Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family Republic of Moldova

ANNUAL SOCIAL REPORT 2010

Chisinau, 2011

Contents

Foreword ...... 9 List of abbreviations ...... 10 Introduction...... 11

1. DYNAMICS of SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS...... 12 1.1. Social-economic development ...... 12 1.2. Demographic profile...... 14

2. LABOUR MARKET IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA...... 19 2.1. National employment system...... 19 2.2. Employment actions, promoted on labour market ...... 19 2.2.1. Active measures ...... 19 2.2.1.1. Labour mediation ...... 20 2.2.1.2. Public works...... 22 2.2.1.3. Information and vocational counselling...... 22 2.2.1.4. Orientation and vocational training ...... 22 2.2.2. Inactive measures...... 23 2.3. Unemployment...... 25 2.3.1. Unemployment and job placement of youth...... 27 2.4. Staff vocational training and employment ...... 27 2.4.1. Students and pupils quota...... 28 2.4.2. Admission of pupils and students in vocational education...... 31 2.4.3. Graduation and job placement ...... 35 2.5. Labour force migration ...... 37 2.5.1. Immigration in the Republic of Moldova of foreign citizens and stateless persons ...... 37 2.5.2. Emigration for work of the citizens of the Republic of Moldova...... 37 2.5.3. Policies, promoted in the field of labour migration ...... 38 2.6. Salary policies ...... 40 2.6.1 Real sector ...... 40 2.6.2 Public sector...... 43 2.7. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 44

3. SOCIAL INSURANCE ...... 45 3.1. Public social insurance system. General aspects ...... 45 3.2. Analysis of pension social insurance system...... 45 3.2.1. Demographic context...... 45 3.2.2. Dynamics of the number of pensioners...... 47 3.2.3. Analysis of social insurance contributions ...... 49 3.2.4. Pension insurance of farmers...... 50 3.2.5. Analysis of social insurance pension quantum...... 51 3.3. State social insurance pensions ...... 53 3.3.1. Old-age pensions...... 53 3.3.2. Disability pensions...... 54 3.3.3. Survivors pensions...... 54 3.3.4. Pensions to certain categories of citizens...... 54 3.4. Social insurance payments...... 55 3.4.1. Benefit for temporary incapacity for work...... 56 3.4.2. Maternity benefit...... 57

3 Annual social report 2010

3.4.3. One-time payment at child’s birth...... 57 3.4.4. Monthly benefit for child care up to 3 years...... 58 3.4.5. Benefit for taking care of a sick child...... 58 3.4.6. Payments granted in case of decease...... 59 3.5. Insurance in case of industrial injury or occupational disease ...... 59 3.5.1. Benefits for temporary incapacity for work ...... 60 3.5.2. Disability benefits...... 60 3.5.3. Benefits in case of death...... 61 3.6. Execution of state social insurance budget...... 61 3.7. Bilateral social security agreements...... 64 3.8. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 65

4. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ...... 67 4.1. Social assistance benefits...... 67 4.1.1. State social allowances for certain categories of citizens...... 67 4.1.2. Allowances for care...... 69 4.1.3. Allowances in case of death...... 71 4.1.4. Nominative compensations...... 71 4.1.5. Monthly state allowances...... 73 4.1.6. Compensations to participants at the liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences...... 74 4.1.7. Compensations instead of treatment tickets for war disabled persons...... 76 4.1.8. State monthly nominal allowances...... 76 4.1.9. Social aid...... 78 4.1.10. Social compensations during the cold period of 2010 ...... 80 4.1.11. Material aid ...... 81 4.1.12. Humanitarian aids...... 83 4.2. Social services...... 84 4.2.1. Primary social services...... 85 4.2.2. Specialised social institutions...... 88 4.2.3. Residential protection services...... 90 4.2.4. Rehabilitation/recovery services and balneo-sanatorial treatment...... 96 4.3. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 97

5. FAMILY AND CHILD PROTECTION...... 99 5.1. Benefits for family and children...... 99 5.2. Welfare level of the households with children ...... 103 5.3. Social services for family and children...... 111 5.3.1. Primary social services...... 111 5.3.2. Specialised social services...... 112 5.3.3. Highly specialised social services...... 115 5.4. Commission for protection of children in difficulty...... 116 5.5. Repatriation of identified children without parental care outside the country...... 118 5.6. Summer rest of children...... 123 5.7. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 124

6. GENDER EQUALITY. VIOLENCE AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING PREVENTION AND COMBATING. . . 126 6.1. Gender equality...... 126 6.2. National Referral System (NRS) – multidisciplinary approach towards trafficking in human beings, domestic violence and protection of persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS ...... 130 6.3. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 146

7. SOCIAL PROTECTION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES...... 148 7.1. Current statistics...... 148 7.2. Social protection ...... 150 7.2.1. Social payments ...... 150 7.2.2. Social services ...... 151

4 Contents

7.3. Medical expertise of vitality...... 152 7.3.1. Primary disability...... 152 7.3.2. Repeated disability...... 153 7.3.3. Permanent disability ...... 154 7.3.4. Partial and total rehabilitation ...... 155 7.4. Social inclusion...... 155 7.4.1. Social inclusion of children ...... 155 7.4.2. Employment of persons with disabilities...... 157 7.5. Celebration of the International Day of Persons with disabilities–December 3 ...... 157 7.6. Conclusions. Recommendations...... 158

TABLES Table 1.1. Main macroeconomic indicators, 2005-2010 ...... 13 Table 2.1. Labour mediation services, 2007-2010...... 21 Table 2.2. Job fairs, 2007-2010...... 21 Table 2.3. Beneficiaries of the allocation for vocational integration or reintegration on labour market, 2008–2010. . 24 Table 2.4. Economically active population and employed population, 2003-2010...... 26 Table 2.5. Number of students in higher education institutions by education and ownership forms, 2009/10 – 2010/11 academic years ...... 29 Table 2.6. Higher education students by cycles and ownership forms, 2009/2010 – 2010/2011 academic years (persons)...... 30 Table 2.7. Number of pupils in secondary specialized education institutions by ownership forms, at the beginning of 2009-2010 – 2010-2011 academic years ...... 30 Table 2.8. Number of pupils in the secondary vocational education institutions by institution types and areas, at the beginning of 2009/10 – 2010/11 academic years ...... 31 Table 2.9. Admission in higher education institutions, 2005/06 – 2009/10...... 32 Table 2.10. Admission in secondary specialized education institutions, 2005-2010...... 33 Table 2.11. Admission in secondary vocational education institutions, 2005-2010...... 34 Table 2.12. Implementation by the central bodies of the admission plan in higher, secondary specialized and secondary vocational education institutions in 2010...... 34 Table 2.13. Dynamics of the number of graduates of vocational training institutions and their job placement, 2005-2010 (persons) ...... 36 Table 2.14. Migrants of 15 years and over, by education level, sex and residence area ...... 37 Table 2.15. Migrants of 15 years and over, by destination country, sex and residence area...... 38 Table 2.16. Dynamics of the income from wage-remunerated activity, 2005-2010...... 40 Table 2.17. Dynamics of the average salary of employees in the real sector, 2005-2010 ...... 41 Table 2.18. Salary size according to September survey, 2009-2010 ...... 42 Table 2.19. Dynamics of salaries in public sector, 2005-2010...... 43 Table 3.1. Dynamics of population and beneficiaries of pensions ad indemnities, 2006-2010, thousand persons.. . . .46 Table 3.2. Ratio between active/employed population and pensioners, 2001-2010...... 47 Table 3.3. Number of pensions (pensioners) by categories, 2006-2010...... 48 Table 3.4. Number of newly established pensions, 2006-2010...... 48 Table 3.5. Tariffs of state social insurance contributions, 2003-2010...... 49 Table 3.6. Dynamics of replacement rates, 2006-2010...... 51 Table 3.7. Dynamics of the subsistence minimum and average old-age pension, 2006-2010...... 52 Table 3.8. Dynamics of pension quantum, 2006-2010...... 52 Table 3.9. Length of service required for the establishment of disability pension, depending on insured person’s age.54 Table 3.10. Expenditures for payment of the indemnities for temporary incapacity for work, 2008-2010...... 57 Table 3.11. Dynamics of expenditures for protection of families with children, 2007-2010, insured persons...... 58 Table 3.12. Actual expenditures for payment of decease benefits, 2005-2010...... 59 Table 3.13. Dynamics of expenses for payment of disability benefits, 2007-2010 ...... 60 Table 3.14. Execution of the state social insurance budget, 2004-2010...... 61 Table 3.15. Incomes accumulated to the state social insurance budget, 2009-2010...... 62 Table 3.16. Expenses financed from the state social insurance budget in 2010 ...... 62 Table 3.17. Expenses covered by the state social insurance budget, 2009-2010 ...... 63 Table 4.1. Dynamics of beneficiaries of state social allowances, their quantum and monthly established amounts,

5 Annual social report 2010

2003-2010...... 68 Table 4.2. Dynamics of beneficiaries of allowances for care, 2002-2009...... 70 Table 4.4. Allowance in case of death for non-insured persons in 2010...... 71 Table 4.5. Dynamics of nominative compensations, 2000-2010...... 72 Table 4.6. Nominative compensations by categories of beneficiaries, 2010...... 73 Table 4.7. State monthly allowances, 2010...... 74 Table 4.8. Benefits to participants at the liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences, 2010...... 75 Table 4.9. Compensations instead of treatment tickets to war disabled persons, 2008-2010...... 76 Table 4.10. State monthly nominal allowances for special merits to the state, 2009-2010...... 77 Table 4.11. Distribution of the requests for social aid, 2010 ...... 79 Table 4.12. Payment of social compensations during the cold period of 2010 ...... 81 Table 4.13. Number of material aids and amounts, granted to applicants, 2010...... 81 Table 4.14. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of residential social institutions for adults, subordinated to the MLSPF, 2007 – 2010...... 94 Table 4.15. Capacity and staff of social institutions, 2010 ...... 95 Table 5.1. Beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2008-2010...... 100 Table 5.2. Number of children and number of beneficiaries of benefits for families with children, 2010 ...... 101 Table 5.3. Number of beneficiaries of nominative compensations and average quantum of these compensations, 2010...... 102 Table 5.4. Number of beneficiaries of social allowances and average quantum of allowances, 2009 - 2010...... 102 Table 5.5. Impact of child benefits on child poverty, 2010 %...... 111 Table 5.6. Number of beneficiaries of day centres, 2010...... 112 Table 5.7. Expenses for maintenance in residential institutions for children, 2010 ...... 116 Table 5.8. Activity of district Commissions for protection of children in difficulty, 2010 ...... 117 Table 5.9. Number of repatriated children during 2007-2010 and destination countries ...... 122 Table 5.10. Estimated cost per day in the summer camps for rest and health recovery of children and teenagers, lei, 2010...... 123 Table 6.1. Multidisciplinary teams within the NRS and number of members, 2009-2010...... 133 Table 6.2. Beneficiaries of the Centre for assistance and protection of victims and potential victims of human trafficking (CAP)...... 135 Table 6.3. Assistance, provided to victims of human trafficking within the state social assistance system, 2009-2010...... 136 Table 6.4. Services, provided to victims of human trafficking through multidisciplinary teams (MDT) and with the support of various donor-financed programs ...... 137 Table 6.5. Assistance of potential victims of human trafficking within the state social assistance system...... 138 Table 6.6. Services provided to potential victims of human trafficking through multidisciplinary teams (MDT) and with the support of various donor-financed programs ...... 139 Table 7.1. Dynamics of population and number of disabled persons, 2006-2010 ...... 148 Table 7.2. Application and establishment of the disability degree, 2006-2010 ...... 152 Table 7.3. Distribution of share by primary disability degree, 2009 – 2010...... 153 Table 7.4. Repeated attribution of the disability degree, 2006-2010...... 154 Table 7.5. Distribution of share by repeated disability degree, 2009 – 2010 ...... 154 Table 7.6. Attribution of permanent disability degree to persons with disabilities, 2006-2010 ...... 154 Table 7.7. Number of persons with a disability degree, rehabilitated partially and totally, 2006-2010...... 155

FIGURES Figure 1.1. Natality rate in European countries, 2010, %...... 15 Figure 1.2. Natality rate by area, 2000-2010, %...... 16 Figure 2.1. Identified vacancies, 2010...... 20 Figure 2.2. Placement of participants of job fairs during 2007-2010,%...... 21 Figure 2.3. Vocational training of unemployed persons during 2007- 2010...... 23 Figure 2.4. Categories of beneficiaries of unemployment benefit, 2008-2010 ...... 23 Figure 2.5. Dynamics of the unemployment benefit quantum, 2007-2010...... 24 Figure 2.6. Number of unemployed beneficiaries of the unemployment benefit and allocation, 2007-2010...... 25 Figure 2.7. Dynamics of inactive population, 2006-2010...... 27 Figure 2.8. Dynamics of the number of students and pupils in higher, secondary specialized and secondary

