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Ligustrum Sinense LOUR.) CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHINESE PRIVET (Ligustrum sinense LOUR.) INVASION IN HYDROLOGICALLY ALTERED FORESTED WETLANDS Meghan Foard A thesis presented to the faculty of Arkansas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Arkansas State University August 2014 Approved by Dr. Travis D. Marsico, Thesis Advisor Dr. Jennifer Bouldin Committee Member Dr. Richard Grippo, Committee Member Dr. Esra Ozdenerol, Committee Member Dr. Paul Sikkel, Committee Member UMI Number: 1563273 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1563273 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 © 2014 Meghan Foard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Meghan Foard CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHINESE PRIVET (Ligustrum sinense LOUR.) INVASION IN HYDROLOGICALLY ALTERED FORESTED WETLANDS What drives invasive species success? My research consists of four studies aiming to answer this question for Ligustrum sinense. The four projects are: (1) Synthesis of invasion literature within passenger-driver-backseat driver frameworks; (2) hydrochory investigation of water as a dispersal mechanism for invasion; (3) ecohydrology investigation of inundation effects on seed viability of L. sinense; (4) dendrochronology study of the effects of stream channelization and L. sinense invasion on bottomland oak tree growth. Results suggest that L. sinense initially invaded habitats that were hydrologically altered, resulting in drier conditions and a “novel niche.” Dispersal via hydrochory allowed L. sinense to quickly colonize the novel niches. Once established, L. sinense competed with native oak species contributing to reduced growth rates, an “invasion meltdown.” Control strategies should aim to remove L. sinense and return natural hydrologic regimes, or should consist of human-assisted re-establishment of native species that can thrive in altered conditions. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Arkansas State University (ASU) Environmental Science (EVS) Program for providing me with funding, space, and equipment necessary to complete my project. I especially thank the Department Chair of Biological Sciences, Dr. Thomas Risch, for supporting and helping to guide me throughout my graduate studies at ASU. I thank The Judd Hill Foundation, GK-12, TREE Fund, and The Arkansas Native Plant Society for additional financial support. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Dorian Burnette of the University of Memphis, and Dr. Dave Stahle and Dr. Malcolm Cleaveland of The University of Arkansas for aiding me in my dendrochronology studies. My exchanges with them strengthened my passion for and understanding of dendrochronology. I also thank John and Elaine Cobb for allowing me to stay in their guest-house while conducting summer field work. I would like to thank my committee for their support, insight, guidance, and wisdom. I thank my advisor, Dr. Travis Marsico, for encouraging my interest in L. sinense invasion, dendrochronology, and bottomland hardwood forest ecology. I would also like to thank him for initiating my career in academia, for the many helpful and detailed edits he supplied, for challenging me to think critically, and for teaching me practically everything I know about plants and plant identification. I thank Dr. Jennifer Bouldin for always being available for advice or assistance when I needed her. I thank Dr. Esra Ozdenerol for believing in me as a scientist and for encouraging me to be iv myself and set high goals. I thank Dr. Richard Grippo for going the extra mile when I needed help, and for supporting me and giving me professional guidance. I extend a special thanks to Dr. Paul Sikkel for giving me the encouragement I needed to move forward in stagnant times, for lifting me up when I was down, and for engaging me intellectually. Without his support I would not be the scientist I am today. I would like to thank the members of the Marsico Lab for helping me with numerous edits on manuscripts, thesis drafts, presentations, and posters. A special thanks is extended to David Burge for always going above and beyond when it came to helping. His drive, ambition, and insights motivated me in the field and strengthened my understanding of forested wetland ecology. I thank the many technicians and fellow graduate students who helped me collect, assess, and analyze my data including: Hannah Blair, Jennifer Blanchard, Taylor Mackey, Andrew Neighbors, Hunter Whitehurst, and super special thanks go to Kari Harris and Alexandra Hook for teaching me how to be a mentor, and for making it feel effortless. Last, but certainly not least, I thank Jenn Cobb for assisting with data collections, presentations, papers, and thesis formatting, her time spent helping me is immeasurable and greatly appreciated. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xiii I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Driver, Passenger, and Backseat Driver Models ............................................... 1 1.2 Bottomland Hardwood Forests ........................................................................... 3 1.3 The Invasive Shrub, Ligustrum sinense .............................................................. 4 1.4 The Wolf River, TN ............................................................................................ 6 II. SYNTHESIS OF L. sinense INVASION WITHIN DRIVER, PASSENGER, AND BACKSEAT DRIVER FRAMEWORKS .......................................................................... 8 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Introduction......................................................................................................... 9 2.3 The Frameworks and Their Significance in Invasive Species Ecology ............ 10 2.4 Application of Frameworks to L. sinense Invasions ......................................... 11 2.5 Initial establishment and spread supports the passenger model ...................... 15 2.6 After establishment the driver mechanism dominates ...................................... 19 2.7 Ligustrum sinense Invasion Supports the ‘Novel Niche’ and ‘Invasion Meltdown’ Hypotheses ............................................................................................. 23 2.8 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................. 25 III. WATER DISPERSAL OF L. sinense (HYDROCHORY) ........................................ 28 vi 3.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................. 32 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................. 44 IV. EFFECT OF LONG-TERM WINTER INUNDATION ON L. sinense GERMINATION AND VIABILITY ............................................................................... 48 4.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................. 52 4.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 60 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................. 65 V. EFFECT OF STREAM FLOW AND L. sinense INVASION ON BOTTOMLAND OAK TREE GROWTH .................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 68 5.2 Site and Tree Selection...................................................................................... 71 5.3 Methods for Assessing Tree, Site, and Stand Characteristics .......................... 75 5.3.1 Tree Characteristics .................................................................................... 75 5.3.2 Site and Stand Characteristics ..................................................................... 76 5.4 Determining the Timing of L. sinense Invasion ................................................ 79 5.5 Dendrochronology Methodology ...................................................................... 81 5.5.1 Crossdating
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