HUNTIA A Journal of Botanical History

Volume 12 Number 2 2006

Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh The Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, a research division of Carnegie Mellon University, specializes in the history of and all aspects of science and serves the international scientific community through research and documentation. To this end, the Institute acquires and maintains authoritative collections of books, plant images, manuscripts, portraits and data files, and provides publications and other modes of information service. The Institute meets the reference needs of botanists, biologists, historians, conservationists, librarians, bibliographers and the public at large, especially those concerned with any aspect of the North American flora.

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ISSN 0073-4071 Huntia 12(2) 2006 Thomas Fanning Wood (1841–1892) and his botanical contributions

William R. Burk

Abstract Thomas Fanning Wood (1841–1892) was a North 1892) and by Wood himself (1886–1887, Carolina physician who became a leader in medicine 1928), but his botanical contributions remain in the state while, at the same time, avidly pursuing botanical studies as a pastime. Wood’s contributions little known. This paper provides a brief to botany included extensive plant collecting in the biographical sketch of Wood’s life, including region of Wilmington, ; a network important botanical influences and some of correspondence primarily with American botanists hitherto unpublished information, and furthers with whom he also exchanged ; 48 botanical publications; and a number of lectures before scientific an understanding of his botanical endeavors societies in which he was an active member. Through through correspondence with botanists and these activities, he was an ardent popularizer of botany, physicians, through publications, through particularly within the Historical and Scientific Society exchanges of plants and fungi, and through of Wilmington. memberships in scientific societies in which he was active. Introduction Thomas Fanning Wood (Fig. 1), a His life and botanical influences distinguished physician in North Carolina, Thomas Fanning Wood, born 23 February flourished in the latter half of the 19th century. 1841 in Wilmington, North Carolina, was He founded the State Board of Health and the son of Robert Barclay and Mary Ann co-founded the North Carolina Medical Journal, (Wilber) Wood, who were cousins and of which he virtually single-handedly published Quaker backgrounds. Young Wood attended until his death. Wood was a remarkable man several local schools. While at the Odd not only because of his leadership in North Fellows school (later called Mr. Meginney’s) Carolina medicine but also for his service to his about 1850 to 1857, he initially “got a taste hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina, for scientific study,” which formed the basis and for his contributions to botany. Although for his lifelong pleasure and pursuit (T. Wood he died at the relatively early age of 51, Wood 1886–1887, p. 41). His first scientific class led a productive life, driven by his high-energy was “Natural Philosophy” (physics), which level and intense intellectual curiosity. Various included laboratory techniques. The course was aspects of his life have been described by his followed by chemistry, physiology, astronomy, biographers (Anderson 1928; Cooper 1928; and botany. He considered his botany teacher, Koonce 2000; Magruder 1996; Thomas Dora Norton, a dull person who knew little about the subject and presented ill-prepared John N. Couch Biology Library, University lectures. The students used a text written by of North Carolina, CB#3280 Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 U.S.A. Email: Alphonso Wood, the prolific 19th-century [email protected] American author of botanical textbooks. The 113 114 Huntia 12(2) 2006

(officially chartered in 1853 [McGivern 1961] as the Polytechnic College of the State of Pennsylvania). The elder Wood was “violently opposed” to having his son matriculate at the university in Chapel Hill, thinking that young men learned little more than to “dress like gentlemen and behave like rowdies” (T. Wood 1886–1887, p. 49). His father also was prejudiced against the required courses of Greek and Latin. Due, in part, to the financial crash that year (i.e., 1857) and lax business practices, his father lost his wealth when the firm J. C. and R. B. Wood went into dissolution. (John Coffin Wood, Robert Barclay Wood’s brother, had been a partner in a building company [Seapker 1994]). Instead of attending college in Philadelphia, Thomas continued another year at Mr. Meginney’s school.

Medical training Wood then entered the Wilmington, North Carolina, office of Dr. James Fergus McRee, Jr. Figure 1. Thomas Fanning Wood, 1884. Courtesy as a “regular medical student” (T. Wood 1886– of Wood Family Papers #172, Special Collections, 1887, p. 61). This undoubtedly was the point at William Madison Randall Library, University of which Wood later wrote that he “commenced North Carolina, Wilmington. reading medicine in 1857” (NCSA-P, no. 1). text was presumably First Lessons in Botany He taught at the school of Thomas H. Williams (A. Wood 1856), which was written at this in the fall of 1858 in order to earn money. time. Thomas Wood (1886–1887, p. 49) He was challenged by the fact that the ages claimed that the class “learned very little and of the students ranged from 7 to 20 years and did not gain a high opinion” of the discipline many different textbooks were used. After of botany. The class presented Norton with a subsequently working in the office of Eli W. bouquet of flowers, which they had fabricated, Hall, a lawyer, he spent the summer of 1859 on and mischievously watched her confusion Hunting Island off the coast of . as she was unable to name the plants from Here his father gained employment to build which the blossoms came. Although Wood’s a lighthouse (Koonce 2000). Thomas Wood introduction to botany was not very favorable, (1886–1887, p. 73) recorded in his diary that he later devoted considerable spare time to its from a botanical perspective the trip to the study and became an authority on the flora of island was disappointing as he observed “the the Wilmington area. same white-aproned pines and coarse bracken About 1857, Wood’s father wanted him and gall berry bushes and tangled smilax and to attend Philadelphia Polytechnic College coarse wire-grass just as I had seen a plenty Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 115 of at home.” He also wrote that his reading of the Dispensatory and Pareira’s Materia Medica awakened his curiosity in plants. These studies were among his earliest known manifestations of an interest in botany. Wood also spent time on his cousin’s plantation at Coffin Point, a locale characterized by palmettos and dunes. Although Wood was enthusiastic to learn the island’s shrubs and trees, which were new to him, he didn’t have in his possession a botanical guide. Instead he made crude drawings of selected specimens, deferring their identification until he could consult with a person knowledgeable about the flora (Koonce 2000). Returning to Wilmington in November 1859, he eventually studied under the tutelage of Dr. William George Thomas. By 1860 Wood was a clerk for Eli W. Hall again, Figure 2. Thomas Fanning Wood, 1864 or 1865. From but now he was keeping a new drugstore Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from established by Louis B. Erambert. North Carolina of the Great War, 1861–’65, by members of the respective companies, edited by Walter Clark (Raleigh, E. M. Uzzell, Printer and Binder, 1901, vol. Service in the Civil War 1, plate leaved between pages 176 and [177]). When the American Civil War commenced, physician Otis Frederick Manson, who was Wood joined the Wilmington Rifle Guards, a member of the first Board of Examiners which eventually became one of several in North Carolina and in charge of Moore companies of the 18th North Carolina Hospital. Dr. Manson secured from the Regiment (Koonce 2000). He joined the secretary of war a detail for Wood to attend regiment in September 1861. His experiences the Medical College of Virginia. With $115 in the war occurred in Virginia, where on sent by his father, he entered the college about 27 May 1862 he first fought in the Battle of October 1862. Although he earlier had studied Hanover Courthouse, which was part of the medicine, this was his first opportunity to “Peninsula Campaign.” He then was in the attend lectures (Koonce 2000). In January Battle of Ellerson’s Mill at Mechanicsville, 1863, Wood received an invitation from the on 26 June 1862, which was part of the surgeon general of the army to appear before Seven Days Battles before Richmond. He the Board of Medical Examiners in Richmond removed in July 1862 to Moore Hospital in during February. He passed the examination, Richmond for convalescence after contracting personally considering it “a matter of self Chickahominy fever (T. Wood 1888). (This gratulation” and worth as much as a diploma disease was a type of camp fever, which was (NCSA-P, no. 1). He then served as assistant prevalent during the Peninsula Campaign. surgeon (Fig. 2) at the rank of captain in the It was said to be much like typho-malarial 3rd North Carolina Infantry, which was part fever.) Here he was befriended by the eminent of the 2nd Corps, Army of Northern Virginia. 116 Huntia 12(2) 2006

General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson He received his medical license from the led the corps until he died at the Battle of North Carolina Board of Medical Examiners Chancellorsville in 1863. in 1866, in which year he established the Although several known experiences state’s first smallpox hospital for freedmen cultivated Wood’s interest in botany, one of in Wilmington. He married Adelia Powell the most important occurred during his service Fuller on 21 February 1866 (Anonymous in General Jubal Early’s raid on Washington 1866). About early December 1866, their son City in 1864. Because of a shortage of medical Thomas Powell Wood was born but died on supplies (including drugs) due to the blockade 18 February 1867 at nearly two-and-a-half of Wilmington, Wood used the indigenous months of age (Anonymous 1867). Their medicinal plants in treating soldiers. Among second son, John Fuller Wood, was born after the literature on medicinal plants available to their return to Wilmington in 1868. Adelia Wood was Resources of the Southern Fields and died on 10 July 1870 at age 26 years and 5 Forests. Under the directive of Dr. Samuel months (Anonymous 1870), followed by the Preston Moore, surgeon general of the death of son John on 24 April 1871 at age two Confederacy, physician and botanist Francis years, 6 months, and sixteen days (Anonymous P. Porcher (1863) wrote the book to educate 1871). Wood remarried on 17 November 1875 field medical officers on these resources. to Mary Kennedy (Sprunt) in Wilmington Wood’s interest in materia medica was (Anonymous 1875). They had five children: demonstrated even earlier when he visited his Edward Jenner, Thomas Fanning, John friend Dr. William J. Love at Hallsville, North Hunter, Jane Dalziel, and Margaret. Carolina, in 1859 (T. Wood 1886–1887, pp. Wood instilled an appreciation for the 86, 88). They found a plant, thought to be Wilmington flora in his children by taking Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata). Having just them on field trips. His daughter Jane Dalziel studied about using plants as medical remedies, Wood (1930?) recollected some of these they decided to experiment with their recent experiences. Early each February, which find. Preparing a concoction of the plant, marked the beginning of the wildflower season Wood tested it on Love but determined it to be for that region of North Carolina, he would “inert.” Wood’s knowledge of plants provided load his son Edward and daughter Jane into a useful application of the flora in materia his buggy, also taking along a “botanizing medica, but he also displayed an interest in case,” and drive into the savannahs, “his flower systematic botany. This topic is introduced garden.” Wood pointed out the spring plants, under the section concerning his association which he named for his young audience. with Moses A. Curtis. When the season advanced, they sought out Pyxidanthera barbulata, taking samples home and watching the plants develop. Wood made Physician special note of the medical uses of plants. Koonce (2000) described Wood’s career Jane recorded that it was a great “pleasure to as a physician following the Civil War. see the keen look of gratification that would Wood returned to North Carolina, settling illuminate his face when he was successful in Lumberton where his family had moved in finding a specimen for which he had been during the conflict. Although residing in long searching.” He placed the collected plants Lumberton, he traveled to Wilmington to in his “tin botanizing case” [i.e., vasculum] practice medicine beginning in August 1865. and later placed them in a plant press. He Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 117

