pt r 5 5 h n rr d r ph v r bl —f rt l t rt l t nd n pt l t — r f r l r l d t t d b l b h v r r x pl rt l t nfl n d b l nd n nd t n nd f rt l t h v l ff t d b r t l p tt rn nd l n tr nt Wh t v r th r f d r ph b h v r th n n r d r t nd n p bl n b d l v th r l t v h d n t x t Oth r v r bl h r t n nd r r f nd nt ll d ff r nt M r t n nd r nfl n th r n f l v n r l t n nl b r nt n n r nt bl nd h t ll h v d ff r nt p tt rn f b rth nd d th th xt nt th t h t n l z th ff t f d - r ph f t r f r th b r p t rr t th n l f r h r p p - r t l h d l n b r n p r t l f r n b r p f th p p l t n th t r l t v l t bl n t r f b r h p h ld n l d f r x pl r thn t nd b rthpl O p t n l l nd d t n r ppr pr t l n th t r r br dl d f n d nd p t n l nd d t n l b l t r n t t r p d ( r th d r ph h r t r t f th h hl b l th n v n r n d n t d ff r t r tl fr th h r n t b l An ppl t n f th d l f r n l f l d ff r n d r b d n pp nd x E h r n h th nd f n l n ppr pr t f r n r t n r p nt d t n n t 1 f h pt r 5 h d t n t n b t n l d nd p n d l r d d n Sh p (19 9 nd rv tz t l (19 9 I App nd x C
Of r th h f ppl t n f t n l z h t r l h n In rd r t d th n t r p t dl r n th l t n n d r ph d t f r d ff r nt p r d ; th ppr h t l z d n h p- t r M r v r v n th h d n d t ld r t r lt t nl n nt n t t r l v r bl ; t d t r n th h r t r t f p p l t n t v n t t n r t d l v nt th t rr d f r b 1 r rl r th n h lt th pr t n l r nd th th nl r n h h th pl t t f n r l t n h p ll pp r It n th n th t t t ; lth h t f t r n th d l n t nt nd d t d l pr f h n nd t n t n t pr nt f r f l f r th t p rp Input Data and Allocation Procedures M r l t n r b n n v t l v nt t b r f h p - th t l p p l t n h v nt r n d rd n t pr d t r- n d t bl f pr b b l t h t n d r b th pr b b l t t bl pl d b nd th n b h h h r t r t r ll - t d h th pr d r f t nt th v r ll tr t r f th d l nd h th r d t r t h p th t l p p l t n f n r p d d n th f ll n t n If t nf d th t nd r- t nd bl b t f b r th t ll b l r n th nd MOMSIM b d n d r ph pr b b l t th t r l l t d d r tl fr pl f th n r pt n h d l d - v l p d nd t t d n pr b b l t fr th bl U S pl f th U S n f r 19 7 1 h t th pl b t l r n h t l l t d t l d d r ph pr b b l t nd b t th rl t pl t pr v d nf r t n n l t v f rt l t nd r- r d r t n U n h r -l v l d t —r th r th n lr d r t d d - r ph d t h - p f f rt l t r t —h v r l dv nt h pr b b l t d tr b t n n b h r d t l d th n l f r l t n ; th d tr b t n n b t l r d t th p f r r nt f th d l; r t r n b r f v r bl n b n rp r t d th n t r ; nd p r ll b d nt rr l t n h p b t n d - r ph v r bl n b nt r t d nt th d l h f ll n l t f th b np t t bl f r MOMSIM
7 h pl h h nv rt d t h n -r d bl f r nd r th d r t n f S l r t n t th Un v r t f W h n t n v l bl fr th Int r-Un v r t C n rt f r l t l nd S l r h Ann Arb r M h n It d r b d n Gr h (19 ; l pp nd x MOMSIM I I
1 r nt v r rr d b nd x tr b t n f nt rv l b t n p b rr nt t rr nd x 3 tr b t n f n b r f h ldr n v r b rn b d r t n f r- r nd f th r tr b t n f nt rv l b t n rr nd b rth f nf nt 5 tr b t n f t d th b x r nt f v r- d d p r n rr ntl d d b nd x h f r t np t t bl pl th pr p rt n f nd v d l f h nd x h h v v r rr d h n b l l l t d fr n r fr v t l t t t MOMSIM pl th d t n r t l t t t n t f r t rr h pr d r f r n n f r t rr tr htf r rd bl C 1 pr v d n x pl ; t p rt f th l t v pr b b l t d tr b - t n f th pr p rt n v r rr d b nd x f r th Un t d St t n 19 S pp h t n rr t n r t th d l n r t r nd n b r b t n nd 1-l t 593 t th t n t bl C 1 55 p r nt f th f l p p l t n h d rr d b 3 nd 7 3 p r nt h d rr d b S n 59 3 f ll b t n th t v l n th t th n rr d b -
bl C 1 r p rt n f p l t n Ev r M rr d b A nd S x Un t d St t 19
A M l l A M l l
1 9 31 7 5 3 15 5 119 3 7 9 399 1 57 33 753 9 17 1 5 1111 3 77 5 77 1 33 17 35 751 9 19 3 3 3 7 7 9 91 37 37 151 911 1 1539 37 3 33 9 97 17 5 99 39 5 91 7 3 759 55 9 3 9 73 1 97 9 9 5 1 9 9 1 1 9 5 51 5 7 35 3 1 93 7 57 1 7 9 95 7 5 79 5 5 73 9 5 9 5 7 1 9 9 9 3 7 9 3 1 App nd x C t n x t 3 nd x t l l t th n x t t rr MOMSIM th t th n nd v d l r rr r d tr b t d v nl nd nt rp l t M t r l t n h ndl th ll t n f t rr thr h th f - p f rr r t r h th t n n rr d nd v d l l v p r t r nd n b r n r t d h r nd n b r p r d t th pr p rt n f n rr d p r n t th t h rr th n th nt rv l If th r nd n b r l th n th pr b b l t th p r n rr S n ll x- pr d n nth h ndr d f r nd n b r h v t b n r- t d n rd r f r n l rr t t pl h MOMSIM ppr h ld x tl th d tr b t n f rr b t r r nl n r nd n b r f r h rr h n f th r n h MOMSIM p r t v l n xp n v t r n If p r n rr h r h n d p nd r t n S n n p n d l th t p rtn r x t f r h rr d p r n b t t d d th p h th f n t n f th nd pr b b l t d tr b t n h nt rv l b t n h - b nd nd v v r th th r t rr th - nt rv l t bl br n nt ht t r f rr S n rr r d ff r nt f r n nd n p r t t bl r l pr v d d f r h x r h t r f t rr nd h x th t bl nd t th pr p rt n f rr th n n v n nt rv l th th nt rv l r n n fr —15 t + 3 t v nt rv l nd t th t th f ld r th n th h b nd
h t l l t th x t t rr nt rp l t using th f ll n f r l R n+ — An
h r n l t b rthd b f r rr R th r nd n b r n is th pr p rt n rr d t n nd th pr p rt n rr d t n + 1 In x pl th x t t rr th r f r 3 3 A t bl C 1 nd t n t nd d t rr n f ntl n r th n n d d n 19 r f r W ll W ll n nt p r r observer, d pl r d this fact: "It n n v bl th h t t p d nd r d l v n t l h r ld n r nt t f r n v In th n tr ll n rr d l f ll b d t th nh pp v t nd r n l h p ll r n h r h rt th h n h h b nd h r ll t b r t r nd h ll r tl l n f r th d th f h r p r nn t d h b nd In f t th r f ld n r r d l nd h d S h r th t rr bl p n lt r rv d f r th pr v d nt nd f l h pr d f th d l t ld n h xp nd th r l t br th f l f n th t f p rf d pl r Al f r th ld d t rd h d r t dr n f th n h nt d p " (W ll n 19 1- 3 I 3
h pr b b l t d tr b t n r rr n d l t v l th r n fr t 1 th t bl l t v n d pt x tl th n nt pr d r f r nt rv l b t n p pl d f r f r t rr Aft r th d l l t th ppr pr t p rt f th t bl b d n th n rr t n r t r nd n b r b t n nd 1 h p nt n th l t v pr b b l t d tr b t n f nt rv l th t rr p nd t th r nd n b r n d th nt rv l b t n h b nd nd f On n h n th x t nt rv l n d d n v n d tr b t n th n p f r nd nt rp l t h p th n l l t d b btr t n h n nt f f rt l t n r pl x h n l f f rt l t h b n p l f f d r ph r l t n d l n th p t th r b t nt l l t r t r n t hn f r l t n b rth h ppr h f ll d n MOMSIM h v r d ff r r tl fr th t rd n r l d n f rt l t d l p ll d r ph r - l t n h ndl f rt l t thr h th f - p f r t n nn r n l t th l ll t n f rr d r b d b v h t t r l t n n r t p r t r nd n - b r f r v r t nt rv l th t h n l bl t n v If th pr b b l t f n pt n r t r th n th r nd n b r n p- t n n d t th n h ppr h n b r tl l b r t d f r t d n d r n f d t r n nt f f rt l t h f t l rt l t pr l n d br tf d n ntr pt v nd x l b t - n n An rl v r n f pl d - p f f rt l t r t f r th ll t n f b rth t n b t I b nd n d th tr t h n I f nd th t t ld d h hl nr l t d tr b t n f h ldr n v r b rn t n h t hn pr v d t b r t f r t t n th n h ldr n v r b rn t h b t th t nd rd d v t n f h ldr n v r b rn h t ll S n h v n h ldr n nd h v f ; r nd n b r n r t r pl d n t ntr d n h v r t n n n h th nv nt n l ppr h b- t nt ll nd r t t th pr p rt n f n th n h ldr n v r b rn r n h ldr n rv v n
h rr r r t n r t pr bl f r d r ph d l th t r p f ll r nt d t th t d f f rt l t n h d l r pr - r l n rn d th r t r f f rt l t h th Gr pr d t n t r d l d n d t r v l th v l b l t f n
9 S f r x pl S nt (197t3 rd nd r d n (197 I App nd x C h v r th f - p f r t n th ll t n f f rt l t pr - d n pt bl n r W r n t pr r l n rn d th th n n b r f v l bl n f v n t p ; r th r r nt r t d n th p r nt f p r n h h d n n f v n t p v l bl f r r d n h fr n d tr b t n f th n b r f n v l bl th r f r j t p rt nt th ntr l t nd n h ll t n f b rth rd n t p f r t n t nl v r t t th pr p rt n f n th n h ldr n v r b rn t l v r t t th pr p rt n f nd v d l th n d nd nt r h r z nt ll xt nd d n f v n t p h b th d tr b t n f n n nd v d l n l r r d t r n d b th d tr b - t n f h ldr n n th r h th r f th SOCSIM r l t n d l l pp r ntl r n z d th t th ll t n f f rt l t thr h th f - p f r t ld t - n f r f rt l t b h v r p n t f r th th ntr d d dd t n l v r b l t E h n n th l t d p p l - t n n d "l " " d " r "h h" f rt l t - dj t nt f t r t b rth nd th dj t nt d t d f th r f b r n h ldr n thr h t th t n r pr d t v p n Alth h t b tt r th n n th n th ppr h n t d l " Alth h t ld b p bl t r t r ph t t d dj t- nt t hn th n th t pl d b SOCSIM h pl r ppr h v l bl h rr nt v r n f d n t pl - p f r t t n b rth In t d h n n d t t l n b r f h ldr n v r b rn n th b f p r ll d t r n d pr b b l t d tr b t n " h r nt th t th d tr b t n f h ldr n v r b rn n th l t d p p l t n ll rr p nd l l t th t n r l
1 W ht r l nd l tt (197 h SOCSIM ppr h t th v r b l t f f nd t n r l v r pl f d; pr bl th t l v r t n nt n v d n women nt thr t r —l d nd high—is unlikely to yield d tr b t n f h ldr n v r b rn th t l l p r ll l th t f r l p p l t n rth r- r th th r f SOCSIM pp r ntl h d n n f t t n r l t f nd t dj t nt f r th r p p l t n th v l th pl d r pr b bl r th r rb tr r On nn t t ll f r r b t I p t th t SOCSIM nd r t t th v r b l t f f nd t nd th ld l d t v r t t n f th v l b l t f n r n alternate—and more ph t t d— n of controlling the variability f f rt l t Cr ft nd Ir l nd (1975 ; l rd nd r d n (197 11 h v r bl n l d d n U S n n 19 In n nd rv d t fr nt p r r h rd W rld n t n h ldr n- v r-b rn d t r fr ntl b d d n rd f r ld r n M th d f r d t t n h b r d d n Sh r nd S l (1973 S h b r not pp r nt n th U S n d t MOMSIM I 5 p p l t n th t n dj t nt t th v r b l t f f rt l t r n d d h f th d tr b t n f h ldr n v r b rn r th r th n - p f r t t ll t f rt l t ppr pr t b n t n rn d th th d t r n nt f f rt l t b t r th r th t n - n ; v n l v l f f rt l t pl d v r b th d l f th v l b l t f n t r l th t th v r b l t f f rt l t b t n th r r l t nd th h ldr n- v r-b rn p- pr h n r th S v r l f t r nfl n th n b r f h ldr n b rn t n n l d n h r rr nt nd h r t rr d th d h d n r h nd n p t th f t r nt nt b l f n h n rd n t t r t r h r x t h ldb rth nd th d r t n f h r h ldb r n p r d h x f n t h ldb rth d f n d b h r rr nt h r t d th r h r t n p (pr d t b 9 h h v r n t r rr ntl d d n th x t h ldb rth nn t b greater than the woman's age at the death of her h b nd h duration f h ldb r n d f n d th nt rv l b t n rr r n r h (pr d t b 13 h h v r r l t nd th x t h ldb rth h n f d l n th b rth th t r pr r t rr d r b d b l MOMSIM pl p r t d tr b t n f n b r f h ldr n v r b rn f r h b n t n f f ft n x t h ldb rth nd th rt - ht d r t n f h ldb r n t l th pr b b l t d tr b - t n v rn n f r t rr nd nt rv l b t n p th h ldr n- v r-b rn d tr b t n r rr n d l t v l fr z r h ldr n p t t nt -f v On n th t bl r l l t d fr th n n th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn t l t d n th d l f r t l t th ppr pr t d tr b t n n th b f x t h ldb rth nd d r t n f h ldb r n h n th d l n r t r nd n b r nd n th rr p nd n n b r f h ldr n h n nt pr d r r n th th d r b d b v f r f r t rr nd nt rv l b t n p x pt th t n nt rp l t n n r b h ldr n d n t n fr t n It n t n h pl t n th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn t h n n th l t d p p l t n; n t l d t r n when th h ldr n r b rn h p bl r n f n t h ldb rth d f n d b h r d r t n f h ldb r n nd h r x I App nd x C
t h ldb rth W th n th b l t n tr nt b rth t nd t b n ntr t d t rd th n r nd f th r pr d t v p n In rd r t n th x t f th r t th b rth f th r h ldr n pl th d tr b t n f nt rv l b t n rr nd th b rth f h ldr n C n d t d n t n l d th f ll h ldr n v r b rn b t th d pr v d f r h ldr n t ll r d nt n th h h ld n z rr r r lt n fr h ld rt l t nd d p rt r fr h th d t r r tr t d t h ldr n nd r On n th t bl n nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth rr n d l t v pr b b l t d tr b t n th r n f z r t th rt -f v r b t n rr nd h ldb rth h n nt f nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth rr d t p r t l f r h h ld rd n t th pr d r f ll d h n ll t n th r h r t r t h pr b b l t d tr b t n r tr t d t th pt bl r pr d t v p n ppr pr t f r h n A n th d f n d b th d r t n f th n h ldb r n p r d nd h r x t h ldb rth On n th nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth th th r t th b rth f h h ld nd th rr nt f h h ld n b bt n d thr h btr t n On d dv nt f th ppr h th t t d n t n r l pr d r l t d tr b t n f nt rv l b t n v h ldr n Aft r xp r nt n xt n v l th t hn f r ll t n nt rv l b t n v h ldr n n th b f b rv d d tr b t n I d d d th t th l t l d ff lt ntr d d b h r f n nt t h th p t nt l pr v nt n r v rth l pr I n rp r t d pr v n f r p f n n nt rv l b t n v h ldr n h r n n l d d n th r p f d n nt rv l f n n nth ( 75 r An dv nt f th h ldr n- v r-b rn ppr h th t t ll t nt f r h t r l h n n f rt l t rt l t f ll n n th l t n n t nth nt r h ld r n n 19 h d r t r - p f f rt l t th n d d n n n r h rt h pr d r I h v d r b d ll ld r lt th t r fl t h n n f rt l t b t n - v h rt th n nt f f rt l t b d n th n x- t h ldb rth h h n t rn n tr n d b h r rr nt th pr b b l t t bl r b d n r tr p t v d t th pt r h n n f rt l t rr n d r n th p t n r t n h ll v r ll f n n l z n p p l t n f r h h n h d t l d r tr p t v d t n pl t d f rt l t f r n f ll b t th t t t n r l t v l n l In t f n l v - MOMSIM I 7 d n t th ntr r n ll nt t th t f rt l t t bl r t A n n t bl f rt l t r t r r n dd t n l r n l n th f rt l t pr d r n rp r t n pt n l f t r f r - n t bl f rt l t Wh n th pt n l f t r nv d ll n r tr t d f th r x t h ldb rth 9 r rdl f th r rr nt r t d th h r th n n d h ldr n rd n t th th d tl n d b v If th r rr nt r t d th l th n 9 th dd r th t th ll b n d t n h ldr n h t r v th xtr h ldr n; th d n b l n t n n h ldr n b rn ft r th n rr nt r t d th h ff t f th pt n l f t r t v ll n n th p p l t n th - p f f rt l t xp r n th 9- r- ld ` h ndl ll t b pr t nd n th t t d n t x t W th n th d l th d n t n " v r rr d" n th r th t n h rr d or th t h h v n b rth S l rl th r l t n h p "h b nd" n th r h b nd or f th r f th n ll t t h ldr n h pl f t n d pr r l f r l t l r n v r th pr t l nf r t pr n pl d pt d thr h t th d l n rn d th biological r l t n h p r th r th n l n h pr d r f r h ndl n ll t rr d t n th pr p r - t n f th np t t bl In th t bl nd t n r t l t t n l n th h ldr n v r b rn r r l f d v r rr d h d f t n f th pr b b l t t bl n h ldr n v r b rn l htl r pl x If n h h d h ldr n b t l t d n l th n v l f r h r d r t n f rr p t d b n f "h t d " pr d r n th b f h r r p nd n b r f h ldr n v r b rn " In th th r t bl n l n r tt d W th n th d l th n rr d n t n th t r n h
1 v l t th p r d d t f r 19 n r d n p tt rn t n r t nt f r f rt l t d ff r nt l b t n h rt h t nd rd pr p n t pl d n h pt r 5 nd nd pp nd x r th r f r l l t d n h rt- p f r tr p - t v d t n h ldr n v r b rn W th th x pt n f th S d l n h pt r h v r ll f th th r r n pr nt d n th b r b d n th t bl -f rt l t v r n f th f rt l t pr d r M rt l t h n l rr d n th n n t nth nt r b t th rr nt pl nt t n f d n t nt f r h rt d ff r n n rt l t 13 h t f r h n th d l n th rr d r t n f th pr v n n th d t f l h n th r p nd h h d th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn h d t l f th th d nd t r t n l r d d n n t 5 h pt r 3 I App nd x C t n pl b t r th r th t n l bl t b r h ldr n A l n th d f n t n l d pt d t th t f n l ( n th l l t n f pr p n t d d n h pt r 5 th n th n rth d x d f n t n d n t r t n r l pr bl v r n n n r t l f rt l t d n t x t n MOMSIM th d l nn t b d t t d th r l t n h p f ll t t r d n p tt rn h pr b bl n r t l n th h t r l n d t n th l v n rr n nt f n d th r d btl r th r nr l bl S l rl n r d v r th pr p rt n f d v r d p pl n l bl b f r th t nt th nt r nd th r r h pr r l n rn d th ht nth- nd n n t nth- nt r f l tr t r I h v pr t nd d th t d v r n n x t nt xt nd th d l f r n l f nt p r r p p l t n t ll b n r t d f t t account f divorce. rr r p rt nt tt r Und r h h- rt l t r - l r pr p rt n f p r n h rv v t ld xp r n th d th f p M n f th p pl r rr In rd r f r MOMSIM t r t l t t th pr p rt n f n f p f t p h r rr ntl rr d r rr ntl d d t n r t n rp r t pr v n f r r rr Unf rt n t l r rr n f th t l v d r ph b h v r t r th v l bl h t r l d t h n t ll th pr p rt n f p r n f h h r rr ntl rr d r rr ntl d d b t nn t d r tl r th pr p rt n h r n d d b t h v n r rr d h l t n t th pr bl pr v d d b th r l t n It pl tt r f r th d l t n r t th pr p rt n f p p l t n f h nd x h r v r d d; th pl f n t n f rr nt rv l b t n p nd rt l t At th t n p r ll r th pr p rt n f p r n f h nd x h r currently d d h nf r t n nt n d n th xth np t t bl b n n nf r t n n v r- d d nd r- r ntl d d n n l l t th d tr b t n f pr b b l t th t n v r- d d p r n f v n nd x h r rr d h pr b b l t d tr b t n pr v d th b f r MOMSIM r r- r r t n A n th h r t r t f rr d pl h v b n n d th d l d t r n f n f th p rr ntl d d " If th t bl pr v d n th pr b b l t f r rr n-
1 t p r t l (19 1 nd Wr l nd S h f ld (19 3 15 h r rr r t n nl n r f exactly n p d d; f b th r d d n n p n d b n d MOMSIM I 9
