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Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Chemicals Implicated in Colony Collapse Disorder
Chemicals Implicated While research is underway to determine the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), pesticides have emerged as one of the prime suspects. Recent bans in Europe attest to the growing concerns surrounding pesticide use and honeybee decline. Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoids are a relatively new class of insecticides that share a common mode of action that affect the central nervous system of insects, resulting in paralysis and death. They include imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. According to the EPA, uncertainties have been identified since their initial registration regarding the potential environmental fate and effects of neonicotinoid pesticides, particularly as they relate to pollinators. Studies conducted in the late 1990s suggest that neonicotinic residues can accumulate in pollen and nectar of treated plants and represent a potential risk to pollinators. There is major concern that neonicotinoid pesticides may play a role in recent pollinator declines. Neonicotinoids can also be persistent in the environment, and when used as seed treatments, translocate to residues in pollen and nectar of treated plants. The potential for these residues to affect bees and other pollinators remain uncertain. Despite these uncertainties, neonicotinoids are beginning to dominate the market place, putting pollinators at risk. The case of the neonicotinoids exemplifies two critical problems with current registration procedures and risk assessment methods for pesticides: the reliance on industry-funded science that contradicts peer-reviewed studies and the insufficiency of current risk assessment procedures to account for sublethal effects of pesticides. • Imidacloprid Used in agriculture as foliar and seed treatments, for indoor and outdoor insect control, home gardening and pet products, imidacloprid is the most popular neonicotinoid, first registered in 1994 under the trade names Merit®, Admire®, Advantage TM. -
Colony Collapse Disorder in Relation to Human-Produced Toxins: What's
Colony Collapse Disorder in relation to human-produced toxins: What’s the buzz all about? Available at: http://www.sawyoo.com/postpic/2013/09/honey-bee-hives_77452.jpg Last accessed: 17/04/2017 Abstract: p2 Introduction: p3 Insecticides: p5 Herbicides & fungicides: p7 Miticides & other preventative measures: p9 “Inactive” ingredients: p10 Synergies between pesticides: p11 Conclusions: p12 Discussion: p12 References: p14 1 Abstract In recent years, the global population of pollinating animals has been in decline. The honey bee in particular is one of the most important and well known pollinators and is no exception.The Western honey bee Apis mellifera, the most globally spread honey bee species suffers from one problem in particular. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which causes the almost all the worker bees to abandon a seemingly healthy and food rich hive during the winter. One possible explanation for this disorder is that it is because of the several human produced toxins, such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and miticides. So the main question is: Are human-produced toxins the primary cause of CCD? It seems that insecticides and, in particular, neonicotinoid insecticides caused increased mortality and even recreated CCD-like symptoms by feeding the bees with neonicotinoids. Herbicides seem relatively safe for bees, though they do indirectly reduce the pollen diversity, which can cause the hive to suffer from malnutrition. Fungicides are more dangerous, causing several sublethal effects, including a reduced immune response and changing the bacterial gut community. The levels of one fungicide in particular, chlorothalonil, tends to be high in hives. Miticides levels tend to be high in treated hives and can cause result in bees having a reduced lifespan. -
Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision for Imidacloprid
Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov Imidacloprid Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision Case Number 7605 January 2020 Approved by: Elissa Reaves, Ph.D. Acting Director Pesticide Re-evaluation Division Date: __ 1-22-2020 __ Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844 www.regulations.gov Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4 A. Summary of Imidacloprid Registration Review............................................................... 5 B. Summary of Public Comments on the Draft Risk Assessments and Agency Responses 7 II. USE AND USAGE ............................................................................................................... 14 III. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS ......................................................................................... 15 A. Human Health Risks....................................................................................................... 15 1. Risk Summary and Characterization .......................................................................... 15 2. Human Incidents and Epidemiology .......................................................................... 17 3. Tolerances ................................................................................................................... 18 4. Human Health Data Needs ......................................................................................... 18 B. Ecological Risks ............................................................................................................ -
Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae)
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2011 Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) M. D. Stamm University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Frederick P. Baxendale University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Tiffany Heng-Moss University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Blair D. Siegfried University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Erin E. Blankenship University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Stamm, M. D.; Baxendale, Frederick P.; Heng-Moss, Tiffany; Siegfried, Blair D.; Blankenship, Erin E.; and Gaussoin, Roch E., "Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae)" (2011). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 269. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/269 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors M. D. Stamm, Frederick P. Baxendale, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Blair D. Siegfried, Erin E. Blankenship, and Roch E. Gaussoin This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ entomologyfacpub/269 HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) M. D. STAMM,1,2 F. P. BAXENDALE,1 T. M. HENG-MOSS,1 B. D. -
Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors
sensors Review Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi 1, Yap Wing Fen 1,2,*, Nur Alia Sheh Omar 1,2 and Hazwani Suhaila Hashim 2 1 Functional Devices Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.I.M.F.); [email protected] (N.A.S.O.) 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this review aims to provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of optical sensors in the detection of insecticides. Citation: Fauzi, N.I.M.; Fen, Y.W.; Omar, N.A.S.; Hashim, H.S. Recent Keywords: insecticides; optical sensor; recognition element Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors. -
Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0
Version 1.1.0 Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0 Introduction Through the implementation of our standards, Fair Trade USA aims to promote sustainable livelihoods and safe working conditions, protection of the environment, and strong, transparent supply chains.. Our standards work to limit negative impacts on communities and the environment. All pesticides can be potentially hazardous to human health and the environment, both on the farm and in the community. They can negatively affect the long-term sustainability of agricultural livelihoods. The Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS) seeks to minimize these risks from pesticides by restricting the use of highly hazardous pesticides and enhancing the implementation of risk mitigation practices for lower risk pesticides. This approach allows greater flexibility for producers, while balancing controls on impacts to human and environmental health. This document lists the pesticides that are prohibited or restricted in the production of Fair Trade CertifiedTM products, as required in Objective 4.4.2 of the APS. It also includes additional rules for the use of restricted pesticides. Purpose The purpose of this document is to outline the rules which prohibit or restrict the use of hazardous pesticides in the production of Fair Trade Certified agricultural products. Scope • The Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List (PRPL) applies to all crops certified against the Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS). • Restrictions outlined in this list apply to active ingredients in any pesticide used by parties included in the scope of the Certificate while handling Fair Trade Certified products. -
Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. -
Colony Collapse Disorder and the EPA's "Imminent Hazard"
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 2013-2014 Issue 2 Article 9 February 2014 A Statute Stripped of Its Sting: Colony Collapse Disorder and the EPA's "Imminent Hazard" Tobias Eisenlohr Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr Part of the Environmental Law Commons Repository Citation Tobias Eisenlohr, A Statute Stripped of Its Sting: Colony Collapse Disorder and the EPA's "Imminent Hazard", 38 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 559 (2014), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol38/iss2/9 Copyright c 2014 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr A STATUTE STRIPPED OF ITS STING: COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER AND THE EPA’S “IMMINENT HAZARD” TOBIAS EISENLOHR* INTRODUCTION Domesticated bees are dying off in frightening numbers in the United States and Europe,1 and the pesticide linked to this decline con- tinues to be used because Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) con- tends research demonstrating its deadly effects fails to satisfy the strict statutory standard for an emergency prohibition.2 When the phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder began ravaging beehives in the winter of 2006, beekeepers and scientists alike were baffled by the devastation.3 In the following years, as bees and their keepers continued to endure these mysterious and troubling losses, research indicated that a perfect storm of “stress factors” was responsible for these deaths.4 In particular, sci- entists have pointed the finger at a pesticide called Clothianidin, which is used to treat a majority of the corn and canola seeds planted domes- tically.5 Recent studies have determined Clothianidin weakens, disrupts, * Tobias Eisenlohr is a third-year law student at the College of William & Mary from Cincinnati, Ohio. -
