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Geology of Northern California Bull NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS This document may contain copyrighted materials. These materials have been made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, but may not be used for any commercial purpose. Users may not otherwise copy, reproduce, retransmit, distribute, publish, commercially exploit or otherwise transfer any material. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specific conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. ^ GEOLOGY OF THE CASCADE RANGE AND MODOC PLATEAU * By Gordon A. Mai Donald U.S. Geological Survey and Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii Most of the northeastern corner of California, nortli that they underlie the volcanics throughout the area of the Sierra Nevada, is included in the physiographic of the depression. provinces of the Cascade Mountains and the Modoc Throughout most of its extent, from nortliern Cali- Plateau. The Cascade Range extends northward through fornia into Washington, the Cascade Range trends Oregon and Washington into British Columbia, and slightly east of north. However, at Mount Shasta, 40 the Modoc Plateau e.xtends into Oregon and southeast- 'miles south of the California boundary, the trend ward into Nevada. Most of the Cascade Range is a abruptly changes to southeastward. (It is perhaps fairly well-defined province, but in northern Califor- worth noting that the Sutter Buttes, 150 miles to the nia the separation between it and the .Modoc Plateau south, lie approximately on the extension of the main becomes indefinite. The block-faulting characteristic Cascade trend.) The change in trend of the Cascade of the Modoc region extends into the Cascade Range, Range takes place approximately at the north edge of and the rocks characteristic of the two provinces are the "Lassen Strait," where it intersects the Klamath- intermingled. The division between the Modoc Plateau Sierra Nevada belt; the trend of the southern part of and the Great Basin, which borders it on the east, also the range is parallel to, and probably controlled by, is vague. Both regions consist of fault-block mountain the underlying Sierra Nevada structures. The southern ranges separated by flat-floored basins, and similar portion of the range is almost isolated from the north- rocks are present on both sides of the boundary. ern part by a projection of metamorphic rocks of the The outstanding characteristics of the Modoc region Klamath province. Within this portion of the Cascade are the dominance of volcanism so recent that the Range, almost certainly underlain by the older oro- genic belt of the Sierra variation / constructional volcanic landforms are still clearly pre- Nevada, the in rock served and the presence of broad interrange areas of types and the incidence of varieties more acidic than nearly flat basalt plains. It is the basalt plains that have andesite appears to be greater than in the northern given rise to the designation "plateau"; however, the portion of the range, except for the eastern outliers region as a whole is far from being the high, essen- of the Medicine Lake Highland in California and the tially undiversified plain that the term usually implies. Newberry \^olcano in Oregon. At the southern end of the region, the rocks of the Although it is distinctly to the east of the Cascade Cascade Range and the Modoc Plateau overlap jhe Range as a whole (fig. 1), the Medicine Lake High- metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the Sierra Nevada; land is generally regarded as an eastward bulge of the 50 miles to the northwest, similar rocks emerge from Cascade province (Hinds, 1952, p. 129). As Anderson beneath the Cascade volcanics at the edge of the Klam- (1941, p. 350) has pointed out, however, the Medicine ath Mountains province. The broad depression extend- Lake volcano, like the similarly outlying Newberr\- ing northeast across the Sierra Nevada-Klamath oto- \'olcano (Williams, 1935), differs somewhat from the genic belt, originally recognized by von Richthofen typical volcanoes of the High Cascades. Situated in (1868), was called the "Lassen Strait," by Diller the plateau region, rather than in the Cascade belt of (1895a, 1897), who believed it to have been a sea- otogenic volcanism, these volcanoes may represent an way that in Cretaceous time connected the marine evolution of stray Cascade-type magmas under dif- basin of California with that of east-central Oregon. ferent tectonic conditions. Sediments deposited in the southwestern end of the i Following Diller's (1895a, 1906) excellent pioneer strait are represented by sandstones of the Chico For-i work in the southeastern