encouraged his children to be vigilant for any Wood earned professional recognition and unusual plants as they walked to school and honors during his lifetime and afterward. to collect them. About late 1887 another son, Noteworthy were two honorary degrees. The Hunter, was old enough to join the botanical University of Maryland conferred on Wood excursions. an honorary M.D. in 1868. According to During a lifetime devoted to medical Wood, this recognition was rendered in great practice and public service in Wilmington, part for his paper, “Non-identity of vaccinia Thomas Wood became a leader in his and variola,” presented 15 May 1867 at the profession. With fellow physician Moses 14th Annual Meeting of the Medical Society DeRosset III, he founded in 1878 the North of North Carolina (NCSA-P, no. 1; T. Wood Carolina Medical Journal, a “Monthly Journal 1867). Another honorary degree was the of Medicine and Surgery, published in LL.D., bestowed on Wood at the University Wilmington, N.C.” Wood was editor-in- of North Carolina commencement exercises chief until his death. He was founder of on 5 June 1890 (Anonymous 1890a). the North Carolina State Board of Health (Cooper 1928), holding offices of secretary Botany, a delightful avocation and treasurer, 1877–1892. He was a member of the American Medical Association, American Wood’s first botanical investigations, such Public Health Association (vice president, as those in the woods of Hunting Island 1891), New Hanover County Medical Society and Coffin Point, were the beginning of (president, 1875), and Medical Society of an avocation that would command interest North Carolina. Particularly noteworthy was throughout his life. He, however, early decided Wood’s active role in the Medical Society that he had to keep in check his “inclination of North Carolina. Elected to the society in to learn more of Botany, and … only follow 1867, he served as secretary (1867–1871) and it at a great distance as an amateur” (SHC, president (1882) and held memberships on no. 2). His medical practice and professional various committees, including Publication, commitments would serve as “the toil and fight Adoption of the Metric System of Weights for bread, the common lot of North Carolina and Measurement, Topography and Epidemics doctors” (NCSA-P, no. 17). He was content to of the State, and To Investigate Origin & learn new genera of Wilmington plants a few at Aberrations of Vaccinia. a time, as he was enticed by the exceptionally Wood was elected in May 1878 to the fourth fascinating flora. Botanizing provided Wood Board of Medical Examiners, consisting of with a pleasing refuge from the weight of seven doctors who each served a six-year term. medical practice. Writing to his physician/ Wood was assigned different subject areas as botanist friend Joseph H. Mellichamp, Wood an examiner: Chemistry (1878, 1881), Materia philosophized on physicians who studied Medica and Therapeutics (1879), Practice botany. He noted, “I often wonder that of Medicine and Pathology (1880), Surgery physicians, especially those in the country, (1882), and Obstetrics (1883). Interested in do not study the flora of their sections to medical and scientific literature and book divert their minds from the toil and worry of collecting, Wood was a devoted member of the practice … I am always delighted [on] a day of Library Association of Wilmington. He was great anxiety in practice to seek the company serving as president of this association at the of humble friends in the meadows” (NCSA‑P, time of his death (Anonymous 1892b). no. 15). He mentioned how his cares faded 118 Huntia 12(2) 2006 when he was in search of plants, such as Mayaca Berkeley, Moses Ashley Curtis, William (a rare herb of wet places). Wood believed Marriott Canby, Alvan Wentworth Chapman, that an understanding of medicinal plants Job Bicknell Ellis, Charles Horton Peck, was necessary for physicians. He lamented Henry William Ravenel, and George Vasey. the fact that physicians lacked an education The following text, gleaned from letters of in pharmacognosy and therapeutics, based on five correspondents, provides some insights the study of the characters of medicinal plants into Wood’s botanical endeavors. (Appended is (T. Wood 1881b). also a brief discussion of physician and botanist Although Wood’s pastime provided mental James Fergus McRee, Sr., who undoubtedly solace, his botanical contributions promoted influenced Wood’s botanical inclinations.)T he an understanding of the flora of southeastern choice of letters to be featured was based on one North Carolina to botanists and local citizens. or more of the following factors: the impact His correspondence with botanists, his active of the person on Wood’s botanical studies, involvement with scientific societies, and his the number of letters in each collection, the publications are the tangible evidence of these different backgrounds of the correspondents, contributions. Each of these major areas of or the diversity of botanical topics. Table 1 activity will be discussed. summarizes Wood’s botanical correspondence (incoming and outgoing) with 34 individuals (see pp. 126–130). Botanical correspondence Through correspondence, Wood exchanged Moses Ashley Curtis (1808–1872) plants and botanical publications and shared The life of Moses Ashley Curtis, noted information on plants. In exchanging plants, North Carolina clergyman and botanist, is well particularly the endemics of the Wilmington documented (Berkeley and Berkeley 1986). He region, he provided important vouchers encouraged and assisted in Wood’s botanical for the National Herbarium and herbaria endeavors. It is fascinating to speculate that in the northeastern United States. Wood’s perhaps Wood’s fellow Wilmingtonian, James active years coincided with the history of F. McRee, Sr., introduced Wood to Curtis, American botany when institutions, such as either in person or through correspondence. the Smithsonian and Harvard University, The earliest known evidence of the botanical were developing herbaria to document the association of Curtis and Wood is found in country’s flora. By sharing specimens, Wood Wood’s diary as recorded by Koonce (2000, aided these efforts. His specimens helped to p. 152). While marching to Washington clarify delimitations and make known City in Jubal Early’s raid, Wood received species of the southeastern United States, an permission from his superiors to stop at the area poorly known at that time. Wood also Natural Bridge near Lexington, Virginia, on shared information on the classification and 23 June 1864. There he collected ferns and natural history of plants in his letters. lichens, which he shipped home. This marked Wood’s correspondence with botanists, the beginning of his plant collecting pursuits. physicians and pharmacists interested in plants Wood noted, “when I got several specimens, provides an important window on his botanical I sent them by letter to the Rev. Dr. M. A. pursuits. He built up an impressive network Curtis, at Hillsborough for identification, asI of communication with correspondents, knew nothing about system[at]ic botany, and including such luminaries as Miles Joseph I had no book with me; Dr. C. was very kind Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 119 and prompt in his replies, and encouraged me to Hillsborough, North Carolina, to consult to continue.” Curtis’ private herbarium, he never did Three years later (1867), Curtis sent Wood because of the lack of available time (SHC, two letters, which revealed that Wood initially no. 2). Nonetheless, he eventually assembled had been daunted by the seeming difficulty a personal herbarium, discussed later in this of his botanical studies. Curtis offered paper. encouraging words: “It will be no great task to master the 1,000 Flowering Plants about William Marriott Canby (1831–1904) Wilmington, where your observations will William Marriott Canby was a successful be chiefly confined” (NCSA, no. 6). He businessman in the region of Wilmington, explained how he had simplified the collection Delaware, particularly in railroad enterprises of thousands of specimens over the years. and financial institutes. He developed a passion “Take a Portfolio with you, wherever you ride for botany while a young man. Traveling about. It takes but a minute to pick a specimen, extensively, he became an avid and enthusiastic put it between the sheets of paper & then put collector of plants and built up an impressive the Portfolio under the cushion of your seat & herbarium. Although he sold his herbarium so press it as you ride.” He offered to identify of nearly 30,000 specimens to the College of plants for Wood, writing, “If you are puzzled Pharmacy of the City of New York in 1892, he at any time in working out a plant, & will forthwith began to amass another collection, send me a fragment in a letter, I will very which grew to nearly 15,000 specimens cheerfully assist you in getting at the name.” (Anonymous 1892e; Rose 1904). Curtis deemed Wood a promising successor Canby and Wood exchanged at least nine to carry on the botanical investigations in letters between May 1877 and September 1889 the state, thinking his own demise was near. (ANSP, NCSA, NCSA-P, UNC-W). Canby’s He also recommended that Wood consider letters showed a genuine willingness to assist studying algae, which would provide him not only in identifying plants but also in the best chance for adding species. Curtis still reviewing drafts of manuscripts. He concluded thought that Wood remained intimidated by a letter of 5 February 1881 by writing, “Count the amount of work to be done in the study of on my aid in any way that I can” (NCSA, no. a local flora, but he again tried to bolster his 4). Both men were interested in the study confidence and give him support by writing, of insectivorous plants. Noting that Canby “Come, buckle on your armor & I will stand “knows our flora very well,” Wood relied by you” (NCSA, no. 7). Wood heeded these on Canby’s knowledge for assistance in plant words, devoting over a quarter of a century to identifications (NCSA-P, no. 11). Canby sent botanical activities in his spare time. Wood specimens of Darlingtonia californica and in Curtis and Wood collected plants together exchange requested plants, including Adiantum in the Wilmington area, particularly on the pedatum from the North Carolina mountains, causeway among the ballast grounds. The A. capillus-veneris (the true maiden’s hair fern) two exchanged plants. Curtis, for example, from Canby’s “discovered region” (NCSA‑P, sent Wood some specimens of Asplenium no. 8), Pleea tenuifolia, and Peltandra alba. montanum. Curtis asked Wood to send seeds Specimens of the last two species, collected by from pines to at Harvard University Wood and sent to Canby, are preserved in the and roots of Dionaea to mycologist Henry W. New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY), Ravenel. Although Wood wanted to travel but information on dates is lacking. 120 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Concerning Adiantum capillus-veneris, species might eventually be found in the upper a noteworthy story unfolds. As verified Cape Fear. Wood recorded, as a marginal note from a specimen housed at NY, Canby in a personal scrapbook containing published collected a young, sterile specimen, along articles, that the species had been found again with a portion of the rhizome with roots, in North Carolina at Waccamaw Lake about in the Wilmington, North Carolina, area in 1880 (NCSA, no. 35). May 1867 (Fig. 3). Previously, this species, according to Chapman’s (1860) flora, had its George Vasey (1822–1893) known northern limit of distribution in the Having received a medical degree in 1846, limestone cliffs of . Nearly 13 years George Vasey subsequently took to practicing later, Wood (1880b) wrote that he remembered medicine and also enjoyed collecting and the “sensation caused by the discovery of the studying plants. He turned his professional beautiful” fern. Canby was at Hilton (an area attention to botany in the latter part of the of Wilmington, North Carolina) collecting 1860s when he joined Major John Wesley aquatic plants by the riverside. “He turned Powell’s Colorado Expedition as botanist. He toward the marl bluff, when his eyes were later served as botanist of the United States greeted with a specimen of true maiden’s hair Department of Agriculture and curator of fern” (Wood 1880b). He brought his find to the United States National Herbarium under the attention of Moses A. Curtis. Eager to the during the last obtain some samples of the fern and wasting 21 years of his life. He was an authority on no time, Curtis asked Wood to collect plants the systematics of North American grasses. from Canby’s site. Curtis claimed to have His “crowning work” was developing the seen the species over 30 years earlier but herbarium and increasing its collections “took it for the common A. pedatum (the only (Canby and Rose 1893, p. 174). species then found in our books) & so gave There are 17 known letters from Wood it the go-by without examining it, or taking to Vasey and 13 from Vasey to Wood, sent a specimen, as I had that species already” between 1878 and 1889. A professional (NCSA, no. 6). Immediately after receiving demeanor, typically devoid of personal Curtis’s request, Wood set out to collect and comments, characterized their letters. Most send specimens of the fern to Curtis. Vouchers of the subject matter in the letters concerned of Wood’s collection, dated November 1867, the exchange of plant specimens. Vasey are preserved in NY (Fig. 3). Twenty-five soon expressed a desire to receive plants years later, Wood (1892) revealed Canby’s unique to the Wilmington region, such as collecting site as being a few yards under the Dionaea muscipula, Solidago verna, and Nuphar hill from where Cornelius Harnett’s mansion sagittaefolia. He also wanted to obtain specimens once stood. Today the Sweeney Water Plant of Compositae and various seaside plants. occupies the site. Wood, in the earliest known letter to Vasey Wood (1880a) also wrote about the fern in (12 July 1878), noted his pleasure that the plant The Church Messenger, the official paper of the specimens he sent were very satisfactory (SI‑A, Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, then no. 2). Among the first specimens he sent to published in Winston. He reported Canby’s Vasey was Dionaea muscipula, still preserved discovery of the fern in “1868” from “the marl in the National Herbarium (US). He, in bluffs on the eastern bank of the North East return, acknowledged receiving a volume on Cape Fear River.” He also thought that the “Forestry” and reminded Vasey that his own Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 121

Figure 3. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Specimens collected in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1867, (right) by Thomas F. Wood, November; (left) by William M. Canby, May. Scan by Heather Rolen. Courtesy of Herbarium, The New York Botanical Garden. 122 Huntia 12(2) 2006 commitments to physic might delay his visits or two” (Anonymous 1884e, pp. 136–137). to the woods for collecting plants. Wood also had sent a specimen to physician/ Vasey made special comments about the botanist Joseph H. Mellichamp in Bluffton, plants from Wood, such as Pleea tenuifolia, South Carolina (Coker 1911). Physician John being new to the herbarium. After identifying R. Quinan, with whom Wood was a frequent specimens, Vasey would often request additional correspondent, referred to Wood’s discovery specimens in better condition or return part of in a letter of 13 January 1885 (NCSA-Q, the collection, which Wood probably added no. 4). The discovery of this holly variety to his personal library. Vasey was particularly was later attributed to Professor Wilbur Fisk keen to obtain tea seeds. Apparently Wood Massey of the Agricultural and Mechanical had access to a ready supply of seeds from a College in Raleigh (now North Carolina nursery of a local cemetery, where the shrubs State University). Walker Meares (1900), a were propagated as ornamentals. In addition, well-to-do resident of Wilmington, North Wood reported to Vasey special discoveries, Carolina, reminded readers in an editorial including Sarracenia rubra. He also offered for The Wilmington Messenger that Wood had to send specimens of local plants, including earlier found the shrub and planted a specimen Stuartia virginica and Adiantum capillus-veneris. of it in his front yard. Wood’s discovery is Wood occasionally requested plants from confirmed not only by the above cited letters Vasey, such as specimens of oaks. and published notes but also by fragments of Either in the text of letters sent to Wood voucher specimens (sent in December 1884 or as annotations on letters received from to J. D. Smith), which are now housed in the Wood, Vasey added or confirmed the plant U.S. National Herbarium under the name Ilex identifications. According to their letters, dahoon var. myrtifolia. Wood sent at least 65 species of plants. Three additional letters, dated 18 August Expressing his utmost gratitude to Vasey for 1890, 11 September 1891, and 24 September his assistance with the identifications, Wood 1891, extend the coverage of correspondence thanked him “for the great pains you have been between Wood and Vasey’s office. Preserved at in making out my plants” (SI-A, no. 5). as letterpress copies in the Smithsonian Among the plants that Wood sent to Vasey Institution Archives (SI-A, nos. 9, 11, 12), were specimens of Ilex myrtifolia with yellow the letters are to Wood from Frederick V. (SI-A, no. 6). Realizing that he had Coville, acting botanist. They confirm that found an unusual holly, Wood inquired about Coville sent Wood a specimen of Cabomba and the shrub among his botanical confreres. He identified specimens ofLeonotis nepetaefolia and wrote two letters in January 1885 about this to Nicotiana glauca sent by Wood. Two additional botanist John Donnell Smith (US, nos. 1, 2), letters, dated 31 July and 7 September 1890, enclosing a sample of the holly. He noted that it from Wood to Coville, survive (SI-A, nos. 8, “has been inspected by a good many persons” 10); the former letter confirms that Wood sent and that its fruit is healthy and naturally specimens of Mayaca michauxii preserved in yellow. Harvard botanist Sereno Watson alcohol. Just prior to their first correspondence, claimed it to be a ‘sport.’” When sending Coville had visited Wood at his home in specimens to the editors of the Bulletin of the Wilmington, circa July 1890. Torrey Botanical Club, Wood reported “this After corresponding with Vasey for two is the first time I have ever seen this variety, years, Wood probably visited him at the although I had heard of its existence for a year Department of Agriculture in 1880. There Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 123

Wood observed “adiantifolia,” which captivated him so much that he later requested specimens of it (SI-A, no. 4). According to Vasey, the tree was Gingko (Salisburia adiantifolia), of which he promised to send several seedlings (NCSA, no. 33).