6 Contents

vocational institutions in 2005-2010, thousand persons ...... 28 Figure 2.9. Distribution of pupils in the secondary vocational education institutions by specialities, 2009/2010, in %. 31 Figure 2.10. Structure of the enrolled students, by the general education areas (Cycle I) in the academic year 2008-2010...... 33 Figure 2.11. Dynamics of admission of pupils and students in higher, secondary specialized and secondary vocational education institutions, 2005-2010, thousand persons...... 34 Figure 2.12. Share of job placement of graduates of higher, secondary specialized (colleges) and vocational education, 2005-2010...... 36 Figure 3.1. Distribution of resident population by age groups in 2010, persons...... 46 Figure 3.2. Dynamics of the total number of pensioners and employed population, thousand persons...... 47 Figure 3.3. Average pension quantum by categories in 2010, lei...... 55 Figure 3.4. Execution of state social insurance budget, 2002-2010 (thousand lei)...... 63 Figure 4.1. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of state social allowances and monthly expenses for their payment, 2000-2010...... 69 Figure 4.2. Dynamics of the quantum of the allowance for care, 2002-2010, lei ...... 71 Figure 4.3. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of monthly state allowances and annual expenditures, 2001-2010...... 74 Figure 4.4. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of state monthly nominal allowances, 2004-2010...... 77 Figure 4.5. Number of beneficiaries and average benefit amount by family, January 2009 – December 2010 ...... 78 Figure 4.6. Social home care service, 2002-2010...... 86 Figure 4.7. Dynamics of the number of social aid canteens, 2002-2010 ...... 87 Figure 4.8. Community social assistance service ...... 88 Figure 4.9. Types of centres, providing social services for adults and disabled persons...... 88 Figure 4.10. Number of social centres and beneficiaries/per month...... 89 Figure 4.11. Creation of social centres for adults and disabled persons ...... 89 Figure 4.12. Capacity of residential institutions for adults ...... 92 Figure 4.13. Relation between the expenses for one person accommodation in residential institutions...... 93 Figure 4.14. Monthly expenses for accommodation of one beneficiary compared to its contribution...... 93 Figure 4.15. Number of beneficiaries by age category and institution type ...... 94 Figure 5.1. Dynamics of the quantum of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2005-2010...... 99 Figure 5.2. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2008-2010...... 100 Figure 5.3. Ratio of beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth...... 101 Figure 5.4. Breakdown of households with children, by number of children and areas, 2010, %...... 103 Figure 5.5. Breakdown of households with children, by household type and areas, 2010 ...... 104 Figure 5.6. Distribution of households with children by quintiles and areas, 2010...... 104 Figure 5.7. Structure of the households with migrants by the number of children and household type, 2010 . . . . . 105 Figure 5.8. Breakdown of households with children by presence of migrants and quintiles, 2010...... 105 Figure 5.9. Average income size of the households with children, depending on the number of children and household type, 2010...... 106 Figure 5.10. Structure of social payments by household types, 2010 ...... 106 Figure 5.11. Structure of social payments by the number of children and household type, 2010,%...... 107 Figure 5.12. Distribution of the households with children by quintiles, 2010 ...... 107 Figure 5.13. Share of incomes of the households with children by quintiles, 2010...... 108 Figure 5.14. Breakdown of the households-beneficiaries of social payments by quintiles, 2010...... 108 Figure 5.15. Absolute poverty rate, 2006-2010, %...... 109 Figure 5.16. Children poverty rate by areas and zones, 2006-2010 ...... 109 Figure 5.17. Poverty rate depending on the number of children and household type , 2010,%...... 110 Figure 5.18. Children poverty level by occupational status of parents, 2010 ...... 110 Figure 5.19. Children poverty level by presence of parents in family, 2006-2010, %...... 111 Figure 5.20. Children poverty level by presence of parents, 2010, %...... 111 Figure 5.21. Number of day community centres, 2010 ...... 112 Figure 5.22. Institution of trusteeship/guardianship, 2008-2010...... 113 Figure 5.23. Adoption, 2008-2010...... 113 Figure 5.24. Number of children placed in the professional parental assistance service...... 114 Figure 5.25. Dynamics of the family-type homes for children, 2006-2010...... 114 Figure 5.26. Number of temporary placement centres...... 115

7 Annual social report 2010

Figure 5.27. Child protection forms, recommended by the Commission for protection of children in difficulty, 2010...... 118 Figure 5.28. Family-type protection forms, recommended by the Commission for protection of children in difficulty, 2010...... 118 Figure 5.29. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2007...... 119 Figure 5.30. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2008 ...... 120 Figure 5.31. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2009 ...... 120 Figure 5.32. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2010 ...... 121 Figure 5.33. Number of repatriated children during 2007-2010...... 121 Figure 5.34. Number of repatriated children in % and destination countries, 2007-2010...... 122 Figure 5.35. Native districts of repatriated children, 2009-2010...... 122 Figure 7.1. Categories of disabled persons in 2010, %...... 149 Figure 7.2. Dynamics of the number of disabled persons, 2006-2010...... 149 Figure 7.3. Breakdown of the number of disabled persons by disability degrees, 2006-2010 ...... 150

ANNEX Annex 1. Total number of pensioners and average pension quantum...... 160 Annex 2. Newly established pensions and average pension quantum ...... 163 Annex 3. Considerations on discrimination against women in law and practice in the Republic of Moldova...... 166 Annex 4. Number of persons with disabilities by categories, 2006-2010...... 174 Annex 5. Compensations for trips in urban, suburban and interurban transport, 2010...... 175 Annex 6. Compensation of transport expenses of persons with locomotor system disabilities (compensation quantum - 400 lei)...... 176 Annex 7. Primary disability by districts, 2009-2010, persons ...... 177 Annex 8. Distribution of persons with primary disability by nosologic forms, age and disability degree, 2010, persons...... 178 Annex 9. Repeated disability, 2009-2010, persons...... 179

8 Foreword

The Article 11 of the International Covenant on Taking into account the above-mentioned the An- economic, social and cultural rights, ratified by the nual Social Report for 2010, proposed to the reader, Republic of Moldova, stipulates the engagement of reflects the outcomes of social reforms, carried out in the governments to ensure „the right of everyone to the country in the last years, as well as identifies the an adequate standard of living for himself and his main problems faced by the social protection system, family and to the continuous improvement of living making proposals and recommendations to outrun conditions.” In the light of the above the Government concrete situations. The Annual Social Report may undertook to ensure population welfare through re- be seen as a relevant information source for sectorial forms, promoting sustainable economic growth and subdivisions, state administrative structures, schol- poverty reduction. ars, donor community, representatives of the civil so- In spite of very difficult conditions of 2009 eco- ciety active in the social area, and all the persons in- nomic recession and its consequences, considered in terested in social protection policies. the state budget, the efforts of the Government have I would like to express my gratitude to all special- continued to be focussed on ensuring the creation of ists and structures of the Ministry, implementing so- an eligible and efficient social protection system, im- cial protection policies, and to our partners from plying the targeted and reasonable use of public ex- non-governmental sector, for their contribution to penditures to the required extent towards the catego- the development of the Social Report for 2010. I do ries of population in need in order to avoid their hope that this report would contribute to a better un- social exclusion and reduce the poverty risk. derstanding of the reforms, carried out by the Minis- The social protection, as one of the basic compo- try, and could offer comprehensive answers to the nents of the state social policies, represents the main readers’ social problems. mechanism of the society in order to prevent, reduce or eliminate the negative effects of social risks, for the Valentina BULIGA, purpose of outrunning the vulnerability state and Minister of Labour, Social improvement of the quality of poor people’s lives. Protection and Family In the process of the implementation of social pro- tection reforms it is appropriate the analysis and for- mation of public opinion, initiation of public dia- logue on faced issues.

9 LIST of abbreviations

NEA – National Employment Agency LPA – Local Public Authority SSIB – State Social Insurance Budget ILB – International Labour Bureau (Office) NBS – National Bureau of Statistics SB – State Budget HBS – Household Budget Survey CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women NSIH – National Social Insurance House RCMEV – Republican Council for Medical Expertise of Vitality RECPOR – Republican experimental centre of prosthesis, orthopaedics and rehabilitation CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States SIF – Moldova Social Investment Fund RFSSP – Republican Fund for Social Support of Population ILO – International Labour Organization MIA – Ministry of Internal Affairs ME – Ministry of Economy MSPFC – Ministry of Social Protection, Family and Child MDGs – Millennium Development Goals IOM - International Organization for Migration WHO – World Health Organization NGOs – Non-governmental Organizations UN – United Nations OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe GDP – Gross Domestic Product UNDP – United Nations Development Program NRS – National Referral System USA – United States of America SIDA – Swedish International Development Agency EU – European Union UNFPA – United Nations Fund for Population UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women GMMI – Guaranteed minimum monthly income

10 Introduction

The negative effects of the global economic and to the previous years. As a useful working tool, the financial crisis from the end of 2008 had a deep im- Report is addressed to a large audience, interested pact on the country economic situation and on the in social protection issues. social area as well. Many existing social problems The participants in the drafting of the Annual changed for the worse. This generated the aggrava- Social Report for 2010 included the specialists of tion of the main social characteristics: decrease of the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Fam- the total number of population and active and em- ily, National Employment Agency, Republican ployed population, intensification of negative Fund for Social Support of Population, Republican trends in demographic processes, growth of unem- Council of Medical Expertise of Vitality, and Re- ployment, and maintenance of unreasonable differ- publican Experimental Centre of prosthesis, ortho- entiation in the incomes of various social-demo- paedics and rehabilitation. The specialists of the graphic population groups. National Social Insurance House and Family Social For the purpose of reducing the unfavourable Assistance and Protection Sections/Divisions pro- consequences and improving the situation, the vided the necessary data. Government assumed the commitment of the The Annual Social Report for 2010 consists of country economic stabilization and recovery seven chapters, representing an analysis of the situ- through the implementation of economic stimula- ation in the national social protection system, con- tion and socially-targeted policies, supported by ditioned by the social-political and economic reforms ensuring sustainable economic growth and changes, occurred during the first decade of XXI poverty reduction. century. The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Chapter One reflects the indicators of social- Family is the promoter of state social policy in the economic development of the Republic of Moldova field of population social protection, aiming at in- in 2010, and the dynamics of demographic vari- creasing the level of population life and provision ables. of state social guarantees. For this purpose, by out- Chapter Two presents the policies in the field of running the consequences and constraints of 2009 employment, migration, work remuneration and economic recession, the Ministry continued the re- vocational training. forms in this field, focussed on the insurance of an Chapter Three reveals the results of social insur- efficient, accurate and inclusive social protection. ance system monitoring. The reform of the national social protection sys- Chapter Four presents an analysis of the effec- tem conditioned the development of a system for tiveness and efficiency of social assistance system the evaluation and monitoring in this field, able to from the perspective of social allowances and ser- measure and reflect the occurring problems. Be- vices. ginning with 2009 the Ministry of Labour, Social Family and child social protection policies are Protection and Family develops the Annual Social reflected in Chapter Five, in particular the seg- Report, emphasizing the main problems in the im- ments on child repatriation and adoption. plementation of social policies, mid-term trends Chapter Six presents a retrospective of social and proposing a series of recommendations to policies in the field of gender equality, prevention overcome certain situations. and combating of domestic violence and traffick- The Report is an important instrument to mon- ing in human beings. itor the social situation in the country during a Chapter Seven presents the social protection year, simultaneously providing a retrospective look problems of persons with disabilities.

11 1. DYNAMICS of SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

1.1. Social-economic development ed 3136,1 million tonne-km, increasing by 10, 1% compared to 2009. The results of the development of the national The volume of retail sales by trade units economy in 2010, according to preliminary data, amounted to 25,1 billion lei in 2010, representing are presented as follows (except data of the enter- an actual increase by 8,9% compared to 2009. prises and organizations from Transnistria and Paid services delivered to population by offi- * Bender municipality.) cially registered units amounted to 14,2 billion lei, In 2010 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in the increasing by 5,3%, in comparable prices, com- nominal value of 71,8 billion lei, current market pared to 2009. prices, had an actual increase by 6,9% compared to The export of goods realized in 2010 amounted 2009. to 1,6 billion USD, increasing by 22,9% compared In 2010 industrial enterprises of all forms of to 2009 year. The import of goods amounted to 3,9 ownership had a production valued at 27,1 billion billion USD, increasing by 17,6% compared to the lei (current prices). The volume indices of produc- previous year. The deficit of commercial balance tion output constituted 107,0% (comparable pric- resulted with a deficit of 2,3 billion USD or by 282,4 es) compared to 2009. The increase of the indus- million USD (+14,2%) more compared to 2009. trial output compared to 2009 was determined by Average monthly salary of an employee in the the increase of the industrial volume in the enter- national economy constituted 2972 lei in 2010 or prises, as follows: processing industry – by 8,0%, by 8,2% more compared to the previous year. In the mining and quarrying – by 5,6%, energy sector – budgetary sector the average salary constituted by 1,0% that led to the increase of the total produc- 2549 lei, whereas in the real sector – 3214 lei, in- tion volume, with 6,8%, 0,1% and 0,1% accordingly. creasing accordingly by 6,0% and 9,1%. The agricultural production in all types of According to the data of the National Employ- households amounted to 19,7 billion lei, in current ment Agency the number of officially registered prices, increasing by 7,9% (in comparable prices) unemployed as at January 1, 2011 constituted over compared to 2009. The increase of agricultural 40,7 thousand persons. The number of unem- production was determined by the growth of ani- ployed, determined according to the criteria of the mal production (by 13,6%) and vegetal production International Labour Bureau, was 85 thousand per- (by 5,2%), too. sons in the third quarter of 2010. Fixed capital investments from all financing In December 2010 the consumer price indices sources in the national economy during January – (CPI) represented 108,1% compared to December December 2010 amounted to 12,9 billion lei, of 2009, while in 2010 it constituted 107,4% compared which 6,5 billion lei constituted construction-in- to 2009. stallation works, or accordingly 116,7% and 107,4% The following table presents the main macro- (in comparable prices) compared to the same peri- economic indicators, reflecting the social-econom- od in 2009. The exploitation of dwellings consti- ic development of the Republic of Moldova in tuted 78,0%. 2000-2009. The volume of goods delivery, carried out by railroad, auto, river and air transport enterprises, constituted 8,4 million tonnes, increasing by 4,1% compared to 2009, the turnover of goods represent-

