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Kim Il Sung As Machiavelli's New Prince

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Kim Il Sung As Machiavelli's New Prince Kim Il Sung as Machiavelli’s New Prince: The early development of North Korean regime Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Maailman kulttuurien laitos Humanistinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Författare – Author Netta Lagus Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Kim Il Sung as Machiavelli’s New Prince: the early development of North Korean regime Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Itä-Aasian tutkimus Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro Gradu tutkielma year 7.5.2019 93 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielma käsittelee Kim Il Sungin nousua Pohjois-Korean johtajaksi ja maan hallinnon varhaista kehitystä 1940 - 1950-luvuilla Neuvostoliiton ohjauksessa, ja päättyy ajallisesti Korean sodan lopputulemiin 1950- luvun puolivälissä. Tämän lisäksi se tarkastelee valtion ja hallinnon erikoislaatuisia piirteitä: Pohjois- Korean autokraattista systeemiä, eristäytyneisyyttä, yhteiskunnan hierarkkisia luokkia, sekä Kim dynastian persoonallisuuskulttia ja tutkii niiden alkuperää ja funktiota yhteiskunnassa. Tutkielma käsittelee osittain myös Korean varhaisempaa kehitystä Joseon dynastian loppupuolella ja siirtomaa-aikaa Japanin alaisuudessa, koska ne loivat otolliset olosuhteet Kim Il Sungin nousulle ja sosialistiselle vallankumoukselle Pohjois-Koreassa. Tutkielman päätarkastelukohde on Pohjois-Korean ensimmäinen diktaattori, Kim Il Sung, ja se, miten Neuvostoliitto käytti häntä itselleen hyödyllisen puskurivaltion pystyttämiseen Korean niemimaalle torjumaan Yhdysvaltojen ja Japanin muodostamaa uhkaa alueella. Tutkielmassa on käytetty teoriana Machiavellin ajatuksia politiikasta, mitkä on koostettu ”Ruhtinaasta” ja ”Valtiollisista mietelmistä”. Ruhtinas tarkastelee ja esittelee keinoja yksinvaltiuden saavuttamiseksi ja Valtiolliset mietelmät, kestävän valtion pystyttämisestä, johon valikoitiin kohdat, jotka käsittelevät, tai pitävät myös paikkansa autokratioissa. Tutkielman Pohjois-Koreaa käsittelevä aineisto koostuu englanninkielisestä tutkimuskirjallisuudesta, sekä länsimaisilta että aasialaisilta tutkijoilta, salauksesta poistetuista virallisista selonteoista ja muista tutkielmista, julkilausumista ja nettilähteistä. Machiavellia käsittelevä aineisto koostuu myös tutkimuskirjallisuudesta, Ruhtinaan ja Valtiollisten mietelmien useammasta englanninkielisestä käännöksestä, sekä nettilähteistä. Tutkielmassa tullaan siihen lopputulokseen, että Kim Il Sung omasi monia Ruhtinaassa ylistettyjä yksinvaltiaan ominaisuuksia, ja Neuvostoliiton ja tämän yhteistyö Pohjois-Korean itsenäisen ja kestävän valtion pystyttämiseksi noudattaa monia Machiavellin ohjenuoria sekä Ruhtinaassa että Valtiollisissa mietelmissä. Monet Pohjois-Korean hallinnon erityispiirteistä ovat myös loogisen kehityskulun tulosta, joista osa pohjaa vanhemmille korealaisille tendensseille (eristäytyminen, luokkayhteiskunta, monarkia). Osalla on juuret Korean historiassa, mutta ne ovat muuttuneet tavoilla, jotka tukevat nykyisen järjestelmän ja hallinnon vallassa pysymistä (monarkiasta absoluuttiseen monarkiaan, sosiaalisen hierarkian uudelleenjärjestys) ja joista Kim dynastian persoonallisuuskulttia voi pitää aidosti Pohjois-Korealaisena erityispiirteenä. Vaikka kultti on saanut vaikutteita monista lähteistä, se on systeeminä uniikki, jonka funktio on laillistaa ja kannatella Kim dynastian vallassa pysymistä. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Pohjois-Korea, Kim Il Sung, Neuvostoliitto, Machiavelli, Ruhtinas, Valtiollisia mietelmiä, Korean sota, sosialismi, Kim dynastia, turvallisuuspolitiikka, autokratia, persoonallisuuskultti, absoluuttinen monarkia Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information 1 Contents Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Machiavelli’s political thoughts ................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Machiavelli and Florentine politics ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Overview of Machiavelli’s literary works ............................................................................................ 7 1.3 Machiavelli’s problematic political thoughts ....................................................................................... 8 2. The Politics of the Prince and the Discourses ...........................................................................................18 2.1 Human nature and subject management...........................................................................................20 2.2 Fear, Cruelty and Reputation .............................................................................................................21 2.3 Religion .............................................................................................................................................23 2.4 Monarchies and how to acquire them ...............................................................................................23 2.5 Fortuna and powers of others ...........................................................................................................25 2.6 Good and bad arms ...........................................................................................................................26 2.7 Forming a regime ..............................................................................................................................28 2.8 Securing a state .................................................................................................................................29 3. Inception of the North Korea ..................................................................................................................31 3.1 The Road towards the Division of Korea ............................................................................................31 3.2 Kim Il Sung: early life and guerilla years .............................................................................................37 3.3 Partition of Korea: North Korea .........................................................................................................43 3.4 North Korea: citizen creation .............................................................................................................56 3.5 Korean War and challenges for Kim’s leadership ...............................................................................60 4. Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................65 4.1 Conspicuous features of North Korean regime ..................................................................................65 4.2 Kim Il Sung as a new prince ...............................................................................................................70 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................80 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................................82 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................................85 Appendix C .................................................................................................................................................88 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................89 2 Abbreviations CCP Chinese Communist Party CPKI Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence DPKR Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DoS Department of State (United States) DYL Democratic Youth League KCP Korean Communist Party KPA Korean People’s Army KPG Korean Provisional Government NEAJUA Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army NKCP North Korean Communist Party NKPPC North Korean Provisional People’s Committee NKWP Northern Korean Workers’ Party PC People’s Committee ROK Republic of Korea ROKA Republic of Korea Army SCA Soviet Civil Administration SPA Supreme People’s Assembly SWNCC State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee UN United Nations UNTOCK United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea U.S. United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic 3 Introduction North Korea is an interesting state which rose again to the world’s headlines after a series of missile and nuclear tests following the accession of the Kim Jong Un. If news articles about North Korea do not discuss its latest weapon tests, they usually focus on the scandalous things about the state, like Kim family’s cult of personality. Some have called North Korea a crazy state, which perhaps refers more toward its actions than the system itself but describing it crazy is still rather an example of willful ignorance or an attempt to influence the way people perceive it, than well-though argument. North Korea, however, is weird by modern western standards for states. It is autocratic, dynastic, militaristic, and
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