Charles Leightheiser Lochman (1822–1900) Charles Leightheiser Lochman was a photographer and druggist. Linda A. Ries (2000), after numerous years of dedicated research, pieced together an account of Lochman’s life. Subsequent to living in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where Lochman was primarily a commercial photographer, he removed to the Allentown/Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, area about 1874. There he developed a drug business but also continued his interests in photography. Among his scholarly publications are translations of two editions of a German pharmacopoeia (Lochman 1873, 1884). It was from his Bethlehem address that Lochman wrote to Wood. Six letters from Lochman to Wood (March 1880 to April 1882) survive in archival collections (Duke; NCSA). They document the exchanges of plants, seeds, and photographs of plants between Figure 4. Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis (Venus Flytrap). these men. Lochman was keenly interested in Photo by Charles L. Lochman, Bethlehem, Pa., from obtaining plants from the Wilmington region, a specimen sent by Thomas F. Wood, ca.1881. Pasted particularly to photograph them in full bloom. on blank sheet opposite p. 12 of Wood’s personal copy He gave advice to Wood on photography as well of “Wilmington Flora.” Courtesy of Wood Family Papers #172, Special Collections, William Madison as preparing plants for shipment. Concerning Randall Library, University of North Carolina, the latter, Lochman advised Wood to send a Wilmington. specimen of Liatris odoratissima so that the plant would not be “moved by concussion in the photographs of the species. Wood likewise mail” (NCSA, no. 14). He explained that “it sent Lochman photographs of plants, including may be fastened inside of a box with strings Vaccinium crassifolium, Gelsemium sempervirens, running in different directions, surrounded Melia azedarach, and Sarracenia flava (NCSA, with damp, but not wet, fine grass.” Lochman no. 12). was particularly pleased to receive specimens Lochman used a living specimen of Dionaea of Dionaea muscipula, which he raised and (sent by Wood) for a photographic plate then photographed in bloom. In about 1881, included in a set of “Photographs of Medicinal he sent Wood a silver print of a specimen in Plants from Natural Specimens,” which he flower (Fig. 4), one of the earliest known had intended for publication. Mounted on 124 Huntia 12(2) 2006 boards measuring 20.3 cm × 25.3 cm, each The earliest letter of botanical interest, print features one species with a printed sent on 19 July 1883, contained Quinan’s caption. The captions contain the following acknowledgment of the receipt of living flytrap information: scientific and common names, plants, which delighted him and his family. He synonyms, character states, habitat, and even proposed an explanation on the action medicinal properties. Lochman sent Wood of the plant’s leaf: “That the secretory glands a set of 54 of his mounted prints, which are attract the insect & that on its imprisonment, housed in the North Carolina State Archives, electrical currents are excited, which convert Raleigh (NCSA). Another known set survives the contents of the glands into an acid (of the at the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, formic series) which acts as a digestive on the Maryland. body of the insect (like Pepsin) which thus becomes aliments to the plants” (NCSA-Q, John Russell Quinan (1822–1890) no. 1). A week later Quinan noted Wood’s John Russell Quinan, a physician, lived the explanation for the action of the plant being last 20 years of his life in Baltimore, Maryland, analogous to the reflex movement in animals practicing medicine and conducting detailed (NCSA-Q, no. 2). research at nearby libraries. He had ready Wood sent Quinan a “beautiful plant” in access to several research libraries, including March 1885, for which Quinan deferred the the Peabody Library of Baltimore (now a part identification to botanist Henry W. Ravenel of the Johns Hopkins University Library), (NCSA-Q, no. 5). Although Quinan had good Library of the Surgeon General’s Office, the intentions of assisting Wood with botanical Toner collection, and libraries associated inquiries, he noted that “I will look out for with the Johns Hopkins University. He made that Botany though I am but a tyro in that frequent use of these collections, particularly fascinating branch” (NCSA-Q, no. 3). Unlike in research on medical history, which earned Wood, who was acquiring contemporary him scholarly recognition and culminated in botanical books to support his study of plants, various publications (Anonymous 1891; Wood Quinan felt he couldn’t “keep up with the 1891b). progress of Botanical science — being so much Nearly 50 letters from Quinan to Wood occupied with medical studies” (NCSA-Q, survive (NCSA-Q), spanning the time from no. 5). He, however, owned Elliott’s Sketch 9 July 1883 through 6 May 1887, though (1816–1824) and Chapman’s Flora (1860), chiefly from 1883 to 1884. Besides conducting the latter providing him only “very meagre his personal library research, Quinan gladly descriptions.” He added that he had learned and vigorously sought out obscure historical the Linnaean system for identifying plants and scientific facts in the literature for his and “would like much to bring out a new & corresponding friends, including Wood. enlarged edition of my volume of Resources, Quinan, who was exceedingly careful about having collected much material — but I could details, was forthright in expressing his not easily find a Publisher.” Exchanges of opinions to Wood and provided criticisms plants ensued, including a set of nine pressed based on published records. The two also specimens of algae to Wood from Allen B. shared anecdotal incidents from their practice Quinan, Dr. Quinan’s son, who had collected of medicine. Clearly medical topics were the them from the Patuxent River. These are focus of the copious flow of letters to Wood, preserved in Wood’s archives in Raleigh but botany also had a noteworthy place. (NCSA-Q, no. 6). Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 125

Quinan sought information on various plants, such as Ambrosia trifida, species of Ilex, and Spigelia. Quinan (1884) published an article in the North Carolina Medical Journal on the last mentioned plant, establishing the priority of its earliest use as an anthelmintic by Dr. John Lining of South Carolina. Quinan also searched for articles by Moses Ashley Curtis that had been published in the Boston Journal of Natural History. The sole paper he found was Curtis’ (1835) catalog of Wilmington plants. Wood and Quinan also exchanged publications, chiefly medical, although Wood sent Quinan Curtis’ (1867) catalog of North Carolina plants. Their letters make it seem likely that Quinan and Wood never met in person. Quinan asked for, and subsequently received, Wood’s portrait. The fate of Wood’s letters to Quinan remains unknown. Figure 5. James Fergus McRee (1794–1869). James Fergus McRee (1794–1869) Frontispiece, James Fergus McRee, M.D., date unknown. (T. Wood 1892). A discussion of Wood’s association with botanists would not be complete without He increased his knowledge of botany through the mention of James Fergus McRee, M.D. his correspondence and by exchanges of plants (Fig. 5). Although McRee died in 1869, with botanists. Even after Curtis moved from when Wood’s botanical endeavors in the Wilmington, he and McRee maintained Wilmington region were just beginning, correspondence. Curtis wrote to McRee in the senior doctor and botanist influenced the 1833 (Henderson 1928) and sent him botanical impressionable Wood. From Wood’s (1892) specimens during at least a 14-year period. biographical account of McRee, we can make The shipments of plants included 341 species some general inferences. in 1833, 91 in 1834, 144 in 1837, 29 in 1839, After earning a medical degree in 1814 from and 66 in 1849 (SHC, no. 8). Wood referred New York Medical College, McRee returned to McRee’s personal herbarium, whose fate is to his native town (Wilmington), where he unknown. Wood also took note of the grounds practiced medicine and even served as mayor. surrounding McRee’s house, where he planted He excelled as a diagnostician and was a pioneer shrubs and trees collected during botanical surgeon. He devoted considerable time to the tramps. Wood compared the estate with the study of plants. Wood remembered McRee’s botanical gardens of André and François André admirable library devoted to medicine and Michaux and John and William Bartram. natural science. McRee was a keen observer McRee’s horticultural contributions included of the natural world, discovering nearly the introduction of plants to the region, among three dozen species of plants not previously them, tapioca, rhubarb, burr-artichokes, and recorded in Curtis’ (1835) Wilmington flora. cantaloupe. 126 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Table 1. List of selected correspondents of Thomas F. Wood, writing on botanical topics, 1867–1891

Correspondent Nature of correspondence See under References cited

Baird, Spencer Fullerton 1 letter (12 August 1880) from SFB NCSA (North Carolina (1823–1887) Interested in obtaining seeds and some roots of a large, State Archives), no. 1 Second Secretary, Smithsonian red water lily, cultivated by Mr. Sturtevant of Institution; naturalist Wilmington, N.C. Beal, William James 1 letter (4 August 1877) from TFW NCSA-P (North Carolina (1833–1924) Sent his publication on insectivorous plants; indicated State Archives-Penn Michigan botanist; specialist his intentions to send specimens of Pinguicula and Book), no. 2 in grasses Dionaea

Berkeley, Miles Joseph 1 letter (23 June 1877) from TFW NCSA-P, no. 3 (1803–1889) Explained his goal of editing M. A. Curtis’ manuscript English clergyman; on edible mushrooms; noted recently published internationally renowned mycological literature, including an article in mycologist Popular Science Monthly (1877) by Julius Palmer, “which further excited the attention of the curious in our southern country”

Brigham, George French 2 letters (27 April, 18 May 1877) from TFW NCSA-P, nos. 4–5 (1827–1914) Noted their enterprise of selling insectivorous plants Clergyman in Sharon, to raise money for GFB’s church (for additional Wisconsin information see under Historical and Scientific Society of Wilmington in text) Canby, William Marriott 5 letters (18 December 1879–19 September 1889) from ANSP (Academy of (1831–1904) WMC Natural Sciences of Delaware businessman; 4 letters (30 May 1877–28 August 1877) from TFW Philadelphia), no. 1; botanist Regarded their exchange of plants and publications; NCSA, nos. 2–4; NCSA- WMC identified plants and offered assistance in P, nos. 6–9; UNC-W editing manuscripts (for more information see (University of North under Canby in text) Carolina-Wilmington, Special Collections), no. 2

Chapman, Alvan 1 letter (20 May 1885) from AWC Duke (Duke University Wentworth Supplied biographical information on M. A. Curtis, Manuscripts), no. 1 (1809–1899) his “deeply lamented friend” with whom he physician; botanist actively corresponded from 1840 to 1872; however, he committed the letters to the flames to prevent them from passing “into less indulgent hands” Coville, Frederick Vernon 3 letters (18 August, 11 September 1890; 24 September SI-A (Smithsonian (1867–1937) 1891) from FVC Institution Archives), nos. Botanist, United States 2 letters (31 July, 7 September 1890) from TFW 8–12 Department of Agriculture Mentioned their exchange of plant specimens and FVC’s identification of plants sent by TFW Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 127

Correspondent Nature of correspondence See under References cited

Curtis, Charles Jared 5 letters (10 October 1877–30 December 1885) from NCSA, no. 5; SHC (1847–1931) TFW (Southern Historical Episcopal minister (son of Concerned the exchange of publications; TFW Collection, University of M. A. Curtis), with interests in inquired about specimens in M. A. Curtis’ North Carolina at Chapel natural history herbarium and on techniques of preserving Hill), nos. 2–6 fungal specimens; borrowed MAC manuscripts in preparation of biographical essay on him; intended to solicit additional assistance from Asa Gray, Charles S. Sargent, William G. Farlow, among others 1 letter (21 April 1888) from CJC Asked TFW to consider writing articles, particularly on natural history, for the “Messenger” Curtis, Moses Ashley 2 letters (27 November, 2 December 1867) from MAC NCSA, nos. 6–7 (1808–1872) Concerned the exchange of specimens and Episcopal minister; teacher; publications; provided advice and encouragement botanist to TFW (for additional information see under Curtis and other passages in text) Curtiss, Allen Hiram 2 letters (7 August 1881; undated [ca. late August NCSA, nos. 8–9 (1845–1907) 1881]) from AHC Florida plant collector; Sent Fern fascicle No. II and a circular for fascicle distributed his own exsiccati III, which survives in archives; intended to visit Wilmington, N.C., about August 1881 but later noted he would visit only if he could obtain specimens from large trees, such as Catalpa and Ailanthus and also “good sticks of Cyrilla, Ilex cassine, Ilex opaca & flava” (letter, undated August [1881]) Decaisne, Joseph No letters seen SI-A, no. 3; NCSA-P, (1807–1882) However, TFW mentioned in letters to G. Vasey no. 5 Belgian botanist, associated ([25?] July 1878) and G. F. Brigham (18 May with Museum d’Histoire 1877) that he sent seeds of Dionaea to JD, who naturelle, Paris successfully grew them — one of the few in France to do so ([Wood] 1882c) Ellis, Job Bicknell 10 letters (30 August 1880–20 March 1889) from NYBG (New York (1829–1905) TFW Botanical Garden, American mycologist; issued Acquired several sets of JBE’s exsiccati and sent LuEsther T. Mertz exsiccati, “North American specimens of fungi; subsequently desired to sell his Library, Archives), nos. Fungi” centuries of exsiccati as he gave up the desire of 1–10; NCSA, no. 10 knowing something of mycology due to the press of other work 1 letter (21 September 1881) from JBE Inquired if TFW found any polypores or stereums Gray, Asa No known letters Gray (1888) (1810–1888) TFW sent Gray specimens, including Solidago verna, Pre-eminent botanist of 19th- vouchered in the Harvard University Herbaria century America; professor at (HUH) and cited in Gray’s (1888) Synoptical Flora Harvard University 128 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Correspondent Nature of correspondence See under References cited

Hyams, [Mordecai Elijah] TFW mentioned in his letter (22 October 1880) to SI-A, no. 4 (1819–1891) G. Vasey that he received on the same day “a good specimen of Shortia” from Hyams LeDuc, William Gates 1 letter (19 July 1877) from TFW NCSA-P, no. 14 (1823–1917) Acknowledged receipt of fungal specimens collected United States Commissioner by H. W. Ravenel, which were duplicates of Agriculture Lochman, Charles 6 letters (29 March 1880–29 April 1882) from CLL Duke, no. 2; NCSA, nos. Leightheiser Concerned exchanges of specimens, photographs of 11–15 (1822–1900) plants, and publications (for additional information Photographer; druggist see under Lochman in text)

McCarthy, [Michael] 3 letters (ca.8 November 1889; 10, 25 April 1890) NCSA, nos. 16–18 Gerald from MGM (1858–1915) Asked TFW to respond to two correspondents: Dr. North Carolina botanist H. L. True, who wanted literature on mushrooms, and botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton, who asked for literature citations on local floras; mentioned his plans to visit an otophone man while in Washington, D.C. Meehan, Thomas 2 letters (3, 8 June 1881) from TM ANSP, no. 2; Duke, no. (1826–1901) Liked Wood’s article from At Home and Abroad 3; NCSA, no. 19 English gardener; moved to and mentioned that “older southern botanists America, established a nursery did much more for botany than some have had in Germantown, Pennsylvania; given credit for” (letter, 3 June 1881); gratefully horticultural magazine editor acknowledged receipt of specimens; mentioned that Prof. [Charles] Sargent wanted “a portion of a stem or trunk of the Robinia viscosa to complete his collection of specimens of American woods” 1 letter (17 February 1883) from TFW Wrote about his recent purchase of Kalm’s “Travels” and Brickell’s “Nat. Hist. of NC”; sought biographical information on Shecut; just learned of Catesby; sent TM 2 specimens of Ilex myrtifolia Mellichamp, Joseph Hinson 2 letters (4, 26 September 1877) from TFW Duke, no. 4; NCSA-P, (1829–1903) Thanked JHM for specimens and asked about chiggers nos. 15–16 South Carolina physician; 1 letter (9 January 1881) from JHM botanist Thanked TFW for his publication on turpentine Myers, Frances J. 7 letters (undated [ca. early December 1879]– NCSA, nos. 20–26 (flourished 1870s) 19 September 1880) from FJM Botanist associated with Concerned the exchange of plant specimens and Syracuse Botanical Club publications Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 129