* NBS data

12 1. Dynamics of social-economic and demographic indicators

Table 1.1. Main macroeconomic indicators, 2005-2010

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Gross domestic product, mil. lei 37652 44754 53430 62922 60430 71849 in % against previous year 107,5 104,8 103,0 107,8 94,0 106,9 Volume of industrial output1, mil. lei 20770,2 22370,7 26173,5 29988,4 22643,9 27056,5 in % against previous year 107,0 95,2 98,7 101,5 78,8 107,0 Agricultural production, mil. lei 12688 13734 12825 16503 13300 19715 in % against previous year 100,8 98,9 76,9 132,1 90,4 107,9 Fixed capital investments from all financing 7796,5 11012,3 15180,5 18123,1 10878,9 12927,4 sources, mil. lei in % against previous year 121,4 124,0 120,7 101,7 65,0 116,7 Including construction-installation works 3913,4 5908,3 8423,6 10212,6 5908,3 6479,3 in % against previous year 124,3 126,0 119,3 98,6 64,5 107,4 Exploitation of dwellings (total area) from 461,1 579,0 558,0 678,9 502,0 348,4 all financing sources, thousand 2m in % against previous year 134,2 125,6 96,3 121,7 73,9 78,0 Turnover of goods accomplished by trans- 4263,6 5206,52 4891,72 4868,72 2847,52 3136,12 port enterprises – total, mil. tonne-km in % against previous year 102,1 115,8 94,02 99,52 58,52 110,12 of which: railway 3052,9 3673,2 3120,.2 2872,7 1058,2 958,2 in % against previous year 101,6 120,3 84,9 92,1 36,8 90,6 road 1209,2 1531,42 1769,62 1994,02 1787,62 2175,92 in % against previous year 103,5 104,5 115,62 112,72 89,62 121,72 Goods delivered by transport enterprises – 15236,4 15483,72 16982,62 16537,22 8049,22 8380,82 total, thousand tonnes in % against previous year 93,3 96,7 109,72 97,42 48,72 104,12 of which: railway 11704,1 11092,5 11846,8 11006,2 4414,9 3858,3 in % against previous year 87,9 94,8 106,8 92,9 40,1 87,4 road 3419,7 4248,72 4968,32 5328,22 3451,52 4394,0 in % against previous year 118,0 102,4 116,92 107,22 64,82 127,3 Retail sales by trade units – total, mil. lei 11030,8 13620,7 16866,6 21387,2 19960,6 25085,2 in % against previous year 113,9 110,1 110,3 112,2 95,7 108,9 Stock-in-trade in commercial units (at the 2021,1 2685,1 3740,9 4781,1 5276,1 6700,8 end of the year), mil. lei in % against previous year 126,3 114,2 120,2 120,3 110,7 107,1 Paid services delivered to population by of- 6663,6 8029,0 9616,4 11046,0 12327,5 14245,7 ficially registered units – total, mil. lei in % against previous year 108,6 104,9 104,2 98,8 103,1 105,3 Export, mil. USD 1091,3 1051,6 1341,7 1591,2 1287,5 1582,1 in % against previous year 110,8 96,4 127,6 118,6 80,9 122,9 Import, mil. USD 2292,3 2693,2 3689,5 4898,8 3278,3 3855,3 in % against previous year 129,6 117,5 137,0 132,8 66,9 117,6 Deficit of commercial balance, mil. USD -1201,0 -1641,6 -2347,8 -3307,6 -1990,8 -2273,2 in % against previous year 153,3 136,7 143,0 140,9 60,2 114,2 Average monthly salary of an employee in 1318,7 1697,1 2065,0 2529,7 2747,6 2972,2 the national economy, lei in % against previous year 119,5 128,7 121,7 122,5 108,6 108,2 Actual salary of an employee, % in % against previous year 106,8 114,2 108,4 108,7 108,6 100,7

13 Annual social report 2010

Number of officially registered unemployed 21,7 20,4 18,9 17,8 38,7 40,7 (at the end of the year), thousand persons in % against previous year 103,3 93,7 92,8 94,4 216,9 105,3 Consumer price indices, in % against previ- 111,9 112,7 112,3 112,7 100,0 107,4 ous year of which: food 113,7 109,1 111,0 115,6 94,4 105,7 industrial goods 112,3 116,4 113,1 108,3 99,7 107,3 services 107,8 114,7 114,3 116,5 108,2 109,1 * Preliminary data. 1 The indicator includes the calculated production output of enterprises, which present annual statistic reports. 2 Including data on enterprises with other economic activities, which perform road freight transportation and use 10 or more own or rented trucks.

1.2. Demographic profile The population represents a macroeconomic and rural population – 2078,1 thousand persons; variable with specific characteristics, having an im- 51,9% are women and 48,1% are men. As for the pact on the main part of economic and social pro- population structure by area during the last 11 cesses and phenomena and having significant ef- years it remained unchanged: 58,4% - rural popula- fects on labour market, economic growth and tion and 41,6% - urban population. As compared to social cohesion. Demographic decline is caused by the situation as at January 1, 2009 the number of the negative development of three components population decreased by 7,1 thousand persons (natality, general mortality, external migration), (that would constitute the population from three which set the number and structure of population large villages) and by 3,3 thousand persons against by age, family etc. 2009. Though the population decline rate is de- Unfortunately, the reduction of population creasing, the growth of this indicator was noticed number is a permanent phenomenon and is regis- last year. tered yearly, being caused by the decrease of the The natality rate increased compared to 2008, social-economic and living levels, breakdown of but remained constant during 2009 and 2010, rep- family relations, change of individual and cultural resenting 11,4%. With an insignificant increase this values, external migration, leading finally to demo- indicator is lower than the natality rate in the Euro- graphic decline and population ageing. This deter- pean countries (Ireland – 17,0%, France – 12,9%, mines the change of population structure by age in Sweden - 12,0%, Estonia – 11,8%, Albany – 11,9%, favour of old-age population groups, as a firm and Montenegro – 13,7%, Macedonia – 11,5%). The to- sustainable trend, becoming the main risk factor in tal fertility rate has started increasing and in 2009 the population structure due to a great increase of constituted 1,33 children born per woman (the the number of elderly persons. highest value in the last decade) compared to 1,28 According to demographic projections there are children in 2008. no premises that would generate a significant change The population structure by area is differenti- in the demographic development, indicating that ated. About 30% of the total population lives in the population decline will continue. Without the inter- north and centre, where the population density is vention of the adequate policies the effect of unfa- the highest – over 100 inhabitants per km2 (in some vourable phenomena will strengthen the negative counties – up to 126 inhabitants per km2). Over impact on long-term demographic reproduction. 15% live in the south, where the population density is under 75 inhabitants per km2. The inhabitants Demographic evolution from Chisinau mun. represent the fifth part of the As at January 1, 2011 the number of resident total population number and about half of its ur- population constituted 3560,4 thousand persons, ban population. The population from TAU Gagau- including urban population – 1482,3 thousand, zia constitutes about 5% of the total population.

14 1. Dynamics of social-economic and demographic indicators

18 17,0 16 13,7 14 12,9 11,4 12,0 11,8 11,9 11,5 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Ireland France Sweden Moldova Estonia Albany Montenegro Macedonia

Figure 1.1. Natality rate in European countries, 2010, %.

Beginning with 1996 the life expectancy at birth by 0,7% compared to 2008. About 15,2% of rural is in continuous increase and in 2009 it constituted population exceeded the age of 60 (2009 - 15%; 65,3 years for men (2008 – 65,6 years), and 73,4 years 2008 - under 15%). In the total number of rural fe- for women (2008 – 73,2 years). Depending on the male population the share of elderly women is habitat this indicator constituted 71,51 years in ur- 17,9% (2008-17,7%; 2009-17,9%). The critical ban areas (2008 – 71,22 years) and 67,95 years in ru- highest level of this indicator was reached in 11 ral areas (2008 – 68,22 years). However, compared to counties. Resulting from this data, the social poli- the European countries this indicator is still low in cies shall require to be targeted to different age cat- the Republic of Moldova. In 2009 the life expectancy egories with a considerable attention to elderly per- in the European Union countries constituted 76,4 sons in order to ensure their secure ageing. Gender years for men and 82,4 years for women (according discrepancies in the most vulnerable population to the third report of the European Union on Euro- area, as elderly persons, shall require more femi- pean demographic situation in 2010). nine specialization of social, medical and psycho- Conditioned by the differences in the mortality social services. rates, the average life duration of the inhabitants of The significant ageing flow will be produced in urban areas was higher than of those from rural ar- 2014, when the share of persons aged 0 -14 shall be eas, accordingly by 3,5 years for men and 3,2 years equal to the share of persons aged 60 and over. for women. Then, according to projections, the first variable The decrease of the natality and emigration de- will be characterized by a constant decrease, while termined the reduction of young population and the second variable – by a constant increase till growth of elderly population share, increasing the 2050. The ageing represents a demographic struc- demographic ageing level. In 2010 the share of the tural trend with potential dramatic social and eco- population of under-working age constituted nomic consequences both for the state budget and 17,8% (2009 - 18,2%; 2008 - 17,1%), population of population in case of not taking the appropriate working age - 66,7% (2009-66,5%), and over work- measures. Obviously, pensions and health services ing age - 15,5% (2009 - 15,3%). are the most affected fields. At the beginning of 2010 in the Republic of Moldova the share of population aged 60 or over Birth rate constituted 453,5 thousand persons (2008 – 441,1 According to the official statistic data in 2010 thousand; 2009 – 445,4 thousand), of which over the number of live-births represented 40462, high- half (60,6%) are women. Two thirds of the total er by 1444 compared to 2008 and lower by 341 number of elderly persons are rural inhabitants. In compared to 2009. The birth rate constituted 11,4 2010 the population ageing coefficient increased live-births per 1000 inhabitants, as in the previous compared to 2009 by 0,4%, constituting 14,4%, and year.

15 Annual social report 2010

14 12,4 12 11,4 11,8 11,2 11,4 10,8 11,5 10 10,2 9,7 10,1 9,4 9,2 8 8,4 8,25 6

4

2

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 rural urban

Figure 1.2. Natality rate by area, 2000-2010, %.

The level of the natality in rural area is higher increase of the number of divorces etc. According than in urban areas, representing 11,2% and corre- to demographic forecast, the next years shall be spondingly 10,2%. Over a half (51,3%) of the total characterized by a gradual decrease of the natality number of live-births were boys, constituting 105 rate, conditioned by the achievement of the repro- boys against 100 girls. ductive age by not-numerous female generations, It is to be mentioned that the increase of the born at the end of XX century – beginning of XXI number of births in 2008 was reached due to a century. These not-numerous generations shall de- higher number of fertile women, born in the demo- termine the number of female population of fertile graphically favourable period of 90’s of the last cen- age and number of children, born in the next de- tury. The total natality indicator is still 40% lower cades, which also requires to be forecasted depend- than the necessary level for simple demographic re- ing on the significant factor of human resources’ production through sequence of generations. In mobility at international level (emigration/immi- 2009 the fertility rate constituted 1,33 children per gration). woman during lifetime (1,28 in 2008). The decrease of the fertility rate in the last decade is the result of Mortality the impact of a great number of economic, social, The mortality rate of 12,3 deaths per 1000 in- cultural, medical and other factors, specific to soci- habitants in 2010 and 11,8 deaths in 2009 is higher ety reform process. than in the European countries, where the average In 2010 the number of children outside mar- mortality rate constituted 9,7 deaths per 1000 in- riage constituted 9055 (22,4% of the total number habitants. In 2010 the general mortality rate in- of live-births), by 3,2% lower than in 2009, while creased compared to 2008, when the mortality rate the share of this group of children was by 7,5% was equal to 2009, representing an increase by 1683 higher than in 2008. An insignificant increase of deaths in three years. In general the mortality rate the share of live-births of I d. was noticed, consti- in urban areas is lower than in rural areas, with cer- tuting 54,3% (2008, 2009 – 53,2%), while the share tain variations, however being characterized by an of live-births of II, III and IV d. and over went obvious increase trend. down. The main part of children born in numerous The structure of mortality rate by death causes families is related to rural area – 81,3% (2009, 2008 reveals that the main part of deaths was caused by – 80,9%). circulatory system diseases (56,2%), malignant tu- The evolution of the current demographic situ- mours (13,1%), digestive diseases (10,0%), acci- ation and its correlations was conditioned by the dents, poisoning and trauma (8,5%), respiratory negative impact of a range of factors on the country diseases (5,6%), and other causes (6,9%). The anal- natality rate, such as: population urbanization, the ysis of the death causes of able-bodied persons rate of women engagement in social-economic ac- demonstrates that the able-bodied persons consti- tivities, growth of training duration, mobility phe- tuted 30,3% (13241 persons) of the total number of nomena, decrease of the number of marriages and deaths (43631) in 2010.