t d nd r nd n b r n r t d If th r nd n b r l th n r l t th pr b b l t f r rr th n n p r t d S n n th t th n p t b l v h r h r t d th n tr n d rd n l The MOMSIM r rr r t n b t r nd b t b t t r t ll A n ld xp t th pr p rt n f th l t d p p l t n f h nd x h r rr ntl d d nt ll identical t th empirically observed proportion in the census population. h f n l pr b b l t t bl d t n t d th h th nl n nt th t nn t b b d n n ; n t d t l f t bl MOMSIM th pr p rt n f p r n f h x h h v d d b h x t 1 A b f r n l r nd n b r n r t d f r h nd v d l n th p p l t n th r t th p nt n th l t v pr b b l t d tr b t n th t rr p nd t th r nd n b r C l l t n f th x t t d th r r nt rp l t n I h ld n t th t h n r n n th d th f p t n tr n th r lt t n r th t d th r ft r rr Str t f r A n n Ch r t r t h n nt pr d r tl n d b v ll t " r t " rr d pl nd pr v d th th th r b h r t r t t r- r nt rv l b t n h b nd nd f n b r f h ldr n t th b rth f h h ld nd t d th r C 1 pl f d fl h rt f the subroutine used t assign the characteristics of each pl Current age is the first characteristic assigned. As mentioned earlier, MOMSIM "fr z " th l t d p p l t n t n nt nd th f ll t f h r t r t ll nl b pl t t th t nt h h l t d nd v d l h rr nt h h h r h r t th nt th p p l t n fr z n r th ld t n r t n th r t t ll (r th r th n r nd l n d t ld n f nt n b r f nd v d l f h t p t h rr nt h h n f r rr nt- n nt nd th f rr nt n th t b l t n pr d r d r b d b l r n ff t t n t th t n l d f rr nt nt l f r n nt f r rr nd f rt l t Gender is assigned n xt t v r h lf f ll nf nt -5 7 p r nt-
1 In t r f th l f t bl th
1 — 1 I7 App nd x C
r C 1 S pl f d fl h rt f r l f -h t r br t n
r n d t b l nd th r t r f l ll th r n- nt nd r t b rth d t r n d r nd l A ll b pp r nt th r h r t r t r n t n d n th rd r n h h th t ll r In p rt l r d th n d ft r nd r b t b f r rr r h ldb r n It ff nt t n d th I I b f r th th r h r t r t b f p r n d n nf n t nn r t n p r h ldr n t th r l r p ll n r t n l h n b r f h ldr n v r b rn nd th nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth r p rtl d t r n d b th d r t n f rr nd nn t l l t rr d r t n th t n n t d th Aft r t d th n d th d l h t f th p r n d d b f r 13; f h r h ll n v r rr nd th l f h t r pl t If th nd v d l rv v t 13 n n t rr S nd v d l n v r rr nd th r l - pl t Oth r th d l h t f rr rr d b f r d th nd b f r th nd v d l rr nt h h d n t rr b f r th d nd b f r th r rr nt r pl t ; f r th th r p t b r t d MOMSIM th r f r n th nt rv l b t n h b nd nd f nd th p t d th h t d th f th p n tr n d; t nn t b l th n h r h r t rr n lr d n th t th rr t pl xt th d l d t r n h th r r n t th r f th rr p rtn r h d d If th r h b nd r f v r d d nd th d l t ll th r rr r t n t d t r n f n p t b n d If t t rn t th t r rr h t n pl th n th n p h r t r t t b n d h t d th f th n p n tr n d v n f rth r th n th t f th f r t p ; h r h t b " rr ntl " l v On th d l h t n r f rr nd d th f th nd v d l nd h r h r p t r d t n h ldr n r t th d r t n f th h ldb r n p r d nd th x t h ldb rth r l l t d d r b d b v h n th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn n d n ll th d l n th nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth f r h h ld A n t d th nf r t n ff nt t l l t th th r t th b rth f h h ld In b t n h n nt f th nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth n pr v l n d h l- dr n r rt d b h t p n r n rd r t t n nt rv l b t n v h ldr n Wh n ll h r t r t h v b n n d t r th nd pr d t th n xt nd v d l h ll th t n r t n l f h t r t nd v d l I ll d r b th v r ll tr t r f th d l nd th n b h h l l t n r l t n n nt r t h v r I ll v r th n pt n th t r pl t n th pr d r f r n n th l f h t r f nd v d l I72 Appendix C
Assumptions in Assignment of Individual Characteristics MOMSIM's most extreme assumption pr b bl th Wh pp r A p- t n d r b d n h pt r 5 t th r r th r pt n ll ll d r ph d l b d n pt n b t th nt rr l t n h p b t n th h r t r t n d t h nd - v d l E h nd v d l h x f x n h r t r t t d th t rr n b r f h ldr n t b rth f h h ld nt rv l b t n lf nd p nd r rr h pt n f r h h r t r t r f ll 1. Age t d th d t b n ff t d b n f th th r v r bl Of r t d th n t unrelated t th th r v r bl ; rl d th f r x pl n pr l d rr nd h ldb r n v rth l n th d l rt l t d n t depend n n th n l W l ff nt d t t t t th r l t n h p b t n t d th nd th f v th r h r t r t n t r l h t r l p p l t n W n b f rl rt n h v r th t t d th t ll nfl n d b th r d r ph f t r r x pl n h ldb r n nt l rt n h lth r f l rt l t h ld pr b bl d p nd t xt nt n p r t " rth r r f Ann nd r t b b l v d th n rr d t t h hl nh lth n l p r n h ld xp r n h h r rt l t t h v l ttl h t r l v d n th t r l t rt l t t th th r v r bl n d r d h r ; n pr t th b t can d r r f n r nd h p th t th nt rr l t n h p d n t h d ff r n h d l th t t rr n ff t d b n f th th r v r bl x pt d th h h n pr v nt rr fr t n pl h pt n pr b bl r n bl j t f d In th r l rld rr n b ff t d b pr r t l pr n n b t v n th d f n t n f rr pl d th n ( b v th pr bl d n t r h r 3. A nt rv l b t n p r d t d p nd n n n f th th r h r t r t x pt t rr In th Un t d St t n 19 th r r n n f nt r l t n h p b t n n b r f h ldr n v r b rn r f th r t th b rth f th r h ldr n nd nt rv l b t n p n t rr nd b rth h rt r
17 Sh rt r (19 I h f (19 1 S th (1979 1 nd r (1975 MOMSIM I73
ntr ll d h t th xt nt th t t n b t t d th pt n rr nt d h n b r f h ldr n v r b rn d t d p nd n th x t h ldb rth nd th d r t n f th h ldb r n p r d ll th t th x t h ldb rth d f n d rr nt t n p t d th r f r d t p d th h h- v r l t h d r t n f th h ldb r n p r d th nt rv l b t n n r h r rr — h h v r r l t— nd th x- f h ldb rth h th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn nfl n d t xt nt b all f th th r f v h r t r t h f t d n t n th t ll p bl nt rr l t n h p b t n h ldr n v r b rn nd th th r h r t r t r th r b t n nt nt r n th n nt rv l b t n p r d t b rr l v nt nl th h b nd d d nd th th r h n t r rr d h nr l t n l nd r t r l t pr b bl n r th " rt n t l h v r n 19 th r l t n h p f n r - p rt n rth r r f n nt f th f rt l t - n nt pr d r n t b f bl b th z f th np t t bl f r th v r bl — v r 1 ll — lr d p h n th l t f pr t l t MOMSIM5 l th t th f th r t th b rth f th r h ldr n d p nd nt nl n t rr nd x f h ldb rth A p nt d t n d n f th n nt pr d r f r th v r bl th f th r t th b rth f h ld h ld l d p nd n th th r t th b rth f h r other h ldr n Ex pt f r th ntr d t n f n nt rv l b t n v h ldr n th d l d n t t th d tr b t n f nt rv l b t n h ldr n nt nt h d l f rth r th t th d tr b t n f nt rv l b t n th r nd h ldr n d n t v r th rr x pt t th xt nt th t rr d t t th d r t n f th h ldb r n p r d h pt n pr b bl ntr E rl rr f r x pl t pl b th n lr d pr n nt th nt rv l b - t n rr nd h ldb rth b h rt r f r th h rr x pt n ll n Alth h n th r f th pr bl n n f nt th r l t ll d ff lt r p bl t rr t n ll th d l th t th pr b b l t f r rr n ff t d b n th n x pt f r nd v r- d d r t l t t
19 M n nd r ll (19 I7 App nd x C
h h nt t bl th v l bl d t th pr b bl l ntr In p rt l r I p t th t th pr b b l t f r rr nfl n d b t b n d d nd d r t n f d h d I h v r ntl d f d nd th n v r n n rp r t h r - pl x r rr r t n th t p rtl t r f th pr bl h n r rr tr t n t v t f d h d nd t ll lt - pl r rr h r f n nt h d l ttl ff t n n fr n pr d d b th d l Wh l th n r n l ff nt h t r l v d n n r rr t v r r d r lv f pl bl pt n
In th n nt f l f h t r t nd v d l nv lv n b r f pt n th t r pr b bl r d n tr bl r n h d n t n th t th d l ll n r l ld b d t t f n h p n f th pt n ld b d t t f r th v l f n p rt l r h r t r t ; th pr bl r l t d t th p t nt l f r nr l t combinations f h r t r t h h v tr v l p r- t n f r th r t fr n f v l bl n
Accuracy of the Life-History Allocations h r f th d l— t l t f r th n nt f l f - h t r h r t r t n rn d— n b t t d h 19 U S n pr v d n v r bl n th n b r f h ldr n rv v n f r h n h d l n pr d th f r b t t d n v r r nd b t d t r n th n b r f h ldr n rv v n f r n l t d n th d l t thr h t n t p 1 A n t d th A n t rr 3 A n p A n p t d th 5 If th p d d n r rr nd n n p t d th f n r C l l t d r t n f th h ldb r n p r d 7 On th b f h ldb r n d r t n n h ldr n v r b rn A n nt rv l b t n rr nd b rth f h h ld 9 C l l t h h ld rr nt 1 A n rt l t t h h ld
A v r n f th d l pl n th n r rr r t n pl d n v nd l (19 MOMSIM I75
h n rd r t t t th n b r f h ldr n rv v n f r h n ll f th j r f t r f th pr d r f r ll t n l f h t r t b t l z d An b t nt l rr r n th n nt f l f -h t r h r t r t ld l d t rr r n th fr n f rv v- n h ldr n A f r C h pr v d d t t f th n n b r f h ldr n rv v n S rr r n b xp t d n th t - t f r th r p n h h nl ll n b r f n h d h ldr n p t h fl t t n th r t t rr r n th n n - b r f h ldr n rv v n nl f t nth f h ld nd th v r rr r nd r t nth f h ld r th n l f f l tr t r th p r nt f n th n r r rv v n h ldr n r r t l r th n th n n b r f rv v n h ldr n M r v r n t d rl r th d tr b - t n f n r d ff lt t t t th n th n n b r f n r C 3 h th p r nt f n h h v n h ldr n n b th th r l p p l t n nd th l t d p p l t n On v r th - l t d p p l t n f ll th n t nd h lf p r nt p nt f th r l p p l t n It n t p rf t b t th r t r d r f r th n h t r n ll xp t " h v d n n h ldr n rv v n n 19 t th t th p- t n nv lv d n n n h r t r t t nd v d l d n t b t n- t ll compromise th accuracy f th model. Or n z t n f th M d l t n xt n d r th overall tr t r f It n t n h t r t p p l t n f l t d nd v d l t t th v l b l t f n MOMSIM t l p tr f th nt rr l t n h p between nd v d l
1 h rr r t fr d pr p rt n t l h h rt l t n f l th n h ldr n p rt l rl n rl nf nt rt l t n r th r f n pt n b nt r- r pt n l t t n S Kn d l (19 h ld b p l f th Wh pp r A p- t n; d n n h pt r 5 t th t th l t n t nd t v r t t th fr n f rv v n h ldr n t v r 5 b l ttl nd r t nth f h ld n v r h rr r pr b bl r lt fr f p r d l f t bl n n r f d l n n rt l t f r h ldr n Int rn l v d n n th 19 n t th t n ld xp t rr r f r hl th n t d ( 3 p r nt n h ldr n v r 15; r t n nd n (19 nd S S th (19 3 I nd bt d t n l S tt S th f r p nt n t th pr bl 6 App nd x C
r 20 24 2 2 0 4 40 44 4 4 0 4 80 84 8 8 0 4 A C n p p l t n S l t d p p l t n r C M n n b r f rv v n h ldr n b f th r Un t d St t 19 nd l t d p p l t n MOMSIM I
8
0
0
20 24 2 2 0 4 40 44 4 4 0 4 60 64 6 6 4 80 84 A — Census population — S l t d p p l t n
r C 3 r nt f n th n r r rv v n h ldr n b f th r Un t d St t 19 nd l t d p p l t n I7 App nd x C
r b n r t n groups f n E h n r p b n th n l f l n t r h v n rr nt t th t t h rr nt f ll th n th r n f 13 t 1 ; n f nt n b r f n t r r t t ll n d t h rr nt n t r r n d l th n 13 b p r n nd r 13 r d t h v n d nd nt Aft r n nt f h r rr nt h f th f l n t r n d l f h t r h nt l tl n d b v th r t n f p nd h ldr n f n r h rr nt f n n t r x d h r t d th; nd d t th ld r — v r 11 — // n t r r d d h r t ll n r f r th n l f n h p h v r f th h v l v n d nd nt Aft r th l f h t r f n n t r h b n n d n th l f h t r f h f h r h ldr n On n th nv lv th r t n f p nd h ldr n— r fr th p nt f v f th n t r h ld- n-l nd r nd h ldr n n ll th d l n l f -h t r h r t r t t th th rd n r t n th r nd h ldr n f th r n l n t r h thr n r t n f r l t v pr v d ff nt b f r t t- n th fr n f ll j r t p f n h t n f v nt n ll thr n r t n f th n r p r t r d n t r f th f l n t r t rr n h t nv n nt t d t r n f n v n nd v d l " rr ntl " d d r l v nd " rr ntl " rr d r d d A pl t n r p ht l th n l f r C h h r t r t f th n r p pp r n t bl C E h nd v d l n f r C d nt f d th l tt r th t rr p nd t th d nt f n l tt r n t bl C h f l n t r n th x pl h b n n d rr nt f Sh h l v n p d t l v n rr d h ldr n nd n l v n d d h ld r f rth h ld d n- t f d b th l tt r E d d t th f 5 h n h r th r 3 h n t r l h t l v n h ldr n- n-l nd x l v n r nd h l- dr n All f th n n f r b l f d b th r x nd r t l t t th fr n f n th r th n p h ldr n h ldr n- n-l nd r nd h ldr n t l t th v l b l t f n fr th p r p t v f b r f th n r p other than th f l n t r h nd n r t n—th l v n n nd d ht r f th n t r d nt f d b nd G— ll t th fr n f p r nt bl n bl n - n-l ( bl n p nd n ph nd n r- n f r x pl h n l v n rr d n ph d nt f d b nd t l v n n rr d n d nt f d b M nd l h l v n MOMSIM I79
Figure C.4. Example of simulated kin group
d d br th r l v n rr d t r nd l v n br th r- n-l d nt f d b G nd r p t v l h th rd n r t n d t t t th fr n f nt n l r ndp r nt nd n t n d r th n fr th p r- p t v f th nd v d l d nt f d b K Sh h d d n l rr d n l nd rr d nt G In dd t n h h t l v n r ndp r nt A nd nd thr n M nd Onl t p rt nt n t p r n p r nt - n-l nd th th r rt f bl n - n-l p bl n h n b r d fr th p r p t v f th h ldr n- n-l f th n t r h r d nt f d n f r C b C nd E h h t p bl n nd t p r nt - n- l W h ld b r n nd th t h ldr n- n-l f th n t r h v n r l rr d; th r n t r t d b th d l nl th r n d d p f r th nd n r t n h r f r n t t t n th v l b l t f n fr th p r p t v f h ldr n- n-l t b d fl t d t nt f r ll f th n v r- rr d p pl h h v n v r h d th pp rt n t t b h ldr n- n-l h pr nt n r l pr bl n n th pr p rt n f p r n t h h h v n v r rr d nd n th t h p r n nn t h v n p r nt - n-l r p bl n 1 O App nd x C
bl C Ch r t r t f r p th t l K n Gr p I n r C A C E G l t n t f l d ht r- n t r lf h b nd n-l n d ht r n d ht r Current 3 35 33 3 M r t l t t rr d rr d rr d rr d n l d d rr d A t rr 5 999 5 1 A t d th 5 7 5 5 75 b r f h ldr n 3 3 M th r t b rth — — — 5 7 3 3
th t n h n dj t nt t b rr d t f r n r nt t n fr th p r p t v f l n t r S n h n r p b n th f l n t r nd l n t r r nl r t d th r n d d t rr f r t- n r t n f l n v r- rr d l n t r d n t x t f th d f n t n f r- r th n MOMSIM h v r n th t n v r- rr d p r n n h v n d nd nt In rd r t n n f l t t f th v l b l t f n nd r given t f d r ph nd t n t n r t n n r p In pr t I h v f nd t n r t r t b t 1 n r p t n r r l bl r lt h n b r f nd v d l th r t d d p nd n th d r ph pt n b t t n r ll x d 1 h p f ppr h t t b l t n r lt d p nd n th p rt l r th d f n l th t t b pl d Alt rn t v n l t ppr h r d d n h pt r MOMSIM t t ll r t n r l-p rp t b l t n—h r ft r r f rr d t th " n t bl "— th t n pr v d th b f r v r t f n l t tr t h n t bl h th pr p rt n f nd v d l f h x nd r t l t t h h v rv v n n f h t p x nd r t l t t h t bl n t f ll Alth h n f th ll r l pt (5- r- ld f r x pl n v r h v r nd h ldr n th t bl f r t pl x t n l z d r tl v rth l th n t bl pr v d f l n f t r n th r t d r lt f
Ex pt n th f d lt r MOMSIM d n t r n z th x t n f h pr pr t MOMSIM I
I n r C I K M r nd- n- r nd- r nd- r nd- r nd- r nd- r nd- r nd- d ht r- n-l d ht r n d ht r n d ht r d ht r n n-l 3 9 5 11 9 1 1 rr d n l n l n l n l n l n l rr d rr d 1 999 999 999 999 999 999 1 1 3 35 5 77 1 5 9 77 17 — 5 9 3 17 19 1 —
MOMSIM n l n th t t r t nl thr n r t n p ll d r ph r l t n d l r d n d th t th n n- t n t n r t v n r t n nd f n t l I h t l t th d l t thr n r t n b th t ff nt n b r t l - l t fr n f ll th n f nt t p f n rth r r t l t ll pl r t t r nf r t n b t th nt rr l t n h p b - t n n h n th n b r f n r t n pt ll
The Piggyback Projection Model MOMSIM d n t pr j t th p p l t n v r b t nt l p r d t d n t pr d t bl d tr b t n W th n p f n r t n n f t th d tr b t n pr d d b th d l ll b h hl nr l t r th r n ll r t t t t n th v l b l- t f n pr d d b t b t nd rd z d b r l t d tr b t n h tr t r f p p l t n t ll b t nt l d t r n nt f th v l b l t f n It th r f r r l th t th r lt f th d l r t nd rd z d rd n t r n bl d tr b t n Wh n pl d t t t th v l b l t f n f r r l p p l - t n nd th d tr b t n f th t p p l t n n n n pl t nd rd z th r lt f th l t n b th b rv d d tr b t n t th t f l ppl t n f t t t th v l b l t f n f r h p th t l p p l t n n h h th d tr b t n n t n n In h t n r t l l t n d tr b t n th t rr p nd t th d r ph nd t n pl d n n p f r n f th d l I App nd x C
MOMSIM n rp r t "p b " pr j t n d l t l l t r l t d tr b t n h d l nt ll r l t n f th t p d r b d n h pt r h p b d l b d n - p f r t f f rt l t rt l t nd n pt l t h h r t b l t d h n n l f h t r t nd v d l h r t r d t b t bl Aft r th n d l—th r l t n—h pl t d t t th p p l t n pr j t n d l t r In- t d f n r t n h p th t l nd v d l th pr j t n d l n r- t h p th t l groups. E h r p r pr nt th p p l t n f v n age, sex, nd r t l t t W th n th pr j t n d l t pr d b n l r In h r th b r f h r p r xp d t th ppr pr t r f d th rr r b r n h ldr n h pr p rt n d n r r v d fr h r p; th pr p rt n f n rr d p r n rr n r h ft d nt th rr d r p f th and x; nd th number of rr d n n h r p h v b rth r nt d At th nd f h r th nt r p p l t n h ft d nt th n xt ld r r p nd ll f th n b rn nf nt r pl d n th n t r p In th f h n th d l pr j t th p p l t n f r v r l nt r Wh n th d tr b t n f th d l h t b l z d t nv rt d nt p r nt t r th t t n b d t t nd rd z th r lt f th r l t n d l
The MOMSIM Adjustment Technique An dd t n l p t nt l r f rr r n th d l t b p nt d t MOMSIM n rp r t h rt t t hn f r dj t n th d r ph pr b b l t d tr b t n th t nd rl th d l nd th t hn r lt n nr l t d r ph pt n A I h v xpl n d th n p rp f d l t n r t d t b t th v l b l t f n nd r v r t f d ff r nt d r ph nd t n h t tr htf r rd n f p t l t n lt rn t v d r ph b h v r pl t pl lt rn t d r ph r t nt th d l r x pl t nd r t nd th ff t f rt l t n f l tr t r I h v pl d rt l t d tr b t n b d n v r l d f- f r nt d l l f t bl t b t t t n f lt rn t d r ph pr b - b l t n t l p bl 3 rth r d t l b t pr d r f r p p l t n pr j t n n b f nd n K f tz (19 nd r t (197 h d n b l b r d t ; v n I h v p rh p f l d t t th r t r n f Adl St v n n " h n n t b t nd r- t d / n f n t th r f r d / M t l r nd pl pl nn d / n bl h d n nd r t nd" (St v n n 19 5 7 I83
