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Verticillium Wilt of Fraxinus Excelsior Verticillium wilt of Fraxinus excelsior - ' . ; Jt ""* f- "" UB-^/^'IJ::J CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0611 8323 locjs Promotoren: Dr.Ir. R.A.A. Oldeman Hoogleraar ind e Bosteelt en Bosoecologie Dr.Ir. J. Dekker Emeritus Hoogleraar ind e Fytopathologie /OMOS-Zöl,^ Jelle A. Hiemstra Verticillium wilt of Fraxinus excelsior Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.M. Karssen, inhe t openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 18apri l 1995 des namiddags omvie r uur ind e aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen J\ ABSTRACT Hiemstra, J.A. (1995). Verticillium wilt of Fraxinus excelsior. PhD Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, xvi + 213 pp, 40 figs., 28 tables, 4 plates with colour pictures, 327 refs., English and Dutch summaries. ISBN 90-5485-360-3 Research on ash wilt disease, a common disease of Fraxinus excelsior L. in young forest and landscape plantings in several parts of the Netherlands, is described. By means of a survey for pathogenic fungi in affected trees, inoculation and reisolation experimentsi ti sdemonstrate d thatth ediseas ei scause db y Verticilliumdahliae Kleb . Hostspecificit y andvirulenc e of aV. dahliae isolatefro m ashar ecompare d tothos e of isolatesfro m elm,mapl ean dpotato .Diseas eincidenc ean dprogress , andrecover y of infected trees are investigated through monitoring experiments in two permanent plots in seriously affected forest stands. Monitoring results are related to the results of an aerial survey for ash wilt disease in the province of Flevoland to assess the impact of the disease on ash forests. Furthermore, pathological xylem anatomy of infected ash trees is described and mechanisms of recovery are discussed. Finally, results are integrated andrelate d todat ao nas han do nverticilliu mwilt so fothe rtre e species presented in literature reviews in the starting chapters of the book. CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Hiemstra, Jelle A. Verticillium wilt of Fraxinus excelsior / Jelle A. Hiemstra - [S.l.:s.n.] - 111. Thesis Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen. -Wit h réf. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-360-3 Subject headings: Fraxinus excelsior / wilt disease / Verticillium dahliae / forest pathology. Front cover: Severe wilt and defoliation in roadside tree inth e province of Flevoland. Printed by: Ponsen &Looijen , Wageningen. z:\yJ: .'".''• •':•: LAND.:; H;VVV\:\',"]:.•".• TUT /0AJfc>87O», ^ '1 Stellingen 1. Bij door Verticillium dahliae aangetaste essen is herstel de regel en sterfte deuitzondering . Dit proefschrift. 2. De ringporige anatomie van de es verklaart zowel de zeer snelle verspreiding van Verticillium dahliae door de boom in het jaar van infectie' als het zeer hoge herstelpercentage in hetjaa r daarna2. 1 Braun, 1982. Lehrbuch der Forstbotanik. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 182-185: Das Massensterben ringporiger Bäume. 2 Dit proefschrift. 3. Verkleuring van het vaatweefsel is geen betrouwbaar diagnostisch kenmerk voor de aanwezigheid van Verticillium dahliae inbomen . Dit proefschrift; S. Wilhelm and J.B. Taylor, 1965, Phytopathology 55:311-316; E.B. Himelick, 1968, 111. Nat. Hist. Survey Bl-1968. 4. Het is zeer waarschijnlijk dat er ook onder de boomsoorten zogenaamde 'symptomless carriers' van Verticillium dahliae zijn. 5. De al in het begin van deze eeuw geuite waarschuwing dat men de bosbescherming dient tebestudere n en niet moetbeschouwe n alsee n receptenboek, dat men even opslaat om binnen vijf minuten de diagnose te stellen en de genezing te bewerkstelligen, is helaas nog steeds actueel. M. de Koning, 1922. Boschbescherming,Thiem e & Cie, Zutphen. 6. Dewetenschapsvelde nva nd ebosontwikkelin ge nva nd ePathogenes e bij verwelkingsziekten van bomen vertonen principiële overeenkomsten; inbeid egevalle ni sd einteracti etusse nprocesse ne n structuren bepalend voor het verloop van de ontwikkelingen. 7. Boggling of the mind is apar t of the process of gaining insight. C.H. Beekman, 1984, Phytopath. Medit. 23:109-129. 8. Een goed onderzoeker merkt ook datgene op waarnaar hij niet op zoekwas . 9. Een van de meer misleidende aspecten van wetenschappelijke publicaties is dat de daarin beschreven weg van hypothese tot conclusievrijwe l nooitgetrou wweergeef t hoed eresultate n werkelijk zijn verkregen. John L. Casti, 1992.Verlore n paradigma's, Contact, Amsterdam. 10. Indien deNederlands e samenleving werkelijk geïnteresseerd isi nhe t duurzaam gebruik van natuurlijke hulpbronnen, dan dient zij het landbouwkundig onderzoek uit te breiden in plaats van daarop te bezuinigen. 11. Gezienhe tveelvuldi g misbruik ervanmoe tgevrees d worden voord e duurzaamheid van de term duurzaam. 