16 1. Dynamics of social-economic and demographic indicators

According to the data, provided by the Ministry Gender differences are significant; more women of Health, the maternal death represents an inte- decided to emigrate than men, having a serious im- grated indicator, which characterizes medical-orga- pact on the natality rate. nizational, social-economic and influence aspects In 2010, 4714 persons left the country for a per- of the negative environmental factors on the general manent residence abroad (in 2009 - 6663; in 2008 women’s health and certainly on reproduction - 6988). The most active migration relations are health. Thus, the maternal mortality coefficient for with Ukraine and Russia (2227 and 1162 emigrants, 2008 – 2010 constituted 32,4 deaths per 100 thou- accordingly). 523 citizens of the Republic of Mol- sand live-births, compared to 22,9 deaths for 2007 dova chose USA for permanent residence, Israel – – 2009, and in 2010 it constituted 44,5 deaths. 232, and Germany – 220. The majority of emi- The infant mortality rate went down compared grants, both women and men, belong to 20 – 29 to 2008 by 0,4%, representing 11,8 deaths per 1000 and 30 - 39 age groups, having a secondary and inhabitants. Although the infant mortality rate is professional education degree. Those with a high still lower compared to former soviet countries, this education degree constituted 15% of the total num- indicator is higher than in the European countries. ber of emigrants. The main causes of infant death remained pre- A part of the emigration from the country is natal disorders, constituting 40,8% of the total compensated by the repatriation of natives from number of deaths under 1 year, congenital malfor- Moldova and immigration. According to the data, mations, deformations and chromosome abnor- provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in malities – 27,0%, respiratory diseases – 13,2%, ac- 2010, 1678 persons were repatriated (in 2009 – cidents, poisoning and trauma –7,1%. 2222 persons, in 2008 – 2023 persons). In 2010, 2512 persons immigrated to Moldova, of which Marriages and divorces 140 persons got the permanent residence permit In 2010 the rate of marriages constituted 7,4 mar- and 2372 persons – fixed-term residence permit. riages per 1000 inhabitants (in 2008 – 7,5), while the The distribution by immigration purpose is pre- rate of divorces constituted 3,2 divorces per 1000 in- sented as follows: for study – 31,6%, work – 32,4%, habitants (in 2008 – 3,5). In 2010, 26,5 thousand family immigration – 36,0%. marriages were registered, by 1,1% lower compared According to the data, provided by the Ministry to 2009, the rate of marriages representing 7,4 mar- of Information Technologies and Communica- riages per 1000 inhabitants. The main part of men tions, as at January 1, 2011, 91853 persons were married in 2010 belongs to 25 – 29 age group registered as departed abroad for a period from 1 to (35,1%), and women married in 2010 – 20–24 age 2 years (compared to 12.07.2009 - 16914); 66196 group (47,9%). The average age at first marriage rep- persons – for a period from 2 to 3 years (+3692) resented 26 years for men and 23 years for women. and 126255 persons (+25047) for a period of over 3 In 2010 the number of divorces, pronounced by years. The total number of registrations amounted the court decision, constituted 11,5 thousand di- to 713397, by 15993 less compared to the previous vorces, by 3,2% lower compared to 2009, in average year, and by 16101 more compared to 2008. The to- representing 3,2 divorces per 1000 inhabitants. tal number of citizens left abroad from 15 – 64 age The number of divorces in cases of couples with group (with the highest share of able-bodied per- children constituted 30,0% of the total number, and sons) constituted 659089 persons, by 24542 less the number of children affected by parents’ divorce compared to 2009, including those 115317 persons represented 4697. The divorce, as a demographic absent for more than 3 years, which is by 21668 element, has a negative impact on fertility rate. persons more than in 2009. Based on the distribu- tion by three age groups: 15-29 years, 30-39 years, Migration and 40-49 years, in the total number of those per- Migration is a phenomenon, which changes in sons absent for more than three years, the number time the population number and structure by sex of persons from 30-39 age group increased by and age, thus having an impact on demographic 15800 persons, and the number of persons from characteristics and processes, in medium and long 15-29 age group – by 11253 persons, representing terms. In 2010, as in the previous years, more per- an increase by 51994 persons of the total number of sons emigrated from Moldova than immigrated. persons absent for more than 3 years.

17 Annual social report 2010

The emigration of adults affects children as resenting the highest rate in the region. Based on much as poverty. Thousand children remain alone specialists’ findings, although the parents leave to at home, when their parents leave. The number of look for work abroad for a certain period of time, children without parental care reached a threatful the effects on child could be similar to the loss of rate, becoming a national problem. At present ac- the parent caused by divorce or death. cording to the UNICEF data over 100 thousand children live without one or both parents, this rep-

18 2. LABOUR MARKET IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

The national labour market is an essential com- request. The persons, which could not be employed ponent of the economic system and reflects the due to lack of adequate working places and which tendencies of its development. As result of eco- do not correspond to the standards of the Law on nomic reforms, carried out after 1990, the new or- employment and social protection of job-seekers, ganizational principles of the social-economic sys- are assigned as unemployed. tem had a negative impact on labour market, The unemployed registration is realized by fill- especially: reduction of working places, low em- ing in an individual card upon presentation of the ployment rate, unemployment, discrepancy in the following documents: offer and demand of labour force. a) identity card; In these conditions the role of the public employ- b) education and training diploma; ment service is to apply the employment strategies in c) work record card (for the persons with previ- order to ensure a better job placement and efficient ous work experience) or other documents, proving social protection of persons seeking for a job. that the person is not employed; This chapter includes the analysis of the existing d) certificate, attesting the lack of any activity in employment system: structure and objectives of the order to obtain incomes (is issued free-of-charge public employment service, employment actions based on p.3 of the Government Decision no.862 carried out on labour market, and the situation on from July 14, 2003). the labour market in the Republic of Moldova. Upon agencies’ request the person could also present the extract from the individual insured 2.1. National employment system person’s account, issued by the territorial structures of the National Social Insurance House. The Public Employment Service, represented by Simultaneously, the unemployed presents a the National Employment Agency (NEA) and its written declaration on its own responsibility that territorial structures, has the purpose to assist the he is not employed, not engaged in any economic persons seeking for a job in their integration on the activities in order to obtain incomes and does not labour market. The local employment agencies study in any education institutions with daily atten- provide a range of employment services in order to dance, according to the sample approved by the assist the job-seekers and find an adequate job. National Employment Agency. The Public Employment Service has the follow- ing objectives: 2.2. Employment actions, promoted • Prevention of unemployment and combat- on labour market ing its social effects; • Employment or re-employment of persons; According to the law on employment and social • Insurance of equal opportunities on labour protection of job-seekers, the unemployed persons market; could address to the territorial employment agen- • Stimulation of employers for the employ- cies, placed in 35 localities of the Republic of Mol- ment of job-seekers; dova: 32 – in districts, 2 – in municipalities and 1 • Social protection of job-seekers; – in TAU Gagauzia in order to benefit by active and • Population information on the offer and de- inactive measures. mand on labour market. The persons seeking for a job have the right to 2.2.1. Active measures request the assistance of the territorial employment The active measures for employment stimula- agencies of his place of residence, by presenting a tion consist in the growth of employment opportu-

19 Annual social report 2010 nities for job-seekers, stimulation of employers for In order to increase the opportunities of job- employment of persons and creation of new work- seekers’ integration or reintegration on labour mar- ing places. ket and also taking into account their individual abilities, the local employment agencies develop in- 2.2.1.1. Labour mediation dividual mediation plans. In 2010, 5214 individual The mediation services are granted for free by mediation plans were developed. the local employment agencies to the job-seekers During 2010, 104457 persons (including unem- and include information on the vacancies and em- ployed persons) benefited of labour mediation ser- ployment conditions, and also preliminary selec- vices. As result of mediation services provision, tion of candidates corresponding to job require- 14891 persons were employed. ments, according to the candidate education, skills It is to be mentioned that the information on and interests. Free mediation services are also vacancies, provided by the employers, is the key granted, upon request, to employed persons, will- stage in labour mediation. In 2010 the National ing to change their job. This category also includes Employment Agency registered 30248 vacancies owners of agricultural lands, not assigned as unem- (by 3145 more compared to 2009) using various ployed. identification techniques and methods.

Identification of vacancies 2010

13, 02 % 26, 13% Visits to employer’s premises Communication with employers Presentation by the employer to NEA

60, 06 %

Figure 2.1. Identified vacancies, 2010

The most frequent method, used by the Nation- vide information on the current situation on labour al Employment Agency, for identification of vacan- market at national and local levels; ensure mainte- cies was communication with employers (written, nance of the activity of the local information net- telephone, fax, e-mail), thus 18338 vacancies being work of the labour market. registered (or 60,6% of the total registered vacan- Another way of finding a job is the Information cies), compared to 15055 (56,0%) vacancies regis- Centres on Labour Market from mun. Chisinau, tered in 2009. Employers presented 7906 (26,13%) Balti and Cahul. These Centres provide consulting vacancies to the National Employment Agency and and information on employment opportunities, 4006 (13,02% ) vacancies were identified as result thus contributing to the stimulation of labour mo- of the visits to employer’s premises. (Figure 2.1.). bility. According to its status the Information Cen- Of the total number of vacancies the majority of tre provides the following services to population: them are provided for workers – 23437 vacancies employment opportunities, information on local or 77,5%, and 6811 or 22,5% – to clerks. Over a half and national labour market, the offer and demand of them belong to private sector - 58,4%, public of labour force and their employment conditions sector - 27,4%, other ownership forms - 14,2%. by means of self-information and self-service. The mediation services are rendered to the citi- The labour mediation activity was also support- zens of the Republic of Moldova through the terri- ed by the organization in the Information Centres torial employment agencies. These agencies pro- on Labour Market of a range of informative work-

20 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova shops on the provisions of the laws on labour force measures in case of unemployment; employment, and also instructive seminars „Tech- - education institutions from the country; niques and methods to find a job”. - registration procedure at the territorial em- A new information service, provided by the Na- ployment agencies; tional Employment Agency is the Call Centre – La- - legal migration for work; bour Market. By dialling 0 80001000 (free-of- - other information on labour market. charge for fixed number) you are provided with the The following performances (reflected in the following information: Table 2.1) were achieved through the services, pro- - vacancies and their employment conditions; vided by the local employment agencies. - employment services and social protection

Table 2.1. Labour mediation services, 2007-2010 2007 2008 2009 2010 Registered unemployed 48398 46230 79241 81523 Employed 23367 22185 17001 14681 Beneficiaries of mediation services 69978 67121 105488 104457 Telephone services 5558 7546 6074 4207 Organization of information-instructive workshops 368 431 371 484 Registered vacancies Information on labour market (radio, TV, mass-media) 1314 1329 683 694 Source: NAE.

In order to facilitate the integration on labour 18 more compared to 2009. 458 economic agents market, the labour mediation activity was support- participated in these fairs. They proposed 7,2 thou- ed by the organization of job fairs, implying the sand vacancies for 11,1 thousand participants. The participation of both employers and job-seekers. In number of persons employed as result of these fairs 2010, 63 job fairs and small fairs were organized, by constituted 1785 persons. Table 2.2. Job fairs, 2007-2010 2007 2008 2009 2010 Organization of job fairs 71 81 45 63 Number of economic agents, participating in job 777 936 413 458 fairs Number of vacancies, proposed at job fairs 12501 15981 5508 7200 Number of participants in job fairs 13375 14267 6424 11100 Number of employed persons as result of job fairs 2529 3182 1444 1785

2008 2009 2007 2010

18,9% 22,5% 22% 16,08%

Figure 2.2. Placement of participants of job fairs during 2007-2010,%

21 Annual social report 2010

2.2.1.2. Public works The organization of public works and the proce- tation to 56,4 thousand persons, of which 79,3% dure of unemployed involvement in public works with unemployed status. The number of beneficia- are regulated by the provisions of the Article 22 of ries increased compared to 2009 by 81,5%. 50,5 the Law no.102-XV from March 13, 2003 on em- thousand persons benefited of individual counsel- ployment and social protection of job-seekers, ling, of which 52,6% were women. 4252 persons or Government Decision no. 1121 from October 14, 7,5% of the number of beneficiaries of information, 2004 on approval of the procedure of unemployed vocational counselling and orientation services involvement in public works, and the Article 78 of were employed thanks to these services. the Law no. 436 from December 28, 2006 on local public administration. 2.2.1.4. Orientation and vocational training The unemployed can be involved in public The vocational training is an important compo- works by: public services of infrastructure repair nent of the continuous training of job-seekers, reg- and maintenance, greening activities, public use istered at the territorial employment agencies, from works, activities related to home care of children, the age of 16, who have or do not have a profession sick, elderly persons etc. and can not be employed due to the lack of corre- During 2010 public works with a temporary sponding jobs. The vocational training of unem- character were organized in 293 economic units. ployed persons is carried out on the basis of the 1817 unemployed were involved, of which 1489 Law no. 102-XV on employment and social protec- persons – rural inhabitants. These works represent tion of job-seekers, and according to the Regula- a great chance for involvement of the unemployed tions on the way of organization of vocational with actual difficulties in reintegration on labour training of unemployed, approved by the Govern- market. In local aspect the majority of unemployed ment Decision no. 1080 from September 5, 2003. were involved in public works in Cantemir, Sol- The vocational training ensures the facilitation danesti, Taraclia and Basarabeasca. of social integration of the unemployed persons 2.2.1.3. Information and vocational counselling corresponding to their professional aspirations and labour market requirements; allows the re-qualifi- The information and vocational counselling cation conditioned by economic reforms, social services, provided by the local employment agen- mobility or change of labour capacity. cies, play a great role in the activity of the public The unemployed persons are directed to the employment service. The local employment agen- courses of vocational training by the territorial em- cies provide free-of-charge services of information ployment agency, where the unemployed is regis- and vocational counselling to the graduates of the tered, based on the following documents: identity education institutions, unemployed persons and card; education diploma; work record card (for the job-seekers. The main activities of population vo- persons with previous work experience); medical cational orientation are information and vocational certificate and the results of the individual profes- counselling, the training „Labour Club” and in- sional consultation. The duration of courses varies structive seminars. The information and vocational from 2 to 6 months depending on profession. counselling includes a range of free services, pro- According to current laws the courses of voca- vided to job-seekers and is aimed at: tional training for unemployed persons are free-of- • Provision of information on labour market charge. The issuance of graduation certificates is and jobs dynamics; made according to the standards of the Ministry of • Evaluation and self-evaluation of the person Education. for the purpose of professional integration In 2010 the agency concluded cooperation con- or reintegration; tracts with 31 education institutions, providers of • Development of the abilities and self-confi- vocational training, which gave the possibility to dence in order to decide upon its own career; study 40 professions. In 2010, 2380 persons, in- • Training on the methods and techniques of cluding 1703 women, graduated vocational train- job seeking. ing courses. 70,7% got primary qualification, 23,1% In 2010 the local employment agencies provid- - requalification, and 6,3% - perfection. The em- ed information, vocational counselling and orien-