r f th d r ph v r bl pl d b MOMSIM— h h ldr n v r b rn nt rv l b t n p nd nt rv l b t n rr nd h ldb rth— lt rn t v d tr b t n r n t r d l v l- bl th r f r n rp r t pr d r f r dj t n th d - r ph h r t r t f th U S p p l t n n 19 t r t lt rn t v p p l t n h dj t nt t hn n b d f r n f th d r ph v r bl pl d n I ll xpl n th th d b r f r n t th rt l t d tr b t n S n lt rn t v rt l t n b p t l t d th r b b t t t n d tr b t n t n fr d l l f t bl r thr h th f th dj t nt t hn rt l t nv n nt v r bl f r p r n r lt bt n d thr h th t ppr h A xpl n d b f r n t d th b n r t n r nd n b r b t n z r nd n h p nt n th l t v pr b b l t d tr b t n f t d th th t rr p nd t th r nd n b r th t d th n d h l r r th r nd n b r th l t r th t d th S pp h t r t n lt rn t v p p l t n th h h r l f xp t n th n th t nd rd p p l t n h dj t nt t hn r b r nd l l t n p rt n f th l t d p p l t n nd n r t n nd r nd n b r t n th r t d th h r n f th nd r nd n b r n tr n d th t t n r l l r r th n th f r t n th nd r nd n b r th d l n h h r t d th th n t th r ld h v v n ntr ll n th pr p rt n f th p p l t n l t d f r dj t nt n n ntr l th v r ll d r f dj t nt h nt t v xpl n t n f th th d r bl A p rt n f th p p l t n bl d th nd l n l f In t d f d n h n rd n d b th r nd -n b r n r t r th p r n r v n n th r h n r th t t n rd h v r th t ff r th - p f r f d th v r n l Wh n h nd v d l d f r th nd t th ff t p r n nt n th t hn t dj t l f xp t n d n- rd In th h v r th d l n r t l r r nd n b r t d t r n t d th th nd t r nd h rt l t d tr b t n th t r lt fr th dj t nt t hn r n t t th n ld xp t n r l p p l t n b t th th d r rpr n l ll p ll h n th d r f dj t- nt d r t h d ff r n b t n th - p f d th r t d r v d fr dj t nt nd th t n fr d l l f t bl th th l f xp t n t b rth r ll n h t h v l ttl ppr bl 1 App nd x C
ff t n n h p p tt rn Wh n lt r v r l f xp t n b h t nt r th f dj t nt pp d t b t t t n f l f t bl ld t t f th v l b l t f p f t p f n th t n v r d ff r b r th n 5 p r nt h dj t nt t hn n b d t lt r n f th d r ph pr b b l t d tr b t n pl d b MOMSIM Wh n th th d d t dj t th d tr b t n f t f r t rr th rr r r v n ll r th n th r f r th rt l t dj t nt t v n th h th dj t nt t hn r ll f r rr nd d th th r n r nt th t t ll ppr pr t f r th r v r bl " h r lt bt n d thr h dj t nt f r t h ld th r f r b tr t d th t n rth r d t l n th d tr b t n bt n d thr h dj t nt pp r n pp nd x
C n l n And nd th f d r h h v d t thr h th pp nd x tr l d rv ppl t d n t h v t t p n ; f nj d th d n ll j t l v pp nd x It h ld b l r b n th t I h v n t r lv d th pr bl f th d r ph f n h p h pt n f d r ph d l — p - ll th Wh pp r A pt n d d n h pt r 5—l d t f rl dr t v r pl f t n nd d btl r lt n b t nt l v r t - t f th v l b l t f n f r r d n n xt nd d f l W nn t r d r lv f th pt n n th b n f h hl d - t l d nf r t n n th h r t r t f n r p h l nd f h nf r t n r v l bl th r ldn t b n p nt t n- tr t n d l h d b t tr
An dd t n l t t ld b rr d t f r f rt l t l l t - p f f rt l t r t f r n th p b pr j t n d l v n th h th basis f r th d l f rt l t r t n n t f d tr b t n f th n b r f h ldr n v r b rn h d t n - p f f rt l t ld b p r d th C l nd r ll (197 t nd rd- p tt rn f f rt l t I h v n t ppl d th t t t t ll b t - p f f rt l t r t pr d d b dj t nt r n bl t th l b rr phr fr Eldr d Cl v r "It bl n n t n n tr t d n d l r nd t r ht" (Cl v r 19 1 3 App nd x h Eff t f r ph n Ext nd d l Str t r
W a [ is o ica emog a e s] ike es is w i i g a e s— o g a e s o sma su ec s wi o co c usio s Co McE e y a ic a o es Atlas of World Population History (197 " o e qui e ca i ee es I a e eque y o ice e o e ow a e e cy o is osi io o you a o ecome—w a s e wo ?" "I cou o say si " "E oque ? o i s o e oque E usi e? o i s o e usi e I s o e i o my o gue egi s wi a e a mea s ei g a o y sig oo c e e " "E a o a e si ?" " a is e e ac wo I was a e oo e a o a e ee es— a is w a you a e eque y o e o ecome You me o s a e o sim e o s aig o wa You c ou e issue wi a o o a cy s u a is o o e esse ce " G Wo e ouse Right Ho, Jeeves (193
is a e i e o es e s eci ic mec a isms y w ic emog a ic ac o s ca a ec e e e - ami y s uc u e Suc a a ysis is sig i ica om e e s ec i e o emog a ic eo y a i may o i e es o e a e isci i es suc as a o o ogy Mo eo e is e ai e ook a e emog a y o e e e e ami y is im o a o is o ia s e- cause i e ea s e easo s e i e i i gs ese e i c a e I e iscussio a o ows I iso a e e ways i w ic eac emo- g a ic ac o — e i i y mo a i y a u ia i y—cou co s ai o augme s eci ic ki s o e e e i i g a a geme s o accom is is I a a y e e co seque ces o a yi g eac a ia e o e a wi e a ge w i e o i g a o e a ia es co s a o o my a a y ic s a egies— e s a a o e si ies me o a e y o e ica s em- ami y u es—a e em oye i u i is a e - i ecause I esc i e e i e ac io o emog a y a ami y s uc-
1 5 1 A e i
u e i co si e a e e ai some ea e s may i e com e i y o e o owi g sec io s a e au i g A oug e iscussio is ig y e ai e owe e o i g ese e e e s ou e co ce ua y i - icu o ose w o a e ma e i oug c a e s 5 a a a e - i C e e a e imi a io s o e a oac es a o e e e I a icu a my im ici assum io a o e si ies wou emai co s a w i e e- mog a ic a ame e s c a ge is u wa a e As we wi see esi e - ia _ o e si ies a e a ia y dependent o emog a ic co i io s Mo eo e i is u ea is ic o assume a mos emog a ic a ame e s wou emai co s a w i e o e as ec o e sys em c a ge I a e iso a e s eci ic emog a ic a ia es i o e o a a y e ei i i- i ua e ec s mo e c ea y O y y maki g ese cou e ac ua assum - io s ca we is i guis e o e a io o eac emog a ic ac o e o e u i g o e a a ysis ase o s a a esi e ia o e - si ies I s a ese e 19 esi e ia o e si ies emse es o ake u a a age o e s a a - o e si ies a oac i is ecessa y i s o u e s a e a e s o esi e ia o e si ies i e s a a o u a io h 00 St nd rd r p n t e e ai e esi e ia o e si ies o e U i e S a es i 19 a e o i i sic i e es ey co s i u e a e ea i g esc i io o esi e ce ecisio s a e u o e ce u y u my ese a io o ese s a is ics a so se es ocume a y u oses As e e ica e ea e wi eca e esi e ia o e si ies om 19 a e use as a s a a ya s ick o i ica e ow c a gi g emog a ic co i io s wou a e a e e ami y s uc u e a esi e ce ecisio s emai e co s a Acco i g y ese s a a esi e ia o e si ies se e as a amewo k o muc a o ows e me ie y eca i u a e e me o o ca cu a i g e s a a esi e ia o e si ies Momsim i s ge e a es eque cies o a ai a e e e e ki o s eci ic y es u e emog a ic co i io s a c ose y a a e ose o e U S o u a io i 19 e eque cy o actual coresidence wi s eci ic ki y es is e ca cu a e i ec y om e ce sus y i i i g e igu es o esi e ce wi ki y e igu es o e a ai a i i y o ki we ca cu a e esi e ia o e si ies I ie esi e - ia o e si ies a e e o o io s o i i i ua s wi i i g ki o a gi e y e w o ac ua y esi e wi suc ki e 19 esi e ia o e si ies o e mos im o a ki y es a e s ow i a e 1 o ei e a e e esi e ia o e si ies i ica e emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 1 7 w a e ce age o the e i e o u a io w o cou a e esi e wi eac y e o e e e ki ac ua y i so I a e omi e e mi o ki y es—suc as au s u c es a cousi s— ecause e o e si ies o esi e wi suc e a i es a e u i o m y ow a us a e i e im ac o ami y s uc u e As as ee my ac ice oug ou is wo k ese measu eme s we e ake a e i i i ua e e ea i mi owe e a e e e ki a e c assi ie y ei y e o e a io s i o e ami y ea e si i g ca ego y o e am e oes o e e o e o e s a sis e s o e e yo e i e o u a io ; a e i e e s o si i gs o ami y ea s O cou se e e e e ki o e ami y ea a e usua y a so e e e ki o o e ami y mem e s O y e classification o ki y es is ase o e ea o ami y; ca cu a io o o e si ies is ase o e e e ie ce o a ami y mem e s Se e a a e s i a e 1 ese e me io Mos im o a e o e si ies o esi e wi ma ie ki a e u i o m y ow com a e wi e o e si ies o esi e wi si g e a wi owe ki y ica y e o e si y o esi e wi u a ac e ki is e o o mo e e o e si y o esi e wi ma ie ki o e same y e age a se ; e o o io o a u "u a ac e i i i ua s" i e o u a io is c ea y a im o - a i ue ce o ami y e e sio I a i io e esi e ia o e - si ies e o e ig e o ema e ki a o ma e ki a e ea s ow e a i es a e mo e ike y o co esi e a a e e ki o e ea s s ouse Age o ki is a so e a e o esi e ia o e si ies o si i gs si i gs-i - aw a e s a a e s-i - aw e ig es o e si ies e o c us e i e o es age g ou s ig o e si ies a so occu ow- e e o a e s a a e s-i - aw w o a e u usua y you g e eque cy o esi e ce wi ki is e o uc o o e a ai a i - i y o ki a e o e si y o esi e wi ki I e sec io s a o ow e o e si ies o esi e wi ki a e assume o e co s a (i e ica o e U S o u a io i 19 w e eas e a ai a i i y o ki is a owe o a y is eso o s a a o e si ies e s us o u e s a e ways i w ic emog a ic co i io s ca i ue ce ami y s uc u e
1 e " ea " e e e o e e is e ami y ea o e ouse o ea ; u e my e i i io e wo a e o a ways e same o e e i i io see a e i A o e a e i ci a emog a ic c a ac e is ics o e 19 o u a io o w ic e s a a o e si ies a e ase — i e e ec a cy ma iage age a o a e i i y—a e ei e e ce io a y ig o e ce io a y ow e U S o u a io ac ua y a a e mi i g emog a ic e a io com a e o e oa a ge o is o ica a co em o- a y o u a io s o w ic a a a e a ai a e is is co e ie si ce o e ee o e a us e c a ac e is ics oo g ea y o mimic a wi e a ie y o emog a ic co i io s 1 A e i
bl . . d nt l r p n t f r M j r K n Gr p n 19 ( r nt f ose e so s W o Cou a e esi e wi a Gi e y e o E e e Ki W o Ac ua y i So
Si i gs o ea
o e s Sis e s Age o Si i gs Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe -9 1 ( ( 7 ( ( 1 -19 5 ( ( 5 ( - 9 ( 5 (1 3 -39 0.2 ( 7 11 1 0.2 - 9 0.2 0.2 1 5 5 -59 1 1 9 1 1 5 - 9 3 3 3 (33 7 1 7 + (13 1 9 ( 5 7 3 Si i gs-i - aw o ea o e s-i - aw Sis e s-i - aw Age o Si i gs-i - aw Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe
-9 ( ( (1 ( ( 1 -19 ( ( 3 9 1 3 ( - 9 3 ( 5 9 1 3 -39 0.4 7 3 0.2 7 - 9 1 0.2 1 1 1 5 -59 (1 (1 1 1 - 9 ( 5 3 ( 9 ( 1 7 7 + ( 7 3 ( (1 9 ( 9 ( 1 (5 a e s o ea
a e s Mo e s Age o a e s Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe - 9 - 1 5 (1 - ( 5 -59 - 1 1 (3 - 1 17 3 - 9 - 1 - 3 1 7 + 3 17 3 - 3 emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 1 9
a e 1 (continued)
a e s-i - aw o ea a e s-i - aw Mo e s-i - aw Age o a e s-i - aw Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe
- 9 5 (1 9 - 1 (11 5 -59 - - 7 - 9 - 7 - 1 1 7 + - 7 13 5 1 1 G a c i e o ea G a so s G a aug e s Age o G a c i e Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe -9 ( ( 1 ( (9 1 -19 19 ( 9 ( 19 1 ( (11 1 - 9 1 1 ( (13 1 (11 1 3 -39 (11 ( (1 5 (11 ( ( e ews/ ieces o ea e ews ieces Age o e ews/ ieces Si g e Ma ie Wi owe Si g e Ma ie Wi owe
-9 0.6 ( ( 0.6 ( ( 1 -19 0. ( 0. ( - 9 0. 0.0 ( 0.6 0.0 3 -39 3 0.0 0.0 1 - 9 0.0 1 5 0.0 1 Ca ego ies o e a i es o w ic e a ai a i i y o ki is u e 1 e ce a e s ow i a e eses; o ese ki y es co esi e ce wi e o e ow e e i o e si ies a e ig y co as ca ego ies o e a i es o w ic e a ai a i i y o ki eac es e ce -w ic a e mo e ike y o a e im o a e ec s o ami y s uc u e-a ea i o ace y e
19 A e i
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4 6 8
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1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 Age category M1 M2 Ref — — —M3 — — M Figure D.1. Percentage ever married, by age and sex: marriage runs emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 19
Marital Patterns and Standard Propensities Age a ma iage is o a y e mos sig i ica emog a ic i ue ce o e e e - ami y s uc u e o es e e ec o is a ia e I e i e four a e a i e is i u io s o age a i s ma iage using e adjustment ec ique esc i e i a e i C ese is i u io s M oug M a e i us a e i igu e 1 e ou a us e is i u io s a e o ecessa i y y ica o e u ia a e s o ea o u a io s u ey sa is ac o i y i us a e e ge e a e ec s o ma iage age o ami y s uc u e e mai c a ac e is ics o eac u a ea i a e I eac case e co seque ces o a yi g age a ma iage a e e a ua e y com a iso o a e e e ce o u a io w ic is a e e E e e e e ce o u a io is esse ia y simi a o e U S o u a io i 19 w ic is e S o u a io o c a e u u ike e S mo e e E mo e is ase o e assum io o s a e e i i y As esc i e i a e i C momsim s s a e- e i i y o io assumes a a wome i e o u a io s a e e age-s eci ic e i i y a es e e ie ce y wome w o a e reached e e o ei childbearing years. Since fertility was declining i e U i e S a es i e a e i e ee ce u y a e s a e- e i i y o io i MOMSIM ases e i i y o e e e ie ce o o e wome e o a e i i y a e o e E o u a io is co si e a y ig e a a o e S o u a io Me ia ema e age a ma iage a ies om 1 1 yea s o mo e M o 5 yea s for model M4; the mean age of mothers at the birth of their c i e a ies o o io a e y o iso a e e i ue ce o ma iage age i was ecessa y o o e o e emog a ic c a ac e is ics co s a
a e asic emog a ic a ame e s o Ma iage u s
MI M E M3 M Me ia age a i s ma iage ema es 1 1 19 3 3 5 Ma es 1 9 5 26. 2 . Mea age a c i i o mo e s w o su i e o age 5 7 9 3 7 3 3 3 i e e ec a cy a i ema es 1 5 Ma es 5 5 5 5 o a e i i y a e 9 5 93 97 19 A e i
ei e mo a i y o e i i y we e a owe o a y sa e o e e ec o a om uc ua io i o uce y e Mo e Ca o ec ique a e 3 s ows e ki s o ami ies a wou esu om eac se o co i io s i o e si ies emai e co s a e o ow o is a e s ows e me ia ema e age a ma iage; ese igu es a e e same as ose a ea i g i a e e seco ow i ica es e e ce age o i i i ua s a wou a e esi e i e e e ami ies i ma iage age a o e we e a e e O se e a i we o e o e ac o s co s a e o o io o e e e ami ies ises wi i c easi g age a ma iage As we wi see is e a io s i is ima i y a esu o e ac a a e ma iage i c eases e e a i e a ai a i i y o u a ac e ki — a is si g e a wi owe ki e seco a i ows o a e 3 o i e mo e e ai a ou s eci ic y es o e e e ami ies As o e i e e e ica e e - sio is e i e e e as esi e ce wi a e s a e s-i - aw c i e -i - aw o g a c i e ; o i o a y e e e ami ies co ai o e y es o e e e ki C a gi g ma iage age as o osi e e ec s o e ica a o i o a e e sio As ma iage age goes u e eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies ec i es w e eas e eque cy o o i o - a y e e e ami ies i c eases I a i io o ese ge e a c assi ica io s a e 3 s ows e o o - io o i i i ua s w o wou esi e wi e e e ki o eac y e age se a ma i a s a us i ma iage age c a ge a o e si ies e- mai e co s a I ge e a a e ma iage iscou ages esi e ce wi a e s a e s-i - aw a g a c i e ; i e cou ages esi e ce wi si i gs si i gs-i - aw a si g e wome u e mo e a e ma iage wou ea o a owe eque cy o esi e ce wi you g ki a o a ig e eque cy o esi e ce wi o e so s e u e yi g sou ces o ese a e s may o e imme ia e y a a e o e ica e e mec a ism I a e o i e i a es a 5 e ai e eak ow s o e a ai a i i y o wo s eci ic ki y es o eac u o e mo e o e o e emog a ic ac o s—mo a i y a e i i y—I s a o go i o suc e ai ; e a a ysis o ma iage age se es o i us a e e s eci ic i e ac io s e wee emog a y a e e e - ami y s uc u e As e ai e i c a e s 5 a u e e s a a - o e si ies
i e e ec a cy was o a e e ; e same o a i i ies we e em oye as o e REF mo e A sma eg ee o a us me was ecessa y o a oi a ia io i e i i y As e ai e i a e i C e i i y i momsim is a y e e mi e y age a ma iage I e e o e a us e e i i y ow wa o mo e s M a M a u wa o mo e s M3 a M i o e o cou e ac e i ue ce o ma iage age o e u a io o c i ea i g
emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 193
a e 3 Ma iage u s Measu es o ami y S uc u e Assumi g 19 S a a o e si ies
M1 M E M3 M
Me ia ema e age a i s ma iage 1 1 19 3 3 5 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i E e e ami ies 1 19 7 3 1 3 e ica y e e e ami ies 1 9 11 11 9 3 9 o i o a y e e e ami ies 7 5 9 11 1 1 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s e a io o ea Si i gs 3 9 9 7 9 Si i gs-i - aw 3 3 7 5 7 e ews/ ieces 3 3 3 3 3 3 U c es/Au s 9 1 a e s 5 1 1 a e s-i - aw 3 1 7 3 1 G a c i e /C i e -i - aw 5 1 9 3 1 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s se a ma i a s a us Ma es Si g e 1 7 1 7 7 3 7 5 Ma ie 1 9 1 7 1 1 3 Wi owe 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 7 ema es Si g e 5 7 1 5 1 1 3 Ma ie 5 3 1 7 1 7 1 5 Wi owe 5 3 5 3 5 5 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s age g ou -9 7 5 3 3 1 -19 3 3 3 7 - 9 3 3 1 3 5 3 -39 1 1 9 3 - 9 1 1 9 3 5 7 5 -59 1 9 1 - 9 3 3 3 3 7 + 3 3 3 7 1
ec ique i i g a a geme s a e e o uc o wo ac o s O e is e s a a o e si ies emse es; ese a e s ow i a e 1 e seco ac o is e availability o ki o s eci ic y es- a is e eque cy o su i i g ki o eac s eci ic y e a ai a e o co esi e ce e igu es o a ai a i i y o ki a e e a i e y u e ea i g e ce i e co e o esi e ia o e si ies; i ua y e e yo e as some so o ki
1 9 A e i a ai a e o co esi e ce o a a y i g e igu es ese e i a e 3 owe e e a a o a ai a i i y se es use u eu is ic u oses e eque cy o esi e ce wi a e s as e e e ki as s ow i a e 3 is e a i e y u a ec e y c a ges i age a ma iage O e mig e ec a ama ic e ec ; age a ma iage is a e a e c ie e e mi a o ge e a io e g a ge e a io e g o ou y a ec s w e e a e s su i e o ei c i e s a u oo o see w y ma iage age wou a e so i e i ue ce o e e- que cy o esi e ce wi a e s e us i s e ami e e a a o availa- bility o mo e s gi e i a e is a e s ows e e ce age o a i i i ua s i e o u a io w o a e i ami ies i w ic e ea as a su i i g mo e o e i ica e c a ac e is ics e a ai a i i y o mo e s is i ac g ea es w e ma iage occu s ea y as o e wou e ec u ecause esi e ia o e si ies a y wi age a ma i a s a us e characteristics o mo e s a e us as im o - a o ami y e e sio as is e o e a availability o mo e s W e ma iage occu s a e ose mo e s w o o su i e u i ei c i e a e g ow a e ge e a y o e a eque y wi owe As was s ow i a e 1 e e is muc g ea e o e si y o esi e wi age a wi owe mo e s a wi you ge ma ie mo e s us wi a e ma iage e s i i g c a ac e is ics o mo e s e o cou e ac e og essi e o i ei o e a a ai a i i y
a e A ai a i i y o Mo e s ( e ce age o A I i i ua s i e o u a io W o A e i ami ies i W ic e ea as a Su i i g Mo e o e I ica e C a ac e is ics MI M E M3 M Me ia ema e age a i s ma iage 1 1 19 3 3 5 Married Mothers Age o mo e 3 -39 1 1 - 9 5 1 1 5 -59 11 13 7 9 7 3 5 - 9 9 7 9 7 7 + 3 5 Widowed mothers Age o mo e 3 -39 - 9 1 5 7 5 -59 1 1 9 - 9 7 5 3 5 1 5 1 7 + 5 7 1 emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 195