Correspondent Nature of correspondence See under References cited

Owen, Maria Louisa 1 letter (14 September 1880) from MLO Duke, no. 5; Wood (1825–1913) Acknowledged receipt of plants and “Catalogue” (1887c) Massachusetts botanist by M. A. Curtis; recommended newly published botanical books and articles 1 letter (19 September 1887) from TFW Explained work on and assistance of M. G. McCarthy with the Wilmington Flora Peck, Charles Horton 2 letters (19 July, 29 August 1877) from TFW NCSA-P, nos. 18–19 (1833–1914) Inquired about obtaining assistance in identifying State Botanist of New York; fungi and useful mycological literature; wanted to specialized in mycology know how to use microscope in observing fungi

Porcher, Francis Peyre 1 letter (21 June 1884) from FPP NCSA, no. 27; NCSA-P, (1825–1895) Noted the medical properties of Spigelia marylandica; no. 19A South Carolina physician; praised Wood for keeping up his medical journal botanist for so long and so well 1 letter (26 April 1877) from TFW Focused on vaccination Quinan, John Russell 48 letters (19 July 1883 to 6 May 1887) from JRQ NCSA-Q (1822–1890) Several concerned botanical topics, including Baltimore physician; medical acknowledgment of the receipt of plants, discussion historian of library research on selected species of plants, and the exchange of publications (for additional information see under Quinan in text) Rauschenberg, Albert 3 letters (19 May, 17 November without year NCSA, nos. 28–30 Sidney [probably 1879]; 22 July 1879) from ASR (1862–1939) Concerned the exchange of specimens and a Atlanta, , drugstore publication from TFW; sent TFW specimens of clerk; later pharmacist, chemist Rosa lucida, Xanthium spinosum, Plantago gnaphaloides, in New York and California and Acanthospermum xanthoides; mentioned Euphorbia maculata from the waste lands; wrote that his private herbarium, which contained 2,000 specimens from the southern United States, was “becoming famed among the young botanists” (letter, 17 November [1879]) Ravenel, Henry William 4 letters (8 March 1877–23 September 1885) from Duke, nos. 6–8; NCSA, (1814–1887) HWR no. 31; NCSA-P, no. 20 South Carolina planter; Thanked him for specimens of fungi and publications; botanist provided information on his association with M. A. Curtis (they had visited each other several times); doubted that MAC and Lewis DeSchweinitz had personal communication 1 letter (30 June 1877) from TFW Sent specimen of fungus for identification; asked about pertinent mycological literature 130 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Correspondent Nature of correspondence See under References cited

Robinson, John 1 letter (2 January 1881) from JR Duke, no. 9 (1846–1925) Concerned the exchange of publications Massachusetts botanist, held various posts at Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts Rusby, Henry Hurd 1 letter (2 June 1890) from HHR NCSA, no. 32 (1855–1940) Received specimen of Solidago verna; regretted his Physician; professor; botanist limited knowledge on Rhamnus purshiana, about which TFW inquired Sargent, Charles Sprague 4 letters (5 June 1877–4 July 1877) from TFW NCSA-P, nos. 21–24 (1841–1927) Sent CSS specimens of Robinia hispida, Xanthosoma Botanist; dendrologist sagittifolium, and Viburnum sp.; asked for copy of M. A. Curtis’ article on mushrooms from Gardener’s Chronicle (1869) Smith, Captain John 3 letters (1 January 1884 [i.e., 1885]; 9 January, US (United States Donnell 7 March 1885) from TFW National Herbarium), (1829–1928) Concerned plants sent to JDS. TFW sent JDS the nos. 1–3 American botanist following specimens, now housed in US: Bartonia verna, , Carphephorus bellidifolius, C. tomentosus, Dionaea muscipula, Ilex Dahoon var. myrtifolia — yellow-fruited variety, Pleea tenuifolia, Solidago puberula, and S. verna Thurber, George 1 letter (4 January 1880) from GT Duke, no. 10; NCSA-P, (1821–1890) Concerned an explanation of the difference between nos. 27–28 American botanist and chemist Carica papaya and Asimina triloba; lamented the confusion arising from the use of common names; asked if there is any danger in the extermination of Dionaea 2 letters (12, 18 May 1877) from TFW Sent publication on insectivorous plants and specimens for his identification; shipped several plants (Adiantum capillus-veneris and Euonymus sp.) Vasey, George 17 letters (12 July 1878–9 June 1889) from TFW Duke, no. 11; NCSA, (1822–1893) 13 letters (22 April 1880–25 May 1881) from GV nos. 33–34; SI-A, nos. Botanist, United States Concerned the exchange of specimens and 2–7, 13 Department of Agriculture; publications; GV identified numerous specimens Curator, United States (for more information see under Vasey in text) National Herbarium Watson, Sereno 1 letter (10 September 1889) from SW UNC-W, no. 1 (1826–1892) Thanked TFW for his article on the flora of American botanist (trained Wilmington, N.C. as a physician); later in life associated with Asa Gray at the Harvard University Herbarium Watts, Frederick 1 letter (10 July 1878) from TFW SI-A, no. 14 (1801–1889) Acknowledged receipt of duplicate specimens of fungi Agricultural reformer; United collected by H. W. Ravenel States Commissioner of Agriculture Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 131

Mycology, an unfulfilled “dream” were safe to eat. While eating specimens, he “had uncomfortable symptoms after trying Wood’s first known interest in collecting a new mushroom” but never stopped his fungi was in 1867. He had sent M. A. investigations until he learned about the Curtis specimens of what he considered a species (T. Wood 1877b, p. 366). The elder “new Fungus.” What must have been an Curtis aimed to publish a mushroom text “for embarrassing assessment of its identification general popular use, … & so to be as cheap as is soon became evident. Curtis determined that consistent with accuracy & an easy recognition the “mass is nothing but a colony of plant of species” (SHC, no. 1). A publisher, however, Lice! … lively & crawling about” (NCSA, no. wasn’t found, and the manuscript was put aside 6). He also described to Wood an amusing, after his death in 1872. related incident in which he had observed Wood had urged Charles Curtis to publish several ladies wearing on their heads sprigs of the manuscript and to inquire with publishers these items as adornments. When he informed in Boston and New York, where pictures them what they were wearing, “they were could be produced by chromolithography greatly horrified.” at reasonable cost. Regretting that Charles Additional proof of Wood’s early interest in didn’t “see … clear” to publishing it, Wood fungi is from his two letters written in 1877 considered the challenge himself but never and 1878 to Reverend Charles J. Curtis, son of succeeded in that mission (SHC, no. 2). M. A. Curtis. He asked Curtis how he curated Remaining unpublished to this day, the his fungal specimens, wanting to know if there manuscript of nearly 45 pages is housed in was any better method than the one described the Southern Historical Collection at the by Mordecai C. Cooke (1875) in Fungi: Their University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Nature and Uses (SHC, no. 2). Wood later told Forty-five color illustrations of mushrooms Curtis that he was preparing a paper on the drawn from nature by Charles J. Curtis, which fungi to be presented before the Historical and were intended to accompany the manuscript, Scientific Society of Wilmington on the first are in the same archival collection (SHC, no. Monday in August (the 5th) 1878 (SHC, no. 7). Two lithographic plates, based on Charles’ 3). Further evidence of Wood’s mycological paintings — one on edible, the other on studies in the late 1870s is recorded in a letter poisonous mushrooms — were later published of 21 July 1878 to George Vasey. Wood wrote in a medical reference work (Porcher 1886). that he had “been devoting some attention to Wood also was interested in mycology as a the fungi of late” (SI-A, no. 3). physician. He was concerned about mushroom Wood wanted “to work up the Fungi poisoning in people. As editor, he selected more to do justice to Dr. Curtis’ memory and articles on this topic for publication in the reputation than anything else” (NCSA-P, no. North Carolina Medical Journal, one example 10). He wished to become knowledgeable being “Mushroom or toad-stool poisoning,” enough to edit M. A. Curtis’ manuscript, by Julius A. Palmer, Jr. (1879), who was a man variously titled “Esculent Fungi or Edible of diverse professional experiences as well as Mushrooms” and “Mycophagia Americana; or the first president of the Boston Mycological The Eatable Mushrooms of North America.” Club (Kaye 1981). Wood also wrote reviews of Curtis wrote the text during the Civil War. mycological publications in the North Carolina It was based on his field studies and personal Medical Journal. He was very complimentary experiments to determine which mushrooms in discussing Palmer’s 1885 color chart on 132 Huntia 12(2) 2006 mushrooms, the first popularized treatment of herbaria. Although he intended to study the fungi in America (T. Wood 1885b). Apparently mycological specimens in the herbarium of knowledgeable in treating poisonings by Lewis David von Schweinitz (then located in species of Amanita, Wood had used daturine Salem, North Carolina), he failed to meet this and hyoscyamine (Palmer 1894). goal because of the press of other engagements Despite considering the study of fungi (NCSA-P, no. 19). He corresponded with difficult, Wood was captivated by it. He spent several mycologists, including Miles Joseph much time in collecting mushrooms from Berkeley of and Charles Horton field and forest and identifying them. There Peck of Albany, New York, two of the is a glimpse of a scene from Wood’s home most authoritative mycologists of that time in a letter of August 1877 that he wrote to (late 1870s). Knowing that his botanical physician B. Rush Senseny (NCSA-P, 26). mentor M. A. Curtis had corresponded and As a result of this collecting, he noted that collaborated with Berkeley in mycological his “setting room is dotted here and there research, Wood sought information on Curtis’ with remains of toad-stools in all stages of mycological pursuits from Berkeley (NCSA-P, desiccation.” Unlike his mentor M. A. Curtis, no. 3). Upon the advice of mycologist Henry Wood wasn’t particularly interested in eating William Ravenel, Wood contacted Peck, wild mushooms (SHC, no. 2). asking for assistance in identifying fungi Wood bought pertinent books and (NCSA-P, no. 18) and in using the microscope corresponded with several mycologists in for mycological studies (NCSA-P, no. 19). pursuit of his mycological investigations. By Whether these men responded is unknown. 1886 his private library included a substantial Two other mycologists, Henry William collection of mycological literature. Physician/ Ravenel of Aiken, South Carolina, and botanist Francis P. Porcher (1886, p. 265) Job Bicknell Ellis of Newfield, New Jersey, warmly acknowledged its use in preparing provided Wood with advice in his studies his article on fungi. He noted Wood’s and identified fungi that Wood had sent “choice collection of plates, books, and them. Wood purchased from Ellis several of pamphlets.” Wood’s holdings included a set his Centuries of North American Fungi (series of volumes on the mushrooms of New York of numbered selected specimens that had by Charles Horton Peck; Fungi: Their Nature been identified by experts and were therefore and Uses (Cooke 1875); Curtis’ catalog of useful for comparison). Wood was not always North Carolina plants (Curtis 1867), which prompt in paying for the exsiccati, but Ellis was included a list of the state’s fungi; a reprint willing to accept species of fungi in quantity of “Fungi, edible and poisonous” (Porcher in lieu of money (NCSA, no. 10). Ellis 1886); and British Fungi (Stevenson 1886). was particularly eager to receive additional Wood’s expressed wish was that Americans specimens of Cauloglossum and instructed had a text on their fungi, comparable to that Wood how to prepare them for drying. Besides of Stevenson. Wood also owned Worthington sending Ellis macro-fungi, Wood also sent Smith’s color chart on “Edible Fungi,” whose plant pathogens, such as those of blighted drawings were colored by hand. The chart leaves from Diospyros virginiana. In at least hung on his office wall. ten letters to Ellis (NYBG), Wood confided Wood sought assistance from the leading his mycological aspirations, writing: “It had mycologists of his day. He understood the been my dream to make mycology the study importance of consulting collections in of the days of my retirement from business” Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 133