22 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova ployment after graduation constituted 73,6% (in The most required professions were: hairdress- 2009 – 67%). er, pastry chef, accountant, vehicle mechanic, and electrical/gas welder. 5000

4000 4753 4616 4453 4382 4381 3000 4100 3425 2000 2380 3143 2428 1946 2987 1751

1000 1731 2046 2250 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Registered Graduated the Employed after Attended at the courses graduation beginning of the year Figure 2.3. Vocational training of unemployed persons during 2007- 2010

2.2.2. Inactive measures The inactive social protection measures include registered at the employment agency as unem- the provision of an unemployment benefit and an ployed at least 3 calendar months and due to the allocation for vocational integration or reintegra- lack of corresponding jobs they could not be em- tion on labour market and are aimed at financial ployed, will benefit by the employment benefit af- support of the unemployed persons. ter at least 3 calendar months from the date of reg- The payment period and amount of the unem- istration of the request at the agency. The persons, ployment benefit are established according to the who stopped their activity due to the reduction of provisions of the Articles 31-33 of the Law no.102- the number of staff units or liquidation of the en- XV on employment and social protection of job- terprise, will benefit by the employment benefit af- seekers, determined for each unemployed person ter at least 3 calendar months from the date of dis- depending on the circumstances of work activity missal. In case if these persons were registered at completion and length of service. the employment agency later that the determined The unemployment benefit is paid beginning period, the unemployment benefit is paid begin- with the eighth day from the date of registration of ning with the eighth day from the date of registra- the request for a job at the agency. The persons, tion of the request for a job at the agency. who were dismissed, looked actively for a job, were

169 dismissed due to force major 2025 2010 5292 4411 expiration of the individual labour contract 156 1566 resigned 2009 3177 3686 141 dismissed 1042 2008 1569 1651

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Figure 2.4. Categories of beneficiaries of unemployment benefit, 2008-2010

23 Annual social report 2010

In 2010, from the total number of 81523 unem- and the persons that resigned represent the highest ployed registered at the territorial employment share in the total number of unemployed eligible agencies 12225 persons (by 3194 more compared for unemployment benefit. to 2009) benefited by the employment benefit. The The average quantum of the unemployment persons, dismissed as result of the reduction of staff benefit constituted 915 lei in 2010. units and liquidation of the enterprises (36,08%)

1000 900 915,35 854,83 800 700 661,58 600 549,49 500 400 300 200 100 0 2007 2008 2009 2010

Average size of the unemployment benefit (lei)

Figure 2.5. Dynamics of the unemployment benefit quantum, 2007-2010

Another inactive action of social protection of The allocation quantum constitutes 15% of the the unemployed persons is the allocation for voca- average salary in economy for the previous year tional integration or reintegration on labour mar- and is granted for a period of 9 months. ket, in order to ensure the financial support of cer- During 2010, 3498 persons benefited by the al- tain vulnerable categories of unemployed persons location for vocational integration or reintegration non- insured against the unemployment risk. on labour market. The highest share in the total The allocation for vocational integration or re- number of beneficiaries of the allocation for voca- integration on labour market is granted according tional integration or reintegration is related to the to the provisions of the Article 34 of the Law persons, in the expired child care leaves – 2452 per- no.102-XV on employment and social protection sons. The persons, who could not be employed due of job-seekers, to certain categories of persons with to the fulfilment of the military service constitute a long break on labour market. 520 persons, and after being released from prison – 414 persons etc. Table 2.3. Beneficiaries of the allocation for vocational integration or reintegration on labour market, 2008–2010 Categories of beneficiaries of vocational (re)integration, 2008 2009 2010 persons TOTAL 3610 4009 3498 Expiration of disability period 57 50 55 Expiration of the period for taking care of a child 2956 3148 2452 Expiration of the period for taking care of a disabled family 17 22 21 member After fulfilment of military service 211 370 520 After being released from prison or social rehabilitation 333 392 414 Victims of human trafficking 22 18 20 With special status (Dubasari) 5 9 16

24 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

90000 79241 81523 80000 70000 60000 48396 50000 46230 40000 30000 20000 9031 12225 4945 4823 10000 3398 3610 4009 3498 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 year unemployed unemployment bene t allocation

Figure 2.6. Number of unemployed beneficiaries of the unemployment benefit and allocation, 2007-2010

2.3. Unemployment1

According to the Labour Force Survey (devel- The economically active population (or la- oped by the National Bureau of Statistics), in 2010 bour force) comprises all the persons of 15 years economically active population of the Republic of and over, which provide labour force, available for Moldova constituted 1235,4 thousand persons, in the production of goods and services during the reference period, including employed and unem- decrease to the previous year (- 2,4%). This de- ployed population. crease is caused by the drop with 41 thousand of the number of employed persons. The share of men In 2010 the number of unemployed popula- among active persons exceeded the share of wom- tion increased compared to 2009 by 11 thousand en (51,0% and 49,0%). Significant discrepancies persons and constituted 92 thousand unemployed. were registered in the distribution by areas. The The unemployment affects mainly men - 62,3% and share of rural population was higher than the share persons from urban area - 62,4%. At the country of urban population (51,8% and accordingly level the unemployment rate constituted 7,4% in 48,2%). 2010, in increase with 1,0% compared to the previ- Activity rate of population of 15 years and ous year. Significant disparities were registered for over constituted 41,6% in 2010, in decrease to the the unemployment rate for men - 9,1% and women previous year (42,8%). Higher values were regis- - 5,7%; in urban - 9,6% and rural areas – 5,4%. tered for men - 45%, as compared to the rate for In 2010 employed population constituted women - 38,6%. The activity rate among urban 1143,4 thousand persons, in decrease (3,5%) as population was higher - 47,2%, compared to the compared to 2009. The distribution by sex reveals activity rate among rural population - 37,5%. The that the share of men was almost equal to the share highest activity rate (61,4%) was registered for the age category of 45-54 years. This situation reveals Employed population covers all the persons the fact that although the effects of the economic of 15 years and over, which during those 7 days crisis were perceptible at the level of the national of the reference week (the week prior to the interview), from Monday to Sunday, including, economic dimension; the urban area continues to carried out, regularly or occasionally, an economic provide more employment opportunities com- or social activity producing goods or services pared to rural area. for at least one hour in order to achieve certain incomes in form of salary, in kind remuneration or other benefits, even if these incomes were not 1 Data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics are used been received during that week. in this Chapter.

25 Annual social report 2010 of women (50,1% and 49,9% accordingly). Em- It was higher for men (40,9%) as compared to ployed population of rural area represented 52,9% women - 36,4%. In the distribution by areas the of the total employed population, and the urban – employment rate represented 42,7% for the urban 47,1%. The employed population went down com- area and 35,4% for the rural. The highest employ- pared to 2009 by about 41 thousand persons. ment rate (58,4%) was registered for the age group In 2010 employment rate of population con- of 45-54 years. The dynamics of the above-men- stituted 38,5%, in decrease (-1,5%) compared to the tioned indicators reveals a decreasing trend of the previous year (40,0%). value of these indicators during the last years. Table 2.4. Economically active population and employed population, 2003-2010 Indicators 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Population, total, thousand 3618,3 3607,4 3600,4 3589,9 3581,1 3572,7 3567,5 3560,4 persons Economically active 1473,6 1432,5 1422,3 1357,1 1313,8 1302,8 1265,3 1235,4 population, thousand persons Activity rate, % 51,6 49,7 49,0 46,3 44,8 44,3 42,8 41,6 Employed population, 1365,5 1316,0 1318,7 1275,3 1247,2 1251,0 1184,4 1143,4 thousand persons Employment rate, % 47,3 45,7 45,4 42,9 42,5 42,5 40,0 38,5

The structure of population by age groups re- and own account workers keep the same values as veals that the share of young persons (15-24 years) in the previous year. constituted 10,3 % from the total, adults (25- 54 Economically inactive population of 15 years years) - 74,3% and of persons of 55 years and over and over represented 58,4% from the total of the - 15,4%. same age group, being in increase (+ 2,3%) com- According to the education level of the em- pared to the previous year. In 2010 the number of ployed persons, the persons with secondary and persons, declared as left abroad in looking for a job, vocational education represented - 45% compared constituted 311 thousand persons, compared to the to 45,9% in 2009, with higher education – 23% previous year (295 persons in 2009). compared to 21,9% in 2009, secondary specialised - 16% compared to 16,4% in 2009, gymnasium – Economically inactive population from eco- nomic point of view comprises all the persons, ir- 15,6% compared to 15,0% in 2009. respectively of age, who neither have worked at The analysis of employed population by activi- least one hour, nor were they unemployed during ties of national economy reveals that 27,5% of the the reference period, and include the following total employed persons worked in the agricultural categories: sector, being in decrease by 5,7% compared to - pupils or students; - pensioners (of all kinds); 2009. 72,4% were employed in the non-agricultural - housewives (carrying out only domestic work sector, of which 13% in industry, and 5,9% in con- within the household); struction. - persons supported by other people or by state, According to the distribution by forms of own- or from other incomes (rents, interests, etc.); ership, 65,2% of population were employed in pri- - persons declared as left abroad for a job or job- seekers. vate ownership units and 28,4% in public units. The share of private sector was higher in agricul- ture (97,8%), constructions (96,0%), trade (92,2%) During the last years an increase of inactive hotel business (80,0%), manufacturing industry population is noticed, due to the growth of the (69,2%). number of persons left abroad and number of el- The structure of population by the status in em- derly persons. ployment reveals that employees represented 70,7%, and the own account workers - 26,0% of the total employed persons. The shares of employees

26 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Inactive population, persons

1750

1700

1650

1600 Inactive population

persons 1550

1500

1450 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 years

Figure 2.7. Dynamics of inactive population, 2006-2010

2.3.1. Unemployment and job placement of youth The analysis of the main labour market indicators During 2010 the territorial employment agen- reveals that the young persons remain the most vul- cies provided information and counselling services nerable population category on the labour market. to 23,2 thousand young persons, which represents In 2010 the unemployment rate for this catego- 41% of the total number of beneficiaries of these ry was by 1,8 times higher than the unemployment services. rate at country level and constituted 13,9%, com- 1826 young unemployed persons were trained pared to the employment rate of 7,4% at country that constitutes 76,6% of the total number of grad- level. uates of the vocational training courses, represent- From the total number of 92 thousand unem- ing an increase by 1,7% compared to 2009 (74,9%). ployed persons (NBS data), about 41,5 thousand 1360 young persons or 74,6% were employed as re- persons were from the age category of 15 – 29 years, sult of this training. that constitutes 45%. The young people of the age category of 15-29 2.4. Staff vocational training and years constituted 24% of the total active popula- employment tion. The activity rate of young persons (30,8%) was twice lower than the activity rate of the able- The regulation of the process of staff vocational bodied population from the age category of 45-54 training and adjustment of the vocational training years (61,4%). system in accordance with labour market require- The share of employed young persons remains ments is stipulated in the following laws: low, representing 22,5% of the total number of em- - Law on education no.547-XIII from July 21, ployed population, compared to the share of em- 1995, art. 40 d), which stipulates that public au- ployed population (27,2%) from the age category of thorities approve the plan (state order) for staff 45-54 years, which represents the able-bodied pop- training in the institutions of secondary profes- ulation. sional, secondary specialized and higher education; The employment rate of young persons (26,5%) - Law no.1070-XIV from June 22, 2000 on ap- was lower, compared to the employment rate at proval of the Nomenclature of specialities for staff country level, which constituted 38,5%. training in the higher and secondary specialized Of the total number of unemployed persons, institutions (Article 2), which stipulates that the registered at the territorial employment agencies, Government is responsible for the coordination of the young persons aged 15 – 29 constituted 36,5%. the share of staff training in private education; 5820 young persons were employed, which consti- - Law no.142-XVI from July 7, 2005 on approval tutes 39,6%, being in decrease by 2,8% compared to of the Nomenclature of vocational training areas 2009 (42,4%). and specialities for staff training in higher educa-

27 Annual social report 2010 tion institutions, cycle I (Article 3), which stipu- 2.4.1. Students and pupils quota lates that the Government is responsible for the According to the data of the National Bureau of coordination of the share of staff training in both Statistics on the activity of higher education institu- private higher education institutions and state in- tions, at the beginning of 2010 – 2011 in 33 higher stitutions on a tuition fee basis, with payment of education institutions (19 public and 14 non-pub- education fee. lic), the total number of students (cycle I – Licenti- Based on the above-mentioned laws the Gov- ate and cycle II – Masterat) constituted 107813 per- ernment regulates the admission process, regard- sons, representing a decrease compared to 2009 by less the type of institution and financing source, in 1,9%. Of the total number of students, 72,1% at- order to make more efficient the specialists train- tended day education courses and 27,9% - part-time ing for economic activities, to ensure the balance courses. between personnel production and job offers in the As for the secondary specialized education 48 country, to avoid staff surplus and the difficulties colleges were functioning, their number increasing occurring at the graduates hiring, as well, to create by one compared to the previous year. 42 colleges and ensure competitive education conditions. The are public institutions and 6 colleges are non-pub- state regulation of admission in colleges and insti- lic institutions. At the beginning of 2010 – 2011, tutions of secondary vocational education is per- 32164 pupils studied in the secondary specialised formed with the purpose to set a ratio of employed education institutions, with an insignificant de- population by education level: clerks and manag- crease of 0,3% compared to the previous years. ers; specialists; workers. The network of secondary vocational institu- From the perspective of implementation of state tions comprises 75 units, of which 2 units belong to policies on vocational training of the required staff non-public sector. As in the previous years the net- in the system of higher, secondary vocational and work of secondary vocational institutions compris- secondary specialised education, annually, the Gov- es 23 schools of trades (including 6 units under de- ernment approves the admission plans for corre- tention centres) and 52 vocational schools, where sponding institutions, for specialities and crafts, 21,4 thousand pupils are studying, or 3,3% less in from state budget and on tuition fee basis, taking comparison with the previous year. into account the number of graduates in secondary education institutions of the corresponding year, the demographic trends and labour market situation.