As was e case o mo e s o e a u a ac e si i gs a e mo e ike y o esi e i e e e ami ies a a e you ge a ma ie si - i gs us e e ec o ma iage age o e eque cy o esi e ce wi si i gs a si i gs-i - aw a so e e s o ei s i i g c a ac e is ics e a ai a i i y o sis e s o ami y ea s is s ow i a e 5 a e ma iage esu s i a ma ke i c ease i e a ai a i i y o si g e sis e s i e o e age g ou s w e e o e si ies a e ig U e s a a y i sis e s ma y a e mo e o em wi e si g e a a y gi e age; acco - i g y e aye ma iage wou i c ease e eque cy o e e e ami- ies co ai i g sis e s o e ea e e is i a i io a mo e su e e ec o ma iage age o e a ai a i i y o si i gs a ays a im o a o e i e e mi i g e - e e - ami y s uc u e W e wome ma y a e ei u a io o c i ea i g is e uce I a s o e e c i ea i g s a is cou e wi co s a com e e e i i y e c i e mus ecessa i y e mo e c ose y s ace Acco i g y e a e age age i e e ce e wee ami y ea s a ei sis e s goes ow as ma iage age goes u a e ma iage
a e 5 A ai a i i y o Sis e s ( e ce age o A I i i ua s i e o u a io W o A e i ami ies i W ic e ea as a Su i i g Sis e o e I ica e C a ac e is ics
M1 M E M3 M Me ia ema e age a i s ma iage 1 1 19 3 3 5 Single Sisters Age o sis e -9 1 7 1 9 1 -19 7 3 9 3 9 - 9 3 3 1 1 1 3 -39 3 9 1 7 - 9 9 1 7 15 3 5 -59 7 1 7 7 - 9 3 1 5 7 + 1 1 1 Married sisters Age o sis e -9 1 -19 1 1 1 1 - 9 1 9 15 1 1 3 3 -39 33 7 33 9 7 3 1 9 - 9 9 9 5 7 1 5 -59 17 1 5 1 15 19 - 9 7 7 7 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 A e i
us mea s a ewe ea s a e sis e s w o a e muc you ge —say u e w e eas mo e ea s a e a ai a e sis e s c ose o em i age—say 3 a o e Si ce o e sis e s a e ig e esi e ia o- e si ies e s i o o e sis e s a occu s wi e aye ma iage wou e cou age o i o a e e sio e mea um e o a ai a e sis e s is esse ia y u a ec e y ma iage age u e age a ma i a s a us o sis e s is ama ica y a e e As a esu gi e e s a a o e si ies om 19 esi e ce wi sis e s is c ose y ie o age a ma iage wo as ec s o u ia i y o e a ma iage age— e ce e e ma yi g a age i e a s e wee s ouses—a so a e e o e ia o i ue ce e eque cy o esi e ce wi e e e ki u s M5 a M a e esig e o assess e i ue ce o a yi g o o io s e e ma - yi g o e e e - ami y s uc u e e summa y emog a ic a am- e e s o ese mo e s a ea i a e a e esu i g ge e a measu es o ami y s uc u e a e ese e i a e 7 O ce agai e e e e ce u is a so i c u e o u oses o com a iso e mai e ec o i c easi g e e ce e e ma yi g wou e a i c ease i e eque cy o esi e ce wi o i o a y e e e ki e mechanism is simple: married horizontal kin have far lower residen- tial o e si ies a o si g e o es us as e a ai a i i y o si g e o i o a ki goes u so oes co esi e ce e e a io s i is e e se o e ica ki u i is weak; a ig o o io e e ma yi g reduces e ica e e sio e a ai a i i y o asce a ki — a e s a a e s-i - aw—is u a ec e y e o o - io e e ma yi g; eo e wi c i e a e y e i i io ma ie owe i g e o o io ma ie oes e uce e eque cy o esi e ce wi c i e -i - aw a g a c i e u is e ec is ai y sma u s M7 a M e ea e e ec s o age i e a s e wee us a a wi e o ami y s uc u e a e s ows e emog a ic co i- io s assume o ese u s w e eas a e 9 i ica es e ou come o e e e ime o e a a e a io o age i e a s as a sig i ica im ac o age a ma iage o e e ess e i ue ce o age i e a s o e e e - ami y s uc u e is i ia O ce agai e i e e e ec s o emog a ic c a ge ca ce ou y i c easi g i e a s e wee s ouses we i c ease e eque cy o wi owe ema e ki a si g e ma e ki A e same ime owe e e eque cy o wi owe ma e ki
3 is is ecause my e i i io o ma iage is esig e o e ec e igi i i y o co cei e See my iscussio o i egi imacy i a e i C o u e e ai s
emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 197
a e asic emog a ic a ame e s o e ce Ma yi g u s
E M5 M Percent of women never ma ie a age 1 7 1 7 Me ia age a i s ma iage ema es 5 Ma es 5 5 1 5 Mea age a c i i o mo e s w o su i e o age 5 3 7 3 3 9 i e e ec a cy a i ema es 7 7 7 9 Ma es 5 7 o a e i i y a e 93 93 9
a e 7 E ec o e ce e e Ma yi g o ami y S uc u e Assumi g 19 S a a o e si ies E M5 M Percent of women never ma ie a age 1 7 1 7 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i E e e ami ies 3 1 5 1 e ica y e e e ami ies 11 1 3 1 1 o i o a y e e e ami ies 11 13 1 1 7
Table Basic Demographic a ame e s of Spouse-Interval Runs M7 E M Mea age interval between s ouses 7 3 7 7 Me ia age a i s ma iage ema es 3 5 1 Ma es 3 5 Mea age a c i i o mo e s w o su i e o age 5 31 3 7 9 i e e ec a cy a i ema es 7 7 Ma es 5 o a e i i y a e 9 93 9 Age o us a mi us age o wi e 19 A e i
a e 9 E ec o Age I e a s e wee S ouses o ami y S uc u e Assumi g 19 S a a o e si ies
M7 E M Mea age i e a e wee s ouses 7 3 7 7 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i E e e ami ies 3 3 3 e ica y e e e ami ies 11 11 11 5 o i o a y e e e ami ies 11 11 1 7 Age o us a mi us age o wi e a si g e ema e ki goes ow As a esu e o e a eque cy o e e e i i g a a geme s wou emai a ou e same e co scie ious ea e may a e ee so e y ie y is mass o e ai a a ie summa y is i o e e co seque ces o a e i g ma i a a e s w i e o i g esi e ia o e si ies co s a a e ama ic o age a i s ma iage Ea y ma iage e cou ages e ica e e sio a iscou ages o i o a e e sio ; a e ma iage as e o osi e e ec I a i io i e o o io o e o u a io e e ma yi g i c ease so wou e eque cy o o i o a y e e e ami ies C a ges i age i e a s e wee s ouses a e a i sig i ica e ec o e e ec e agg ega e um e o e e e ami ies M rt l t , rt l t , nd St nd rd r p n t Mo a i y as ma ke e ec s o e o ma io o e e e ami ies a ese e ec s a e mo e s aig o wa a ose o ma iage e u s esig e o assess e i ue ce o mo a i y e e s a e a e e 1 oug ; ei co es o i g emog a ic co i io s a ea i a e 1 Mo a i y is i u io s we e o ai e om egio a mo e i e a es a e a oug use o a us me ec iques Use o mo e i e a es e a e me o a y i e e ec a cy a i o e a e eme y oa a ge— om a ou 1 yea s o mo e u o a mos 75 yea s o mo e e esu s om e mo a i y u s a e gi e i a e 11 As mig e e ec e owe i g i e e ec a cy w i e o i g o e si ies co s a wou e uce esi e ce wi e e e ki w e eas aisi g i e e ec- a cy wou i c ease e e ce age o e o u a io esi i g i e -
I a icu a u s 3 a we e ase o e e s 1 7 1 a es ec i e y o Coa e a eme y s (19 3 "Wes " se ies o mo e i e a es
Demography and Extended-Family Structure 1 99
a e 1 asic emog a ic a ame e s o Mo a i y u s 1 E 3 i e e ec a cy a i ema es 1 3 7 7 7 Ma es 17 5 33 7 5 73 1 Mea age a c i i o mo e s w o su i e o age 5 3 9 3 3 7 3 3 5 Me ia age a i s ma iage ema es 1 1 7 Ma es 7 5 5 5 5 o a e i i y a e 95 5 93
e e ami ies e ica a o i o a e e sio o i c ease i a ou e same o o io e owe o io o a e 11 gi es e eque cy o esi e ce wi s eci ic y es o e e e ki aisi g i e e ec a cy wou i c ease e eque cy o esi e ce wi a mos e e y ki o e e e e a i e wi wi ows ei g e so e e ce io A oug e su i a o wi ows is e cou age y ig i e e ec a cy e e is a cou e ai i g essu e ig i e e ec a cy e uces e o s o osi g o e s s ouse a yi g i e e ec a cy w i e o i g o e si ies co s a oes o a e a equa e ec o esi e ce wi a ca ego ies o e e e ki I a icu a e eque cy o esi e ce wi a e s a a e s-i - aw is o y mo e a e y a ec e y i e e ec a cy w e eas e e ec o esi- e ce wi g a c i e is e ao i a y e s ig e ec o mo a i y o esi e ce wi a e s is a y a esu o e ami ia i e e i g e ec o wi ow oo aisi g i e e ec a cy i c eases e overall su y o i i g a e s u i ec eases e a ai - a i i y o widowed a e s Si ce e e a e ig e o e si ies o esi e wi wi owe a e s a wi ma ie a e s e e ec s e o ca ce e e a e o e ac o s o e a i g o mi imi e e im ac o mo a i y o esi e ce wi a e s a ma imi e e co seque ces o esi e ce wi g a c i e Mo a i y as a o ou e ec o age s uc u e; i ow mo a i y socie ies e o u a io is o e us w e e i e e ec- a cy is ig ami y ea s e o e o e a o e ea s a e mo e ike y o a e g a c i e a ess ike y o a e i i g a e s O ce agai e o e age s uc u e e s o cou e ac e g ea e a ai a i i y o a e s esu i g om i c ease su i a A e i
a e 11 Mo a i y u s Measu es o ami y S uc u e Assumi g 19 S a a o e si ies
1 E 3 ema e i e e ec a cy a i 1 3 7 7 7 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i E e e ami ies 7 15 3 e ica y e e e ami ies 1 11 13 7 1 o i o a y e e e ami ies 3 9 3 11 1 1 7 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s e a io o ea Si i gs 1 3 7 5 5 Si i gs-i - aw 1 3 7 e ews/ ieces 1 3 3 3 5 U c es/Au s 1 a e s 5 5 1 a e s-i - aw 7 7 3 3 G a c i e /C i e -i - aw 1 9 5 9 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s se a ma i a s a us Ma es Si g e 7 1 9 Ma ie 1 1 7 9 Wi owe 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 ema es Si g e 5 5 1 1 13 Ma ie 1 3 1 7 7 3 Wi owe 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 5 9 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s age g ou -9 3 5 1 9 1 -19 1 1 3 5 9 - 9 1 .0 4.4 .2 5 9 3 -39 9 1 3 3 - 9 1 1 9 5 5 -59 1 1 7 1 - 9 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 7 + 5 3 7 5 1 3
Mo eo e e o e a a ai a i i y o g a c i e is ig y se si i e o mo a i y isks o wo easo s i s e a ia io i mo a i y e wee o u a io s is g ea es o i a s a c i e Si ce a e s a e y e i i io su i e o e age o c i ea i g ey a e o so g ea y a ec e y i e e ces i mo a i y Seco e a ai a i i y o g a c i e is o i ec y a i i ec y a ec e y mo a i y; e emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 1 su y o su i i g g a c i e e e s o o y o c i e s ow mo a i y u a so o e su i a o o e ia a e s ose mem e s o e seco ge e a io w o ie i c i oo o ious y o o ea e e i o s i g us a y e uc io o mo a i y cou s ou e o g a c i e
e e ec s o a ia io i e i i y o e e e - ami y s uc u e a e mo e mo e a e a a e ose o age a ma iage a mo a i y e e i i y u s i w ic c a ges i e is i u io o c i e e e o we e ac ie e oug a us me a e a e e oug As s ow i a e 1 e o a e i i y a e a ies om 5 i u o i u e co seque ces o e i i y e e o ami y s uc u e a e i ica e i a e 13 Ge e a y s eaki g u e e s a a - o e si ies ec i- que ig e i i y is associa e wi ig eque cy o e e e ami ies a ow e i i y ea s o ewe e e e ami ies Mo e a e a us me s o e i i y- om a o a e i i y a e o i o o e o a mos 7 i 3- a e o y s ig e ec s o e eque cy o ou y o e ica e e e ami ies o e ica a o i o a e e sio a e a ec e y a ia io s i e i i y u e eque cy o o i o a y e e e ami ies is co si e a y mo e se si i e o suc c a ges i e i i y I mo e -w ic as e owes e i i y- ess a e ce o e e e i i g a a geme s wou i c u e o i o a ki w e eas o mo e -wi ig e i i y- e com a a e igu e wou e e ce e sma e im ac o e i i y o e ica e e sio is u e - s a a e e a ai a i i y o asce a ki - a e s a a e s-i - aw-is u a ec e y a ia io i e i i y ecause e e yo e i e o u a io ecessa i y a a e s e i i y is o a ac o i e su y o suc ki
a e 1 asic emog a ic a ame e s o e i i y u s
E 3 o a e i i y a e 51 93 Mea age a c i i o mo e s w o su i e o age 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 31 31 Me ia age a i s ma iage ema es 3 5 3 Ma es 5 5 5 5 5 i e e ec a cy a i ema es 1 9 3 Ma es 5 5 5 A e i
a e 13 e i i y u s Measu es o ami y S uc u e Assumi g 19 S a a o e si ies
E 3 o a e i i y a e 51 93 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i E e e ami ies 15 7 1 3 1 9 e ica y e e e ami ies 9 7 1 11 11 5 11 o i o a y e e e ami ies 7 9 11 1 13 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s e a io o ea Si i gs 3 5 3 5 Si i gs-i - aw 3 3 7 3 e ews/ ieces 3 3 U c es/Au a 7 7 a e s 7 a e s-i - aw 3 3 7 3 3 G a c i e /C i e -i - aw 3 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s se a ma i a s a us Ma es Si g e 3 5 9 7 9 Ma ie 1 1 1 7 1 7 1 Wi owe 1 1 9 1 5 ema es Si g e 5 7 5 9 9 Ma ie 1 7 1 1 7 1 9 Wi owe 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 e ce o i i i ua s esi i g wi ki y ki s age g ou -9 3 1 3 5 1 1 -19 3 3 3 3 9 - 9 3 9 5 1 3 -39 1 9 3 3 - 9 1 7 1 3 5 -59 1 7 1 7 1 1 1 9 - 9 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 7 + 7 3 7 3 7
e i sig i ica i ue ce a e i i y e e s o esi e ce wi a - e s o i es a goo i us a io o e imi a io s o e s a a - o e si ies ec ique I a ea o u a io a i c ease i e i i y wou o a y ea o a ec i e i e o e si y o esi e wi a e s E e y a e s y ica y esi e wi o y o e o ei a u c i e As e number o c i e i c eases e o e si y o each c i o esi e emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 3 wi p r nt h ld d l n . In o e wo s pr p n t r o ea y i e a o some e e ey a e ou o e i ue ce y c a gi g emog a ic co i io s My use o s a a o e si ies is ecessa i y s y i e a cou e ac ua Analysis through Hypothetical Rules o su s a i e as we as eo e ica u oses i is im o a o iso a e e s eci ic mec a isms y w ic emog a ic co i io s i ue ce e o e ia o o ma io o s em ami ies I we u e s a e easo s h emog a ic co i io s s a e ami y s uc u e we s a ess c a ce o misi e e i g ou agg ega e esu s I is a icu a y e ea i g o assess e ways i w ic e o e ia eque cy o s em ami ies i e s om e eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies as o ai e oug e use o s a a o e si ies o is e I wi ie y iscuss ow eac emog a ic a ame e ca a ec e eque cy o s em i i g a a geme s o e u ose o is a e i I aw o e esu s o ai e usi g h p th t l u e Sys em 1 o ei e a e acco i g o u e Sys em 1 e e es cu e y i i g ma ie so emai s i is a e s ouse o a e ma iage I o so s e is e e es aug e emai s A o e ami y mem e s ea e e ouse o u o ma iage o u o eac i g age 1 w ic e e comes i s Use o e momsim mo e cou e wi u e Sys em 1 e ea s e e ce age o e so s w o cou a e esi e i s em ami ies i e e y- o e ac e acco i g o ese y o e ica u es I a i io e mo e i ica es e mea si e o s em ami ies is s a is ic is o e y i e es - i g i i se u as we a e see i C a e i is ecessa y o com a i g my simu a io esu s wi e o se a io s o o e esea c - e s w o a e a o e ouse o a e a i i i ua - e e measu e- me
5 o e a a s em ami ies a e e ica y e e e a e ica y e e e ami ies a e y ica y s em ami ies e eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies o ai e oug e use o s a a o e si ies yie s ma ke y i e e esu s a a e o ai e oug e use o y o e ica u es is is a ge y ecause e s a a o e si ies a e ase o assum io s a ou esi e ia preferences, w e eas e s em u es yie a eo e ica max- imum eque cy o e ica ami ies assumi g e e yo e i e o u a io o iowe e u es As I oi ou i a e i A ami y si e e e mi es e e a io s i e wee e e ce age o e so s i i g i s em ami ies a e e ce age o ami ies a ake e s em o m As s em- ami y si e goes u e e ce age o s em ami ies goes ow i e e y i g e se is e co s a K ow e ge o s em- ami y si e e e o e e s us com a e ouse o - e e is o ica a a wi i i i ua - e e igu es om e simu a io mo e A e i
a e 1 Measu es o S em- ami y S uc u e Assumi g S em y o e ica u es Ma iage u s M1 M E M3 M Me ia ema e age a i s ma iage 1 1 19 3 3 5 Ma imum e ce age o o u a io i s em ami ies u e u e Sys em 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 5 Mea si e o s em ami ies 33 5 55 57 1
e e ec o age a ma iage o e ma imum eque cy a mea si e o s em ami ies u e u e Sys em 1 is s ow i a e 1 e emog a ic a ame e s o u s M1 oug M a E a e e same as ose em oye a o e i e a a ysis ase o s a a o e si ies I ge e a age a i s ma iage as mo e ama ic e ec s o e ma imum eque cy o s em ami ies a o e ica e e sio ca cu- a e oug s a a o e si ies is is ecause wi ow oo is o a ac o e e mi i g s em eque cies As o e ea ie a e ma iage e uces o e a e wee ge e a io s u i a so i c eases e eque cy o wi owe a e s ecause e o e si y o esi e wi wi ows is ig eque wi ow oo augme s e ica e e sio ca cu a e oug s a a o e si ies u i oes o a ec s em- ami y s uc- u e e esu s s ow i a e 1 i ica e a e a e ma iage c a ac e is ic o e ei us ia e io mus a e o e o i i e e o ma io o s em ami ies u ma iage age as no a ecia e e ec o s em- ami y si e e e ec o e ce e e ma yi g o s em eque cies is s ow i a e 15 eca a u e s a a o e si ies e o o io e e ma yi g a i ua y o e ec o e eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies U e e s em u es a ig o o io e e ma yi g sig- i ica y iscou ages e o ma io o s em ami ies e easo is sim y a a s em ami y ca o e o me u ess a ma iage akes ace e o e o mo a i y i s em- ami y o ma io ca e see i a e
a e 15 Measu es o S em- ami y S uc u e Assumi g S em y o e ica u es e ce Ma yi g u s
E M5 M e ce o wome never ma ie a age 1 7 1 7 Ma imum e ce age o o u a io i s em ami ies u e u e Sys em 1 3 5 3 9 Mea si e o s em ami ies 55 3 5 emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 5
a e 1 Measu es o S em- ami y S uc u e Assumi g S em y o e ica u es Mo a i y u s 1 E 3 ema e i e e ec a cy a i 1 3 7 7 7 Ma imum e ce age o o u a io i s em ami ies u e u e Sys em 1 3 3 5 39 1 Mea si e o s em ami ies 5 97 1 7 11 7 1
1 e eque cy o o e ia s em i i g a a geme s is ess se si- i e o mo a i y a is e eque cy o e ica ami ies u e s a a o e si ies is is ecause g a c i e ay a ess-c i ica o e i e e e mi a io o s em- ami y s uc u e; e eque cy o g a c i e you may eca is ig y se si i e o a ia io i mo a i y om e e s ec i e o s em- ami y o ma io w a is ea y im o a is e mo a i y o e e es ge e a io si ce is ic a es e e e o o e a e wee ge e a io s e ea o g a c i e i ue ces e size o e s em g ou u so o g as e ma ie c i a c i -i - aw a e ese mo a i y o g a c i e wi o a ec e existence o e s em g ou A o e-yea i e e ce i age a ma iage as co si e a y mo e i - ue ce o s em eque cies a oes a o e-yea i e e ce i i e e ec a cy I e ec age a ma iage cou s wice; e e e o o e a e wee ge e a io s is e e mi e equa y y e ma iage age o e e es ge e a io a e ma iage age o e seco ge e a io y co as si ce ose c i e w o su i e o a u oo a e ike y o ou i e ei a e s e age a ea o e seco ge e a io as i e co seque ce o e u a io o s em i i g a a geme s; mo a i y o e e es ge e a io is muc mo e im o a O cou se o is o ica a co em o a y e i e ce i ica e co si e a y g ea e o e ia a ia- io i i e e ec a cy a i age a i s ma iage e au o s o socsim a gue a age a ma iage is e o y im o a emog a ic e e mi a o s em- ami y s uc u e; ey co e a e e ec o i e e ec a cy is mi o u Wac e a amme a i e a ei co c usio a y ecause ey measu e ami y s uc u e a e e e o e ouse o a e a a e e e o i i i ua s Mo a i y isks a e a sig i ica i ue ce o e size o s em ami ies ig i e e ec a cy yie s a ig eque cy o i i i ua s i s em ami ies u i a so esu s i a a ge mea si e o s em ami ies us e i ue ce o