part of the region, the mation (Upper Cretaceous) which underlie the vol- amount of geological work that has been done in the canic rocks of the Cascade Range along the eastern \ Cascade and Modoc provinces of California is surpris- edge of the Sacramento Valley. Probably this depres- ingly little. The areas are shown on a scale of 1:250,000 sion persisted—though above sea level and disrupted on the Weed, Alturas, Redding, and Westwood sheets by volcanism and faulting—through much of Tertiary of the Geologic Map of California (California Div. time. Although the plutonic and metamorphic rocks Mines, 1958-1964), but published mapping on a larger are nowhere exposed within it except in a small area scale is limited to a few widely separated areas. Within adjacent to Eagle Lake, there can be no serious doubt the Cascade Range these include, near the south end, * Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. the Lassen \'olcanic National Park (W^illiams, 1932a) :65] 66 Geology of Northern California Bull. 190 and the region just to the north (Macdonald, 1963, ridge that consisted largel\ of coalescing small shield just volcanoes and fis.surc-type flows. 1964), and the Macdocl quadrangle (1:125,000) , Pyroclastic material south of the Oregon border (Williams, 1949). Be- was comparativel\' small in amount. In time, however, t\\een these, the region in the immediate vicinit\' of the predominant lavas became more siliceous, the pro- Mount Shasta has also been described and mapped in portion of explosive eruption increased, and on the a reconnaissance fashion t\\'illiams, 1932b, 1934). The earlier ridge of lavas were built the great composite Medicine Lake Highland has been studied and mapped volcanoes that forn) the conspicuous peaks <jf the pres- by Anderson (1941), but within the .Modoc region ent Cascade Range. Rarel\-, domes of dacite were proper, the onl\- published mapping on a larger scale formed. Occasional basaltic eruptions, largely from is on the area immediateh- adjacent to Lassen Volcanic eccentric and independent vents, appear to have taken National Park (Macdonald, 1964, 1965), in and near place throughout the period of building of the big the Pit River valle\- near Alturas (Ford and others. cones and to have continued afterward. and near Eagle (Gester, 1962). Unpub- 1963), Lake X'olcanic rocks in the Western Cascade Range differ lished studies have been of the area south made and from those of niost of the High Cascade Range pri- west of Volcanic National Park Lassen by G. H. marily in greater variety of petrographic tvpes, larger Curtis T. \. Wilson, of the University of Cali- and proportion of pyroclastic rocks, and a pervasive chlo- fornia; and reconnaissance studies (unpublished) of ritic alteration that gives a characteristic greenish hue many other areas have been made by Q. A. Aune, to most of the rocks. The alteration was probably C. VV. Chesterman, T. E. Gay, Jr., P. A. Lydon, and related to the period of folding and uplift of the of California Division of Alines V. C. McMath the and Western Cascade, followed by erosion, that preceded Geology. George W. Walker, of the U.S. Geological the building of the High Cascade, and particularly Survey, who studied parts of the northern Modoc to the small intrusions of gabbroic to quartz monzo- Plateau while preparing the State Geologic Map of nitic composition. Oregon, has generously supplied information for this The northern part of the Cascade Range in Cali- paper, and information for the section on Cretaceous fornia is much like that in Oregon. Upper Cretaceous rocks was supplied by D. L. Jones, of the U. S. Geo- and Eocene sedimentary rocks are succeeded by green- logical Survey. ish volcanics of the Western Cascade series which were A generalized geologic map of the northeastern part faulted and tilted eastward and northeastward at about of California accompanies the article by T. E. Gay, the end of the Aliocene (Williams, 1949, p. 14). Ero- Jr., on the economic mineral deposits of the Cascade sion destroyed the constructional volcanic landforms Range, Modoc Plateau, and Great Basin regions of and reduced the region to one of rolling hills before northeastern California. renewed volcanism built the High Cascade. South- I wish to thank Q. \. Aune, and especiall\- T. E. ward the volcanic rocks of the Western Cascade are Gay, Jr., of the California Division of Mines and overlapped b\' those of the High Cascade, and south Geology, for their constructive criticism of the manu- of the Shasta region rocks belonging to the Western script of this article and for their aid in collecting and Cascade series have not been recognized, although preparing the illustrations.
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