(NYBG, no. 6). Wood realized in 1887 that even instructed Wood about making a set of the demands of office work and the resumption plants and noted that he paid 4½¢ per plant for of his general practice — kept in abeyance from providing “50 or fewer good specimens with 1886 to 1887 because of his ill health — would one label” (NCSA, no. 8). Wood probably preclude any significant mycological endeavors never undertook this venture because of the (NYBG, no. 10). pressure of his professional duties. Wood, in 1877, obtained duplicate specimens of fungi, collected by Henry W. Ravenel, Developing a personal herbarium through the assistance of William G. LeDuc, Referring to his herbarium in a letter United States Commissioner of Agriculture to botanist Maria L. Owen, Wood (1887c) (NCSA-P, no. 14). mentioned that it was a “small collection … and Wood (1882b, p. 20) devised an ingenious not in order.” His medical and editorial way to promote and keep active the practice colleague George Thomas (1892) also alluded of developing herbaria among medical to Wood’s herbarium. Wood was well aware professionals. As editor of the North Carolina of the importance of herbaria as resources Medical Journal, he sponsored a contest for the where specimens were preserved as collection most complete and best-assembled herbarium vouchers. Among his correspondents and of North Carolina medicinal plants. As an botanical friends who developed herbaria were incentive, the winner was offered a choice W. M. Canby, M. A. Curtis, A. H. Curtiss, of botanical books. One stipulation was that J. B. Ellis, J. F. McRee, Sr., and H. W. Ravenel. “each specimen must be neatly mounted on As Wood acquired specimens of plants and stout white paper 9 × 14 inches, (two or three fungi from botanists and his own field work, specimens can be put on a sheet when they he realized that a means for preserving and are small) and the name marked on each.” organizing them was needed. Only members of the Medical Society of Wood’s first thoughts in developing an North Carolina and licentiates of the Board of herbarium were set forth in a letter of 30 Medical Examiners who didn’t belong to the May 1877 to Canby (ANSP, no.1). He wrote: society could enter the contest. The herbaria “Heretofore I have not attempted the formation were to be submitted at the society’s annual of an herbarium, but my interest in Botany has meeting in May 1882. (The outcome of the grown upon me so greatly, and I am applied contest is unknown.) to from so many directions for specimens, that According to Stafleu and Cowan (1988, there seems to be no escape but in informing p. 441), the fate of Wood’s herbarium is also myself.” In closing the letter, he brought up unknown. Although Wood (1887d) made the topic again, saying that he would “be a provision for his private library in his greatly pleased with some suggestions about will, dated 31 January 1887, his herbarium the formation of an herbarium, and any other was not mentioned. As noted elsewhere, information which will enable me to take the selected specimens that he sent to botanists short-cuts.” and correspondents survive in herbaria, When he began to form his herbarium, he particularly at NY and US. Other specimens included specimens from correspondents and collected by Wood have found their way into his own field collecting, and he also purchased various American herbaria. Although no exsiccati of fungi from J. B. Ellis and of flowering known correspondence between Asa Gray plants from botanist A. H. Curtiss. The latter and Wood survives, Wood sent specimens 134 Huntia 12(2) 2006 to Gray from time to time. One example is Society of Wilmington. Dr. Alfred Augustin Solidago verna, which Wood collected “near Watson served as chair and Mr. William Berry Wilmington; end of May 1885,” and is now McKoy was appointed secretary. After the preserved at Harvard (GH). According to selection of a committee to draft a constitution, Wood (1887c), Gray had considered S. verna three officers were elected: Rev. Gotthardt a dubious species until in 1885 he received Dellman Bernheim, president; William B. and examined a “bundle” of specimens sent McKoy, secretary; and Robert Hasell McKoy, by Wood. Gray (1888) subsequently accepted librarian. The fledgling organization of 42 the species as valid and cited collections made people soon declared its chief mission to by M. A. Curtis and Wood. Other Wood promote “the development of the intellectual specimens (of 1878 and earlier), originally and physical resources of the Cape Fear region; housed in the Wesleyan University Herbarium the collection and publication of the history, (WECO) (Vegter 1986), are currently at NY, traditions, genealogy and biography of its early according to personal communication of 6 settlers” (Anonymous 1876a). Each member May 2003 from Thomas Zanoni, collections affiliated with one of fourteen sections under manager at the New York Botanical Garden. either the Historical or Natural Science Department. There were seven sections in Natural Science, including, “Sec. 4. Botany, Memberships in scientific societies and committees &c.,” whose members were Dr. Thomas F. Wood (chairman), Dr. William George Numerous scientific societies emerged Thomas, and Mr. John D. Love. in the United States in the last quarter of An active agenda included sectional the 19th century. Wood, a charter member meetings every Saturday and a full society of the Historical and Scientific Society of meeting each month, at which time a selected Wilmington and the Elisha Mitchell Scientific member would present a paper. Although it Society, presented papers on botanical and was an all-male organization, women were natural history topics before their members allowed to attend meetings. Seven months after and served in various offices. Displaying an the provisional establishment of the society, enthusiasm and fascination for botany, he not members ratified a permanent constitution and only shared his knowledge of plants through elected permanent officers. his lectures before these societies but also Sergeant Robert Seyboth, who was in encouraged members to carry on the study of charge of the United States Signal Corps at the flora of easternN orth Carolina. He became Wilmington, North Carolina (1870–1873; a corresponding associate of the Syracuse 1875–1877) (NOAA 2000), presented the (New York) Botanical Club and exchanged first society paper, titled “Meteorology and plant specimens with its members. He was the Signal Service of the United States,” on 4 designated a delegate to the first Southern December 1876. Although the session was the Forestry Congress in 1885. second meeting of the society, it was actually its first regular meeting.T he attentive audience The Historical and Scientific Society of commented favorably on the talk. The Wilmington intellectual and instructive value of the paper so inspired members in attendance that they A meeting was called in late October proposed that it and future papers be preserved 1876 to establish the Historical and Scientific in the archival files of the organization Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 135

(Anonymous 1876b). The society developed (T. Wood 1881a); “The insectivorous plants goals for preserving not only its publications growing around Wilmington” (T. Wood but also historical relics. It proposed to issue 1877a, 1882a); “The edible and poisonous in 1883 a “Circular” in an appeal to local fungi” (SHC, no. 3); and “Biographical sketch residents, North Carolinians, and related of Moses A. Curtis, D.D.” (also read before the associations in the country, requesting items Mitchell Society on 22 May 1885 [T. Wood of historical interest (Anonymous 1883). 1885a]). Venable (1885) recorded 23 May as the Its archives and collections grew in the date for Wood’s public lecture on Curtis. following years, including publications, animal Wood’s talk on insectivorous plants and its specimens, and coins (Anonymous 1884c, subsequent publication elevated him in the 1884d). The society went out of existence public and scientific eye as an authority on such in the early 1890s, leaving no trace of its plants. These plants, in fact, became a common collections except for a few of its publications theme with many of his correspondents. He (Tetterton, in press). kept “a stock of Dionaea on [the] balcony” of Wood was an enthusiastic member and his house (NCSA-P, no. 13) and often shipped devoted participant of the society. He served as specimens to interested inquirers. He was chairman of the section on botany, vice president proud to let people outside the region know of the society in 1882/1883 (Anonymous 1882) about “our bug catching plants” (NCSA-P, and 1884/1885 (Anonymous 1884c), and no. 25). recording secretary in 1889 (Bonitz 1889). Wood’s access to and knowledge of these Wood, with some modesty, accepted the chair plants also provided other opportunities, of botany, not because he considered himself including a business venture for a minister and a botanist, but because he was willing “to a source of bartering. Wood initially supplied do all I can to impart what little knowledge specimens of Dionaea to Rev. George French of a popular sort [that I have] to those who Brigham, who sold them to raise funds for know less than I do” (NCSA-P, no. 27). This his church, St. Mary’s Mission in Sharon, position also offered Wood the opportunity to Wisconsin. He also recommended to Brigham promote botany with an eye toward attracting the sale of Sarracenia flava for 50¢ each. Wood others to carry on botanical studies in the state, was impressed with its “very remarkable particularly in the eastern region. He also trumpet, having quite as many peculiarities as assisted the society in improving its collection Dionaea and be sent by mail with little doubt of scientific literature. For example, he wrote of safe transmission” (NCSA-P, no. 4). He in June 1877 to Joseph Henry, director of the emphasized the need for proper care of plants Smithsonian Institution, asking for bulletins by customers, pointing out that they should be of the Entomological Commission as well as placed in flower pots, watered daily, and kept other similar publications (SI-A, no. 1). He in saucers of water. Above all, he added that also solicited new corresponding members for the native soil be retained. Wood provided the botany section, such as “Prof.” Benjamin the plants and paid for shipment fees, except Franklin Grady of Clinton, North Carolina in cases of considerable costs. (NCSA-P, no. 10). Wood sent carnivorous plants to scientists Wood (1928) noted in his autobiographical as a trading commodity in exchange for items sketch that he had presented several papers (some of interest. He successfully brokered a deal published) before the society. Those known are with Philadelphia physician and teacher John “North Carolina as a field for the naturalist” Gibbons Hunt in obtaining a set of micrograph 136 Huntia 12(2) 2006 slides (NCSA-P, nos. 11, 12). Wood, in The Syracuse club suffered a great loss when exchange, offered to ship specimens ofDionaea a fire damaged its plant collections, library, and by express mail “in endless numbers,” as well scientific instruments in 1888 (Anonymous as species of Pinguicula, Sarracenia, Drosera, 1888). Its members, however, continued their and Utricularia (NCSA-P, no. 11). Likewise, botanical endeavors toward the publication of he exchanged Sarracenia variolaris, S. purpurea, a flora, which was compiled by Lucy Leonora and Dionaea muscipula with William P. Wilson, Hutchinson Goodrich (1912) and published in also for some slide preparations (NCSA-P, 1912 as Flora of Onondaga County. Still active no. 29). in 2003, the club approved a new constitution that year, allowing men regular membership. Syracuse Botanical Club The Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Established in early 1879, the Syracuse Botanical Club in central New York was Faculty members of the University of North composed of about 32 “resident ladies” Carolina in Chapel Hill established the Elisha (Anonymous 1879b, p. 330). Although first Mitchell Scientific Society in the fall of 1883. named the Rust Botanical Club in honor of The initial mission of the organization was Mary Olivia Rust, the first club president to arouse “an increased interest in scientific (Anonymous 1879a), the name was soon work, the building up of a spirit of research, changed to the Syracuse Botanical Club. A the encouraging of those already at work, and series of seven letters — written to Wood the advancing of our knowledge of the State from 1879 to 1880 by club secretary Frances and its resources” (Venable 1884, p. [3]). The J. Myers — provides a glimpse into the society was the first of its kind to be connected organization’s activities. Members explored with a university in the southern states and its the flora of Onondaga County, New York, official organ,The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell through frequent field excursions; compiled Scientific Society, was a medium through which a catalog of its plants; and developed a library members could communicate their scientific and herbarium. The club maintained an discoveries. active program even during the winter when In the Mitchell Society, Wood contributed members read papers (Anonymous 1880b). as a speaker and took an active part in other Myers acknowledged in a letter of 27 ways. He presented a public lecture on his December 1879 to Wood the receipt of botanical mentor Moses Ashley Curtis in living plants of Dionaea muscipula and species late May 1885. He subsequently published of Drosera as well as specimens of Sarracenia in the Journal a biographical sketch of Curtis (NCSA, no. 21). Wood received in exchange (T. Wood 1885a) as well as a paper on the specimens of some species of Botrychium Wilmington flora (T. Wood and McCarthy (NCSA, no. 21) and Solidago bicolor (NCSA, 1886a). Although he served two years as no. 26). The club elected Wood an honorary society president (1885/86, 1886/87), ill- and corresponding member in 1880 (NCSA, health kept him from meeting with society no. 22). Among other plants that he sent to the officers, particularly in his second term, but Syracuse group were Adiantum capillus-veneris, “in various ways he ha[d] given assistance and Habenaria blephariglottis, Vernonia sp., Polygala encouragement” (Holmes 1887a, p. 7). lutea, and Xanthosoma sp. Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 137

Committee of Revision, United States (Anonymous 1885c). Also included were Pharmacopoeia Arbor Day ceremonies by the Chautauqua Circle highlighted by planting the National Wood’s training in medicine, and that in Circle — a tree for each state (Anonymous botany, provided an appropriate background 1885a). Alfred M. Scales, governor of North for his position on the Committee for the Carolina, appointed Wood a delegate to the Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia 1885 congress (Duke, no. 12). Whether Wood (USP) to which he was elected to two ten- actually attended the event is unknown. year terms, first in 1880 (Anonymous 1880a) and then in 1890 (Anonymous 1890b). He was one of 25 physicians, chemists, and Publications on botany pharmacists who published a new version of and natural history the 1870 Pharmacopoeia ([Wood] 1882d). Wood Wood wrote 48 publications and book (1890b, p. 246) attended the 1890 meeting of reviews on botany and natural history the committee in Washington, D.C., where between 1877 and 1891. His popular articles he lamented that “little attention has been highlighted the unique plants of the region of given to this important movement by Southern Wilmington, North Carolina, often including colleges, or State Medical or Pharmaceutical historical perspectives and noting new stations Societies.” Wood (1890a) noted that delegations for species. Among the numerous book from the southern states were small (only reviews that Wood published in the North four physicians from North Carolina and Carolina Medical Journal, ten were devoted to Virginia were present). His service was botanical books. He also wrote biographical said to have been particularly helpful with accounts of scientists and physicians who the portion devoted to materia medica and made significant contributions to their fields with the botanical descriptions (Thomas of study. Of this genre was his note on the 1892). Wood’s involvement with the USP botanical contributions of Moses Ashley undoubtedly provided him opportunities to Curtis, which was received by botanists as a develop personal and professional associations “scholarly presentation” (Anonymous 1886b, at meetings and new ties with physicians and p. 71). Particularly noteworthy was his outlook pharmacists, especially those interested in on writing biographical accounts of North plants. Carolinians. Wood (1891a) stated “the world will pass us by if we don’t care for ourselves, Southern Forestry Congress but on the other hand, deliver us from the professional biographers.” Less known was the The first Southern Forestry Congress, fact that he was the author of a series of notices for which scant archival records are extant, and brief papers on plants, their extracts and held its proceedings 16–18 December 1885 medicinal values. (Botanical publications not (Anonymous 1885b). It convened at the newly cited in the present paper are listed in Table opened Florida Chautauqua grounds in De 2.) Through his publications, he provided a Funiak Springs in the western part of the state. valuable means of documenting the plants of an One of eight departments of the Chautauqua area of the country whose flora was not as fully experience, the congress featured a series of known as that of the northeastern region. lectures, special studies, and conferences, focusing on practical forestry and agriculture 138 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Table 2. Bibliography of notes, short articles, and book reviews on botany and plant natural products, written by T. F. Wood, not cited in this paper*

1878.* Ferns of North America, Part II, by Professor 1883.* Chapman’s Botany of the Southern States. Daniel C. Eaton (S. E. Cassino, Salem, Mass.). [Book Announcement.] North Carolina Med. J. [Book review.] North Carolina Med. J. 1(2): 11(4): 233–234. 121–122. 1883.* The Woods and Timbers of North Carolina, 1878.* Poisonous-Mushrooms, by Isaac Ott. [Book by P. M. Hale (P. M. Hale, Raleigh; E. J. Hale & review.] North Carolina Med. J. 1(1): 50–51. Sons, New York). [Book review.] North Carolina 1878.* The Ferns of North America, Parts I to VII, Med. J. 11(6): 77–78. by Daniel C. Eaton (S. C. Cassino, Salem, Mass.) 1884.* McAlpine’s Botanical Atlas [and] Köhler’s [and] Flowers and Ferns of the United States, Parts Atlas of Medicinal Plants. [Book reviews.] North I to VIII, by Thomas Meehan (L. Prang & Co., Carolina Med. J. 14(2): 105–108. Boston). [Book reviews.] North Carolina Med. J. 1885.* A Manual of the Medical Botany of North 2(3): 210–211. America, by Laurence Johnson (Wm. Wood & 1878.* Fucus vesiculosus. North Carolina Med. J. 1(1): Co., New York). [Book review.] North Carolina 53. Med. J. 15(1): 46–48. 1879.* Euonymus atropurpureus as a mild cathartic. 1886.* Ailanthus tree and its enemies. North Carolina [Editorial note.] North Carolina Med. J. 3(5): Med. J. 18(3): 171. 340–341. [See note by Wood, p. 341.] 1886.* [Shortia galacifolia found by Prof. C. S. Sargent.] 1879.* Shortia galacifolia. North Carolina Med. J. 3(2): North Carolina Med. J. 18(5): 311. 129. 1887.* H. W. Ravenel, LL.D. North Carolina Med. J. 1880. Jamaica dogwood. Therap. Gaz., n.s. 1(10): 291. 20(2): 125. 1880. Liquidambar styraciflua — sweet gum. Therap. 1887.* Is it Gelsemium or Gelseminum? North Carolina Gaz., n.s. 1(10): 290. Med. J. 20(3): 198. 1880. Note on turpentine, rosin and allied products. 1888.* Death of Professor Asa Gray. North Carolina New Remedies 9(10): 289–291. Med. J. 21(2): 121. 1880.* Sarracenia flava. North Carolina Med. J. 5(1): 1889.* Psoralea (buck root). North Carolina Med. J. 50–51. 24(1): 71. 1880.* Some botanical notes. The Church Messenger 1890.* George Thurber, M.D. North Carolina Med. J. (Winston, N.C.) 2(24): [4], Thursday, 4 25(5): 319–320. November. 1890.* Victoria regia in open air. [Extracted from 1881.* Vick’s Floral Guide. [Announcement.] North Wood’s 1890 article, “The Piedmont.” A copy is in Carolina Med. J. 7(1): 51. NCSA, Box 9-Clippings.] 1882. Liatris odoratissima Willd. (dog-tongue, hound’s 1890.* The Piedmont: The prosperity of the northern tongue, vanilla) — Botanical and chemical notes. and Piedmont counties. The Wilmington North Carolina Med. J. 9(3): 121–125. Messenger (Wilmington, N.C.), Wednesday, 17 1882. Notes from North Carolina — The North September, pp. [1, 5]. Carolina crocus [Epigaea repens]. Bull. Torrey Bot. 1891.* [Report on] Venus’ fly trap. North Carolina Club 9(9): 115. Med. J. 28(4): 242–243. 1882.* The sun-flower — (Helianthus annuus). North 1891.* Prof. Francis Peyre Porcher, M.D., LLD. North Carolina Med. J. 10(3): 185. Carolina Med. J. 28(1): 60.