Using Next-Generation Sequencing to Detect Differential Expression Genes in Bradysia Odoriphaga After Exposure to Insecticides
Article Using Next-Generation Sequencing to Detect Differential Expression Genes in Bradysia odoriphaga after Exposure to Insecticides Haoliang Chen 1, Lulu Lin 1, Farman Ali 1,2, Minghui Xie 1, Guangling Zhang 1 and Weihua Su 1,* 1 Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (F.A.); [email protected] (M.X.); [email protected] (G.Z.) 2 Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-551-6516-0850 Received: 8 October 2017; Accepted: 15 November 2017; Published: 17 November 2017 Abstract: Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is the most important pest of Chinese chive. Insecticides are used widely and frequently to control B. odoriphaga in China. However, the performance of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and clothianidin in controlling the Chinese chive maggot is quite different. Using next generation sequencing technology, different expression unigenes (DEUs) in B. odoriphaga were detected after treatment with chlorpyrifos and clothianidin for 6 and 48 h in comparison with control. The number of DEUs ranged between 703 and 1161 after insecticide treatment. In these DEUs, 370–863 unigenes can be classified into 41–46 categories of gene ontology (GO), and 354–658 DEUs can be mapped into 987–1623 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The expressions of DEUs related to insecticide-metabolism-related genes were analyzed. The cytochrome P450-like unigene group was the largest group in DEUs. Most glutathione S-transferase-like unigenes were down-regulated and most sodium channel-like unigenes were up-regulated after insecticide treatment. -
The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Act No.46 of 1968)
The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Act No.46 of 1968) An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters connected therewith. [2 nd September 1968] Be it enacted by Parliament in the Nineteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows: 1. Short title, extent and commencement. * a. This Act may be called the Insecticides Act, 1968. b. It extends to the whole of India. c. It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different States and for different provisions of Act. 2. Application of other laws not barred * The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, any other law for the time being in force. 3. Definitions- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- a. "animals" means animals useful to human beings and includes fish and fowl, and such kinds of wild life as the Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify, being kinds which in its opinion, it is desirable to protect or preserve; b. "Board" means the Central Insecticides Board constituted under Sec.4; c. "Central Insecticides Laboratory" means the Central Insecticides Laboratory established, or as the case may be, the institution specified under Sec.16; d. "Import" means bringing into any place within the territories to which this Act extends from a place outside those territories; e. "Insecticide" means- i. -
Influence of Dinotefuran and Clothianidin on a Bee Colony
10 Jpn. J. Clin. Ecol. ( Vol.21 No.1 2012) 「第20回日本臨床環境医学会学術集会特集」 (臨床環境21:10~23,2012) Original article シンポジウム Influence of dinotefuran and clothianidin on a bee colony Toshiro Yamada Kazuko Yamada Naoki Wada Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University Abstract Recently it has become a serious problem that honeybees suddenly vanish in their colony, which is referred to as a colony collapse disorder( CCD). We have made it clear by the field experiments for about four months what effect neonicotinoid pesticides such as dinotefuran and clothianidin have on the occurrence of CCD. Eight colo- nies consisting of about ten-thousand honeybees in each colony were investigated under the practical beekeeping conditions in our apiary. In this study foods containing dinotefuran of 1 ppm to 10 ppm or clothianidin of 0.4 ppm to 4 ppm were fed into a beehive. Three levels of concentration were 10( high-conc.), 50( middle-conc.) and 100 (low-conc.) times lower than that in practical use. The changes of adult bees, brood and the pesticide intake in each colony were directly examined. They suggest that each colony with the pesticide administered collapses to nothing after passing through a state of CCD, the high-concentration pesticides seem to work as an acute toxicity and the low- and middle-concentration ones do as a chronic toxicity. CCD looks mysterious, but it is just one of situations where a colony dwindles to nothing. We have proposed a CCD occurrence mechanism based on our re- sults. The NMR spectral analyses of dinotefuran and clothianidin in aqueous solution give the speculations that both are thermally stable under the heating condition of 50 ℃ ×24 hours and dinotefuran is radiationally stable 2 under the ultraviolet-irradiation condition of 310 nm×50 W/m but clothianidin is unstable.