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A Compendium of Verticillium Wilts in Tree Species a Compendium of Verticillium Wilts in Tree Species

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A Compendium of Verticillium Wilts in Tree Species a Compendium of Verticillium Wilts in Tree Species A COMPENDIUM OF VERTICILLIUM WILTS IN TREE SPECIES A COMPENDIUM OF VERTICILLIUM WILTS IN TREE SPECIES Edited by J.A. Hiemstra Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO), Wageningen, The Netherlands and D.C. Harris Horticulture Research International-East Mailing (HRI-EM), West Mailing, UK 1998 This compendium has been prepared with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, Agricultural and Fisheries (FAIR) specific RTD programme CT96 2015,"Verticilliu m wilt intre e species;a concerte d action for developing innovative and environmentally sound control strategies".An y opinions expressed inth e compendium dono tnecessaril y reflect theview s ofth e Commission and inn o way anticipates the Commission's future policy inthi s area. Additional copies ofthi s compendium mayb eobtaine d from each ofth e eight research groupsparticipatin g inth e concerted action (see list of authors)o r from DG VI ofth e Commission ofth e European Communities. ISBN 90-73771-25-0 Printed by Ponsen &Looijen,Wageningen , TheNetherlands . CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS M. Amenduni D.C. Harris University of Bari HRI-East Mailing, Entomology Department of Plant Pathology & Plant Pathology Department Via Amendola 165/A West Mailing 70126 Bari, Italy KentME1 9 6BJ,U.K . P. Antoniou J.A. Hiemstra Agricultural University of Athens DLO-Centre for Plant Breeding and Department of Plant Pathology Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO) IeraOdo s 75,Votaniko s P.O.Bo x 16, 1185 5Athens , Greece 6700 AAWageningen ,th e Netherlands D.J. Barbara R.M. Jimenez Diaz HRI-Wellesbourne,Plan t Pathology Institute of Sustainable Agriculture and Microbiology Department (SCIC),Departmen t of Crop Protection Wellesbourne AvMenende z Pidal s/n Warwickshire CV35 9EF,U.K . 14080Cordoba , Spain M.A. Bianco-Lopez J. López-Escudero University ofCordob a University ofCordob a Department of Agronomy Department of Agronomy Av. Menendez Pidal s/n Av. Menendez Pidal s/n 14080 Cordoba, Spain 14080Cordoba , Spain M. Cirulli E.J. Paplomatas University of Bari Benaki Phytopathological Institute Department of Plant Pathology Department ofPlan t Pathology Via Amendola 165/A 8 S.Delt a Str. 70126 Bari, Italy 1456 1 Kifissia-Athens, Greece K. Elena A.J. Termorshuizen Benaki Phytopathological Institute Wageningen Agricultural University Department ofPlan t Pathology Department of Phytopathology 8 S.Delt a Str. P.O.Bo x 8025 145 61 Kifissia-Athens, Greece 6700 EE Wageningen, the Netherlands J.C. Goud E.C. Tjamos Wageningen Agricultural University Agricultural University of Athens Department of Phytopathology Department ofPlan t Pathology P.O. Box 8025 Iera Odos 75,Votaniko s 6700 EE Wageningen, the Netherlands 1185 5Athens , Greece CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements 1. AN INTRODUCTION TOVERTICILLIU M WILTS 1 2. SOME GENERAL FEATURES OFVERTICILLIU M WILTS INTREE S 5 2.1 Woody hosts 5 2.2 Symptoms 5 2.3 Disease cycle 8 2.4 Recovery from disease 11 3. VERTICILLIUM WILTS OFMAJO R TREEHOST S 13 3.1 Olive 13 3.2 Stone fruits 17 3.3 Pistachio 31 3.4 Maple 33 3.5 Ash 35 3.6 Other tree species 37 4. TECHNICAL ASPECTS 41 4.1 Disease diagnosis and identification ofth e pathogen 41 4.2 Variability ofth epathoge n 43 4.3 Quantification ofV. dahliaei n soil 47 4.4 Manipulation ofV. dahliae 49 4.5 Selection and screening for hostresistanc e 51 4.6 Management ofth ediseas e 55 5. PROSPECTS AND FUTURE RESEARCHNEED S 59 REFERENCES 63 Figures 4t o 33ca nb e found inth e colour plate section onpage s2 1t o 30 PREFACE Thiscompendiu m isth eresul t ofcooperatio nbetwee n eight european research groups,al l working on verticillium wilt intre e hosts.Durin g 1997an d 1998th e groups collaborated ina Concerte d Action withinth e FAIRprogramm e ofth e European Union. One ofth e aims ofthi sprojec t wast o collect all current information onverticilliu m wilt intree s and make itavailabl e to the international community by means ofa single publication. The compendium was compiled asa genera l reference guideno t only for plant pathologists but also for tree growers,cro p advisers andextensio n specialists. The individual parts ofth ebook s werewritte n byresearcher s recognized asexpert s intha t specific area. The compendium dealswit hverticilliu m wiltso f fruit, nut and shadetrees . Other woodyperennia l hosts such asgrapevine ,berr y shrubs orornamental s likeros e and lilac are not covered. Inth e introductory parts ofth e book some information from non-tree hosts isinclude d in ordert oprovid e ascomplet e apictur e of verticillium wilts aspossible . Moreover, for reasonsmad e cleari nth etext ,th ecompendiu m deals almost exclusively with Verticillium dahliae, although therear ea fe w references to V.albo-atrum and other Verticillium specieswher e appropriate. Thispublicatio n provides aprimar y information source for allthos e involved inth e