* Unsigned Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 139

Wilmington Flora f lora of Nantucket, Massachusetts [Owen 1888]), Wood noted (1887c) that McCarthy Over the years, Wood had grown interested seemed to him a “tramp botanist — a veritable in the preparation of a local flora, that of the Rafinesque.” After Wood and McCarthy vicinity of Wilmington, where he lived. In the became acquainted in 1884, they worked summer of 1884, he had met Gerald McCarthy, together increasingly on the “Wilmington who had made a botanical excursion to North Flora” until it was published two years later. Carolina while collecting specimens for the Because Wood’s illness kept him from working United States Department of Agriculture and in the field, McCarthy assisted by collecting for the North Carolina State Exposition of that specimens, which significantly supplemented year (Anonymous 1884a, 1884b; M’Carthy Wood’s herbarium. Wood further noted in [McCarthy] 1885). Biographical accounts of his letter to Owen that McCarthy impressed McCarthy (Ehrenfeld 1998; Troyer 1999) him with his enthusiastic spirit and endurance. provide the following details. From 1882 to Wood described how McCarthy spent up 1887, McCarthy was a student at the National to two weeks at a time in solitary swamps, Deaf-Mute College (now Gallaudet University). enduring ferocious mosquitoes, sweltering Concurrently, he was an assistant in the botany heat, and heavy rains. He would return to department of the Smithsonian Institution, Wood’s home with blistered feet and heavily where George Vasey and Lester Frank Ward soiled clothes. On occasion they worked befriended him. McCarthy also privately set together, particularly on the ballast plants up a business of collecting plants for colleges from the riverfronts. McCarthy hadn’t known and herbaria. It is possible that Vasey (Wood’s that his name would be included on the title botanical confrere) encouraged McCarthy page of the flora as a joint author. As Wood’s to introduce himself to Wood while in the flora neared completion, he realized that Wilmington area. Wood (SI-A, no. 7) noted McCarthy had done much of the “drudgery” that McCarthy returned to Wilmington in the and “as a young botanist deserved all the bits summer of 1885, “doing some good work.” of encouragement” that Wood could give him. Wood probably took additional note when, The flora eventually appeared under their early in 1886, McCarthy and Kendall Green joint authorship, supposedly to the surprise distributed herbarium specimens of medicinal of McCarthy! plants of the eastern and southern United States. The “Wilmington Flora” was published in The specimens were duplicates of the materia the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society medica exhibit of the National Museum in (T. Wood and McCarthy 1886a). It listed a Washington, D.C. (T. Wood 1886). total of 1,202 species and varieties of plants, Because of an aortic aneurysm, from early including some species newly discovered in in 1886, Wood was confined to bed, where he the area, updated names, and new locality lay on his back for nearly two years. Although records discovered since the publication of working under the handicap of not being an earlier flora of the area by Curtis (1835). able to consult his personal herbarium, he Also included was a folded map of the area nonetheless continued his correspondence and covered. Among the newly added taxa were preparation of the flora as a means of “diversion 34 species first recorded in the area by Dr. and entertainment,” using his notes from earlier James F. McRee, Sr. and nearly 187 species field collections. In a letter to fellow botanist and varieties reported there for the first time Maria L. Owen (who herself later wrote a by Wood and McCarthy, several of which 140 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Containing 69 pages and published by Edwards Broughton & Co., the volume was issued in 1886. The title is embossed in gilt letters on the front cover and the text pages (unlike those of the paperback reprint) are interleaved with blank sheets which, according to Wood (1887b), served for annotating corrections and additions. Some bound copies lack the map. I have seen copies of this edition in collections at the North Carolina Collection and John N. Couch Biology Library, Botany Section, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Special Collections, William Madison Randall Library, University of North Carolina at Wilmington; and North Carolina Room, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington. The volume at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington had been Wood’s personal copy, later given to his daughter, Margaret Hall Wood, by her mother. Dr. Wood’s pencilled annotations appear throughout the volume. Some of them resulted from comments of correspondents. For example, on the blank sheet opposite page 61 is a note on Schizandra coccinea, which had been noted in the text as new to this country. The annotation reads “Dr. J[oseph] Figure 6. Title page from Wilmington Flora: A list of H[inson] Mellichamp calls my attention plants growing about Wilmington, North Carolina, with to this error. He says Schizandra coccinea has date of flowering, by Thomas F. Wood and Gerald McCarthy (1886). Hardbound reprint, bound in red been described, Elliott having referred to morocco leather. Courtesy of Botany Section, John N. Dr. Brickell’s study of it in Savannah. Dr. M. Couch Biology Library, University of North Carolina, found this plant at Bluffton, [South Carolina] Chapel Hill. & sent me a specimen. McCarthy is evidently wrong. March 15, 1887.” Wood also pasted were discovered by Major Wilton L. Young in illustrations and photographs, including (Holmes 1887b). a photograph of the Venus flytrap in bloom Two reprint versions of the Wilmington (Fig. 4) taken by C. L. Lochman. On the front flora were issued as separate publications, flyleaf is Wood’s signature. Two letters from one hardbound, the other softbound. The botanists (Sereno Watson, 10 September 1889 hardcopy version of the flora (Fig. 6) was and William M. Canby, 19 September 1889) bound in red morocco leather with borders are tipped in the book (UNC-W, nos. 1, 2). in blind stamp on the front and back covers Wood ([1887]a) later extracted the entry and the spine with gilt bars and decorative on Dionaea muscipula from the volume and designs (T. Wood and McCarthy 1886b). reprinted it with an additional footnote. A Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 141

copy of this rare publication is housed in the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The softbound Journal reprint (Wood and McCarthy 1887), bound in light-mustard laid paper wrapper with folded map, bears the date 1887 on the cover but 1886 on the title page. This reprint was most likely distributed in early 1887 (Anonymous 1887). Renumbered with 69 pages, it contains the original list of errata (p. 63) and “Index to Genera” (pp. 65–69) and was issued by Edwards, Broughton & Co., Power Printers and Binders, Raleigh, North Carolina. The map is bound in the back of the booklet. The folded map of the township of New Hanover, which accompanied the original journal article of the Wilmington flora and the reprinted versions, shows the roads, streams, many homes (with owners’ names), schools, and churches as well as the sounds, Eagles’ Island, and major points of interest on the Cape Figure 7. Thomas Fanning Wood. Oil painting by Fear River below the city of Wilmington. A Sue W. Hall, 1903; probably painted from a few copies were printed on linen paper and photograph or another oil painting. Photograph by sold separately for those who were interested Eric Blevins. Courtesy of North Carolina Museum of only in the map (Anonymous 1886a). History, #1914.283.4. Major John D. Cameron (1887), in reviewing the publication, noted the zeal and scientific and Chestnut Streets, now the site of the New competence of the senior author and briefly Hanover County Public Library. The medical described the early botanical exploration of community commemorated his professional North Carolina. Joseph A. Holmes (1887b), a and social contributions with biographical professor of natural history at the University memorials and resolutions expressing utmost of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, commented respect for him. Joseph A. Holmes gave an favorably on the publication, noting that outline (unpublished) of Wood’s valued life the catalog was “valuable” and undoubtedly before the 6 December 1892 meeting of the had required dedicated and thorough work, Mitchell Society. Internment took place at the “which no one save a botanist can estimate. Oakdale Cemetery, Wilmington, where his The authors have done their work well.” Over imposing tombstone (Fig. 8) has weathered 60 years after its publication, the flora was still the passage of time. highly regarded by botanists, such as plant systematist M. L. Fernald (1949). Conclusion Thomas Fanning Wood (Fig. 7 ) died on 22 August 1892, at age 51 (Anonymous 1892a, Medicine was always at the forefront of 1892d), in his home at the corner of Second Wood’s professional endeavors. He was well 142 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Figure 8. Gravestone of Thomas Fanning Wood and Mary Kennedy Sprunt Wood, Section M, Lot 6, Oakdale Cemetery, Wilmington, North Carolina, May 2003. Courtesy of Eric Kozen. aware that these obligations had to prevail the simplest flower, the humble weed, the over botany, relegating his plant studies to waving grass, the stately trees — all of them the level of a pastime, but he never turned were loved acquaintances, … elevating his from his interest in botany. As an adjunct to mind, improving his memory, and enlarging his studies, he assembled a personal herbarium his knowledge” (Cooper 1928, p. 790). and an impressive library of botanical books. (His widow, upon his death, donated the latter Acknowledgments collection, along with an extensive medical Numerous people assisted me in accessing archival library, to the University of North Carolina documents, which provided the building blocks for at Chapel Hill [Anonymous 1892c]). Wood this paper. Collectively, I thank these people who are associated with the following collections: Ewell maintained an association with the botanists Sale Stewart Library, Academy of Natural Sciences, of his day through correspondence and the Philadelphia; Rare Book, Manuscript & Special exchange of specimens. Despite the press Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North of professional responsibilities in medicine, Carolina; Archives of the Gray Herbarium, The Botany Libraries, Harvard University; Archives, The LuEsther he worked to popularize botany through T. Mertz Library, The New York Botanical Garden, lectures and publications, and he compiled Bronx; North Carolina Room, New Hanover County a useful flora of the Wilmington region Public Library, Wilmington, North Carolina; North that brought him national and international Carolina State Archives, Raleigh; Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; United States National recognition as an expert not only on the Herbarium, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; flora of Wilmington but also of the state of North Carolina Collection and Southern Historical North Carolina (Holmes 1887b). Charles Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, University Rice, secretary of the 1880 United States of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Randall Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Pharmacopaeia Committee of Revision, aptly Wilmington. Professor Rogers McVaugh reviewed described Wood’s botanical pursuits: “To him the entire manuscript, providing numerous helpful Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 143 suggestions. I am grateful to Laurence J. Davenport and References cited David H. Rembert, Jr., who served as peer reviewers for Huntia. Their recommendations for changes significantly Anderson, T. E. 1928. The Woods — Pere et fils. improved the paper. Among the people who reviewed Southern Medicine and Surgery 90(12): 795–796. excerpts of the paper are Donald B. Koonce, Linda Anonymous. 1866. Married: Wood — Fuller. Daily Ries, Beverly Tetterton, and Alan Weakley. James W. Dispatch (Wilmington, N.C.) 1(120): [3], Friday, Horn provided useful ideas for the format of the paper. 23 February. I particularly note the generous assistance of botanists Anonymous. 1867. Died: [Thos. Powell Wood]. Kenneth J. Wurdack, who selectively searched the Wilmington Journal (Wilmington, N.C.) 23(3): National Herbarium for specimens collected by T. F. [3], Friday, 22 February. Wood; Thomas Zanoni, who confirmed the presence Anonymous. 1870. Died: [Adelia Fuller Wood]. of several plant specimens at the New York Botanical Wilmington Journal (Wilmington, N.C.) 26(23): Garden Herbarium; and Gandhi Kanechpuram, [3], Friday, 15 July. who verified information at the Harvard Herbaria. Anonymous. 1871. Died: [John Fuller Wood]. The following individuals supplied significant facts, Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 8(29): [1], assisted me bibliographically, provided photographs, Tuesday, 25 April. or supplied historical items: Eric Blevins, Katherine Anonymous. 1875. Married: Wood — Sprunt. The Beery, Dean DeBolt, Lisa DeCesare, Andy Dutka, Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 17(52): [1], Susan Fraser, Donald B. Koonce, Eric Kozen, Diane Tuesday, 23 November. McKenzie, Carol Mueller, Jerry Parnell, Melissa Reece, Anonymous. 1876a. Historical and Scientific Society Heather Rolen, Janet Seapker, Joseph Shepard, Beverly of Wilmington. The Morning Star (Wilmington, Tetterton, Barbara Tysinger, and Judy Warnement. N.C.) 19(25): [1], Tuesday, 24 October. Special appreciation is extended to Susan Whitfield, who Anonymous. 1876b. Historical and Scientific Society prepared the illustrations, and Brian Nalley, who guided of Wilmington: Proceedings of the meeting held me in the use of photographic software. Monday night. The Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 19 (61): [1], Wednesday, 6 December. Anonymous. 1879a. Rust Botanical Club. Bull. Torrey Archival resources Bot. Club 6(49): 288–289. The significant collections of letters of botanical Anonymous. 1879b. Syracuse Botanical Society. Bull. relevance sent to Wood (or by him) are housed at Duke Torrey Bot. Club 6(55/56): 330. University (Duke); North Carolina State Archives, Anonymous. 1880a. The Pharmacopoeia Convention. Raleigh (NCSA); the Lu Esther T. Mertz Library, Druggist 2(6): [129]. The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG); and the Anonymous. 1880b. Syracuse Botanical Club. Bot. Smithsonian Institution Archives (SI-A). Several Gaz. 5(4): 45. noteworthy letters from Wood to Charles J. Curtis are Anonymous. 1882. Historical and Scientific Society. housed in the Southern Historical Collection, University The Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 30(52): of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SHC). The Archives [1], Tuesday, 23 May. of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University contain a Anonymous. 1883. Historical and Scientific Society: letter from Wood to botanist Maria L. Owen, in which Statement and appeal. The Morning Star he discussed his Wilmington flora project. The Wood (Wilmington, N.C.) 33(10): [1], Thursday, 4 Family Papers at the University of North Carolina October. at Wilmington (UNC-W) include a rich resource of Anonymous. 1884a. A botanist on his travels. The archival documents pertaining to Thomas F. Wood, Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 34(120): [4], although they are limited in botanical content. Sunday, 10 August. The archival resources in the T. F. Wood Collection Anonymous. 1884b. The botanist on his travels. The in the North Carolina State Archives include two “Penn Weekly Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 15(45): [1], Letter Books” in which Wood made letterpress copies Friday, 5 September. of his outgoing correspondence (NCSA-P). He created Anonymous. 1884c. Historical and Scientific copies by placing damp tissue paper on the ink side of Society: Interesting annual meeting — Election of a letter, then pressing the damp tissue (ink side down) officers — New members ­— Contributions, &c. The against a leaf in the Penn Book. Each volume contains Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 34(63): [1], 500 sheets of onion skin paper. One volume, covering Wednesday, 4 June. April to September 1877, includes over 15 letters to Anonymous. 1884d. Historical and Scientific botanists; the second volume, covering June 1877 to Society: Interesting meeting — Coin May 1887, concerns mostly medical topics. collection — Committee reports — Interesting 144 Huntia 12(2) 2006