12. Indien we er niet in slagen om een einde te maken aan zaken als vermesting, verzuring enverdrogin g danmoe the t gezegde "boompje groot, plantertje dood" omgedraaid worden in "plantertje groot, boompje dood". Stellingenbehorend e bij het proefschrift vanJell e A. Hiemstra, getiteld "Verticillium wilt of Fraxinus excelsior", te verdedigen op 18apri l 1995t e Wageningen. Wanneerick door 'tHaeghsche bos, Van mijn beroepeen weynighlos, Of in de naeste velden dwael: Soo vind' ick eycken, bovenkoel, Doch elders groen en wel gestelt, Gelijckde gaefste van hetvelt. Dit vind' ick vremt,dies vraeghick dan, Ja, vraeghhier gront, en reden van. Jacob Cats; Hof-Gedachten, op 't Gesichte van Boomen enz. op Sorghvliet (1651-1660) VOORWOORD Deeerst e aanzet voorhe t indi tproefschrif t beschreven onderzoek werd al in het najaar van 1984gegeve n tijdens mijn stage bij de toenmalige afdeling Bosontwikkelingva nhe tStaatsbosbeheer .Tijden sterreinbezoeke n inverban d metonderzoe k naarhe tbehee rva njong egemengd e loofboomopstanden werd ikdoo rverschillend ebeheerder s meegenomennie tallee nnaa r— uiteraar d— depercele n waarop zetrot s waren, maar ooknaa r de 'probleemgevallen'. In het laatste geval betrof het meestal percelen waarin het zogenaamde 'essensterven' optrad. De bijbehorende vraag was dan: "Vertel jij, als 'Wageninger' noueen s wathie r aand ehan d is." Datwa stoe n nogt e veel gevraagd. Maar devraa g bleef wel hangen. Eenvervol gkree gdi ttijden smij nlaatst eafstudeervak , waarini kze smaande n besteedde aanhe t inkaar t brengen vand eomvan g vanhe tproblee m en het inventariseren vanmogelijk e oorzaken. Datleverd e opnieuw geen afdoende antwoord op, maar wel voldoende informatie voor het formuleren vanee n voorstel voor vervolgonderzoek. Dit werd in 1987 door de Landbouw­ universiteitWageninge n gehonoreerd metee nAIO-project . Hetonderzoe ki s gedurende de periode 1987-1991 uitgevoerd bij de vakgroepen Bosteelt en Bosoecologie, later Bosbouw, en Fytopathologie. Het verwerken van de gegevens enhe t schrijfwerk kosttezoal s inmiddelsduidelij k zalzij nwa tmee r tijd. Nu ook het schrijven achter de rug is wordt het tijd om de vele bij het onderzoek betrokken personen te bedanken. In de eerste plaats de heer O. Buwalda (SBB,Groningen ) en Ir. A. Arnoldussen (RIJP). Zonder hun enthousiasme was het misschien nooit zo ver gekomen, zij waren de al genoemde beheerders. Daarnaast moet Ir. P.A. van den Tweel (SBB, afd. Bosontwikkeling) genoemd worden omdat hij degene wasdi em evoorsteld e het 'essensterven' alsonderwer p teneme n voor mijn laatste afstudeervak. Prof. R.A.A. Oldeman en prof. J. Dekker dank ik voor hun steun en vertrouwen bij het opzetten en de uitvoering van het project, dr. ir. P. Schmidt en dr.ir. T. Limonard voor alle tijd en belangstelling bij de begeleiding vanhe t onderzoek. Delede n vand ebegeleidingscommissie , ir. A. Arnoldussen, ir. B.va nBaren , ir.J.J . Borgesius, M.d eKam , ir. B. van der Pas en ir. P.A. van den Tweel hebben door dejaarlijk s terugkerende nuttige discussies mede derichtin g vanhe tonderzoe k bepaald. Het onderzoek werd financieel ondersteund door het Staatsbosbeheer, later directieBos -e nLandschapsbou we nd eRijksdiens tvoo rd eIJsselmeerpolders . Hierdoor was tijdelijke assistentiebi jenkel e tijdrovende experimenten en bij deverwerkin g vand egegeven s vand eproefperke n mogelijk. NWOdroe gd e kosten vanhe tbijwone n vanhe tVerticilliu m congres in 1990i n Leningrad. Het ERASMUS-programma vand eEE Gte n slotte maakte eenverblij f van drie maanden aand eUniversitei t van Hamburg mogelijk. Aan deuitvoerin g vanhe tonderzoe k hebben velenhu nsteentj e bijgedragen. Ir. F.Burger , ir.H . Schneider enP . Gilmorewi li kva nhart ebedanke nvoo r hundoorzettingsvermoge nbi jd evaa ksaai ee ntijdrovend e klussenwaarbi jzi j alstijdelij k assistent fungeerden. Demense nva nd etuin :J . Post, A.Zweers , L. Goudswaard enwijle n B. Schalk leverden eenonmisbar e bijdrage aan de het werk ophe tproefvel d aand e Afweg, ind eproefperke n inhe tbo se n aan de helaas niet geslaagde potproeven. De inzet vanenkel e studenten maakte een verbreding van het onderzoek mogelijk. Paul van der Vegt, Marten Denekamp, Robert Schroeijers enToo n Rijkers, bedankt dat jullie eendee l van hetwer k opj e namen. Dr. T. Limonard en drs. G. Bollen hebben mij als niet-fytopatholoog ver genoeg bijgespijkerd omdi t onderzoek tot een goed einde te laten komen. Ook de andere leden vand e vakgroep fytopathologie dank voor de nuttige adviezen en prettige samenwerking. Hetzelfde geldt voor de nog nietme t name genoemde vrienden en collega's binnen de vakgroep Bosbouw, met name demedebewoner s vand e "bovenkamer". Collega onderzoekers buiten deLandbouwuniversitei t waaronder prof. D.M.Elgersma , dr.W .Gams ,dr . H. Heybroek, drs.B.C .va nDam , ing.A .d eHaas , ir. N.G.M. Dolmanse
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