FHWA Highway Noise Barrier Design Handbook HW066/HOO08
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Noise Reduction Applied to Asteroseismology
PERTURBATIONS OF OBSERVATIONS. NOISE REDUCTION APPLIED TO ASTEROSEISMOLOGY. Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 Contents • Noise characterization and time series analysis Introduction The colors of noise Some examples in astrophysics Spectral estimation • Noise reduction applied to asteroseismology Asteroseismology: Origin and Objetives CoRoT A new method for noise reduction: Phase Adding Method (PAM) Aplications: Numerical experiment Star HD181231 Star 102719279 Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 2 Introduction Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 3 The Colors Of Noise Pink noise Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 4 The Colors Of Noise Red noise Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 5 Some Examples In Astrophysics •Thermal noise due to a nonzero temperature is approximately white gaussian noise. • Photon-shot noise due to statistical fluctuations in the measurements has a Poisson distribution and a power increasing with frequency. It is a problem with weak signals. • Also seismic noise affect to sensible ground instruments like LIGO (gravitational wave detector). Nevertheless, for LISA the noise characterization adopted is a gaussian noise. •Observations of the black hole candidate X-ray binary Cyg X-1 by EXOSAT, show a continuum power spectrum with a pink noise. • In asteroseismology the noise is assumed to be of white gaussian type. Javier Pascual Granado CCD 21/10/2009 6 Time Series: Spectral Estimation A light curve (or a photometric time series) is a set of data points ordered In time. ti-1-ti might not be constant. -
Item Unit of Specification Description Number
ITEM UNIT OF SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION NUMBER MEASURE YEAR REFERENCE ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.00 CAL DAY 08 SURVEILLANCE OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.04 DAY 08 ENDANGERED SPECIES DAILY SURVEYOR ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.06 BARR DAY 08 VERTICAL PANELS ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.08 BARR DAY 08 422.00 BARRICADE, TYPE II ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.10 BARR DAY 08 422.00 BARRICADE, TYPE III ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.20 EACH 08 BARRICADE, TYPE III ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.30 LIGHT DAY 08 422.00 TYPE B HIGH INTENSITY WARNING LIGHT ------- ----------------- --------- ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0001.45 BARR DAY 08 REFLECTORIZED PLASTIC DRUM ------- -
Intuilink Waveform Editor
IntuiLink Waveform Editor The Agilent IntuiLink Arbitrary Waveform Editor application is an ActiveX document server. This application provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows you to create, import, modify, and export arbitrary waveforms, and to send these waveforms to the Agilent type 33120A, 33220A or 33250A Arbitrary Waveform (ARB) Generator instrument. The user interface is shown below with its main areas identified by numbers: Let's look at each of these numbered areas in turn. 1. Menu Bar - provides standard Microsoft Windows style menus. 2. Standard Toolbar - provides toolbar buttons for such standard menu functions as Save, Cut, Paste, and Print. 3. Waveform Toolbar - provides toolbar buttons for the arbitrary waveform Creation and Edit functions. In particular, these buttons allow you to Add waveform segments to the active waveform edit window. 4. Waveform Edit Windows - each of these windows allows you to create, edit, and display an arbitrary waveform. (Waveform defaults – see: Appendix A.) The contents of the active waveform edit window can be sent to an Agilent ARB Generator. 5. Status Bar - displays messages about the following: - General status messages. - The current mode. - In Select mode, the start and end positions and number of points selected. - In Marker mode: · When an X marker is being moved, the positions of both X markers and the difference between them. · When a Y marker is being moved, the positions of both Y markers and the difference between them. - In Freehand or Line Draw mode, the cursor position and the length of the waveform. - The address of an arbitrary waveform generator (for example: GPIB0::10::INSTR) if one is connected, or else Disconnected. -
Noise Barriers