management oftree s inwhic h verticillium wiltma yb e aproblem . In addition, wehop e the compendium will inspire further research intoth e disease;an d will stimulate development of integrated methods for managing the disease intre ehosts . Wageningen, 19-12-1998 JelleA .Hiemstr a Coordinator ofth e Concerted Action onverticilliu m wilts in trees (EU-FAIRCT96-2015) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thepreparatio n ofthi s compendium was generously supported by DGV I ofth e Commission ofth e European Communities under grant CT 96201 5 ofth e FAIR programme. Wear e grateful for the opportunity the grantprovide d for meetings of authors from the participating groups and for financial support for theprintin g ofth e book. The authors whoprepare d thechapter s ofthi sboo k are identified under the chapter headings. In chapters 4 and 5th e sectionshav e different authors;the y are identified atth e start of each section. Illustrations wereprovide d by many individuals. Acknowledgement isgive nonl y wherethe ywer eno tprovide db yth e authors ofth e accompanying text. Wear eindebte dt o ourcolleague s atHRI-E Man dCPRO-DL O for assistance invariou s stages ofth e preparation ofth e book andt oth e management ofth etw o organisations for allowingtim et ob e spento ncompilin gth e compendium. 1. ANINTRODUCTIO N TO VERTICILLIUM WILTS D.C. Harris Verticillium wilts affect a wide range of plants in many parts of the world, and in different countries are variously known as verticilliose, flétrissure verticillienne (French), tragueco-verticilosis (Spanish), tracheoverticilliosi (Italian), Verticillium- Welke, Verticillium-Tracheomycosen (German), verwelkingsziekte (Dutch), kransskimmel (Danish), vissnesjuka (Swedish). They are caused by two closely related soil-borne fungi ofth e genus Verticillium, V.dahliae Kleb , and V. albo-atrum Reinke &Berth . From the first reports and descriptions of these diseases, there has been confusion over the identity of the species of Verticillium responsible. Thus, in many early reports, authors referred only to Verticillium.Thi s problem was compounded until themid-70 s by many investigators, particularly inth e USA,wh o considered that V. dahliae was merely a form of V. albo-atrum, so that there are many important publications which refer to V. albo-atrumwher e it is now accepted that the pathogen was V dahliae. In reviewing critically the literature of verticillium wilts in tree hosts it is clear that in almost all cases V. dahliae is the pathogen responsible, although there are a few well authenticated cases where V. albo-atrumi s the casual organism. V. dahliae therefore forms the main focus of this compendium, although there are references toV. albo-atrum where appropriate. Verticillium is a genus of microfungi in the Order Hyphomycetes whose membersproduc econidi a inmois tdroplet sfro m thetip so fphialide sborn ei nwhorl so n upright conidiophores, otherwise known as verticils (fig. 1).V. dahliaei s distinguished morphologically from V. albo-atrum and the other closely related but mainly saprophytic soil-borne species V. nigrescens,V nubilum and V. tricorpus(Isaac , 1949, 1953; Smith, 1965) by a combination of characters: totally hyaline conidiophores; conidiophore and conidia size; and subspherical to elongate, melanised microsclerotia (fig. 2;se eals osectio n4.1) .N o sexualstat ei sknow nfo r anyo fthes e fungi. *:% •« 4« » • o * . • 'l Fig. 1.Conidiophore s of Verticillium dahliae( x 47). Fig.2 .A microsclerotiu mo f Verticillium dahliae( x 470). V. dahliaei swidel y distributed between latitudes 60°N and 50°Sbu t is generally absent from tropical lowlands (Pegg, 1984). It has been recorded on over fifty crop plants including: soft, pome, stone and other fruits; nuts;vegetables ; herbs; root crops; oilseed crops;fibre crops ;legumes ;o nove r sixtygener ao fwood yan dherbaceou s ornamentals; and on some shade and amenity tree species. V.dahliae i s also known to colonise over twenty-five genera of dicotyledonous weeds (Smith, 1965; Harrison and Isaac, 1969; Skadow, 1969; McKeen and Thorpe, 1973; Thanassoulopoulos et al., 1981b) with or without producing symptoms. V. dahliae exhibits variabilility in a number of ways, some of which are correlated while others are not. There is quantitative and qualitative variation in pathogenicity. A mint pathotype is known only from the USA and the UK (Okoli et al., 1994). Isolates affecting sweet pepper are also of comparatively limited distribution (Evans and McKeen, 1975). Within populations attacking cotton highly pathogenic defoliating strains have been identified in several widely separated geographic areas (Mathre et al, 1966; Lu et al, 1987; Bell, 1992). Defoliating isolates have alsobee nreporte d from Spain (Bianco-Lopezet al, 1989),Chin a (Gu et al, 1988) and Iran (Hamdollah-Zadeh, 1993) and the former USSR (Daayf et al, 1995). There appear to be several vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) within V. dahliae (Joaquim and Rowe, 1990; 1991; Strausbaugh et al, 1992). Recent work using molecular methods (Okoli etal, 1993; 1994)ha sreveale d variability which was not suspected hitherto.
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