discussions — Books received — Change of time ANSP. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. of meeting, etc. The Morning Star (Wilmington, Ewell Sale Stewart Library, Archives & N.C.) 34(92): [1], Wednesday, 9 July. Manuscripts Collection. The following letters from Anonymous. 1884e. Ilex Dahoon, Walt., var. myrtifolia, TFW have been cited in the text and/or Table 1 of Chapman. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11(11/12): this paper: No. 1. William M. Canby, 30 May 1877 136–137. (typescript, Collection No. 323) — No. 2. Thomas Anonymous. 1885a. Florida Chautauqua Responsive Meehan, 17 February 1883 (Collection No. 567). Service for Use at Arbor Day Ceremonies, Berkeley, E. and D. S. Berkeley. 1986. A Yankee December 17th, 1885: During Southern Forestry Botanist in the Carolinas: The Reverend Moses Congress, De Funiak Springs, Florida. Brochure Ashley Curtis, D.D. (1808–1872). Berlin: J. (3 pp.). Depository: Special Collections and West Cramer. Florida Archives, John C. Pace Library, University Bonitz, J. A. 1889. Directory of the City of of West Florida, Pensacola. Wilmington, North Carolina, 1889. Wilmington, Anonymous. 1885b. Southern Forestry Convention. N.C.: Messenger Steam Presses. [See p. 192.] Pensacola Commercial (Pensacola, Fla.) Saturday, [Cameron, Major J. D.] [1887.] Wilmington flora. 19 December, p. 3. [Review.] The Asheville Citizen (Asheville, N.C.) Anonymous. [1885]c. The Florida Chautauqua: A 2(291): [1], Wednesday, 23 March. winter assembly in the land of summer. Chicago: Canby, W. M. and J. N. Rose. 1893. George Vasey: A Rand McNally & Co., Printers and Engravers. biographical sketch. Bot. Gaz. 18(5): 170–183. Anonymous. 1886a. A new map of New Hanover Chapman, A. W. 1860. Flora of the Southern United County. The Weekly Star (Wilmington, N.C.) States: Containing abridged descriptions of the 17(50): [2], Friday, 15 October. flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and Anonymous. 1886b. Notes and news. Bot. Gaz. 11(3): South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, , 70–72. [See p. 71.] and Florida, Arranged according to the natural Anonymous. 1887. Notes and news. Bot. Gaz. 12(4): system, the ferns by Daniel C. Eaton. New York: 94–98. Ivison, Phinney & Co. Anonymous. 1888. Notes and news. Bot. Gaz. 13(10): Coker, W. C. 1911. Dr. Joseph Hinson Mellichamp. 278–280. [See p. 278.] J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 27(1): 37–64, portrait. Anonymous. 1890a. The commencement at the State [See pp. 46–47.] University: The chair of history. The Daily State Cooke, M. C. 1875. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses. Chronicle (Raleigh, N.C.) 7(79): [1], Friday, 6 June. Rev. M. J. Berkeley, ed. New York: D. Appleton Anonymous. 1890b. Revising the U.S.P. W. Druggist and Company. 12(5): [186]–187. Cooper, G. M. 1928. The Woods — father and son: Anonymous. 1891. A tribute to the memory of Dr. Thomas Fanning Wood, M.D., Edward Jenner John Russell Quinan. North Carolina Med. J. Wood, M.D., S.B. (D.T.M. London). Southern 27(4): 249–254, portrait. Medicine and Surgery 90(12): [787]–794. Anonymous. 1892a. A good man gone. The death of Curtis, M. A. 1835. Art. VIII — Enumeration of plants Dr. Thomas Fanning Wood — Brief sketch of this growing spontaneously around Wilmington, able physician and influential citizen. Wilmington North Carolina, with remarks on some new and Messenger (Wilmington, N.C.), Tuesday, 23 obscure species. (Communicated, September 3, August, p. [4]. 1834). Boston J. Nat. Hist. 1(2): 82–141. Anonymous. 1892b. Dr. Thos. F. Wood. Resolutions Curtis, M. A. 1867. Geological and Natural History adopted by directors of the Wilmington Library Survey of North Carolina, Part III: Botany, Association. The Morning Star (Wilmington, Containing a catalogue of the indigenous and N.C.) 50(139): [1], Tuesday, 30 August. naturalized plants of the state. Raleigh: Printed at Anonymous. 1892c. Dr. Wood’s library. Mrs. Wood North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb presents it to the State University — Two “Thos. F. and the Blind. [Fungi, pp. 83–153.] Wood Scholarships” established by the University Duke. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Trustees. Wilmington Messenger (Wilmington, Rare Book, Manuscript, & Special Collections N.C.), Friday, 16 September, p. [4]. Library, Dalton-Brand Research Room. Thomas Anonymous. 1892d. Funeral of the lamented Dr. Fanning Wood Papers 1765–1924. The following Wood. Wilmington Messenger (Wilmington, letters to TFW have been cited in the text N.C.), Wednesday, 24 August, p. [4]. and/or Table 1 of this paper: No. 1. Alvan W. Anonymous. 1892e. The Canby Herbarium. Bull. Chapman, 20 May 1885 (Section A, Thomas F. Torrey Bot. Club 19(11): 336–339. Wood Papers) — No. 2. Charles L. Lochman, Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 145

22 September 1881 — No. 3. Thomas Meehan, McGivern, J. G. 1961. Polytechnic College of 8 June 1881 — No. 4. Joseph H. Mellichamp, Pennsylvania (a forgotten college). Journal of 9 January 1881 — No. 5. Maria L. Owen, 14 Engineering Education 52(2): 106–112. September 1880 — No. 6. Henry W. Ravenel, Meares, W. 1900. Unique species of holley [sic]. The 8 March 1880 — No. 7. Henry W. Ravenel, Wilmington Messenger (Wilmington, N.C.) 29 April 1885 — No. 8. Henry W. Ravenel, 4 13(301): [5], Tuesday, 18 December. May 1885 — No. 9. John Robinson, 2 January NCSA. North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh. 1881 — No. 10. George Thurber, 4 January Thomas Fanning Wood Papers (Private Collection 1880 — No. 11. George Vasey, 20 May 1881 — No. #1346). The following letters sent to TFW have 12. Alfred M. Scales, 3 November 1885. been cited in the text and/or Table 1 of this paper: Ehrenfeld, E. M. 1998. Gerald McCarthy, Botanist. No. 1. Spencer F. Baird, 12 August 1880 — No. Round Pond, Maine: Road House Press. 2. William M. Canby, 18 December 1879 — No. Elliott, S. 1816–1824. A Sketch of the Botany of 3. William M. Canby, 21 June 1880 — No. 4. South-Carolina and Georgia. Charleston, S.C.: J. William M. Canby, 5 February 1881 — No. 5. R. Schenck. Charles J. Curtis, 21 April 1881 — No. 6. Moses F[ernald], M. L. 1949. Grasses of North Carolina (A A. Curtis, 27 November 1867 — No. 7. Moses friendly critique). Rhodora 51(606): 124–128. A. Curtis, 2 December 1867 — No. 8. Allen Goodrich, L. L. H. 1912. Flora of Onondaga County H. Curtiss, 7 August 1881 — No. 9. Allen H. as Collected by the Members of the Syracuse Curtiss, undated [about late August 1881] — No. Botanical Club. Syracuse, N.Y.: McDonnell Co. 10. Job B. Ellis, 21 September 1881 — No. 11. Gray, A. 1888. Synoptical Flora of North America: Charles L. Lochman, 29 March 1880 — No. 12. The gamopetalae, being a second edition of Vol. I., Charles L. Lochman, 23 April 1880 — No. 13. Part II., and Vol. II., Part I., collected. New York: Charles L. Lochman, 12 April 1881 — No. 14. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. [Smithsonian Charles L. Lochman, 11 August 1881 — No. 15. Misc. Collect. 31.] Charles L. Lochman, 29 April 1882 — No. 16. Henderson, A. 1928. James Fergus McRee. [Michael] G. McCarthy, undated [about November Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of 1889] — No. 17. [Michael] G. McCarthy, 10 North Carolina 75: 95–101. April 1890 — No. 18. [Michael] G. McCarthy, Holmes, J. A. 1887a. Report of the resident Vice- 25 April 1890 — No. 19. Thomas Meehan, 3 President for the year 1886–’87. J. Elisha Mitchell June 1881 — No. 20. Frances J. Myers, undated Sci. Soc. 4(1): [5]–7. [about early December 1879] — No. 21. Frances Holmes, J. A. 1887b. The Wilmington Flora. The J. Myers, 27 December 1879 — No. 22. Frances Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.) 39(129): [2], J. Myers, 23 February 1880 — No. 23. Frances Tuesday, 22 February. J. Myers, 13 March 1880 — No. 24. Frances J. Kaye, G. 1981. Julius Palmer and the Boston Club. Myers, 1 August 1880 — No. 25. Frances J. Myers, Bull. Boston Mycol. Club 36(2): 5–7. 18 August 1880 — No. 26. Frances J. Myers, 19 Koonce, D. B., ed. 2000. Doctor to the Front: The September 1880 — No. 27. Francis J. Porcher, 21 Recollections of Confederate Surgeon Thomas June 1884 — No. 28. Albert S. Rauschenberg, 19 Fanning Wood, 1861–1865. Knoxville: University May 18[79] — No. 29. Albert S. Rauschenberg, 22 of Tennessee Press. July 1879 — No. 30. Albert S. Rauschenberg, 17 Lochman, C. L., transl. 1873. Pharmacopoea November 18[79] — No. 31. Henry W. Ravenel, Germanica (The German Pharmacopoeia). 23 September 1885 — No. 32. Henry R. Rusby, Philadelphia: David D. Elder & Co. (Orig. Latin 2 June 1890 — No. 33. George Vasey, 26 October ed. 1872, Berlin.) 1880 — No. 34. George Vasey, 11 additional letters Lochman, C. L., transl. 1884. Pharmacopoea in the Wood Papers — No. 35. Scrapbook: blue Germanica, Editio altera (The German volume (box 5). Pharmacopoeia, ed. 2). New York: J. H. Vail & NCSA-P. North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh. Company. (Orig. Latin ed. 2, 1882, Berlin.) Penn Letter Book (April to September 1877). Magruder, N. F. 1996. Wood, Thomas Fanning. In: Thomas Fanning Wood Papers, Private Collection William S. Powell, ed. 1979–1996. Dictionary of #1346 (Box 3). All letters are from TFW, dated North Carolina Biography. 6 vols. Chapel Hill: 1877. The following letters have been cited in The University of North Carolina Press. Vol. 6. the text and/or Table 1 of this paper, with page Pp. 261–262. numbers from the Penn Book: No. 1. William B. M[c]Carthy, G. 1885. A botanical tramp in North Atkinson, p. 50, 16 May — No. 2. William J. Beal, Carolina. Bot. Gaz. 10(11): 384–385. p. 141, 4 August — No. 3. Miles J. Berkeley, pp. 146 Huntia 12(2) 2006