INDOT’s Goal for Noise Reduction What is Noise? INDOT’s goal for substantial noise Noise is defined as unwanted sound and can come from man-made and natural 2,000 vehicles per hour sounds twice as loud (+10 dB(A)) reduction is to provide at least a 7 sources. Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB) and typically range from 40 as 200 vehicles per hour. dB(A) reduction for first-row receivers to 100 dB. in the year the barrier is constructed. However, conflicts with adjacent Because human hearing is limited in detecting very high and low frequencies, properties may make it impossible to “A-weighting” is commonly applied to sound levels to better characterize their achieve substantial noise reduction at effects on humans. A-weighted sound levels are expressed as dB(A). all impacted receptors. Therefore, the noise reduction design goal for Indiana is 7 dB(A) for a majority (greater than Common Outdoor Common Indoor Traffic at 65 MPH sounds twice as loud (+10 dB(A)) Noise Levels as traffic at 30 MPH. 50 percent) of the first-row receivers. Noise Levels Noise Levels Decibels, dB(A) 110 Rock Band Highway Traffic Noise Barriers: Jet Flyover at 1150ft (350m) 105 What Causes Traffic Noise? 100 Inside Subway Train (NY) The level of highway traffic noise depends on three factors: • Can reduce the loudness of traffic noise by as much Gas Lawn Mower at 3ft (1m) 95 • Volume of traffic as one-half Diesel Truck at 50ft (15m) 90 Food Blender at 3ft (1m) • Do not completely block all traffic noise 85 • Speed of traffic Noise Barriers 80 Garbage Disposal at 3ft (1m) • Can be effective regardless of the material used • Number of multi-axle vehicles 75 Shouting at 10ft (3m) • Must be tall and long with no openings Gas Lawn Mower at 100ft (30m) As any of these factors increase, noise levels increase. -
Active Noise Systems for Reducing Outdoor Noise
ACTIVE NOISE SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING OUTDOOR NOISE Biagini Massimiliano, Borchi Francesco, Carfagni Monica, Fibucchi Leonardo, and Lapini Alessandro Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Firenze, via Santa Marta, 3 - I-50139 , Firenze, Italy email: [email protected] Argenti Fabrizio Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università di Firenze, via Santa Marta, 3 - I-50139 , Firenze, Italy An ANC system prototype designed for stationary noise control linked to traditional noise barriers was initially developed by authors in the past years. The encouraging results initially obtained have shown that ANC systems are feasible and should be further investigated to improve their performances. Nevertheless, FXLMS algorithm, considered in the first prototype architecture, is known to be affected by convergence problems that generally arise when a system fails to properly identify the noise to be cancelled; this process may (and often does) yield an instable system, where the control algorithm tries to catch-up its own sound, increasing the overall sound pressure level on the targets as in “avalanche” effect, potentially leading to damage fragile instrumentation. Hence, instability is unacceptable in practical applications and must be avoided or prevented. With this respect, in this manuscript some more robust alternative ANC algorithms have been investigated and experimentally verified. Keywords: active noise control, stability. 1. Introduction Active noise control (ANC) techniques are nowadays becoming more and more refined and reached a high level of maturity that allowed integration in modern acoustic devices, mainly targeted to hearing aids, headphones and propagation of noise in ducts [1, 2]. Only in recent years applications considering open field scenarios have been developed in practice (open spaces, ambient noise prop- agation [3, 4]), being such situations affected by weather phenomena, randomly moving sources and, circumstantially, time-varying emission spectrum. -
Linktm Gabions and Mattresses Design Booklet
LinkTM Gabions and Mattresses Design Booklet www.globalsynthetics.com.au Australian Company - Global Expertise Contents 1. Introduction to Link Gabions and Mattresses ................................................... 1 1.1 Brief history ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Applications ..............................................................................................................................1 1.3 Features of woven mesh Link Gabion and Mattress structures ...............................................2 1.4 Product characteristics of Link Gabions and Mattresses .........................................................2 2. Link Gabions and Mattresses .............................................................................. 4 2.1 Types of Link Gabions and Mattresses .....................................................................................4 2.2 General specification for Link Gabions, Link Mattresses and Link netting...............................4 2.3 Standard sizes of Link Gabions, Mattresses and Netting ........................................................6 2.4 Durability of Link Gabions, Link Mattresses and Link Netting ..................................................7 2.5 Geotextile filter specification ....................................................................................................7 2.6 Rock infill specification .............................................................................................................8 -
68: Protest, Policing, and Urban Space by Hans Nicholas Sagan A