140 126,1 128 122,9 120 109,6 109,8 107,8

100

80

60

40 30,6 27,1 30,2 31,3 32,7 32,2

20 25 24,5 23,7 24,3 22,2 21,4 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

higher secondary specialized secondary vocational

Figure 2.8. Dynamics of the number of students and pupils in higher, secondary specialized and secondary vocational institutions in 2005-2010, thousand persons

28 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Of the total number of 107813 pupils at the be- tion institutions constitutes 56,8% and it increased ginning of 2010 – 2011, 82,4% were enrolled in by 0,4% compared to 2009 – 2010. public higher education institutions and 17,6% - Of the total number of students enrolled in in non-public institutions. Compared to 2009 – higher education institutions, 71,3% study on a tu- 2010 there is a decrease in the number of students ition fee basis or by 0,9% less compared to the pre- both in non-public institutions (by 3,1%) and pub- vious year. 62,8% of students, studying on contract lic institutions (by 1,6%). basis, attend day education courses, against 93,4% The share of women enrolled in higher educa- - in case of those attending part-time courses.

Table 2.5. Number of students in higher education institutions by education and ownership forms, 2009/10 – 2010/11 academic years 2009-2010 2010-2011 including: including: Total Total Tuition Tuition students women students women fee fee Total 109.892 62.015 79.328 107.813 61.202 76.906 day 78.231 44.727 49.684 77.742 44.649 48.819 part-time 31.661 17.288 29.644 30.071 16.553 28.087 Public institutions 90.256 51.669 59.692 88.791 51.269 57.884 day 65.518 37.744 36.971 64.696 37.471 35.773 part-time 24.738 13.925 22.721 24.095 13.798 22.111 Non-public institutions 19.636 10.346 19.636 19.022 9.933 19.022 day 12.713 6.983 12.713 13.046 7.178 13.046 part-time 6.923 3.363 6.923 5.976 2.755 5.976 Source: NBS.

Of the total number of students in higher edu- get. In the academic year 2010/11 the number of cation institutions, 94958 persons or 88,1% are en- these students constituted 30907 persons, in in- rolled in Cycle I (Licentiate education), in higher crease with 343 persons (1,1%) compared to the medicine and pharmacology and preBologna high- academic year 2009/10 (Table 2.6.). The total num- er education, in decrease with 3961 persons (-4%) ber of students in higher education, Cycle II (Mas- compared to the previous academic year. The num- ter’s degree), financed from the budget, increased ber of students enrolled in Cycle II (Master’s de- by 1308 persons (32,8%) compared to the previous gree) constituted 1932 persons, or 11,9% of the to- academic year 2009-2010. However, during the last tal number of students, in increase with 17,1% years, the number of students per 10 thousand in- compared to the previous academic year 2009/10, habitants decreased from 351 persons in 2005 – on tuition fee basis. 2006 to 303 persons in the academic year 2010 – During the last years there is an increase of the 2011. total number of students, financed from the bud-

29 Annual social report 2010

Table 2.6. Higher education students by cycles and ownership forms, 2009/2010 – 2010/2011 academic years (persons) 2009/10 2010/11 including: including: Total Non- public Total Non- public students public, students public, total budget Total budget total total Total 109.892 19.636 90.256 30.564 107.813 19.022 88.791 30.907 Licentiate higher education (Cycle I) 93.404 17.751 75.653 23.438 90.702 17.032 73.670 22.420 Master’s higher education (Cycle II) 10.973 1.341 9.632 3.987 12.855 1.932 10.923 5.295 Medical and pharmacology higher education 4.106 – 4.106 3.101 4.186 – 4.186 3.192 preBologna higher education 1.409 544 865 38 70 58 12 – Source: NBS. By the education language the situation of the In the total number of pupils of 32164 persons students is as follows: 84,5 thousand persons (78,4% (Table 2.7.), studying at the beginning of the aca- of the total number of students) study in the official demic year 2010 – 2011 in colleges, the share of language, 21,0 thousand persons (19,5%) in Rus- women was higher, amounting to 17936 persons or sian language, 1,4 thousand persons (1,3%) in Eng- 55,8%, but in decrease by 0,5% compared to the lish language and 0,9 thousand persons (0,8%) in academic year 2009 – 2010. other languages (French, German, Ukrainian etc.). Table 2.7. Number of pupils in secondary specialized education institutions by ownership forms, at the beginning of 2009-2010 – 2010-2011 academic years 2009/10 2010/11 including: Total including: Total Tuition fee Tuition fee pupils women pupils women basis basis Total 32249 18148 14084 32164 17936 13480 Public institutions 29810 16367 11645 29753 16223 11069 Non-public institutions 2439 1781 2439 2411 1713 2411 Source: NBS. From the total number of pupils admitted in the in the academic year 2010 – 2011. secondary specialized education institutions, As for the secondary vocational education, 41,9% study on a tuition fee basis or by 604 persons from the total number of 21419 pupils at the begin- (4,3%) less compared to the previous year 2009/2010. ning of the academic year 2010 – 2011 (Table 2.8.), At the same time the number of pupils, financed 18785 pupils (87,7%) are enrolled in vocational from the budget, constituted 18,7 thousand persons schools and 2634 pupils (12,3%) – in schools of or by 2,9% more compared to the previous academ- trades. From the total number of pupils in the sec- ic year. By the education language, the situation of ondary vocational education institutions, 18776 pupils was as follows: 27,2 thousand pupils study in pupils (87,7%) study in urban area. 99,4% from the the official language (84,6%), 4,6 thousand pupils - total number of pupils study in public institutions, in Russian language (14,3%) and the others (1,1%) and 20520 pupils (or 95,8%) are financed from the combine two education languages (Gagauzian and budget. In the last years there is a decrease in the Russian). The number of pupils in the secondary number of pupils in the secondary specialized edu- specialized education per 10 thousand inhabitants cation per 10 thousand inhabitants from 70 per- increased in the last period from 75 persons in the sons in the academic year 2005/2006, to 60 persons academic year 2005/2006, to 90 persons registered registered in the academic year 2010 – 2011.

30 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Table 2.8. Number of pupils in the secondary vocational education institutions by institution types and areas, at the beginning of 2009/10 – 2010/11 academic years 2009/10 2010/11 including: din care: Total Funded from the Total pupils Funded from pupils women women budget the budget Total 22161 6996 21068 21419 6566 20520 Schools of trades 2536 640 2380 2634 654 2508 Vocational schools 19625 6356 18688 18785 5912 18012 Urban 19425 6193 18357 18776 5754 17877 Schools of trades 1633 329 1502 1629 306 1503 Vocational schools 17792 5864 16855 17147 5448 16374 Rural 2736 803 2711 2643 812 2643 Schools of trades 903 311 878 1005 348 1005 Vocational schools 1833 492 1833 1638 464 1638 Source: NBS. This education level is required mainly by boys, majority of pupils in the vocational education insti- their share constituting 69,3% of the total number tutions study in the official language (85,3%), and of pupils, enrolled in the vocational education in- 3,1 thousand pupils (14,7%) – in Russian language. stitutions. The share of pupils, receiving state schol- By pupils’ age, the share of pupils aged 16 is higher arships, constituted 82,1%, in decrease by 13,8% (30,2%), followed by pupils aged 17 – 22,1% and compared to the academic year 2009 – 2010. The aged 15 – 20,9%.

constructions 25,3 26,9 21,6 services 19,4

metal processing industry 13,8 15,8 2010 13 transport 9,4 2009 8,1 agriculture 10

telecommunications 6,4 6,6 6,3 food industry 6,2 4,2 light industry 4,6

Figure 2.9. Distribution of pupils0 in the5 secondary10 vocational15 education20 institutions25 by specialities,30 2009/2010, in % 2.4.2. Admission of pupils and students in vocational education

In order to ensure the access to qualitative edu- tional education institutions in 2010. Based on this cation for the purpose of continuous provision of decision, 50051 persons were enrolled, of which labour market with qualified specialists and work- 28840 persons (57,6%) financed from the budget ers, the Government approved the Decision no. 443 and 21211 persons (42,4%) on a contract basis with from May 28, 2010 on the plans for admission in payment of a tuition fee, increasing by 3236 per- higher, secondary specialised and secondary voca- sons (6,9%) compared to the plan, approved by the

31 Annual social report 2010

Government in 2009, including by the following persons funded from the budget, being in increase education levels: by 1300 persons or by 10,7% compared to 2009). Higher education, Cycle I - 22486 persons (in- According to the data of the National Bureau of cluding: 6985 persons (31%) financed from the Statistics, 27895 students were enrolled in 2010 in budget and 15501 persons or 69% on contract ba- the higher education institutions (Table 2.9.). sis), increasing by 3061 persons (in decrease by 285 I. Licentiate higher education (Cycle I, medi- persons funded from the budget and in increase by cine and pharmacy). 21150 were enrolled, in de- 3346 persons on contract basis) or 15,8% compared crease by 93 persons (0,4%) compared to the level to 2009; of the previous year. At the same time the admis- Master’s higher education (Cycle II) - 2775 sion plan, approved by the Government, has not persons funded from the budget, in increase by 305 been accomplished completely, remaining uncov- persons (12,3%) compared to 2009; ered 1336 places (-6%). 6640 persons were enrolled Secondary specialized education - 10390 pu- at Cycle I with a budget financing, in decrease by pils (5580 persons or 53,7% - funded from the bud- 345 persons (4,9%) compared to the plan approved get), being in increase by 936 persons (9,9%) com- by the Government, being also in decrease by 418 pared to the actual admission of 9454 persons in persons (5,9%) compared to 2009. The number of the previous year; enrolled students on tuition fee basis constituted Secondary vocational education - 14400 pu- 14510 persons, being lower by 991 persons (-6,4%) pils, in increase by 1400 persons (10,8%) compared against the approved plan, and in increase by 262 to the approved plan for 2009 (including 13500 persons (2,5%) compared to 2009.

Table 2.9. Admission in higher education institutions, 2005/06 – 2009/10 Enrolled (persons) In public including: In non-public total institutions contract budget institutions 2005/06 34.553 29.154 22.376 6.778 5.399 2006/07 25.854 22.414 14.908 7.506 3.440 2007/08 23.767 20.314 12.167 8.147 3.453 2008/09 29.122 24.730 13.173 11.557 4.392 including: Cycle I, medicine and pharmacy 23.889 20.321 10.303 10.018 3.568 Cycle II 5.233 4.409 2.870 1.539 824 2009/10 27.075 22.718 13.198 9.520 4.357 including: Cycle I, medicine and pharmacy 21.243 17.607 10.549 7.058 3.636 Cycle II 5.832 5.111 2.649 2.462 721 2010/11 27.895 23.128 13.601 9.527 4.767 including: Cycle I, medicine and pharmacy 21.150 17.451 10.811 6.640 3.699 Cycle II 6.745 5.677 2.790 2.887 1.068 Source: NBS.

17451 students were enrolled in public higher ed- 27,9% of the number of students enrolled to Cycle I ucation institutions, to the Cycle I, in decrease with in the field of Social science, Economy and Law, 0,9% compared to 2009, and 3699 persons were en- and a decrease of the number of enrolled students rolled in non-public institutions, in increase with 63 in the field of Technologies, Architecture, Con- persons (1,7%) compared to the previous year. structions (by 26,3%), Natural science, Exact sci- In the academic year 2010/2011, compared to ence (by 20,9%). the academic year 2009/10, there is an increase by

32 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Services 5,5 6,3 6,5

Health 4,1 3,3 3,5

Agriculture 2,8 3 2,8

Engineering, technologies, architecture, constructions 23,1 27,2 20,1

Science 9,3 7,9 6,2

Social, economic science and law 28,3 26,8 34,4

Humanities 6,1 7 6,3

Education 19,8 16,7 18,1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2008 2009 2010

Figure 2.10. Structure of the enrolled students, by the general education areas (Cycle I) in the academic year 2008-2010

II. Master’s higher education, Cycle II. In the III. Secondary specialized education (colleges). academic year 2010-2011, 6745 persons were en- In 2010, 9121 persons were enrolled in these insti- rolled to the Cycle II, in increase with 15,7% com- tutions (Table 2.10.), registering a decrease by 3,5% pared to the previous year, of which 2887 persons compared to the previous year, including: 5507 pu- – financed from the budget that exceeds by 4% the pils – financed from the budget (60,4%) and 3614 admission plan approved by the Government, be- pupils (39,6%) – on a tuition fee basis. In 2010 col- ing at the same time in increase with 5,3% com- leges enrolled by 1269 pupils less (-12,2%) against pared to 2009. the admission plan approved by the Government 5677 persons were enrolled in public higher edu- for 2010. At the same time the number of requests cations institutions (in increase with 11,1% com- during the last years maintained the same level of pared to the previous year). 1068 persons were en- 139 per 100 admissions. rolled in non-public higher institutions, registering a The main part of pupils in the secondary spe- significant increase by 347 persons or 48,1% com- cialized education were enrolled in public colleges pared to the previous year. (91,9%). As in the Licentiate higher education (Cycle I), By the education level of enrolled persons, 81,0% there is an increase by 22,3% of the number of stu- were enrolled based on gymnasium education, dents, enrolled in the field of Social science, econo- 12,3% – lyceums, 6,2% – general secondary schools, my and law. and 0,5% – secondary vocational education.