108–109, 23 June — No. 4. George F. Brigham, Palmer, J.A., Jr. 1879. Mushroom or toad-stool pp. 21–22, 27 April — No. 5. George F. Brigham, poisoning. North Carolina Med. J. 4(4): 248–254. pp. 53–54, 18 May — No. 6. William M. Canby, Palmer, J.A., Jr. 1894. About Mushrooms: A Guide pp. 72–73, 30 May — No. 7. William M. Canby, to the Study of Esculent and Poisonous Fungi. p. 107, 23 June — No. 8. William M. Canby, p. Boston: Lee & Shepard, Publishers. 138, 28 August — No. 9. William M. Canby, p. Porcher, F. P. 1863. Resources of the Southern 144, 4 August — No. 10. Benjamin F. Grady, pp. Fields and Forests: Medical, Economical, and 100–101, 15 June — No. 11. John G. Hunt, pp. Agricultural; Being Also a Medical Botany of the 45–46, 15 May — No. 12. Robert H. Lamborn, Confederate States, with Practical Information pp. 40–41, 10 May — No. 13. Robert H. Lamborn, on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants and p. 44, 15 May — No. 14. William G. LeDuc, p. Shrubs. Charleston: Steam-power Press of Evans & 124, 19 July — No. 15. Joseph H. Mellichamp, p. Cogswell. 164, 4 September — No. 16. J. H. Mellichamp, Porcher, F. P. 1886. Fungi, edible and poisonous. pp. 166–167, 26 September — No. 17. Augustus S. In: A. H. Buck, ed. 1885–1889. A Reference Merrimon, pp. 57–59, 20 May — No. 18. Charles Handbook of the Medical Sciences Embracing the H. Peck, p. 123, 19 July — No. 19. C. H. Peck, Entire Range of Scientific and Practical Medicine p. 158, 29 August — No. 19A. Francis P. Porcher, and Allied Science. 8 vols. New York: William p. 18, 26 April — No. 20. Henry W. Ravenel, p. Wood and Co. Vol. 3 . Pp. 264–284. 116, 30 June — Nos. 21–24. Charles S. Sargent, pp. Quinan, J. R. 1884. Who introduced Spigelia to 82, 89, 114, 118; 5, 14, 28 June, 4 July — No. 25. the profession? North Carolina Med. J. 13(6): Solomon S. Satchwell, p. 26, 30 April — No. 26. 340–341. Dr. B. Rush Senseny, p. 150, 21 August — No. 27. Ries, L. A. 2000. Lochman located; Looking George Thurber, pp. 43–44, 12 May — No. 28. for Lochman. In: P. E. Palmquist, ed. 2000. George Thurber, p. 52, 18 May — No. 29. William Photographers: A Sourcebook for Historical P. Wilson, p. 103, 20 June. Research, rev. new ed. Nevada City, Calif.: Carl NCSA-Q. North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh. Mautz Co. Pp. 13–19, 141–144. Thomas Fanning Wood Papers, Private Collection Rose, J. N. 1904. William M. Canby. Bot. Gaz. 37(5): #1346. Nearly 50 letters from John R. Quinan 385–388. to TFW filed chronologically in Box 1 or in a Seapker, J. K. 1994. Wood works: The architectural folder titled “Correspondence with John Russell creations and personal histories of John Coffin and Quinan,” filed in Box 2. The following letters Robert Barclay Wood. Bulletin, Lower Cape Fear have been cited in the text of this paper: No. 1. Historical Society 39(1): [1–10]. 19 July 1883 — No. 2. 26 July 1883 — No. 3. 4 SHC. Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round October 1884 — No. 4. 13 January 1885 — No. 5. Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, 23 March 1885 — No. 6. nine pressed specimens of Chapel Hill. Collection #199, Moses Ashley algae (Box 2). Curtis Papers. The following letters have been NOAA. 2000. Robert Seyboth. In: National Oceanic cited in the text and/or Table 1 of this paper: No. & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Central 1. M. A. Curtis to Spencer F. Baird, 28 November Library. 2000. NOAA History: A Science Odyssey. 1871 (Folder 55) — No. 2. TFW to Charles J. http://www.history.noaa.gov/nwsbios/nwsbios_ Curtis, 10 October 1877 (Folder 59) — No. 3. page66.html/#r_seyboth. TFW to Charles J. Curtis, 8 July 1878 (Folder NYBG. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 60) — No. 4. TFW to Charles J. Curtis, 20 March The LuEsther T. Mertz Library, Archives. The 1884 (Folder 65) — No. 5. TFW to Charles J. following letters from TFW to Job B. Ellis have Curtis, 30 December 1885 (Folder 65) — No. been cited in the text and/or Table 1 of this paper: 6. TFW to Charles J. Curtis, 18 February 1888 No. 1. 30 August 1880 — No. 2. 6 November (Folder 62) — No. 7. “Esculent Fungi,” by M. A. 1880 — No. 3. 16 September 1881 — No. 4. 8 May Curtis (manuscript volume 37); color illustrations, 1882 — No. 5. undated [about 1884] — No. 6. 11 by C. J. Curtis (folder 86) — No. 8. Lists of June 1886 — No. 7. 20 April 1887 — No. 8. 28 Plants Sent to Dr. [James F.] McRee. (folder 113, April 1887 — No. 9. 13 May 1887 — No. 10. 20 manuscript volume 8). March 1889. SI-A. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Owen, M. L. 1888. A Catalogue of Plants Growing Archives. The following letters have been cited without Cultivation in the County of Nantucket, in the text and/or Table 1 of this paper: No. 1. Mass. Northampton, Mass.: Gazette Printing Co. TFW to Joseph Henry, 2 June 1877 (Record Unit 26, vol. 166, p. 553, Reel #102) — No. 2. TFW Burk: Thomas Fanning Wood 147

to George Vasey, 12 July 1878 (Record Unit 220, Smith. No. 1. 1 January 1884 [i.e., 1885] and No. Box 18, Folder 20 — No. 3. TFW to George 2. 9 January 1885, both accompanying specimen Vasey, [25?] July 1878 (Record Unit 220, Box 18, fragment of Ilex Dahoon Walt. myrtifolia Chapm., Folder 20) — No. 4. TFW to George Vasey, 22 collected by T. F. Wood — No. 3. 17 March 1885, October 1880 (Record Unit 220, Box 18, Folder accompanies specimen of Bartonia verna Muhl., 20) — No. 5. TFW to George Vasey, 29 October collected by T. F. Wood. 1880 (Record Unit 220, Box 18, Folder 20) — No. Vegter, I. H. 1986. Wood, Thomas. In: J. Lanjouw 6. TFW to George Vasey, 16 December 1884 and F. A. Stafleu, eds. 1954–1988. Index (Record Unit 220, Box 18, Folder 20) — No. 7. Herbariorum, Part II, Collectors. 7 vols. Utrecht TFW to George Vasey, 26 August 1885 (Record and Antwerp: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. Vol. Unit 220, Box 18, Folder 20) — No. 8. TFW to 7. P. 1182. [Regnum Veg. 117.] F. V. Coville, 31 July 1890 (Record Unit 220, Box Venable, F. P. 1884. President’s report for 1884. J. 18, folder 20) — No. 9. F. V. Coville to TFW, 18 Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 1: [3]–5. August 1890 (Record Unit 220, Box 19, “Book Venable, F. P. 1885. Report of the Secretary. J. Elisha 3,” p. 275) — No. 10. TFW to F. V. Coville, Mitchell Sci. Soc. 2: 5–7. 7 September 1890 (Record Unit 220, Box 18, Wood, A. 1856. First Lessons in Botany: Designed for folder 20) — No. 11. F. V. Coville to TFW, 11 Common Schools in the United States. Claremont: September 1890 (Record Unit 220, Box 19, “Book N. H. Manufacturing Co. 3,” p. 351) — No. 12. F. V. Coville to TFW, 24 Wood, J. D. [1930?] Botanizing Recollections. 3 September 1891 (Record Unit 220, Box 20, “Book pp. Depository: Botany Department, University 1,” p. 159) — No. 13. Ten additional letters from of North Carolina, #2053, Southern Historical TFW to George Vasey filed in Record Unit 220, Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, Box 18 — No. 14. TFW to Frederick Watts, 10 July University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 1877 (Record Unit 220, Box 18, Folder 20). Wood, T. F. 1867. [Appendix.] [A.] Non-identity of Stafleu, F. A. and R. S. Cowan. 1988. Wood, Thomas vaccinia and variola. Minutes of the Proceedings of Fanning. In: F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan. the Annual Meeting of the Medical Society of the 1976–1988. Taxonomic Literature: A Selective State of North Carolina 14: 14–25. Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections Wood, T. F. 1877a. A paper on the insectivorous with Dates, Commentaries and Types, ed. 2. 7 plants of the Wilmington regions. Read by Dr. vols. Utrecht and Antwerp: Bohn, Scheltema & Thos. F. Wood, chairman of the Section on Holkema; The Hague and Boston: W. Junk. Vol. 7. Botany of the Historical and Scientific Society P. 441. [Regnum Veg. 116.] of Wilmington, N.C. The Daily Review Stevenson, J. 1886. British Fungi (Hymenomycetes). (Wilmington, N.C.) 2(92): [4], Tuesday, 8 May. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. Wood, T. F. 1877b. Correspondence: Edible Tetterton, B. [In press.] The Historical and Scientific mushrooms. Pop. Sci. Monthly 11(July): 362–366. Society of Wilmington. In: W. S. Powell, ed. The [Wood’s article is on p. 366.] Encyclopedia of North Carolina History. Chapel Wood, T. F. 1880a. Some botanical notes. The Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Church Messenger (Winston, N.C.) 2(24): [4], [Thomas, G. G.] 1892. Dr. Thomas Fanning Wood. Thursday, 4 November. North Carolina Med. J. 30(3): 168–175. Wood, T. F. 1880b. Some notes on botanical interests Troyer, J. R. 1999. Stopped ears, open mind: Gerald in North Carolina. The Observer (Raleigh, N.C.) McCarthy (1858–1915), North Carolina botanist. 8(24): [2], Thursday, 29 July. [Signed “T. F. M.,” J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 115(4): 201–212. clearly a typographical error of Wood’s surname.] UNC-W. University of North Carolina at Wood, T. F. 1881a. North Carolina as a field for the Wilmington. William Madison Randall Library. naturalist. At Home Abroad 1(3): [145]–151, 1(4): Randall Library Special Collections #172. Wood [217]–224, 1(5): [289]–291. Family Papers. (Finding aid: http://library.uncwil. Wood, T. F. 1881b. Herbarium Pharmaceuticum edu/special/MS172.html). The following letters to oder der officinellen Pflanzen der Deutschen Flora TFW, both tipped into the hardbound reprint of in getrockeneten Examplaren, von Dr. David the Wilmington Flora (Box 3), have been cited in Dietrich (Jena, 1877). [Review.] North Carolina the text and/or Table 1 of this paper: No. 1. Sereno Med. J. 8(1): 32–33. Watson, 10 September 1889 — No. 2. William M. Wood, T. F. 1882a. Insectivorous plants of the Canby, 19 September 1889. Wilmington regions. — :read by: — Dr. Thos. F. US. United States National Herbarium, Washington Wood. At Home Abroad 3(5): 416–423. D.C. Three letters from TFW to John Donnell 148 Huntia 12(2) 2006

Wood, T. F. 1882b. [Premium for the best prepared County, 070:801.112, Box Winstead-Wootten. and complete herbarium of the medicinal plants of [Copy also at New Hanover County Courthouse, the state.] North Carolina Med. J. 9(1): 20. Wilmington, North Carolina. Estate and Special Wood, T. F. 1882c. Prof. Jos. Decaisne. North Proceedings. Will Book G, pp. 70–74.] Carolina Med. J. 9(3): 173. Wood, T. F. 1888. Otis Frederick Manson, M.D. Wood, T. F. 1882d. The Pharmacopoeia of the United North Carolina Med. J. 21(3): 150–162. States of America, 6th decennial revision (New Wood, T. F. 1890a. Editorial York, William Wood & Co.). [Review.] North correspondence — Pharmacopoeial Convention of Carolina Med. J. 10(5): 292–294. 1890. North Carolina Med. J. 25(6): 355–361. Wood, T. F. 1885a. A sketch of the botanical work Wood, T. F. 1890b. Revision of the U.S. of the Rev. Moses Ashley Curtis, D.D. J. Elisha Pharmacopoeia. North Carolina Med. J. 25(4): 246. Mitchell Sci. Soc. [2](1884/1885): 9–31. [Also Wood, T. F. 1891a. TFW to Stephen B. Weeks, issued as an extract, pp. 1–25.] 22 October 1891. Depository: Letter tipped in Wood, T. F. 1885b. Mushrooms of America, Edible “Otis Frederick Manson, M.D.,” North Carolina and Poisonous, edited by Julius A. Palmer, Jr. (L. Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, Prang, Boston). [Review.] North Carolina Med. J. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 15(5): 276–277. Wood, T. F. 1891b. [Remembrance of Dr. John R. Wood, T. F. 1886. Herbarium of medicinal plants. Quinan.] North Carolina Med. J. 27(4): 254–255. North Carolina Med. J. 17(2): 114–115. Wood, T. F. 1892. James Fergus McRee, M.D. (A Wood, T. F. 1886–1887. Some Recollections of biographical sketch, with portrait). North Carolina My Life Written for My Children during My Med. J. 29(1): 10–20, frontispiece. Confinement with Aneurysm Beginning 25th Wood, T. F. 1928. Autobiographical sketch of Thomas April 1886 (Easter). 3 vols. (Vol. 1–2, 1886; Fanning Wood. (written in 1892). Southern vol. 3, 1887). Depository: Wood Family Papers, Medicine and Surgery 30(12): 794–795. Special Collections #72, William Madison Wood, T. F. and G. McCarthy. 1886a. Wilmington Randall Library, University of North Carolina, flora: A list of plants growing about Wilmington, Wilmington. [Also a typescript version, T. F. N. C., with date of flowering, with a map of New Wood, Some Recollections of His Life, copied by Hanover County. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. his daughter Maggie H. Wood, 18th August 1914, 3(1885/1886): [77]–141, folded map. [“Errata,” p. Wilmington, N.C. 218 pp. June–July 1914.] [147].] Wood, T. F. [1887]a. Interesting Description of the Wood, T. F. and G. McCarthy. 1886b. Wilmington Venus Fly Trap, an Insectivorous or Flesh Eating Flora: A list of plants growing about Wilmington, Plant. Found Near Wilmington, N.C. N.p. [Copy North Carolina, with date of flowering, With a at North Carolina Collection, Louis Round map of New Hanover County. Raleigh: Edwards, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Broughton & Co., Power Printers and Binders. Chapel Hill.] Includes folded map. Depository: Copy in the Wood, T. F. 1887b. TFW to Donald McRae, Esq., 10 Botany Section, John N. Couch Biology Library, March 1887. Depository: Tipped in bound volume University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, of Wilmington Flora [Thomas F. Wood and Gerald “Presented by Dr. Thos. F. Wood — 1892 [to] J. McCarthy 1886b], North Carolina Room, New Hicks Bunting [Drug Co.], Wilmington, N. C.” Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, Wood, T. F. and G. McCarthy. 1887 (cover). North Carolina. Wilmington Flora: A list of plants growing Wood, T. F. 1887c. TFW to Maria L. Owen, 30 about Wilmington, North Carolina, with date of March 1887. Depository: Archives of the Gray flowering. With a map of New Hanover County. Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Extract “[From the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Wood, T. F. 1887d. [Last Will and Testament of Scientific Society.]” Raleigh: Edwards, Broughton Thomas Fanning Wood.] Depository: North & Co., Power Printers and Binders. Includes folded Carolina State Archives, Raleigh. New Hanover map. [Title page bears year 1886.]