7 See my iscussio i c a e s a 5 a e comme s i a e i A A e i mo a i y o e um e o s em families i a o u a io is co si e a y sma e a e i ue ce o mo a i y o e um e o individuals esi i g i s em ami ies e a ue o usi g s em u es as a a e a i e o s a a o e si ies is c ea y i us a e w e we u o e i i y U e s a a o e - si ies ow e i i y discourages e o ma io o e ica y e e e ami- ies is is ecause o e s o e si y o esi e wi a i i g a e oes o e e o e um e o o e s si i gs e e oug i ea i y o e s o e s a sis e s may ake o e e u e o su o i g a e e e a e As a e 17 s ows e e ec o ow e i i y o e o e ia eque cy o i i i ua s i s em ami ies is e o osi e e ig es eque cy o s em i i g a a geme s occu s a e owes e e o e i i y is a a e a a o is a co seque ce o s em- ami y u es I e i i y is ow e e ca e ew i e e e uc ea ami ies o me y you ge si i gs ecause ew you ge si i gs e is e e is owe e a cou e - ai i g e ec ig e i i y i c eases e o a i i y a a eas o e ma ie c i wi e a ai a e o o m a s em ami y o e ig es e i i y u s 3 a e wo e ec s ca ce o e a o e ou As mig e e ec e e i i y a so a ec s e si e o s em ami ies o u s em ami ies a e age o y a ou i e mem e s; y co as o u mea s em- ami y si e eac e a mos eig e so s Conclusion e me summa i e a ese as sim y as ossi e e mai e ec s o i i i ua emog a ic ac o s o e o ma io o e e e ami ies ow mo a i y e cou ages e e e ami y s uc u e w e eas ig mo - a i y iscou ages e e sio a e ma iage e cou ages o i o a e e - sio u iscou ages e ica e e sio i c u i g s em- ami y s uc u e ig e i i y e s o e cou age e e e - ami y s uc u e u is ge e a i a io oes o o w e s em u es a e o owe Cou e ai i g e ec s o e e e - ami y s uc u e a e e e e y
a e 17 Measu es o S em- ami y S uc u e Assumi g S em y o e ica u es e i i y u s
E 3 o a e i i y a e 51 93 Ma imum e ce age o o u a io i s em ami ies u e u e Sys em 1 37 3 3 5 3 3 Mea si e o s em ami ies 99 55 7 9 7 73 emog a y a E e e - ami y S uc u e 7 eac ca ego y o emog a ic e a io Ea y ma iage o e am e i c eases e eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies y e uci g ge - e a io e g u si ce e o e si y o esi e wi si g e ki is ig e a a o ma ie ki is e ec is mo e a cou e a a ce y e e uc io i e eque cy o u a ac e i i i ua s a esu s om ea y ma iage Simi a y e e ec o ig mo a i y i e uci g e eque cy o e e e ki is a ia y cou e ac e y e i c ease i e o o io o e e e ki w o a e wi owe W e we co si e e e ec s o a yi g se e a emog a ic a ia es simultaneously, as was o e i c a e e e e cy o i e e ac o s o ca ce ou is e e mo e o ou ce I ea o u a io s ig e i i y is associa e wi ig mo a i y a ow e i i y is associa e wi ow mo a i y Si ce ig e i i y e s o e cou age e a ai a i i y o e e e ki a ig mo a i y iscou ages e e sio ese wo ac o s e o cou e ac o e a o e e ig es o e ia eque cy o e e e ami ies wou occu i a socie y c a ac e i e y ig e i i y a ow mo a i y; y co as a socie y c a ac e i e y ow e i i y a ig mo a i y wou ecessa i y co ai ew e e e ami- ies is o ica y owe e o y e o me so o o u a io —wi e - a i e y ig e i i y a e a i e y ow mo a i y— as occu e a ei as a ie s age i e is o y o mos Wes e o u a io s I mos cou - ies ec i e i mo a i y ece e e i i y ec i e I is ase o e emog a ic a si io e o e ia o o ma io o e e e ami ies is u usua y ig O e mig e ec ceteris paribus, a a ise o e e e e ami y wou e associa e wi emog a ic a si io e o y ausi e emog a ic egime ca a e o su o i g a ig e e- que cy o e e e i i g a a geme s wou e o e o extremely ow mo a i y ike a ou i mi - we ie -ce u y i us ia socie ies e a a ysis ese e e e is us co sis e wi e igu es e- se e i c a e 1 o e ig eque cy o e e e i i g a a ge- me s i e a e i e ee ce u y om a emog a ic e s ec i e e ise o e e e e ami y om e ei us ia e io o e a e ic o ia e a makes a goo ea o se se e ow eque cy o e e e ami ies i e we ie ce u y is mo e a oma ous; is ca o y e e ai e y a ama ic c a ge i esi e ia e e e ces I ece yea s eo e a e s ow s iki g y i e esi e o o o g ei ami y co ec io s App nd x E M rr nd Cl tt rn f Ext nd d l Str t r
"A si g e ma o a ge o u e; ou o i e ousa a yea W a a i g o ou gi s " M s e e i a e Aus e Pride and Prejudice (1 33 e i e s a is ics co ai e i a ew emog a ic s u y co i m w a e e y o y as sus ec e a a o g ma y wome w o seem o a e i a wi e e a e us a s W i e co ege-e uca e a y oome s i a icu a a e ic ims o a "ma iage squee e"—a s o - age o a ai a e me a a s u o a um e s game a wome ca wi " e Ma iage C u c " Newsweek, u e 19
ic o ia ma iage a e s we e s o g y co i io e y eco omic s a- us I c a e 3 I s esse a e e we e a so a ge c ass i e e ces i e eque cy o e e e ami ies i i e ee -ce u y E ie Cou y a a cas i e I o oca i ies e e e i i g a a geme s we e a mo e commo amo g e ou geoisie a amo g e wo ki g c ass (see igu es 3 1 a 3 c a e 3 I ig o e e i e se si i i y o e e e - ami y s uc u e o emog a ic co i io s a es ecia y o ma iage a e s (as s ow i c a e a a e i i is a o i- a e o ask i c ass i e e ces i e eque cy o e e e ami ies ca e asc i e o i e i g emog a ic e e ie ce
Demography and Extended Families in Lancashire My a a ysis o e e ec s o emog a ic ac o s o c ass a e s o ami y s uc u e is co i e o e a cas i e a a se is is ecause e emog a ic i e e ces e wee c asses we e mo e o ou ce i a - cas i e a i E ie Cou y o i e U i e S a es as a w o e I a icu a e Ame ica a a s ow muc sma e c ass i e e ia s i ma iage a e s a e E g is a a o As s ow i a e i C e e e - ami y s uc u e is ig y se si i e o age a ma iage us i
Ma iage a C ass a e s 9
emog a y ca se e as e a a io o e c ass a e o e e e - ami y s uc u e i a y o e a a se s i is mos ike y o e i a - cas i e I o e o assess e o e o c ass i e e ces i emog a ic co i- io s o e eque cy o e e e ami ies i a cas i e I u e o e s a a - o e si ies ec ique esc i e i c a e 5 I is case e s a a o e si ies we e ase o e o u a io o e wo a - cas i e ow s a e a e U S o u a io i 19 O e w o e ese E g is s a a o e si ies a e e y simi a o e Ame ica o es My s a egy was o es ima e e e e o w ic e e wou a e ee c ass i e e ces i e eque cy o e e e i i g a a geme s i esi e ia o e si ies a ee co s a ac oss c asses u emo- g a ic co i io s a ie O e a e ou geoisie i a e- i e ee - ce u y E g a e e ie ce owe e i i y a mo a i y a i e wo ki g c ass a ey ma ie a e Amo g ese emog a ic i e - e ces e mos c i ica a ia e is age a ma iage a is is e o y o e a mig ausi y e ai e o se e c ass i e e ces i e e sio Acco i g y I ocus o e e ec s o c ass i e e ces i age a ma - iage Ma iage age ca e i ec y es ima e om e ce sus i se e a cas i e o u a io co o me qui e c ose y o E g a a Wa es as a w o e i is es ec I E g a a Wa es i 1 71 wo ki g-c ass me ma ie a a a e age age o a ou w e eas wome ma ie a a o ima e y y co as i e ig e a ks me e aye ma iage u i a a e age age o w e eas wome ma ie a e i e ee -ce u y c ass i e e ia i ma iage age as ee e ai e as a u c io o cu u a a eco omic co s ai s . A a ks as a gue a mi e-c ass me e aye ma iage u i ey cou a o e e e se o a ouse a se a s as ema e y ic o ia co ce s o ou geois es ec a i i y e i us ia wo ki g c ass o e ew mi ow s o e o e a eac e eak ea i gs ea y i i e a a i e i ce i e o e ay ma iage e a i io a a e o a e ma iage amo g e owe a ks was e o e y e ac o y sys em a e i c easi g comme cia i a io o a o
1 G ass (1973 17 a ks (195 3 Amo g e wome o Ma c es e a Sa o w e e a o e a cas i e sam e was ake e o o io o you g ma iages (u e 1 ose 3 7 e ce e wee 1 1 a 1 71 u ec i e e ea e e com a a e i c ease o me was 3 e ce A simi a a e o ec i i g ma iage age is a a e o e o o a ea w ic i c u es u o e o e e i e ow sam e e mag i u e is s ig y owe owe e ; e e was a 15 1 A e i E
a e E 1 Simu a io esu s Assumi g 1 71 S a a o e si ies Mo e A Mo e Mo e C Mo e
Assumed Demographic Conditions Mean age a ma iage Ma es 3 3 7 3 ema es 1 1 1 7 3 Mea i e e ec a cy Ma es 35 5 3 ema es 7 5 9 39 5 55 7 Com e e e i i y ma ie wome 5 1 3 7 Simulation Results e ce o i i i ua s esi i g i e e e ami ies 19 7 1 3 19 9 e ce o e e e - ami y mem e s esi i g i e ica y e e e ami ies 5 5 1 9 e ce o e e e - ami y mem e s esi i g i o i o a y e e e ami ies 3 1 9 1
e a ks a gume is o a s ic y eco omic o e a eas i a eo e ica se se I ack o ma e ia esou ces a ee e o y co - s ai o ma iage e we wou e ec a ose wi e g ea es esou ces wou a e ma ie soo es I was o y ecause o e cu u a co s ai o ou geois es ec a i i y a e wea ies c ass e aye ma iage o ges e emog a ic e a a io o c ass i e e ces i e eque cy o e e e ami ies is es e i a e E 1 w ic o i es summa y esu s o ou u s o e momsim mic osimu a io e o sec io o e a e s ows e emog a ic assum io s em oye o eac u Mo e s A a a e esig e o assess e e ec s o i e e ia ma iage age a o e e ow mea age a ma iage i mo e A co es o s o e ow ma iage ages e ai i g amo g e wo ki g c ass w e eas e ig e ma iage ages assume o mo e a o ima e e ou geois ma i a a e e i i y a mo a i y we e e co s a o ese wo u s
e ce a a 37 e ce i c ease i e eque cy o you g ma iages o wome a me es ec i e y See G ea i ai Ge e a egis e O ice (1 1-1 1 A i io a e i e ce o ma iage age ec i e is ci e i c a e e assume e e s o mo a i y a e i i y a e esig e o a o ima e oca co i io s; see G ea i ai Ge e a egis e O ice (1 71 Ma iage a C ass a e s 11
e esu s o e simu a io u s a ea a e o om o a e E 1 Mo e A yie s 19 7 e ce e e e i i g a a geme s com a e wi 1 e ce o mo e us e e ec o c ass i e e ces i age a ma iage—assumi g co s a e i i y mo a i y a esi e ia o- e si ies—is sma e e ec is a oo sma o e ai e a ge b rv d l d ff r n n th fr n f xt nd d f l . Mo e s C a a e esig e o assess e ways i w ic c ass i e - e ces i e i i y a mo a i y—i com i a io wi ma iage age— cou a ec ami y s uc u e A oug we ack e ia e c ass-s eci ic a a o e i i y a mo a i y o e a cas i e ow s i is e io we ca sa e y assume a e wo ki g c ass a mo e c i e a ie you ge a e ou geoisie us mo e C i co o a es e wo ki g-c ass ma iage a e a assumes ig e i i y a ea y ea Mo e o e o e a —w ic as e ou geois a e o a e ma iage— assumes owe e i i y a o ge i e e ec a cy e i e e ces i e i i y a mo a i y e wee mo e s C a a e e i e a e y e agge - a e o ig ig ei im ac e esu s o mo e s C a i ica e a e ig e o se e eque cy o e e e i i g a a geme s amo g e ou geoisie ca - o e e ai e i emog a ic e ms I ee e esu s o mo e s C a sugges a a o e si ies ee co s a e wee c asses emog a ic i e e ces wou a e e o a l r o e a eque cy o e e sio amo g e ou geoisie ecause e ou geoisie we e i ac a mo e ike y o esi e i e e e ami ies a we e e wo ki g c ass e simu a io e e cise o i es p ll n v d n a esi e ia o e si ies i e e a ica y e wee c asses Vertical and Horizontal Extension E e oug emog a ic ac o s ca o e ai c ass i e e ces i e eque cy o e e e ami ies i ic o ia a cas i e emog a y a su s a ia e ec s o e t p o e e e ami ies a occu e i e
5 e se si i i y o e e e - ami y s uc u e o ma iage age i ica e e e is simi a o a s ow i a e i C a oug e a so u e e e s o e e sio i e s ig y ecause ese u s a e ase o a i e e se o s a a esi e ia o e si ies a em oy i e e emog a ic a ame e s We ack e ia e s a is ics o c ass i e e ia s i a u mo a i y i ic o ia a - cas i e u i seems fair to surmise a the poor diet, lack of sanitation, and o essi e wo ki g co i io s o e wo ki g c ass co i u e o su s a ia y ig e a u mo a i y a wou e ou amo g e ou geoisie; see a e i I is ge e a y acce e a e i i y ec i e occu e i s amo g e ou geoisie; see o e am e a ks (195 a akkuk (197 55 W o g (195 I es (193 S e (1979 212 A e i E
i e e eco omic s a a e as wo ows o a e E 1 i ica e e y o e ica e ce age o e e e - ami y mem e s w o wou esi e i e ica y a o i o a y e e e ami ies gi e e emog a ic assum io s o e mo e e ica y a o i o a y e e e ami ies a e e i e s ig y i e e y e e a e sew e e i is ook e ica y e e e ami ies mus co ai a e s a e s-i - aw c i e -i - aw o g a c i e a a o e e e e ami ies a e e i e as o i o - a y e e e us acco i g o ese e i i io s e wo ca ego ies a e mu ua y e c usi e e simu a io esu s s ow a e wo ki g-c ass ma i a a e su s a ia y a o s e o ma io o e ica y as o ose o o i o - a y e e e ami ies is o s ue w e e o o we co si e e e ec s o e i i y a mo a i y as we as ma iage Acco i g o mo e s A a C—w ic assume e wo ki g-c ass ma iage age-5 o 5 e - ce o e e e - ami y mem e s wou esi e i e ica y e e e ami ies I co as mo e s a —w ic assume e ou geois ma iage age—s ow o y o 1 e ce e ica e e sio e same a e is e i e i e ea a cas i e o u a io wo k- i g-c ass e e e - i i g a a geme s we e ima i y e ica w e e- as o i o a y e e e e a io s i s e omi a e amo g e ou geoisie u e o se e c ass i e e ce i y es o e e e ami ies is su s a ia y g ea e a e i e e ce e ic e y e simu a io mo e is a e is s ow i a e E e s a a o e si ies mo e oes o e e ai e e i e c ass i e e ce i y es o e e e ami ies u i e ai s a goo ea e emog a ic mec a isms i o e a e s aig o wa e ig eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies i e wo ki g c ass was e cou - age y ea y ma iage e ow age a ma iage amo g e wo ki g c ass
7 ig a u mo a i y wou e uce e o e a e wee ge e a io s w ic i u i i i s e o ma io o e ica y e e e ami ies us e i ec e ec s o i e e ia mo a i y ca o e o e ai e c ass a e o e e e - ami y s uc u e i ic o ia a cas i e; o e e e a i a a y e ec a a ig mo a i y amo g e wo ki g c ass wou e o co s ai e eque cy o e ica e e sio ye e ica y e e e ami ies we e mos commo amo g e oo ig e i i y amo g e wo ki g c ass wou e cou - age a ig o e a eque cy o e e e ami ies wi a e o e a ce o o i o a e e sio —agai e o osi e o e o se e a e u e iscussio o e o e ia e ec s o e i i y mo a i y a u iaii y o e ica a o i o a e e sio a ea s i a e i e same e a io s i e is e i E ie Cou y but i was co si e a y weake I 1 59 e ce o e wo ki g-c ass mem e s o e e e ami ies esi e i e ica y e e e ami ies com a e wi 3 e ce amo g e ou geoisie e g ea e omoge ei y o E ie Cou y i is es ec was o a y a co seque ce o g ea e omoge ei y wii es ec o ma i a a e s Ma iage a C ass a e s 13
a e E e ce age o E e e - ami y Mem e s esi i g i " e ica " a " o i o a " ami ies a cas i e ow s 1 71 U ski e Ski e ou geois e ica y e e e ami ies 7 9 5 7 o i o a y e e e ami ies 3 1 73 o a 1 1 1 (1 % 5 39
a o e e o ma io o e ica y e e e ami ies ecause i e uce ge e a io e g o o gi g e e io u i g w ic ee ge e a io s we e ike y o e a i e simu a eous y A a ia e a a io o e ig eque cy o o i o a y e e e ami ies amo g e ou geoisie a so i ges on ma iage age a e ma iage e o a ig eque cy o si g e you g a u s amo g e ou geoisie a suc eo e a a ig o e - si y o esi e wi o i o a y e e e ki ese mec a isms a e iscusse a some e g i a e i e o e w e mi g ma o i y o ou geois o i o a y e e e e a- i es a o ye ma ie ose w o e aye ma iage a o esi e somew e e a ey a ee ossi e o io s ey cou esi e wi - ou ami y emai wi ei a e s o esi e wi o i o a y e - e e ki ew c ose e i s ou e e a s ecause o e e e se Ma y emai e wi ei a e s u ese cases usua y a ea as uc ea i i g a a geme s Mo eo e ma y si g e e so s we e u a e o c oose e seco o io ; a sig i ica o o io o e o e ac e- o s a s i s e s i e u e c asses a o i i g a e s sim y because late marriage in o generations mea a some a e s ie w i e ei c i e we e s i u ma ie Some u ma ie you g a u s e e o e o e o mo e i wi e a- i es Mos o i o a y e e e ki we e e wee e ages o 15 a 3 a ey usua y esi e wi ei o e ma ie si i gs Amo g e ou geoisie o i o a e e sio seems o a e ee a a si io a ase e wee ea i g e a e a ome a ma iage
9 e a es i a e i s ow e o o io o e so s esi i g i e e e ami ies oke ow y age o eac a a se I e e y case e ce o e a es es ic e o a u wome e e is a u ge i e e e i i g a a geme s e wee 15 a 3 is u ge is ue o e ese ce o u ma ie o i o a y e e e ki As o e wou e ec e u ge is muc mo e o ou ce i we es ic ou ocus o e e e e e a i es emse es a e a ooki g a e o u a io as a w o e I ge e a e c a ac e is ics o o i o a y e e e ki — ei age se a ma i a s a us— ook a o ike e c a ac e is ics o oa e s o ge s a se a s ike oa i g 1 A e i E
ese i ec e ec s o a e ma iage amo g e ou geoisie a ea y ma iage amo g e wo ki g c ass ca e ai a ou e ce o e o se e c ass i e e ce i e e a i e eque cy o e ica y a o i o a y e e e ami ies e e we e a so I e ie e i i ec co seque ces o c ass i e e ces i ma i a e a io a a e oo su e o e ca u e y e s a a - o e si ies ec ique e emai e o is a e i is e o e o a a mi e y s ecu a i e iscussio o e i e ac io o c ass a e s o ma iage a e e a i e eque cy o e ica a o i o a e e sio i ic o ia a cas i e
Hypergamy and Horizontal Extension I a e ma iage a o e accou e o e ig eque cy o o i o a y e e e ami ies amo g e ou geoisie we wou e ec a a ma o - i y o o i o a y e e e e a i es wou e me ecause me ma ie a e a wome I ac e ce o ou geois o i o a y e e e ki we e e e -ma ie wome a ese wome e e o e o e a ei ma e cou e a s Some i g mo e com ica e was goi g o ou geois me e aye ma iage; ma y ou geois wome i o ma y a a e easo s o is ge e i e e ce a e sugges e y age i e a s e wee s ouses I e ski e a u ski e wo ke s ami ies me we e o a e age 1 a 9 yea s o e a ei wi es es ec- i e y y co as amo g e ou geoisie me we e o a e age yea s o e a ei wi es U e -c ass me e aye ma iage esum- a y—as a ks wou a e i —as a mea s o o ai i g e eco omic secu i y ic a e y co em o a y s a a s o socia es ec a i i y As a esu o ei o ea a ce ey we e i a osi io o ick a c oose ei wi es a e e i e ce sugges s a ey e e e you ge wome I mi e-c ass wome we e o ma ie y ei ea y we ies e c a ces o i e o g s i s e oo oome a ge e esi a e c a ac e is ics o a ou geois wi e we e you u eau y