Table 2.10. Admission in secondary specialized education institutions, 2005-2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Enrolled, persons 10734 9892 10135 10702 9454 9121 Public institutions 9823 9109 9327 9772 8690 8385 Non-public institutions 911 783 808 930 764 736 Source: NBS. Compared to the academic year 2009, there is The most requested specialities are: economy an increase of the share of pupils, enrolled on the (13,4% of the total number of enrolled persons), basis of gymnasium education (by 1,6%) and a de- medicine (11,4%), transports (8,2%), pedagogy crease of the share of those enrolled on the basis of (7,5%), services (6,6%), constructions (5,1%), me- general secondary schools (by 1,3%). chanics (4,9%), informatics (4,1%), etc. These spe-

33 Annual social report 2010 cialities were mainly requested by the pupils en- the previous year, of which the majority - 13454 per- rolled on a tuition fee basis: services (76,7% of the sons were enrolled on the basis of budget financing. number of pupils enrolled in this group), transports At the same time it registered an increase by 6,8% (64,4%), economy (54,9%), informatics (53,6%). against the actual admission in 2009. 18,3% of the to- IV. Secondary vocational education. In 2010, tal number of pupils were enrolled in schools of trades 14168 persons were enrolled in these institutions (Ta- and 81,7% - in vocational schools. The share of en- ble 2.11.), registering an increase by 5,8% compared to rolled pupils from rural areas constituted 71,7%.

Table 2.11. Admission in secondary vocational education institutions, 2005-2010

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Enrolled, persons 15424 15494 16242 15320 13390 14168 Schools of trades 4003 3725 3221 3200 2465 2587 Vocational schools 11421 11769 13021 12120 10925 11581 Source: NBS. At the same time as in the previous years, the gas welder regger (6,4% against 5,5%), computer most requested specialities were: mechanic in the operator (5,4% at the level of 2009), joiner (4,2% repair of vehicles (11,4% in 2010 compared to 7,8% against 4,9%), tractor operator-machinist of agri- in 2009), plasterer (8,7% against 9,5%), cook (8,3% cultural production (4,1% against 5,1%) etc. against 6,0%), tailor (8,3% against 10,1%), electro-

35 34,6

30 25,9 23,8 23,9 25 21,2 21,2 20 16,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 14,2 15 13,4

10 9,9 10,7 10,7 9,4 10,1 9,1 5

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Higher Colleges Secondary vocational

Figure 2.11. Dynamics of admission of pupils and students in higher, secondary specialized and secondary vocational education institutions, 2005-2010, thousand persons

Table 2.12. Implementation by the central bodies of the admission plan in higher, secondary specialized and secondary vocational education institutions in 2010 2010 Planned Actual Deviation (+,-) Education types/ Including Including Planned Ministries Total Tuition Total Tuition Total Tuition Budget Budget Budget fee fee fee Enrolled – total 50051 28840 21211 51184 28488 22696 1133 -352 1485 1. Higher education-cycle I 22486 6985 15501 21150 6640 14510 -1336 -345 -991 a) Public institutions 18386 6985 11401 17451 6640 10811 -935 -345 -590 Ministry of Education 15163 5230 9933 14295 4896 9399 -868 -334 -534 Ministry of Agriculture and 1590 540 1050 1551 540 1011 -39 -39 Food Industry

34 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Ministry of Health 750 500 250 700 500 250 Ministry of Culture 368 250 118 329 225 104 -39 -25 -14 Ministry of Internal Affairs 290 240 50 290 243 47 3 -3 Ministry of Defence 150 150 161 161 11 11 Academy of Science 75 75 75 75 b) Non-public institutions 4100 4100 3699 3699 -401 -401 2. Higher education - cycle II 2775 2775 6745 2887 3858 3970 112 3858 3. Secondary specialized 10390 5580 4810 9121 5507 3614 -1269 -73 -1196 education a) Public institutions 9225 5580 3645 8385 5507 2878 -840 -73 -767 Ministry of Education 6520 3590 2930 5845 3438 2407 -675 -152 -523 Ministry of Agriculture and 1180 849 189 1004 870 134 -176 -176 Food Industry Ministry of Health 1100 800 300 1098 800 298 -2 -2 Ministry of Culture 375 270 105 307 268 39 -68 -2 -66 Ministry of Internal Affairs 81 81 81 81 Border Guard Service 50 50 50 50 b) Non-public institutions 1165 1165 736 736 -429 -429 4. Secondary vocational 14400 13500 900 14168 13454 714 -232 -46 -186 education a) Public institutions 14200 13500 700 14042 13454 588 -158 -46 -122 b) Non-public institutions 200 200 126 126 -74 -74 Source: MLSPF, NBS. 2.4.3. Graduation and job placement According to the current laws, the job place- exclusively based on an individual contract, con- ment of the graduates of staff vocational training cluded with the Ministry of Health. At the same institutions is the responsibility of the education time, according to current laws, the graduates ben- institutions in cooperation with the relevant minis- efit by a range of facilities at job placement, espe- tries, to which they are subordinated. The job cially in rural sector. placement of young specialists with higher and sec- In 2010 the number of graduates of higher edu- ondary specialized education was approved by the cation constituted 28,4 thousand persons, increas- Government decision no. 923 from September 4, ing by 6,8% compared to the previous year. Of the 2001 on job placement of graduates of higher and total number of graduates, 22,0 thousand persons secondary specialized education institutions. In or- (77,4% of the total number of graduates) accom- der to determine the young specialists, which stud- plished Cycle I; 4,6 thousand - Cycle II (16,3%) ied in the groups financed from the budget in high- and 1,8 thousand (6,3%) higher medical/pharmacy er and secondary specialized education institutions, and PreBologna education. Compared to 2009, to register at the work place according to their dis- there is an increase of the number of graduates of tribution, the public higher and secondary special- Cycle I by 21,1%, medicine and pharmacy - by ized education institutions had to conclude with 8,2%. In 2010, 1187 students graduated higher pre- the students (the pupils enrolled at the I academic Bologna education, compared to 7885 persons in year (day courses) in budget-financed groups) con- 2009. 22,4 thousand persons (78,7%) of the total tracts on training and job placement after gradua- number of graduates studied in public higher edu- tion, depending on state needs. cation institutions, of which 6,7 thousand (30,1%) In accordance with the Government decision were financed from the budget. no. 1396 from November 24, 2003 on training of According to statistical data, in 2010, 6,8 thou- resident doctors and pharmacists and job place- sand graduates (or by 4,0% less compared to the ment of young specialists, beginning with the aca- previous year) were registered in colleges. 27,0% of demic year 2003/2004, the training of doctors and the total number of graduates attended the special- pharmacists in the frame of post-graduate studies, ized courses, others (73,0%) attended simultane- with financing from the state budget, is carried out ously general courses. The share of women in the

35 Annual social report 2010 total number of persons-graduates of the second- tal number of graduates got the qualification of ary specialized education institutions constitutes cook, 9,3% – tailor, 9,0% – mechanic in the repair 55,8%. The distribution of graduates by education of vehicles, 8,7% – plasterer, 6,0% – computer op- fields is the following: medicine (18,0%), economy erator, 5,6% – electro-gas welder, 4,4% – joiner, (15,8%), pedagogy (7,8%), transport (7,3%), infor- 4,1% – tractor operator-machinist of agricultural matics (5,8%), law (4,6%), services (4,4%), con- production etc. structions (4,3%), According to the available statistical data, in 2010 In 2010 the number of graduates of the secondary the level of job placement of graduates was much re- vocational education institutions constituted 13,2 duced due to the lack of corresponding jobs and ad- thousand persons, representing an increase by 3,0% equate remuneration, as well as due to the surplus of compared to the previous year. 68,3% of the total graduates of the higher education institutions in cer- number of graduates attended the vocational training tain education fields: economy, law etc. The job fairs courses, others (31,7%) attended simultaneously gen- for youth and the Forum of trades and professions, eral courses. 10,9 thousand persons (82,6%) graduat- organized in 2010 at the premises of the Palace of ed vocational schools, and 2,3 thousand persons Republic granted the young specialists the possibili- (17,4%) graduated the schools of trades. ty to negotiate the job placement with 42 economic The share of women in the total number of per- agents. 1000 vacancies were provided to about 2000 sons-graduates of the secondary vocational educa- persons from the municipality. Following this job tion institutions constituted 31,1%. 9,4% of the to- fair, 115 persons were employed. Table 2.13. Dynamics of the number of graduates of vocational training institutions and their job placement, 2005-2010 (persons) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Graduates of higher education institutions, Cycle I 17415 16984 19972 29614 26611 28408 Including day education 12050 11458 13263 22288 15264 19672 Of which employed: 1244 1560 1230 2273 2292 2039 Their share in the total number, % 10,3 13,6 9,3 10,2 15,0 10,3 Including budget-financed,% 23 39,8 19,6 19,6 23,6 23,7 Secondary specialized (colleges) 4906 3789 6433 6619 7075 6794 Including day education 4535 3189 6073 6149 6650 6794 Of which employed: 1710 1391 2266 3050 3117 3087 Their share in the total number, % 37,7 43,6 37,3 49,6 46,9 45,5 Secondary vocational 11274 14486 12916 12993 12854 13238 Of which employed: 7268 8910 8221 9059 8277 8481 Their share in the total number, % 64,5 61,5 63,6 69,7 64,4 64,1 Source: NBS.

100% 64,5 61,5 63,6 69,7 64,4 64,1 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 37,7 43,6 37,3 49,6 46,9 30% 45,5 20% 10% 10,3 13,6 9,3 10,2 15 23,7 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

higher secondary specialized secondary vocational Figure 2.12. Share of job placement of graduates of higher, secondary specialized (colleges) and vocational education, 2005-2010

36 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

According to the data of the National Bureau of 2.5.1. Immigration in the Republic of Moldova Statistics, on job placement of young specialists of foreign citizens and stateless persons (2009 graduation), only 3883 persons of the total According to the provisions of the Article 13 of number of 26,6 thousand graduates were employed the Law on labour migration, foreign citizens and during one year after graduation, the employment stateless persons may immigrate for work in the rate constituting 14,6%. The graduates in the fol- Republic of Moldova within the limits of the quota, lowing education areas were mainly employed: set by the Government annually. In 2010 this quota „Social science, economy and law” (1697 persons), constituted 1300 persons. „Education” (896 persons), as well as „Engineering, During 2010, the National Employment Agen- processing technology, architecture and construc- cy, the institution responsible for granting and/or tions” (507 persons). The majority of employed extension of the right to work, granted the right to graduates were registered at the specialities: „Law” work to 707 foreign citizens, including within the (411 persons), „Finances and banks” (365 persons), immigration quota: administrators – 152 persons, „Accounting” (269 persons), „Education science” executive officers (deputy heads, managers etc.) – (190 persons), „General medicine”(225 persons). 186, constructors – 72, pedagogues – 34, and engi- The lower number of employed graduates were neers – 66. registered in the following fields: „Agriculture” (50 persons), „Humanities and arts” (113 persons), 2.5.2. Emigration for work of the citizens of „Science” (117 persons), and at the specialities, like the Republic of Moldova „Science of soil”, „Astronomy”, „Engineering and The data from the Labour Force Survey in technology of railway transport”, „Protection of households reveal that in 2010 the number of per- plants”, „Environment protection” was registered sons, declared left abroad for work or looking for a the lowest employment level, only by one graduate job, constituted 311 thousand persons. The break- being employed. down by sex reveals that the greatest share of mi- grant workers (198 thousand persons) is formed of 2.5. Labour force migration men, while in the distribution by residence area the main share is represented by persons from rural The management of labour force migration is area – 143,3 thousand persons. The majority of carried out according to the provisions of the inter- persons, left abroad, are married and are aged 25- national instruments, ratified by the Republic of 34 and 35-44. Moldova, agreements in this field, and the provi- These trends are also confirmed by the statisti- sions of the Law no. 180 from July 10, 2008 on la- cal data, which reflect a higher share of migrants bour migration, Law no. 200 from July 16, 2010 on with general secondary education (lyceum) and status of foreigners in the Republic of Moldova, and vocational education in comparison with higher other laws. and secondary specialized education. Table 2.14. Migrants of 15 years and over, by education level, sex and residence area Education level Total Urban Rural Men 198,0 54,7 143,3 Women 113,0 35,9 77,1 Higher Men 15,6 8,6 7,1 Women 17,6 9,6 8,0 Secondary specialized Men 20,7 9,8 10,8 women 20,0 8,5 11,5 Secondary vocational Men 57,5 16,4 41,1 Women 22,0 6,8 15,3 Lyceum, secondary general Men 50,1 13,3 36,8

37 Annual social report 2010

Women 29,3 6,8 22,5 Gymnasium Men 52,3 6,2 46,2 Women 23,9 4,2 19,7 Primary or illiterate Men 1,8 0,5 1,3 Women 0,1 0,0 0,1 TOTAL 311,0 90,6 220,4 Source: NBS.