Specters of '68: Protest, Policing, and Urban Space by Hans Nicholas Sagan A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Galen Cranz, Chair Professer C. Greig Crysler Professor Richard Walker Summer 2015 Sagan Copyright page Sagan Abstract Specters of '68: Protest, Policing, and Urban Space by Hans Nicholas Sagan Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Galen Cranz, Chair Political protest is an increasingly frequent occurrence in urban public space. During times of protest, the use of urban space transforms according to special regulatory circumstances and dictates. The reorganization of economic relationships under neoliberalism carries with it changes in the regulation of urban space. Environmental design is part of the toolkit of protest control. Existing literature on the interrelation of protest, policing, and urban space can be broken down into four general categories: radical politics, criminological, technocratic, and technical- professional. Each of these bodies of literature problematizes core ideas of crowds, space, and protest differently. This leads to entirely different philosophical and methodological approaches to protests from different parties and agencies. This paper approaches protest, policing, and urban space using a critical-theoretical methodology coupled with person-environment relations methods. This paper examines political protest at American Presidential National Conventions. Using genealogical-historical analysis and discourse analysis, this paper examines two historical protest event-sites to develop baselines for comparison: Chicago 1968 and Dallas 1984. Two contemporary protest event-sites are examined using direct observation and discourse analysis: Denver 2008 and St. -
Sound, Noise and Vibration an Explanation
Sound, Noise and Vibration An explanation Rupert Thornely-Taylor P5 (1) HOL/10002/0002 Outline of Presentation • What sound is - sources, and ways in which is it transmitted from source to receiver. • What vibration is - sources, and ways in which is it transmitted from source to receiver. • Human perception of sound and vibration. • Measurement scales and indices. • Assessment approaches - relationship between noise and vibration and human response to them. • Ways in which noise and vibration and their effects can be reduced. • Government policy regarding assessment and decision making. • HS2's application of government policy. P5 (2) HOL/10002/0003 Scope of sound and vibration issues SURFACE OPERATION - RAILWAY SURFACE OPERATION - FIXED PLANT UNDERGROUND OPERATION SURFACE CONSTRUCTION TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION P5 (3) HOL/10002/0004 Basics – what sound is • Sound is air oscillation that is propagated by wave motion at frequencies between 20 cycles/per second (Hertz, abbreviated Hz) and 20,000 cycles/second (20kHz). • Sound decays with distance – it spreads out, is reduced (attenuated) by soft ground surfaces and by intervening obstacles. • Sound is measured in frequency – weighted decibels (dBA) approximating the response of the human ear. • Noise is unwanted sound, which is difficult to measure due to the complexity of the human ear. P5 (4) HOL/10002/0005 Basics – what vibration is • Vibration is oscillation of solids that can be propagated through wave motion. • Vibration in soil decays with distance and is also attenuated by energy absorption in the soil and by obstacles and discontinuities. • Vibration is mainly of interest in the frequency range 0.5Hz to 250Hz and can give rise to audible sound which is then measured in decibels. -
BF - (2003) Bush Firefighter Manual
BF - (2003) Bush Firefighter Manual THE NEW SOUTH WALES GOVERNMENT A NSW Rural Fire Service (RFS) Publication For use by members of the NSW Rural Fire Service Suggested distribution: All BF, BFG and BFS trainees - one copy All Firecoms and bases - one copy Prepared by NSW Rural Fire Service 3/175-179 James Ruse Drive Rosehill, NSW, 2142 Tel: (02) 9684 4411 Fax: (02) 9638 6716 The consultative process for the development of this Manual consisted of: • A “needs analysis” examining NSW Rural Fire Service and kindred organisation accidents, operations, Service Standards, and standard operating procedures; relevant national training packages, and existing national and interstate training materials. • A “wants analysis” consisting of conducting focus groups of members from a wide variety of areas across the state (participation invited through requests for expressions of interest in Service Circulars) and examining formal and informal feedback. • A period of review, trial and comment on the 10 draft chapters of the Manual extending from 1 July 2002 until 30 June 2003, with inclusion of relevant feedback and comment. • Final referral of the manual to NSW Rural Fire Service, Learning and Development Systems section, for endorsement and production. Dedication This Manual is dedicated to the memory of the late Eric Hughes who produced the original Bush Fire Personnel (BP) training modules in the early 1980s. Eric established a competency based training system for bush firefighters in NSW more than a decade before it was introduced generally for vocational training throughout the nation. The BP modules were adopted, in one form or another, by virtually every Australian firefighting organisation, and strong echoes of their content remain in current national fire training material and in this Manual. -