o gi g o ei g a se a o i o a e e sio was o a y o e a s o - e m a si- io a i i g a a geme u e a s— o e ou geoisie— i i g as a e e e e a i e was mo e socia y acce a e Ka ouce a S e (19 a Ka (1975 see e simi a i ies e wee e e e ki a oa e s a o ge s as so g ea a ey um em oge e ikewise e k e (197 a a o e s a e see se a s a o e o e a i es as su s i u es o ami y mem e s I ce ai eco omic es ec s e e e - ami y mem e s a co esi e o e a i es may a e i e simi a o es a oug we a e o e i e ce o is i e i e ee ce u y u I i i a o e ie e a ey we e equi a e i emo io a e ms 1 e ma imum o se e c ass i e e ce i e e ce age o e ica as o ose o o i o a e e sio is 9 e ce ; e simu a e c ass i e e ce is 1 o 17 e ce Ma iage a C ass a e s 15 a ouse o -ma ageme ski s " e e was a oa e c ass o wome w o ossesse ese a i u es a e e was o me w o we e ca a e o su o i g em i o e ou geois as io I o e wo s e c i e ia o sui a i i y o wi es we e mai y o eco omic w e eas e ima y c i e io o sui a i i y o us a s was ei i a cia esou ces ecause o is wome we e mo e ike y a me o make eco omica y a a ageous ma iages A o e ac o may a e augme e e ossi i i ies o wome o ma y me o ig e eco omic s a us Some wome owa e o o e eco omic ie a c y w o a i e e e mea s may a e c ose o emai u ma ie i o e o esca e e su uga io o ma imo y o e e e a suc wome emo e emse es om e ma iage ma ke ey i c ease e o o u i ies o o e wome o marry u wa us ic o ia socie y was a a e y c a ac e i e y y e gamy w ic is e e e cy o wome o ma y a o e ei s a io e esu was a e g ou o wome com e i g o ou geois us a s was a ge a e su y o qua i ie us a s is e ome o ca a y e ai e muc - e a e "su us o wome " amo g e ic o ia mi e c ass " I e a cas i e ow s e se a io was 1 9 wome o 1 me amo g e ou geoisie; i e o u a io as w o e e x a io was ea y e e A co em o a y o se e esc i e e o - em as a u com o a y g ea ac —i is us i o ou ai ike a a i ee i o a om i us—we a e a a mi g y o e s ocke wi o e y wome ; e e is a e ec g u o a ge u i y A w a is e co seque ce? Ou you s a e u sue y c e e mammas a emme i y es e a e aug e s Em oi e e aces wo ke ciga cases a ea e e -wi e s a e s owe e ow u o em S i e a ies ca o e ma ie ou i u a u e as o i e wo a a a wi es o eac i o ; u se is a iame e ies em mo e a o e; a o E g is ma — owe e sa gui e—ca e ec o e a d r mo e a wice
11 Go o a e s ei (1971 ; a so ma y o e i ems ci e y Ka e (1977 a e e ea i g o e c i e ia o ma e se ec io 1 eema a K aus (19 13 A i io a e a a io s i c u e ig e a es o emig a io a ig e mo a i y amo g me a amo g wome Mo eo e ewe me wou su i e o e mea age a ma iage e e i ma es e e ie ce e same mo a i y as wome sim y ecause me ma ie a e 1 C uiks a k e a (191 33 e assage was i s u is e i 1 51 A so Co e (1 o a i io a co em o a y i e a u e o e su us o wome see Ka e 1 A e i E
e f r f t nd h lf v f r v r n bv l nr l t i i is ake o mea e o e a a io o wome o me u i may o e oo a o om e a io o e igi e wome o e igi e me amo g e ig es a ks o socie y e esu s o e su us o wome ca e see i a e E 3 w ic s ows e ma i a s a us o wome o e 35 e a e was es ic e o o e wome i a a em o e imi a e e e ec s o c ass i e e ces i ma iage age A muc a ge o o io o ou geois wome a wo ki g-c ass wome emai e si g e o ei e i e i es a o ose w o a e e ma ie ma y mo e we e wi ows i 1 71 15 I sum a a ge g ou o mi e-c ass ic o ia wome we e ei e u a e o ma y o c ose o o o so y e gamy seems o a e esu e i a co ce a io o wome i e u e eco omic s a a a is i u mea a e e was a ig o o io o s i s e s a wi ows Some o ese u a ac e wome i e a o e a some emai e i ei a e s ouse o s o ei e i e i es u o e s w e e om i a cia essu e o sim y ou o e so a e e e ce c ose o esi e wi ei o i o a y e e e e a i es " Headship and Vertical Extension ee-ge e a io ami ies ca e o me i ei e o wo ways i s e e e y ca mo e i o ouse o s a a e ee i e e e y es a - is e y ei c i e Seco e c i e ca mo e i o ei a e s ouse o o sim y emai i ei a e s ouse o a e ey ma y ea s i a e s o e a c ue as o w o mo e i wi w om I e e e e o ouse o ea s i as is e i e ce sus o ami y ea s i as ge e a y em oye i is ook (see a e i A I seems im o a e a a e e e a e w o was ake i o a es a is e ouse o wou assume e ea s i o a ouse o y e same oke i
(197 1 - 5 o iscussio s o s i s e oo y is o ia s see A e so (19 Wa - ki s (19 E g a s c a gi g se a io is a a y e y a a (19 7a u (19 51 iews e e e e g ow -u aug e as o e o i e u ame a s o e mi ie-c ass ic o ia ome 15 I iew o e esuma y owe mo a i y amo g e ou geoisie i may seem su isi g a wi ows we e mos commo amo g e ou geoisie e e a e ee e a a- io s o is a oma y i s age intervals between s ouses we e su s a ia y g ea e amo g e ou geoisie w ic wou e g e e a e age u a io o wi ow oo ; seco e e was a su us o u ma ie wome —es ecia y o e o es—amo g e ou geoisie w ic e uce e o o u i ies o ema iage o ou geois wi ows; a i ou geois wi ows a ess i a cia need o ema y 1 e e a io s i e wee s i s e oo a esi e ce i e e e ami ies was oi e ou y Anderson (19 393 Ma iage a C ass a e s 17
a e E 3 Ma i a S a us o Wome o e Age 35 a cas i e ow s 1 71 U ski e Ski e ou geois Ma ie 1 5 59 Si g e 7 3 13 15 Wi owe 11 1 5 o a 1 1 1 (1 % 5 7 179 seems u ike y a a c i wou assume ea s i i e a e a ouse- o as o g as is o e a e s emai e a i e A oug ese ce - ai y a e o a a as u es e ge e a io a a e o ea s i may e e e ess e a use u i ica o o ow e ica y e e e ami ies a e o me a e E gi es e ea s i a e s o ee-ge e a io ami ies i e a cas i e ow s i 1 71 Amo g e wo ki g c ass e ea s i o e ami y was ge e a y e ai e y e e es ge e a io w e eas amo g e ou geoisie mos ea s we e mem e s o e seco ge e a- io ese a a sugges a wo ki g-c ass e ica y e e e ami ies we e usua y o me w e a esi e c i ma ie a oug is o e s ouse i o e ami y o I e u e c asses e ee-ge e a io ami y may a e u c io e mo e ike a u si g ome e e e y a e s o a y mo e i wi ei ma ie c i e w e ey we e wi owe o o o ge ca a e o ca i g o emse es ese c ass i e e ces i e ica y e e e ami y o ma io a e im ica io s o e u a io o e ica y e e e ami ies I wo ki g- c ass e ica y e e e ami ies we e o me u o e ma iage o a c i ey cou o e ia y emai i ac as e ica y e e e ami ies
a e E ea s i a e s o e so s i ee-Ge e a io ami ies a cas i e ow s 1 71
U ski e Ski e ou geois ea i e es ge e a io 7 57 9 ea i mi e ge e a io 7 7 o a 1 1 1 (1 % 1 5 1 1 A e i E
o e e i e e io a a ee ge e a io s we e a i e I ma y cases owe e e wo ki g-c ass a e o e ica e e sio may a e ee a s o - e m a a geme w ic as e o y u i e seco ge e a io gai e su icie esou ces o se u a ouse o o i s ow o e e ess ea y o ma io o ee-ge e a io ami ies wou a eas c ea e e ossi i i y o o g u a io y co as i e ou geois ee-ge e a- io ami ies we e o me o y a e e a e s a c i e a esi e se a a e y o a um e o yea s e u a io o e e e i i g a a ge- me s wou ecessa i y e ie a a sma e o o io o e o u a- io cou esi e i suc ami ies a a y o e ime E i e ce o age a e s su o s e i e e a io a wo ki g- c ass e ica y e e e ami ies we e o me ea y i i e e seco ge e a io i u ski e a o e s ami ies was o a e age 9 7 yea s you - ge a e seco ge e a io i ou geois ami ies a e seco ge e a io i ski e wo ke s ami ies was a a e age o 7 yea s you - ge a i ou geois ami ies Amo g e ou geoisie e e es ge e a- io co sis e ima i y o e e y wi ows e wo ki g-c ass a e o e ica e e sio seems o e simi a o e s em- ami y mo e As esc i e i c a e acco i g o e s em- ami y y o esis i was commo i ei us ia Wes e socie y o o e c i o emai i is o e a e s ouse o a e ma iage w i e a y o e c i e e ome o es a is ew ouse o s e s em ami y is su ose o a e o e a e as a mea s o a smi i g o e y e wee ge e a io s a o assu i g a s a e su y o ag icu u a a o W i e e f r o e wo ki g-c ass ee-ge e a io ami y may a e esem e e s em- ami y mo e e easo s u e yi g e a o io o a o m mus a e ee i e e I e i a ce was o a y o a ma o easo o e a o io o s em- ami y o ms i i e ee -ce u y wo k- i g-c ass a cas i e; as o e i c a e 3 ew a e s a su s a ia e oug asse s o se e as i ce i e o ei c i e o emai a ome Mo eo e a oug e ee o a o o e ami y a m may a e e cou age e o ma io o s em ami ies i u a a eas e eco omy o i us ia a cas i e i o ecessi a e suc i i g a a geme s amo g e wo ki g c ass e i e ge ce e wee c asses i e ica y e e e ami y o ma- io i gs us ack o e issue o i e e ia ma iage e a io I a ks is co ec ou geois you os o e ma iage ecise y ecause ey wis e o egi ma ie i e i es a is me s o ei ow a cou e e ua y a o o o so y co as you g wo ki g-c ass me cou o e ec ama ica y im o e ea i gs i a e yea s a ey we e o co s ai e y o io s o ou geois es ec a i i y So wo ki g-c ass ma es ma ie ea y a o e mo e i wi ei a e s Marriage and Class Patterns 219
Co c usio I a e o e e ou e a a io s o e c ass a e s o e ica y a o i o a y e e e ami y s uc u e i ic o ia a cas i e i s e ow age a ma iage amo g e wo ki g c ass e o a o ge e io u i g w ic ee ge e a io s we e a i e simu a eous y; is e cou age a ig eque cy o e ica y e e e ami ies Seco a e ma iage amo g e u e c asses e o a ig eque cy o s i s e s a ac e- o s a ese g ou s a e a ig o e si y o esi e wi o i o a y e e e ki i e e was a su us o u ma ie wome amo g e ou geoisie ecause ma iage ecisio s we e ic a e y e eco omic owe o me ; is e o y e gamy Ma y o e u ma ie wome om e u e c asses s e ei a u i es i ei si i gs ouse o s i a y e e ica y e e e ami ies i e wo ki g c ass u ike ose o e ou geoisie we e mos o e o me w e you g eo e emai e i ei a e s ouse o s a e ma iage o mo e i wi ei s ouses a e s is a e o ouse o o ma io ma imi es e o e ia eque cy o e e e ami ies ecause i e uces e e io u i g w ic a e s a c i e esi e i i e e e uc ea ami ies ese ou mec a isms ca ausi y e ai e e omi a ce o e ica y e e e ami ies amo g e wo ki g c ass a o i o a y e e e ami ies amo g e ou geoisie u ey o o e ai e e y- i g e e i e ce i ica es a emog a ic ac o s—i c u i g ma i a a e s— a i e e ec o c ass i e e ia s i e overall eque cy o e e e i i g a a geme s I ee w e c ass i e e ces i mo a - i y e i i y a u ia i y a e a i c u e i e simu a io u s e esu s sugges a emog a ic co i io s ac ua y a o e e e e - ami y s uc u e amo g e wo ki g c ass o a g ea e e e a amo g e ou geoisie e ac a emog a y ai s o e ai c ass i e e ces i e overall frequency o e e e i i g a a geme s is u ima e y a mo e sig i ica i i g a e success u e a a io o c ass i e e ces i types o e e e ami ies As oi e ou i c a e is o ia s a e ge e a y see e i e ee -ce u y e e e ami y as a u c io a a a a io o eco omic a s i a i us ia wo ki g co i io s e co ce a io o ami y e e sio amo g e ou geoisie is a u ame a c a e ge o e a s i i e e a io ecause e ic o ia c ass a e o e - e e - ami y s uc u e co a ic s e ai i g socia eo y a e assum io s o ma y is o ia s i is im o a o k ow a is a e was o me e y a i i ec co seque ce o e ai i g emog a ic co i- io s App nd x M lt v r t An l
Wi a u e a a ai o sca es a e mu i ica io a e a ways i is ocke Si ea y o weig a measu e a y a ce o uma a u e a e you e ac y w a i comes o I is a me e ques io o igu es a case o sim e a i me ic C a es icke s Hard Times (1 5 C a ie ow "W e e o you i k e sou ce o is secu i y ies—i you um i a a ke o i e ose you assume?" i us "I wou say i s a com i a io o i g e ie s— o u ike a oc o s esc i io " C a es Sc u Peanuts (19
I is o iga o y ese ays o socia scie is s o y o ise a g e e "com i a io o i g e ie s" a makes socie y ick I e cou se o e esea c o is s u y I em oye a a ie y o ec iques o u i is o iga io i c u i g ogi o i o i a y eas squa es eg essio Mu i e omi a A a ysis ecom osi io ec iques a Mu i e C assi ica io A a ysis Eac ec ique I a e ou e ea s esse ia y e same i g• s o g e a io s i s e wee a y wo a ia es— a is e a io s i s s o g e oug o a e historical as we as s a is ica sig- i ica ce—a e ge e a y somew a imi is e u a e y isa ea w e we co o o e e ec s o i e e i g a ia es A e am e may c a i y is oi I c a e 3 I o e a mem e s o e ou geoisie esi e wi e e e ki a mo e eque y a i mem e s o e wo ki g c ass i o a cas i e a E ie Cou y a o is c ass i e e ce is a y- o uc o e ac a ou geois eo e we e a mo e eque y a i es a we e wo ki g-c ass e so s; mig a- io iscou ages esi e ce i e e e ami ies owe e e c ass i - e e ce i e e sio is o e i e y a u c io o i ace; w e we e ami e e a i e a o eig o se a a e y e c ass a e o e e sio is a a e wi i eac g ou e eas o ema ic mea s o assessi g e e ec s o se e a a i- a es simu a eous y is o c ea e mu i ime sio a a es a eak e esu s ow se e a ways a o ce As soo as we i co o a e mo e a ee o ou a ia es owe e a es ecome u wie y I ac o e
Mu i a ia e A a yses 221 ca easi y c ea e a a e wi mo e ce s a e um e o cases i e sam e us we u o eg essio I a e i c u e se e a Mu i e C as- si ica io A a ysis (MCA) u s o su o e ge e a i a io s I ma e i c a e 3 MCA as wo a a ages o e a e a i e eg essio ec - iques i s i is e a i e y easy o i e e MCA esu s; seco MCA oes o im ose i ea i y o e e a io s i s e wee a ia es I MCA, a i e e e a ia es a e " ummie " ega ess o w e e o o ey a e ca ego ica I o e wo s eac a ue o ca ego y o eac a ia e is ea e as oug i we e a se a a e a ia e wi a a ue o ei e e o o o e ecause eac ca ego y is ea e se a a e y MCA ca iso a e a esc i e o i ea e a io s i s e e e e a ia e o e u s ese e e e is a ic o omy— w e e o o a i i i ua esi es wi is o e e e e ki I ca e a gue a MCA is o i ea y sui e o e use o a ic o omous e e e a ia e u i ac ice i wo ks us i e e MCA coe icie s a e e esse as e ia io s om e g a mea o e e e e a ia e I is case e g a mea is sim y e e ce age o e e i e o u a io a esi e wi e e e ki a es 1 oug 1 eac co ai ee co um s o igu es e i s co um s ows e um e o cases o eac ca ego y o eac a ia e Si ce e E ie Cou y a a se s om 1 55 19 a 1915 em oy com ica e weig i g sc emes ese um e s s ou e iewe as a o ima e o ose yea s e seco co um s ows e "u a us e e ia io " o eac ca ego y o eac a ia e e u a us e e ia io is e i e e ce e wee e e ce esi i g wi e e e ki wi i e ca ego y a e e ce esi i g wi e e e ki i e e i e o u a io o e am e e u a us e e ia io o e so s o e 75 i a e 1 is 5 1 is igu e is e i e e ce e wee e e ce age o e so s o e 75 esi i g wi e e e ki a e co es o i g e ce age o e e i e o u a io e e ce age o ose i e 75 a o e age g ou esi i g wi e e e ki is 5 1 plus e o e a e ce e e e 19 9 us 5 95 e ce o ese e e y eo e esi e i e e e ami ies e i co um s ows e "a us e e ia io s" o eac ca ego y
1. See A ews e a (1973 1 w o e e e use o MCA wi ic o omous e e e a ia es o ems mai y a ise w e e mea o e ic o omous e e e a ia e is c ose o e o o o e o wo easo s i s is wi ea o e e osce as ici y Seco e eme a ues o e e e e a ia e may ea o e ic e a ues o ess a e o o g ea e a o e O ious y i wou e im ossi ie o less a e o e ce o mo e a 1 e ce o e o u a io o esi e i e e e ami ies A e i
ese igu es a e i e ica o e coe icie s a wou e o ai e y o i a y eg essio wi ummy a ia es e ce a ey a e a us e so a e weig e mea o e coe icie s o eac a ia e equa s e o U e o i a y eg essio wi ummy a ia es o e ca ego y o eac a ia e mus a ways e omi e om e equa io e esu i g coe - icie s e us e e ic e e ia io o eac ca ego y om e omi e ca ego y A o e way o ooki g a i is a e coe icie gi es e amou o c a ge i e e e e a ia e esu i g om o e u i o c a ge in e i e e e a ia e wi a e se e co s a Since the i e e e a ia es a e ummie ey o y have o e u i ; ei a ue is ei e e o o o e us e "s o e" associa e wi eac ummie ca ego y is i e ica o e deviation o a ca ego y om e ca ego y omi e om e equa io e MCA coe icie s a e s ig y i e e si ce ey e ese e e ic e e ia io o eac ca ego y om e g a mea o ca ego ies a e omi e e co e sio om o i a y eg essio (as coe icie s o MCA coe icie s is s aig o wa e omi e ca ego y o eac a ia e is i s assig e a O S coe icie o e o si ce i o cou se as o e ia io om i se e e weig e a e age o e coe icie s o a ca ego ies o e a ia e is ca cu a e is weig e a e age is e su ac e om e O S coe icie o eac ca ego y i c u i g e ca ego y a was e ious y omi e ; is yie s e MCA coe icie s e weig e a e age o e MCA coe icie s is e equa o e o is o ma o e coe icie s is co e ie a i ui i e y accessi e e MCA coe icie s— a e e "a us e e ia io " i a e 1—a e i e e o s ow w a e e ia io o e ca ego y om e g a mea wou e i a o e o e a ia es i c u e i e u we e co o e y com a i g e u a us e e ia io wi e a us e e ia io we ca es ima e e e e o w ic o i g e o e a ia es co s a wou a ec e e ce e e e wi i eac ca ego y e e a io s i s i ica e i e a es ese e i c a e 3 a e e o uce e e i e o m o u a us e e ia io s e same a - e s eme ge i e a us e e ia io s a oug e s e g o e e a io s i s is ge e a y somew a imi is e Si ce e e a io s i s e sis w e we co o o e e ec s o i e e i g a ia es i is c ea a e a e s esc i e i c a e 3 a e o me e y a y- o uc o co e a e s uc u a co i io s wo a es a e s ow o eac a a se e wo u s o E ie Cou y i 1 55 a e ase o oug y e same o u a io u ey i c u e somew a i e e i e e e a ia es o e es o e ce sus Mu i a ia e A a yses 3 files, the two runs look at different populations: the first run for each data set includes the main variables available for all individuals n the file, whereas the second focuses on adult women. The tables on adult women r d n d t assess M h l Anderson's "working mothers" hypothe- sis.
a e E 1 Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y E ie Cou y 1 55 G a Mea = 19 9 e ce E e e o a 1 3 35 Mu i e R Squa e = 3
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io
Age - 19 31 - 9 33 5-9 1 3 - 1 - 31 1 -1 13 15 - 17 - 1 15-19 1 -1 93 -1 53 - 1 31 1 1 5- 9 11 7 - 3 1.46 3 -3 1 3 -1 7 - 35-39 7 9 -1 7 - 9 - 59 -1 -1 9 5- 9 5 -3 - 5 9 5 -5 3 9 - 35 55-59 9 5 9 1 3 - 19 1 9 3 5- 9 1 1 9 1 1 7 -7 7 1 5 9 3 9 75 + 39 5 1 7 Occu a io a c ass Wi se a 5 1 1 73 1 3 O e ou geois 5 999 3 3 Ski e 3 7 -1 17 0. U ski e 5 3 - 9 - 5 Ag icu u a 3 9 93 53 U c assi ie 193 1 3 - 39 i ace o ami y ea a i e 3 5 5 5 I is 15 1 - 7 9 O e U K 733 Ge ma 42,801 -3.47 -1.76 Eas e Eu o e 15 -1 33 I a ia 73 -1 -13 O e 1 31 -3 57 -3 Continued on the following page A e i
a e 1 (continued)
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io
Ma i a s a us Si g e 71 555 —1 3 — 7 Ma ie 7 5 — 91 —1 53 Wi owe 7 1 33 7 7 Ge e Ma e 9 — 55 — 13 ema e 3 57 1 U a / u a U a — 39 1 u a 55 15 —1 9 Yea s s e oca y -1 1 3 —5 9 —3 5 -5 3 771 —3 73 — -1 5 975 11-19 7 3 - 9 1 3 5 3 + 5 9 5 3 31 o sig i ica a e 1 e e Mu i a ia e A a yses 5
a e Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y E ie Cou y 1 55 G a Mea = 19 9 e ce E e e o a = 1 595 Mu i e Squa e = 5
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io
Age - 19 5 3 -1 - 5-9 15 - -3 1 -1 13 5 - 15 - 91 15-19 1 5 -1 3 - 3 - 1 5 1 1 1 5 5- 9 11 919 - 3 1 3 3 -3 1 91 -1 9 -1 35-39 -1 -1 33 - 5 9 -1 -1 39 5- 9 - 7 -3 5 5 -5 9 3 1 71 55-59 79 3 3 - 13 13 91 12.28 5- 9 1 17 7 1 7 -7 77 3 31 1 75 + 7 93 39 73 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 7 11 5 91 owe ou geois 5 3 5 1 1 Ski e 33 1 -1 - 5 U ski e 55 - 97 - 79 Ag icu u a 37 3 3 5 U c assi ie 1 7 93 - i ace o ami y ea a i e 3 5 9 5 I is 15 3 - 9 1 3 O e U K 5 1 79 Ge ma 51 -3 7 -1 1 Eas e Eu o e 1 -1 3 - 7 I a ia 73 -1 5 -13 9 O e 19 - 3 3 - 3.75 U a / u a U a 577 - 7 7 u a 5 1 55 - 9 Continued on the following page A e i
a e ( nt n d a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Yea s s e oca y -1 1 31 - -3 -5 3 7 -3 1 - 59 -1 13 - 3 11-19 53 1 9 - 9 1 3 3 -35 5 97 9 3 1 3 + 3 9 7 19 um e o ouse o s i we i g O e 99 771 1 5 1 35 wo 13 17 -5 9 - 9 ee 5 -5 97 -5 ou o mo e 7 7 - 1 -5 5 Mu i a ia e A a yses 7
a e 3 Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y E ie Cou y 1 G a Mea = 3 e ce E e e o a = 13 5 1 Mu i e Squa e =
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age - 1 5 1 1 9 5-9 1 5 -1 7 1 -1 1 5 -5 3 -3 15-19 1 3 7 - 93 - 5 - 1 9 - 33 - 5- 9 1 17 33 3 55 3 -3 9 5 1 1 35-39 -1 1 -1 57 - 9 - 1 - 3 5- 9 3 - 3 - 95 5 -5 5 - 59 - 5 9 55-59 7 - 91 - 3 - 37 71 5 5- 9 1 13 3 7 -7 1 5 15 99 75 + 1 5 3 9 5 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 9 5 7 3 owe ou geois 1 355 5 5 Ski e 5 1 - 3 5 U ski e 3 1 - 71 -5 9 Ag icu u a 1 7 57 U c assi ie 1 1 9 i ace o ami y ea a i e 5 7 1 5 93 I is 1 13 - 5 - 3 3 O e U K 5 15 5 Ge ma 931 -5 95 -5 Eas e Eu o e 7 5 35 9 5 I a ia 5 - 3 -1 15 O e 1 3 5 - 93 -3 ace W i e 13 7 - - 5 o w i e 9 9 1 U em oyme is e as u em oye 71 -9 7 -13 1 O e 13 51 5 7 C nt n d n th f ll n p A e i
a e 3 ( nt n d
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Ma i a s a us Si g e 7 1 — 19 —1 3 Ma ie 9 — 37 — 9 Wi owe 7 5 13 1 19 Ge e Ma e 7 5 —1 3 — ema e 9 1 5 5 U a / u a U a 1 7 1 — 53 1 u a 1 9 —1 53 o sig i ica a e 1 e e Mu i a ia e A a yses 9
a e Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y o Wome Age 1 o O e E ie Cou y 1 G a Mea = 3 e ce E e e o a = 1 Mu i e Squa e = 9
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age 15-19 -7 1 - - 7 9 -3 13 -3 5 5- 9 5 15 3 -3 3 -3 - 73 35-39 3 1 - - 73 - 3 9 - 7 - 3 5- 9 3 - 57 -3 91 5 -5 55 -5 -3 7 55-59 11 3 3 55 - 1 5 11 35 1 5- 9 99 1 3 1 3 7 -7 7 33 7 33 7 75- 7 3 1 5 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 95 9 11 owe ou geois 7 1 Ski e 1 9 1 73 77 U ski e 1 1 -9 51 - 5 Ag icu u a 515 5 3 9 U c assi ie 57 9 -3 9 i ace o ami y ea a i e 1 79 7 I is - 9 - 7 O e U K 1 1 51 3 Ge ma 1 3 -5 9 - 31 Eas e Eu o e 15 - 3 - 7 I a ia 13 - 3 -17 37 O e 19 -3 - 9 Mo e s wo k Wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 373 -9 9 - Wo ki g woma o c i e u e 5 1 3 -7 75 -5 o wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 5 5 3 7 O e woma 1 o o e 1 9 7 3 59 U a / u a U a 3 31 - 1 u a 7 3 - 3 3 A e i
a e S Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a Extended ami y E ie Cou y 19 G a Mea = 5 e ce E e e o a = 7 Mu i e Squa e = 5 a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age - 13 -1 79 -1 5 5-9 5 3 -3 -3 1 1 -1 1 -3 39 -3 15-19 3 593 -1 - - 3 57 - 5 1 9 5- 9 3 7 3 7 3 -3 3 9 1 1 55 35-39 3 1 - 3 1 1 - 5 - 59 -1 5- 9 1 9 9 - 31 1 5 -5 1 - 5 55-59 1 7 3 1 1 - 79 5 5 1 5- 9 59 17 5 1 3 7 -7 15 1 11 75+ 1 1 1 7 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 57 5 7 9 owe ou geois 775 5 1 Ski e 1 5 -1 1 - U ski e 9 77 -5 -3 79 Ag icu u a 3 53 7 3 7 9 U c assi ie 9 -1 9 i ace o ami y ea a i e 3 13 3 I is 51 - - 71 O e U K 1 5 5 5 Ge ma 9 - 5 - 93 Eas e Eu o e 3 93 - 7 - 1 I a ia 9 3 - -1 9 O e 5 -3 9 -3 39 Ma i a s a us Si g e 391 -1 73 9 Ma ie 15 3 - 1 7 -3 73 Wi owe 31 9 3 91 Ge e Ma e - 1 11 ema e 1 - 11 U a / u a U a 3 1 - 55 u a 7 3 -1 1 o sig i ica a e 1 e e Mu i a ia e A a yses 31
a e Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y o Wome Age 1 o O e E ie Cou y 19 G a Mea = 5 e ce E e e o a = 1 9 Mu i e Squa e = 1
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io
Age 15-19 1 1 9 - 51 - - 1 957 - 9 - 5- 9 1 7 - 59 - 7 3 -3 1 7 - 1 - 1 35-39 1 599 -1 1 -1 15 - 1 1 7 -3 - 17 5- 9 931 - 3 - 5 -5 71 -1 -1 77 55-59 53 1 5 - 39 9 3 9 1 5- 9 355 3 1 3 7 -7 9 9 73 75+ 3 3 9 33 3 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 755 7 7 owe ou geois 1 5 7 79 Ski e 3 335 - 7 9 U ski e 939 -7 19 -5 Ag icu u a 15 9 1 1 U c assi ie 3 5 3 - - i ace o ami y ea t v 5 7 7 I is 799 -1 9 -1 9 O e U K 7 5 -1 1 - Ge ma 7 - 7 - 9 Eas e Eu o e 5 - 53 -1 95 I a ia 3 -7 - 5 O e 97 -5 -5 77 Mo e s wo k Wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 9 75 5 Wo ki g woma o c i e u e 5 9 - 1 39 o wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 955 - -3 O e woma 1 o o e 7 13 99 U a / u a U a 1 53 - 7 u a 3 7 3 33 - 1 o sig i ica a e 1 e e 3 A e i
a e 7 Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y E ie Cou y 1915 G a Mea = 1 e ce E e e o a = 3 3 9 Mu i e Squa e = 9 a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age - 7 5 - 53 3 9 5-9 7 5 -3 7 57 1 -1 91 - - 1 15-19 7 31 -3 1 3 - 7 1 57 95 5- 9 5 3 5 99 5 3 -3 5 3 1 7 - 35-39 353 37 - 3 - 3 71 - - 7 5- 9 3 1 -1 17 -5 5 -5 9 1 3 - 57 55-59 1 7 3 95 -5 3 - 1 9 1 73 -1 5- 9 15 1 7 70-74 371 35 75 - - 7 1 15 1 53 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 3 73 97 3 7 owe ou geois 9 5 9 Ski e 9 5 -1 7 - U ski e 13 77 - 9 -1 33 Ag icu u a 3 79 3 95 U c assi ie 5 71 3 31 - 9 i ace o ami y ea a i e 5 5 9 5 I is 1 5 5 1 13 O e U K 37 5 71 5 Ge ma 5 3 -5 7 - 9 Eas e Eu o e 1 7 -7 3 - 1 I a ia 3 3 3 1 17 1 O e 3 7 9 - 3 - 1 Ma i a s a us Si g e 39 -3 -3 3 Ma ie 99 19 1 Wi owe 3 91 Ge e Ma e 33 1 - 5 ema e 3 3 57 - 5 U a / u a U a 53 5 - 7 - 11 u a 9 739 3 5 1 o sig i ica a e 1 e e Mu i a ia e A a yses 33
a e Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y o Wome Age 1 o O e E ie Cou y 1915 G a Mea = 1 7 e ce E e e o a = 1 9 Mu i e Squa e = 93
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io
Age 15-19 5 - 5 5 - - 9 -1 51 - 9 5- 9 17 - 5 -1 93 3 -3 13 -1 -3 5 35-39 55 -3 5 - 5 9 - 1 -5 33 - 9 5- 9 1 5 -1 7 - 1 5 -5 1 7 9 79 55-59 777 5 5 1 - 9 15 1 7 5- 9 31 19 7 19 1 7 -7 1 1 3 7 37 5 75+ 5 7 3 9 Occu a io a c ass U e ou geois 1 17 11 owe ou geois 3 5 3 7 Ski e 7 9 - 5 55 U ski e 3 9 - 7 7 -3 5 Ag icu u a 1 5 99 31 U c assi ie 91 -3 3 i ace o ami y ea a i e 73 7 1 I is 5 -1 79 - O e U K 755 9 9 Ge ma 1 3 -7 3 -7 Eas e Eu o e 9 -9 - 1 I a ia 9 1 5 O e 1 7 -3 39 -3 75 Mo e s wo k Wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 15 9 7 Wo ki g woma o c i e u e 5 5 35 -5 3 - 3 5 o wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 73 -1 7 O e woma 1 o o e 1 3 - 3 U a / u a U a 15 7 - 7 3 u a 7 7 - 17 o sig i ica a e 1 e e 3 A e i
a e 9 Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y u o a Sa o a cas i e 1 71 G a Mea = e ce E e e o a = 9 7 Mu i e Squa e = 51
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age - 1 3 1 3 31 5-9 935 - 7 7 1 -1 91 - 9 -1 1 15-19 1 7 - 35 1 - 1 57 - 3 5- 9 -3 7 - 35 3 -3 71 - - 11 35-39 5 7 - 3 -5 7 - 5 -3 9 - 9 5- 9 -1 7 - 5 -5 35 33 -3 55-59 7 7 93 1 11 - 13 5 33 5- 9 1 3 5 3 17 3 7 -7 5 1 11 5 13 75+ 15 13 99 9 9 Occu a io a c ass ou geois 1 9 9 1 Ski e 1 5 - U ski e 391 -9 -7 U c assi ie 7 i ace o ami y ea o oca y 3 5 35 o i a cas i e 3 1 5 o i I e a 59 -5 3 - 7 o e sew e e i U K 7 - 59 1 59 o ou si e U K 9 - 1 -5 9 Ma i a s a us Si g e 5 9 7 - 13 - 5 Ma ie 7 9 3 1 7 Wi owe 511 7 1 79 Ge e Ma e 51 9 - 3 ema e 5 19 - 3 o sig i ica a e 1 e e Mu i a ia e A a yses 35
a e 1 Mu i e-C assi ica io A a ysis o e o a i i y o esi i g i a E e e ami y o Wome Age 1 o O e u o a Sa o a cas i e 1 71 G a Mea = 1 7 e ce E e e o a = 91 Mu i e Squa e = 1 7
a ia e a U a us e A us e Ca ego y e ia io e ia io Age 15-19 3 5 - 51 19 - - 97 3 5- 9 35 - 75 -3 55 3 -3 313 -1 1 - 9 35-39 33 -1 7 - 5 - 1 - -7 39 5- 9 15 - 1 -3 33 5 -5 113 - -3 1 55-59 77 1 1 3 - 71 17 95 11 39 5- 9 3 15 3 7 -7 1 3 9 75+ 7 17 5 11 93 Occu a io a c ass ou geois 5 1 1 1 3 Ski e 759 1 1 U ski e 1 -9 79 - 5 i ace o ami y ea o oca y 73 5 9 o i a cas i e 9 - -1 59 o i I e a 73 -7 9 -3 9 o e sew e e i U K 1 9 1 97 o ou si e U K - Mo e s wo k Wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 9 1 79 1 71 Wo ki g woma o c i e u e 5 1 - - 7 o wo ki g mo e c i e u e 5 3 5 1 33 O e woma 1 o o e 53 15 79 7
bl r ph
Ac e aum A a S ea s 197 "O Age a Mo e i a io " e Gerontologist 1 3 7-1 Ag es i B. 1979 " ouse o Com osi io e ami y Cyc e a Eco omic a s i i a os e um Sou e Cou y Wa o Cou y o - i a 1 7 -1 5 " International Journal of the Sociology of the Family 9 5-5 Ake ma S C. o a so a Gau e s 197 Chance and Change: Social and Economic Studies in Historical De- mography in the Baltic Area. O e se e ma k Men, 1 9 " e C o e a i u a o i e 1 3 s a 1 s " Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society 5-5 A ge a M ie a 19 " e e mi a s o E e e ouse o S uc u e Cu u a a e o Eco omic ee ?" American Journal of Sociology 7 13 - 3 Anderson, M 1971 Family Structure i i e ee Century Lancashire. Cam i ge 197 a " e S u y o ami y S uc u e " In: E A W ig ey e
197 " ouse o S uc u e i e I us ia e o u io - Mi - i e ee Ce u y es o i Com a a i e e s ec i e " In: as e a Wa e s 197 "Socio ogica is o y a e Wo ki g C ass ami y Sme se e is- i e " Social History 1 317- 3 1977 " e Im ac o ami y e a io s i s o e E e y o C a ges Si ce ic o ia imes i Go e me a I come Mai e a ce o i-
37 3 i iog a y
sio " In: E S a as a M Sussma e s Family, Bureaucracy,- and the Elderly. u am C 197 " ami y ouse o a e I us ia e o u io " In: M Go - o e The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective. e ew Yo k 19 Approaches to the History of the Western Family. o o 19 " e Socia osi io o S i s e s i Mi - ic o ia Britain." Journal of Family History 9 377-93 19 5 "S a i i y a C a ge i U a Commu i ies " Journal of Family History 1 19 - 5 A ews M e a 1973 Multiple Classification Analysis: A Report on a Computer Program for Multiple Regression Using Categorical Predictors. A A o Mic A s e e 1959 The Family: Its Function and Destiny. ew Yo k A ies 19 Centuries of Childhood. New Yo k A ms o g A 197 a " e Use o I o ma io a ou Occu a io " In: E A W ig ey e 197 "A o e o e ouse o S uc u e o Mi - i e ee Ce u y Yo k i Com a a i e e s ec i e " In: as e a Wa e s 197 Stability and Change in an English Country Town: A Study of York, 1801-51. Cam i ge 197 " e Ce sus E ume a o s ooks A Comme a y " i aw- o e As c o 1 9 The English Poor Law System. a s es io - omas o o As e e e 197 "Comme " In: W Sc u e As wo 1 "S a is ics o e ese e essio o a e a o o " Journal of the Statistical Society 5 7 - 1 A woo M 197 The Edible Woman. New Yo k Aue ac 197 Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction. Cam i ge Mass 19 The Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth. Cam- i ge Mass
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U S u ic ea Se ice 19 7 t l St t t f th Un t d St t . Was i g o C a e Wa e E 197 " e Cu e S a e o is o ica emog a y " v f bl t U -11 i o skis M A 1971 " e 17 9 i e a e o E wa Wigg eswo " rn l f E n t r 31 57 -9 197 "Mo a i y a es a e s i Massac use s e o e 1 " rn l f E n t r 3 1 - 13 197 " om ouse o Si e o e i e Cou se Some O se a io s o ece e s i ami y is o y " A r n h v r l S nt t 1 3- 7 19 1 rt l t n M h tt fr th v l t n t th C v l W r. ew Yo k o eume 19 1 h C p t r nd th r n. ew a e Co Wac e K W 19 " e Sis e s i e a e Im o a ce o a ia ce W e Guessi g emog a ic a es om Ki Cou s " r ph 17 1 3-1 Wac e K W E A amme a as e 197 St t t l St d f t r l S l Str t r . ew Yo k Wa 197 "Mea ouse o Si e i E g a om i e Sou ces " In: as e a Wa e s
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19 " egio a a em o a a ia io s i e S uc u e o e i is ouse o si ce 1 51 " In: a ke a M ake e s Popula- tion and Society in Britain 1850-1980. ew Yo k 19 3a "I o uc io " In: Wa e 19 3 " e ouse o emog a ic a Eco omic C a ge i E g a 1 5 -197 " In: Wa e Wa e 19 3c Family Forms in Historic Europe. Cam i ge Wa i g W 19 Sexology. i a e ia Wa s a Me a 197 " ea i e C esa eake wo i e a es o Me i Ea y Co o- ia Ma y a " Maryland Historical Magazine 9 11- 7 Wa ki s S C 19 "O Measu i g a si io s a u i g oi s " Historical Methods 13 1 1- 7 19 "S i s e s " Journal of Family History 9 31 - 5 Wa ki s S C a Me ke 19 "Co i ui ies a C a ge i e Ame ica ami y " a e e- se e a e A ua Mee i g o e Ame ica syc ia ic Associa- io We s 1971 " emog a ic C a ge a e i e Cyc e o Ame ica ami ies " Journal of Interdisciplinary History 73- 1975 The Population of the British Colonies of America before 1776: A Survey of Census Data. i ce o 197 " ami y is o y a e emog a ic a si io " In: M Go o e The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective. e ew Yo k W ea o 1975 " ami y a Ki s i i Wes e Eu o e e o em o e oi ami y ouse o " Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5 1- W i e A 1 5 Bolton-le-moors, and the Townships in the Parish, an Historical, Statistical, Civil, and Moral Account. o o E g a Wi c a um e g 19 "Socie a Com e i y a ami y O ga i a io " In: Wi c a W Goo ma e s Selected Studies in Marriage and the Family. ew Yo k
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W ig ey E A a S Sc o ie 19 1 The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction, Cam i ge Mass W o g 195 "C ass e i i y i e e ia s e o e 1 5 " Social Research 5 7 - Ya s-Mc aug i 1977 Family and Community: Italian Immigrants in Buffalo, 1880-1930. Ithaca, N .Y . Yasu a Y 19 1 Birth Rates of the White Population of the United States, 1800-1860: An Economic Study. a imo e
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You g G M 19 Victorian England: Portrait of an Age. ew Yo k You g M a Wi mo 1957 Family and Kinship in East London. o o 1973 The Symmetrical Family. ew Yo k a e sky E 197 Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life. ew Yo k i ome sky 19 5 " ami y esi e ce a Su o o e E e y i e-I us ia Swe is Ag a ia Socie y S a e E i e ce a a yi g I e e a- io s " a e ese e a e A ua Mee i gs o e Socia Scie ce is o y Associa io C icago Ind x
A e u es acy 1 i ace a e e e ami y s uc- Age a e e e ce 5- 7; o ea s u e 5 3-35 195 17; i e a s e wee s ouses ake 1 7 11 1 1 1 - 3 1 171 17 - oa e s 1 31 53 1 1 1 73 19 -9 1 1 ; s uc u e 5 o gaa s 7 75 7 9 1 7- 1 1- 1 7 199 13 ou geoisie e i e 3 35 3-35 See also O Age o es s a is ica 1 9 Ag es i a ey Ag icu u a Ce sus 3 15 um aug G M Ag icu u a i e i a ce 7 5 -57 u a o Y See E ie Cou y Y 91 1 1 7 1 1 u c K A uism 19 usi ess c ass 3 AM US 7 u e S 3 13 A a y ic mo e s 5-71 A e so M 1 - 3 3 Cam i ge G ou o e is o y o 5 7-57 passim, 75n, 7 13 o u a io a Socia S uc u e 3 1 3 95 111 1 1 As wo ami y 15 CAMSIM, 7 A woo M 1 9 Ca i a is me a i y 7 Aus i Ca c - 3 Causa a a ysis 135 a ysi i g 7 Ce sus a a E ie Cou y Y 1 55- a ks A 9 1 1915 3 151; a cas i e E g a a es E 1 71 3 151; U i e S a es 19 93 a y 1 M 1 11 151 15 -55 1 ecke G 13 1 17-1 C i e i a a y ic mo e s 7; a eco- ee o I 35 omic e e e ce 5- ; a e e y e - o a Y 19 5 1 19 ; a ea s i a e s e so 1 -1 ; i ue ce i esi e ce eci- e k e K 3 - 5 7 75 sio s ; a i e i a ce 5 ; i 11 119 1 1 7 1 Mac osimu a io 7 ; i momsim