Construction Guidelines for Wildlife Fencing and Associated Escape and Lateral Access Control Measures
CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES FOR WILDLIFE FENCING AND ASSOCIATED ESCAPE AND LATERAL ACCESS CONTROL MEASURES Requested by: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee on the Environment Prepared by: Marcel P. Huijser, Angela V. Kociolek, Tiffany D.H. Allen, Patrick McGowen Western Transportation Institute – Montana State University PO Box 174250 Bozeman, MT 59717-4250 Patricia C. Cramer 264 E 100 North, Logan, Utah 84321 Marie Venner Lakewood, CO 80232 April 2015 The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 84, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or The National Academies. Wildlife Fencing and Associated Measures Disclaimer DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER STATEMENT The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board or its sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This document is not a report of the Transportation Research Board or of the National Research Council. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was requested by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and conducted as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 25-25 Task 84. The NCHRP is supported by annual voluntary contributions from the state Departments of Transportation. Project 25-25 is intended to fund quick response studies on behalf of the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. -
A Classification of US Wildland Firefighter Entrapments Based on Coincident Fuels, Weather, and Topography
fire Article A Classification of US Wildland Firefighter Entrapments Based on Coincident Fuels, Weather, and Topography Wesley G. Page *, Patrick H. Freeborn, Bret W. Butler and W. Matt Jolly USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT 59808, USA; [email protected] (P.H.F.); [email protected] (B.W.B.); [email protected] (W.M.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-406-329-4821 Received: 12 September 2019; Accepted: 5 October 2019; Published: 9 October 2019 Abstract: Previous attempts to identify the environmental factors associated with firefighter entrapments in the United States have suggested that there are several common denominators. Despite the widespread acceptance of the assumed commonalities, few studies have quantified how often entrapments actually meet these criteria. An analysis of the environmental conditions at the times and locations of 166 firefighter entrapments involving 1202 people and 117 fatalities that occurred between 1981 and 2017 in the conterminous United States revealed some surprising results. Contrary to general assumptions, we found that at broad spatial scales firefighter entrapments happen under a wide range of environmental conditions, including during low fire danger and on flat terrain. A cluster-based analysis of the data suggested that entrapments group into four unique archetypes that typify the common environmental conditions: (1) low fire danger, (2) high fire danger and steep slopes, (3) high fire danger and low canopy cover, and (4) high fire danger and high canopy cover. There are at least three important implications from the results of this study; one, fire environment conditions do not need to be extreme or unusual for an entrapment to occur, two, the region and site specific context is important, and, three, non-environmental factors such as human behavior remain a critical but difficult to assess factor in wildland firefighter entrapment potential. -
Storms and Coastal Defences at Chiswell This Booklet Provides Information About
storms and coastal defences at chiswell this booklet provides information about: • How Chesil Beach and the Fleet Lagoon formed and how it has What is this changed over the last 100 years • Why coastal defences were built at Chiswell and how they work • The causes and impacts of the worst storms in a generation booklet that occurred over the winter 2013 / 14 • What will happen in the future Chesil Beach has considerable scientific about? significance and has been widely studied. The sheer size of the beach and the varying size and shape of the beach material are just some of the reasons why this beach is of worldwide interest and importance. Chesil Beach is an 18 mile long shingle bank that stretches north-west from Portland to West Bay. It is mostly made up of chert and flint pebbles that vary in size along the beach with the larger, smoother pebbles towards the Portland end. The range of shapes and sizes is thought to be a result of the natural sorting process of the sea. The southern part of the beach towards Portland shelves steeply into the sea and continues below sea level, only levelling off at 18m depth. It is slightly shallower at the western end where it levels off at a depth of 11m. This is mirrored above sea level where typically the shingle ridge is 13m high at Portland and 4m high at West Bay. For 8 miles Chesil Beach is separated from the land by the Fleet lagoon - a shallow stretch of water up to 5m deep.