275 7 I e
C i e (Continued) ouce M 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 157 15 1 1 1 3- oug as M 1 passim, 19 ; mo a i y o 153 ; i oy e A Co a ew ome Eco omics 1 19; e a- u S io s i wi a e s 9-1 57 we i g a ue 3 - 5 13 -33; i socsim 77-7 1 3 ; s a us Y ASIM, 15 o 5; a s em ami y y o esis 3 91 97-9 5- ; i e i e Eas e Eu o e 1 5 i us y 35 ; a wo ki g mo e s Eco omic a a ysis o e ami y assum - 1- 7- 9 5 153 See also e - io s o 1 19 - 5; a e- i i y mog a ic ac o s -19 passim; e - C oosi ess i e 79 c a ge eo y - 7-5 ; a C is ie A 139 15 is o ica i e e a io s 5- 7; a C u aco e e s o a a ysis - 3; imi a io s o C aywo o i g ams i e 3 - 5 7- 9 5 -59; ew ome eco- C ea e E 1 omics 1 - ; a o ma e ia ac o s Coa e A 7 7 1 7 3- 7; o e o o e y 1 - 7 Co o ia Ame ica emog a ic co i- - ; socio ogica i e e a io s 13- io s 1 1 9 ; e e e ami ies 3- 1 - ; ecu ia i ies o 1 9; egio a emo- Eco omic e e e cy a io - 7 g a ic a ia io s i 1 Eco omics icke o 59 Co a ic io 1 7 Eggs ie 15 C i ica i e si ua io s 1 7 5 1 E e y See O age C ow i g 5 -5 E ge s 13 153 E e e eu ia c ass 3 a i g M 1 E ie Cou y Y 3 -5 passim, e Qui cey 15 151-55 ecay mo a 3 E c a ge eo y - 7-5 emog a ic mo e s See A a y ic mo - E e e ami y a age 1 7 13 e s; Mac osimu a io ; Mic osimu a io 3-35; imo a is i u io o 33 emog a ic a si io e ec s o ami- 1- ; a i ace 3-35; co o ia y s uc u e 11 1 7 Ame ica 3- ; e i e 3 ; a eco- emog a y c ass i e e ces 1 - omic e e e ce - 7; a eco- 19; co o ia Ame ica 1 1 9 ; omic s a us 31- ; e ec s o emo- e ec s o ami y s uc u e - 11 - g a ic c a ge o - 11 - 5 191- 5 191- 7 9-19; E g is co i- 7 9-19; e i e ce o i c ease o io s eig ee - i e ee ce u ies -9; a occu a io a s a us 31-37 1 1 7 -9 ; a ow y e i e 5 -1 3-35; we ie -ce u y 159 ; quicksa o 59; eo y o e - 33 - 5 7 1 115 1 1 e e ami ies - 5; U S co i- 7; u a - u a i e e ces 3 53 io s i e ee ce u y 1 7 - See -33 See also o i o a y e e e also e i i y; Ma iage; Mo a i y ami y; S em ami y; e ica y e - e e e ce 1 5 - 7 9 5 57- e e ami y 5 13 1 1 1 1 e e o i g cou ies ami y s uc u e i ami y cu u a i e e a io s 9 1 15 1 115-1 1 11 1 9-3 ; e i e 139- ; e e o - E o u a io e i e 115 117 me a cyc e ; ea s i 1 3 5 icki so E 139 93 99 -1 113 -1 1 - 1 7 o W 15 19 199 1 -1 ; i e ac io s amo g I e 77
mem e s 19; measu eme o 11 31 G ass 1 - 7 7 1 ; owe e a io s i 1 19 - G o e W 11 3 5 5 1 7 19; as syc o ogica Goo ma A 7 u i 1 ; socio ogica eo ies o Gou e 3 13-1 - ; s a egies 17 3 5- G a ame K 1 7 5 ; s uc u e e i e 11; ic o ia G a c i e i a a y ic mo e s ; i i ea i a io o 9 See also E e e ce sus is i gs 113 -1 1 ; e ec s ami y; o i o a y e e e ami y; o emog a ic ac o s o 17 19 uc ea ami y; S em ami y; e ica y 19 199- 5; a hypothetical e e e ami y u es 1 119; i momsim 7 93 a m ami ies 17 3 3 5 -57 1 7 1 1 1 113 119 17 ; a esi e ia 1 See also Ag icu u a i e i a ce; o e si ies 7 93 1 1 113; o e u a ami y s uc u e i ami y 131; a W o e Assum - ema e a o o ce a ici a io 9 See io 9 See also e ica y extended also Wome a wo k; Wo ki g ami y mo e s G a a e s i a a y ic mo e s - ; e i i y c i s aci g 1 195; c ass i - i momsim 17 ; a mo a i y e e ces i 11; a a o 15 ; EV 7 ; a esi e ia o e si ies 7 o u a io 115 117; a 93 See also O age; a e s; Vertical- eco omic s a us 11 13; e ec s o e e e ami- ly e e e ami y y s uc u e 3 11 - 5 passim, G ee 7- 1- ; MO o u a io 11 -15; i G i i W 13 131 MOMSIM 1 1 3- 9 171 173 17 -77; Gui 13 133 i e ee ce u y 1 7 1 ; PRE a si o u a io s 11 -11; ei us ia amme E A 5 7 - 3 111 119 1 9 ; REF o u a io 191; i socsim 1 3 15 1 5 1 1 ; a s em ami y a e e 5- y o esis 3 ; U S a E g a a is C C 1 com a e 1 1 7 -9 See also e- a is 135 mog a ic a si io a iso 3 is e A 13 aw G 15 i c 75 7 o mes S a i ome ow e s i 5 os e 7 ome i ea i a io o 9 1 9-33 o Ca ai 71 7 o i o a y e e e ami y a a a- ee wi 133 y ic mo e s 9-7 ; e i e 9 113 u o 1 1 7 19 1 ; e ec s o emog a y o u c io a a a ysis u c io a ism 11 9-7 11 -19 passim, 191- 7 passim, 13-1 - 5 9 57 133-35 11-19 passim; in ei us ia E g- 19 a 113; a esi e ia o e si ies u i u e i e i a ce o 5 11 See also Si i gs u s e u g o o s u e o 15 o eck im u a io 33 3 1 7 Ge e 5 1 9-7 1 7 1 3-35 oug o W 9 131-3 133 Ge e a io e g 3 7 11 ouse o c assi ica io s 139 - 1 1; 19 7 13 e i i io s go s 9 133; ea s i Ge e a io a e a io s 1 1 5 1 31 3 93 99 113 -1 57 17 1 - 1 7 1 -1 ; si e 1 - 1 ; G asco 15 151 u i i y u c io s 19; s ami y 139- 7 I e
ouse o y o eses See y o e ica a cas i e E g a - 1 3 35-59 esi e ce u es passim, 151-55 -19 passim ousi g s o age a e e e ami y as e 1 9 139 1 5 -5 as e 3 1 7 -75 1 u i g 7 9 1 111 113 119 1 1 1 1 3 139 y o e ica esi e ce u es i a a y ic a e a y e e e ami y See o i o - mo e s - 9 7 ; com a e wi es- a y e e e ami y i e ia o e si ies 1 -1 ; i e as 7 MOMSIM 1 -5 119- 5 1 3 159 e ay 13 1 3- ; o ems o com e i y 79 1 3; e i o i socsim 7 - 3 1 3 ; a W o e e e s o measu eme a a a ysis a Assum io 9 is o ia s i e e a io s 5- ; a y o e ica u es 1 -3 5- ; a I ea ami y y e - measurement of family s uc u e 11 Immig a io See Mig a io 31 1 1 - 9 3 ; a esi e ia Im u a io o missi g a a 33 3 1 7 o e si ies - 9; a socia eo y I i i ua - e e measu eme See e e s 1 - 3 o measu eme e i e 7 91 I us ia i a io a age a ma iage e y M - 1 3 5 11 1 9-1 ; i E ie Cou y Y a 1 5 a cas i e E g a 151-53; eo e i- ie e s ei 17 ca e ec s o ami y s uc u e 3 1 - i e cou se a eco omic e e e ce 1 1 - 7 31 9 55 5 1 1 5- 7; i eco omic eo y 1 -17; a 13 e e e ami y s uc u e 7 1 5 I e i a ce See Ag icu u a i e i a ce 13 ; a e e s o measu eme 1 ; i momsim 15 1 9-71 See also Age; acqua A C i e ; O age ai i e e ec a cy See Mo a i y ea ousy i e acy 1 57 13 15 153 o es 1 5 o ge s See oa e s o i 13 o ka A 5 o e 17 19 131 Ka M 3 3 5 15 151 1 McE e y C 1 5 Ke y W 1 Mac osimu a io 73-7 1 1- Key i 7 Ma ess 1 Ki emog a ic a ai a i i y o - 9 Maimo i es-co i io e i -as ec 9 117 195- 7 passim; g ou s 5 um e s 15 7 9-9 17 - 1 ; ou si e ouse- Ma a e s M 1 9 o 39 7; y es i momsim Mammo mig y 3 See also E e e ami y; amiiy; Ma cuse 13 G a c i e ; G a a e s; a e s; Ma iage age a 3 9 91 1 7 1 9 Si i gs 1 5; c a ges i 3 1 7 1 9 9 - Ki i g o e Eco omic Em i e 17 1 ; c ass i e e ces i -19; K ig 13 c u c ; E o u a io 115 117; Kousse M i Eas e a Sou e Eu o e 1 5 ; eco omic mo e s o 17-1 ; e ec s o a o e s 3 35 e e e ami y s uc u e 3- a e y A 15 93 11 - 5 passim, 1 7 19 -9 I e 79
5 -19 223-35; MOD o u a io y o e ica u es 1 -5 11 11 -15; i momsim 1 3- 1 1- 3 171 119- 5; use o mo e i e a es 111 17 ; a parental o ge i y 91 ; E 1 3 19 ; wi ow oo i 1 17 See a S o u a io s 11 -11; ei us- also S a a o e si ies ia Eu o ea a e o 3 91 Mo e-Ca o simu a io See Mic osim- 11 -11; o o io e e ma yi g u a io 111 19 1 -1 19; REF o u a- Mo i i y See Sick ess io 191; a socsim y o e ica Mo a i y c ass i e e ces i 11; E u es 77-79 ; a s em- ami y y- o u a io 115 11 117; e ec s o o esis 3 91 97 1 - 5 -5 e e e ami y s uc u e - 11 - -7; U S a E g a compared, 5 passim, 19 - 1 -5; i a - 1 1 7 -9 cas i e 153; a ma iage age 91 ; Ma e se ec io See Ma iage Mo o u a io 11 -15; i momsim Medick, H., 27, 13 1 9 171 17 1 3; E a S o u a- Me e s io s 11 -11; E o u a io 191; e- Me o o ogy y a i e 1 5 gio a mo e i e a es 111 ; i socia Mic osimu a io c ose s o e mo e s eo y - 1; a s em- ami y y o - 7 159; e i e 71 7 -73; o ems esis 3 ; U S a E g a com- o com e i y i 79 15 -59; a om a e 1 1 7 -9 ; a wi ow oo e o i 73 95 15 19 ; ec iques See also emog a ic a si io o mi imi i g e o 9 1 1; W o e Mo e s See a e s; Wo ki g mo e s Assum io o 9-9 See also Mu i ami y we i gs 5 momsim; SOCSIM Mu ige e a io ami ies See e ica y Mig a io 1 51 5 -55 7 5 1 e e e ami y 151 15 159 15 Mu i e C assi ica io A a ysis See Mu - Mi e A A 1 7 i a ia e A a ysis Mo e 5 Mu i a ia e a a ysis 1 -35 Mo e i a io 3 13-1 57 1 13 Mum s 13 Mo o u a io e i e 11 -15 MOMSIM accu acy o 17 -77; a us me eig o oo esi e ce a e s 39 ec ique 1 - 19 -91; a u e y i ew E g a emog a ic co i io s i 1 ; a ioca io o ea s 1 9 171 1 1 9 17 1 3; assum io s o 1 17 -7 ; ew ome eco omics 1 - ; o - com a e wi socsim 1 - 1 3 ; e- ems o o ima so i g 1 -19 sc i io o mo e 15 - ; u a io o ew ywe s 1 1 c i ea i g e io 1 5; e i i y uc ea ami y as asis o e e e a oca io 1 3- 9 171; owc a 1 9- ami y 9 131; c assi ica io o ems 7 ; ge e a c a ac e is ics 157- ; i e- o 1 1; e i e 3n; a ea s i 1 1; gi imacy i 1 7; i u a a a a oca- i socio ogica eo y 3 13-1 ; a io oce u es 1 - 9; mai a e o s em- ami y y o esis 3 1 ; ma iage a oca io 1 1- 3 171; u ia i y See Ma iage Ma imum age a c i i 1 5; o ga- i a io 175 17 - 1; iggy ack o- Occu a io a is i gs 3 -37 3 ec io mo e 1 1- ; ema iage i 9 5 1 - 9 173; esu s 9 -95 11 - 5 Occu a io a s a us a e e e ami y 1 - 7 1 -11; o e o ema e a ces- s uc u e 31-37 -1 3-35 o s i 17 ; si e o u s 1 ; s a e O age a eco omic e e e ce 7; e i i y o io 111 1 7 191; s a egy a e c a ge eo y 1 5 -57; a o assig i g c a ac e is ics 1 9; use o ma iage 1 ; a esi e ce i e - I e
O Age (Continued) syc ic o i 5 e e ami y 5 93 9 1 - u e ow o se 7 17 1 1; o e i mo e i a io u um W 7 eo y 13 1 -15 ; i socio ogica u e ee s 1 9 eo y o e ami y 1 -1 5 57 See also G a a e s ace 5 159 7 O we G 1 7 a om e o i mic osimu a io 73 Os e u 1 7 95 15 19 O e c ow i g 5 -5 e e e ce e so s 1 31 3 93 99 Ow ow a 1 1 1 E o u a io e i e 191 a e s i a a y ic mo e s - ; i e ige a o 1 ce sus is i gs 113 -1 1 ; emo- e 5 -5 g a ic e ec s o 7 91 19 19 esi e ia e e e ces e i e 5- 19 199- 5 13; a esi e ia o e si ies - 9 -1 eco omic s a us 13 19; i eco omic 1 1 See also S a a o e si ies eo y 19; a e i i y 15 ; a esu s s ocki g 1 ea s i 1 -1 ; a ouse o c as- ie W 1 si ica io s 1 1 1; a ousi g s o - o i s age 1; i MOMSIM 9 17 ; i o ose weig M 17 age, 57; relationships wi children, Ruggles, N. and Ruggles, 7 13 131 13 133; a esi e ia u a ami y s uc u e 7 3 53 o e si ies 9 1 7 - 11 1 7; 1 3-33 a s em ami y - 3 77-7 uski 9 1 9 133 1 3- 119 1 3 3; a W o e y e 19 Assum io 9 ; wi owe 7 9 11 See a so C i e ; Wo ki g Sa ea W 13 mo e s Sai i g easy 1 5 a so s 1 Sa o E g a 15 -53 9 e e a 1 Sa i a io 55 15 153 o osy esis 71 Sa ow G 7 iggy ack o ec io mo e 1 1 1- SASG A 6n, 39 i s 1 Sa is ac io 1 -17 1 19 5; e i e oe E A 150 See also U i i y ogo 1 Saw i I 17 Polygyny, 17n Schofield, R. S., 110 oo Wi ie e 1 7 Scie i ic is o y oo aw 57n Se a s 31 33 35 3 1 - 1 POPSIM, 76 1 1 1 3 o e y a e e e ami y s uc u e Sewa 2 , 26 2 , 0 2, 40 42, 4 n, 4 , 28, Se a ios 17 1 9 15 216n 153 See also S a a o yi g S o e E 13 13 E o u a io e i e 11 Si i gs i analytic mo e s 9; e- es o S 1 mog a ic e ec s o 19 195 ; imo u ia u es 7 a eco omic s a us 13 19; a imo ea u es 7 1 1 3 o i o a e e sio 9; a ouse o o e si y See esi e ia o e si ies c assi ica io s 1 1; a y o e ica o i qui y See eig o oo esi e ce u es 1 3 ; i MOMSIM 17 - ; e- a e s a io s i s amo g 9 13 131 133; I e 1
a esi e ia o e si ies 93 11 S o e 1 7; a s em ami y y o esis 3 S uc u a - u c io a is 13-1 57 1 1 3; a W o e Assum io 9 See also o i o a y e e e ami y ec o ogy eo e ica e ec s o ami y Sick ess 1 5 -5 13 o 1 57 Simu a io mo e s e i e 71-7 See e i e wo ke s 35 -3 9 15 -53 also Mac osimu a io ; Mic osimu a io i ki g c ea 13 Ski e wo ke s e i e 3 35 3 i Wo ami y s uc u e i See e- Sme se 1 e o i g cou ies ami y s uc u e i Smi es S 13 om so E 13 Smi S 7 9 1 7 175 oug s G a 1 7 Smi - ose e g C 13 ee ge e a io ami y See e ica y Socia a wi ism a eco omic eo ies e e e ami y o e ami y 5 i y 5- Socia o ms 1 57 3 5 1 9 oa 1 Socia we a e e ec s o ami y 57 u o - ea - o o E g a 15 -53 SOCSIM 7 7 - 3 9 99 1 - 111 9 1 1 3 1 5 Sou e Eu o e 1 5 U imo u ia u es 7 S i s e oo 9 93 131 13 1 1 U a ac e i i i ua s e i e 9; 19 See also U a ac e i i i ua s e ec s o ami y s uc u e 1 7 19 S a a o i i g 51 5 See also 195 7 1 See also S i s e s; o e y Wi ow oo S a a o e si ies a us me o ki U em oyme 1 9-5 7 com i a io s 1 ; com a e wi U ski e wo ke s e i e 3 35 3 y o e ica esi e ce u es 1 -1 U a ami y s uc u e 31 3 53 ; e i e 9 ; a eco omic s a us 55 3-33 9-11; o ea s i 99 -1 ; imi a- U i i y 3 5 7 u i i y u c io s 19 io s o 97 9 99 1 1- 11 -13 117 1 -3; esu s 11 -19 1 - e ica y e e e ami y a a a y ic 3 See also esi e ia o e si ies mo e s 9-7 ; e i e 9 113 19 S a a i a io o age 5 1 ; com a i- 1 ; e ec s o emog a y o 11 - 5 so wi s a a o e si ies 97 1 1; passim, 191- 7 passim, 11-19 passim; o we i g a ues 39 i ei us ia E g a 113; a es- S a us a ie y 7 i e ia o e si ies 11 1 ; S o u a io e i e 11 Sewa o ; a W o e Assum - S em ami y i a a y ic mo e s - 7; io 91-9 See also E e e ami y; i i gs o MOMSIM 11 119- 5 3- G a c i e ; G a a e s; a e s; ; i MOMSIM 1 - ; a 19 ce u y S em ami y wo ki g c ass 1 ; ei us ia e e - iew ecei e e ce o 1 1- 1 7- ; a esi e - ia o e si ies 7 97 3- ; i Wac e K W 5 7 - 3 111 119 SOCSIM 75-7 - 1 1 -3 1 - 1 3 15 1 5 3; eo y o - ; a W o e Wa 113 1 1 Assum io 91-9 See also e ica y Wa i g W 1 e e e ami y Wa e si y 5 S e i g 3 Weig i g o ce sus sam es 1 S e M 3 15 151 1 We s 1 7 S e e so A 1 W ea o Ind x
Wh pp r A pt n 9-9 1 1 5 l G nd r; Sp n t r ; W r n 1 15 n 17 175n 1 th r W d h d n n l t d l 7 9; W r / n pt n nd x 3n nd n d p nd n 1; nd W r h 57n n t t 1 1 ; nd x- W r n l p t n d f n d 3 t nd d f l 11 n 19 19 19 35 3 n 199 7 1 ; nd h p th t l W r n th r nd xt nd d f l r l ; n MOMSIM 1 1 1 5 1 1- 7- 9 5 153n 3 9 31 171 173 17 17 ; nd r d nt l 33 35; n n h r 153n pr p n t 93 9 1 7; n tt h d Wr l E A - 7 n 11 nd v d l 9 Y b Y 1 7n W ll 19 Y r En l nd 7 W d h G 1 5 Y r h r En l nd 7 W lp n K 17n W n nd xt nd d f l 1 7 1 - ln M 1 7n 1 19 3 3 3 ; r- n r pl f 15-1 ; nd r 7- 9 S t r 59n COM OSE Y MO E Y E ESIG I C C EA WA E O I A MA U AC U E Y OMSO -S O E I C E E MIC IGA E IS SE I IMES OMA IS AY I ES I GI SA S
I C
i a y o Co g ess Ca a ogi g-i - u ica io a a ugg es S e e o o ge co ec io s (Socia emog a y i iog a y 37- 7 I c u es i e 1 ami y si e—E g a — is o y-19 ce u y—Case s u ies ami y si e—U i e S a es— is o y-19 ce u y—Case s u ies 3 ami y—Eco omic as ec s- E g a — is o y-19 ce u y—Case s u ies ami y —Eco omic as ec s—U i e S a es— is o y-19 ce u y— Case s u ies 5 ami y emog a y—Ma ema ica mo e s I i e II Se ies Q7 G7 E57 19 7 3 57 9 7- 79 IS - 99-11 3 -3 IS - 99-11 3 - ( k r l n d C nn t n The Rise of the Extended Family in Nineteenth-Century England and America
S E E UGG ES o o g ago mos sc o a s e ie e a e e e ami ies isa ea e i e i e ee ce u y as a co seque ce o i us ia i a io I ac as S e e ugg es s u y s ows e eque cy o e e e ami ies i E g a a Ame ica ou e e wee 175 a 19 ugg es e ami a io o eco omic a emog a ic e - a a io s o e ise o e e e e ami y co s i u es a ma o ei e e a io o e is o y o e Wes e ami y is wo k as im o a im ica io s o o goi g e a es i socia is o y emog a y a socio ogy ugg es eco omic a a ysis c a e ges e i e e a io a e e e ami y s uc u e was a u c io a a a a io o i us ia wo ki g co i io s a u a o e y I s ea e a gues a e e e ami y i i g a a geme s i e i e ee ce u y we e a u u y Wi e g ow o e ou geoisie i e i e ee ce u y a i c easi g o o io o e o u a io was a e o su o e e e e e e e a i es ugg es a so akes issue wi e e ai i g iew a uc ea ami y s uc u e was e e e e o e e i e ee ce u y e a gues a a e ma iage a ea y ea es ic e e o e ia o o m e e e ami ies i e ei us ia Wes ; mos eo e wou a e esi e i e e e ami ies i ey a ee a e o o so I c easi g i e e ec a cy a ec i i g ma iage age e wee 175 a 19 e - a e e o o u i ies o esi e i e e e ami ies ugg es a a ysis i ica es a emog a ic c a ge a o e cou accou o e ise o e e e e ami y i e i e ee ce u y A e same ime e sugges s a mo i es o esi i g i e e e ami ies c a ge ama ica y u i g e eig ee a i e ee ce - u ies I a i io o is su s a i e i i gs ugg es as e e o e owe u ew oo s o e a a ysis o e emog a y o e ami y w ic wi e im o a o a o o ogis s a emog a e s as we as is o ia s S e e ugg es is Mc ig — a G a o esso a e U i e si y o Mi eso a is wo k as a ea e i se e a sc o a y ou a s i c u i g Historical Methods a e Journal of Social History.
The University of Wisconsin Press 11 o Mu ay S ee Ma iso Wisco si 53715
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Co e esig a i o Co e o o cou esy o e Mi eso a is o ica Socie y
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