Labour force migration from the Republic of by free visa entry, knowledge of Russian language, Moldova is oriented to two destination regions: to and the relatively low expenses for travel and em- CIS countries, prevailing in Russian Federation – ployment. The free access on labour market of Rus- 191,9 thousand persons, of which 147,2 thousand sian Federation gives the possibility of return after men and 44,7 thousand women, and to Western a relatively short period of time (from 3 months to European countries, in particular Italy, destination 1 year) and integration of the migrant in family and country for workers, migrating to EU. In compari- society. At the same time it is to be mentioned the son to CIS countries, the share of women is higher small number of Moldovan citizens, employed (40,1 thousand persons). Other important destina- abroad, who registered the individual labour con- tions are: Greece - 2,5 thousand; Portugal - 5,1 tracts (in 2010 – 332 compared to 236 in 2009) that thousand; Israel - 8,2 thousand and Romania - 2,3 leads to the reduction of their support in the field thousand. The fact of such an imposing number of of social security. migrants, leaving to Russian Federation is caused

Table 2.15. Migrants of 15 years and over, by destination country, sex and residence area Both sexes Men Women Total in the Total in the Total in the Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural country country country All countries 311,0 90,6 220,4 198,0 54,7 143,3 113,0 35,9 77,1 Greece 2,5 1,0 1,5 0,8 0,3 0,5 1,8 0,7 1,0 Israel 8,2 1,6 6,6 0,8 0,2 0,5 7,4 1,3 6,1 Italy 58,6 20,1 38,5 18,5 6,3 12,2 40,1 13,8 26,3 Portugal 5,1 1,9 3,1 3,9 1,4 2,5 1,2 0,5 0,7 Romania 2,3 1,6 0,6 1,8 1,3 0,4 0,5 0,3 0,2 Russia 191,9 49,4 142,5 147,2 37,2 110,0 44,7 12,2 32,5 Other countries 42,4 15,0 27,4 25,0 8,0 17,1 17,3 7,1 10,2 Source: NBS.

2.5.3. Policies, promoted in the field of labour migration In order to develop and strengthen the bilateral - between the Government of the Republic of and multilateral cooperation with the destination Moldova and the Government of the Russian Fed- countries of migrant workers, as well as to increase eration on cooperation in the field of labour migra- the protection level of the persons working abroad, tion and temporary labour activity of migrant the Republic of Moldova concluded bilateral agree- workers on the territory of the Republic of Moldo- ments in the field of labour and labour migration va and Russian Federation; with the Russian Federation, Italy, Ukraine, Belarus - between the Government of the Republic of and Azerbaijan. Moldova and the Government of Italy in the field During 2010 the following agreements were of labour migration and of the Protocol related to drafted in order to be signed: the implementation of the Agreement between the

38 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

Government of the Republic of Moldova and Gov- mation services. At the same time the persons can ernment of Italy in the field of labour migration. access the vacancies on the web-site that provides For the purpose of strengthening the institu- more transparency in self-accessing the vacancies. tional cooperation relations, targeted to a prompt The self-occupation rooms and units rendered resolution of the problems, related to labour migra- 6678 electronic mediation services and 4951 phone tion management, analysis of data on record of mi- services. grants and mutual exchange of the relevant regula- In order to inform the citizens of the Republic tory acts, the Cooperation Agreement between the of Moldova working abroad on the opportunities of Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family social-economic reintegration in the Republic of of the Republic of Moldova and the Federal Migra- Moldova, two information fairs on labour market tion Service of the Russian Federation was drafted. were organized for Moldovans, temporary working A number of Government decisions were ad- in Italy and Germany. opted with the purpose of adjusting the regulatory Another Project implemented in the framework acts to the provisions of the new laws: of the Mobility Partnership is IOM Project „Support- - no. 62 from February 4, 2010, on adjustment ing the implementation of the migration and develop- and abolishment of some Government decisions; ment component of the EU-Moldova Mobility Part- - no. 1187 from December 22, 2010, on estab- nership”. The main components of this Project are: lishment of One Stop Shop, in order to optimize Supporting the implementation of the EU-Mol- and facilitate the procedure of foreigners’ docu- dova Mobility Partnership; mentation, including those coming for work pur- Developing the capacities of Moldovan Govern- pose. ment in Diaspora out-reach programming and as- An efficient mechanism for migration reg- sociations of Moldovan migrants; ulation and coordination at national and bilateral Supporting the children left behind by migrants; levels between the Republic of Moldova and Euro- Promotion and facilitation of the return and re- pean Union countries is the Mobility Partnership, integration of Moldovan migrants. which has the purpose to ensure the migration le- An important component of this Project is the gal character, improvement of the impact of migra- development of the Extended Migration Profile. tion on development, and promotion of return During 2010 a Technical working group was estab- policies, in the light of human rights protection. lished, the concept and the terms of reference of the The Project „Strengthening the capacity of the extended migration profile were developed. Republic of Moldova to better manage the labour In order to implement the Action Plan on stim- market and return of migrants in the framework of ulating the return of the Moldovan migrants work- the Mobility Partnership with the European Union” ing abroad (approved by the Government decision is implemented in the framework of EU-Moldova no. 1133 from October 9, 2008), in 2010 various Mobility Partnership. The basic objective of this types of leaflets (6400 copies) were developed, pub- Project is to facilitate the reintegration on Moldo- lished and disseminated. The leaflets are intended van labour market of the persons, who returned for the persons looking for a job and include the voluntary or forced from EU, and provide assis- following information: tance to Moldovan migrants for a better use of their „Services for job-seekers”, which informs capacities and resources, gained during migration the person what it can request from the Employ- experience for their own benefit and for the devel- ment Agency; opment of Moldova. „The ABC for professional success”, provid- The Call Centre – Labour Market was opened ing the information about what is a letter of inten- in the framework of this Project. It contributes to tion, the general rules of the letter of presentation, the fulfilment of one of the main objectives of the how to write a CV etc.; National Employment Agency – improvement of „Vocational training”, social-professional the communication with various categories of per- integration opportunity, which includes the infor- sons looking for a job and economic agents, by pro- mation on the opportunities of vocational training viding a prompt access to the labour market infor- in various fields, training organized by the Employ- mation. Those three information centres from ment Agency according to labour market require- Chisinau, Balti and Cahul continue to render infor- ments.

39 Annual social report 2010

During this period, in the framework of the Ac- (ODSME) organized 14 workshops in 11 localities tion Plan, methodological support at the creation from the republic; in the framework of these cours- of two sheep farms was provided, and methodolog- es 384 young persons were trained, of which 61 ical support in attracting the remittances by cre- young persons (15,06%) are businessmen, and 188 ation of small (family) farm was also provided. At persons (46,4%) are women. the same time 11,7 thousand lei were used for the In order to invest the remittances in the sustain- procurement of the following technologic equip- able economic development of the Republic of ment and outfit: 30 fridges, 1 stove, 1 packing Moldova, the Government approved by the deci- house, 9 meat processing enterprises, 8 cereal pro- sion no. 972 from October 18, 2010 the develop- cessing enterprises, 3 fruit and vegetable process- ment and approval of the Pilot Program for attract- ing enterprises, 3 milk processing enterprises, 1 oil- ing remittances in economy „PARE 1+1” for bearing plants processing enterprises. 2010-2012 (PARE 1+1). The Program envisages a In 2010 in the framework of the International direct and non-reimbursable financial aid from the Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Pro- state, in amount of 200000 lei per project, as well as gram and Rural Investment and Services Project training, consultancy and support to beneficiaries. (RISP) were refurbished and re-equipped: 1 stock- The duration of program implementation shall be rearing farm, 2 hog farms, 2 sheep farms, 6 poultry 24 months. farms, including 1 incubator, 1 rabbit farm, 2 mod- ern slaughter-houses. 2.6. Salary policies The National Program for Youth Economic Em- powerment continued to be implemented in order The salary is the main source of income for the to prevent the migration among youth. In the satisfaction of the vital needs of the employees and framework of this program the young persons ben- their families and an efficient form for work stimu- efitted by free-of-charge training and reimbursable lation. commercial credits in amount of up to 300 thou- Thus, in 2005-2010 the income from popula- sand lei for duration of 5 years. tion wage-remunerated activity is characterized by At the same time in 2010 the Organization for the following data: the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises

Table 2.16. Dynamics of the income from wage-remunerated activity, 2005-2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average monthly disposable income 568.6 839.6 1018.7 1188.6 1166.1 1273.7 per person, lei including: income from the wage- 43,7 41,6 41,4 42,9 43,5 42,6 remunerated activity, in % Source: Aspects of population standard of living for 2005-2009, 2010, Statistical publication, NBS, Chisinau.

In 2010 the population average disposable in- 2.6.1 Real sector come constituted 1273.7 per person/month, being In order to implement the Economic Stabiliza- in increase with 9,2% compared to the previous tion and Recovery Program of the Republic of Mol- year. In actual terms (adjusted to the consumer dova for 2009 – 2011, and for the purpose of adjust- price indices,) the population incomes registered ing the remuneration conditions of the employees an increase by 1,7%. 42,6% of the total salaries con- from financially autonomous units, including the stitute disposable income, its contribution register- managers of public enterprises, in accordance with ing a decrease by 2,7% compared to 2009. the provisions of the Law no. 847-XV from Febru- In 2010 the salary policies were focussed on the ary 14, 2002 on salaries, a range of regulatory acts strengthening of the legislative and normative were adjusted. In the light of the above-mentioned framework in order to improve and liberalize the changes, the remuneration conditions of the em- remuneration system of the employees from the ployees from financially autonomous units and the national economy, aimed at ensuring a continuous managers of public enterprises, enterprises with growth of salaries for all categories of employees.

40 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova state capital and monopoly capital, set by the Gov- (Government Decision no. 165 from March 9, ernment, were adjusted in accordance with the cur- 2010) determined the minimum guaranteed salary rent regulatory laws. Following the consultations quantum in the real sector in amount of 1100 lei/ with social partners, the remuneration conditions month or by 22% more compared to the previous for the managers of the above-mentioned enter- amount (900 lei per month), while for the key staff prises are regulated based on management con- of the agricultural and forestry units it was negoti- tracts, concluded between the higher management ated in quantum of 90% of the nominal value and body and managers, without being regulated by set in amount of at least 900 lei/month. other standard acts. In 2010 the average salary of an employee in the As result of the negotiations with social part- real sector constituted 3210.9 lei or by 9% more ners, the Collective Convention (national level) on compared to the previous year. the minimum guaranteed salary quantum in the The dynamics of the average salary of employ- real sector was signed. For the implementation of ees in the real sector is characterized by the follow- the provisions of this Convention, the Government ing data:

Table 2.17. Dynamics of the average salary of employees in the real sector, 2005-2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Nominal average salary of an employee in 1318.7 1697.1 2065.0 2529.7 2747.6 2971.7 the national economy, lei increase compared to the previous year, % x 128,7 121,7 122,5 108,6 108,2 of which: 1485.0 1830.0 2296.0 2837.6 2944.4 3210.9 in real sector, lei increase compared to the previous year, % x 123,2 125,4 123,6 103,7 109,0 in public sector, lei 992.4 1450.1 1624.5 1954.3 2406.5 2552.5 increase compared to the previous year, % x 146,1 112,0 120,3 123,1 106,0

including by economic activities: Agriculture, hunting and forestry 744.0 914.5 1098.6 1484.4 1468.9 1638.6 increase compared to the previous year, % x 122,9 120,1 135,1 98,9 111,6 Mining industry 2037.3 2623.8 3098.3 3739.7 3314.0 3389.5 increase compared to the previous year, % x 128,8 118,1 120,7 88,6 102,3 Processing industry 1651.6 1914.5 2314.1 2762.8 2800.8 3079.8 increase compared to the previous year, % x 115,9 120,9 119,4 101,4 110,0 Electricity, heating, gas and water supply 2323.6 2872.3 3595.8 4316.4 4520.3 4856.8 increase compared to the previous year, % x 123,6 125,2 120,0 104,7 107,4 Constructions 1972.8 2429.1 2967.6 3468.9 3057.3 3248.0 increase compared to the previous year, % x 123,1 122,1 116,9 88,1 106,2 Wholesale and retail trade 1228.1 1555.2 2088.7 2530.7 2614.1 2792.7 increase compared to the previous year, % x 126,6 134,3 121,1 103,3 106,8 Hotels and restaurants 1150.5 1384.6 1759.5 2111.9 2153.6 2315.0 increase compared to the previous year, % x 120,3 127,1 120,0 102,0 107,5 Transport and communications 2142.9 2549.1 3039.5 3533.1 3653.5 3913.9 increase compared to the previous year, % x 119,0 119,2 116,2 103,4 107,1 Financial activities 3450.6 3863.3 4648.3 5446.3 5637.7 6368.2 increase compared to the previous year, % x 112,0 120,3 117,1 103,5 113,0 Real estate transactions 1671.4 2051.7 2583.6 3215.6 3417.2 3755.5 increase compared to the previous year, % x 122,7 125,9 124,4 106,2 109,9 Source: The number and remuneration of employees in 2005,2006,2007,2008,2009, 2010, NBS, Chisinau.

By the economic activities, the level of salaries culture, hunting and forestry, while the highest – in varies and reflects the economic situation in these financial activities, electricity, heating, gas and wa- branches. Still, the lowest salaries are paid in agri- ter supply, transport and communications. At the

41 Annual social report 2010

same time the excessive difference is reduced grad- lowest salaries and the activity with the highest ually due to the development of remuneration reg- salaries constituted 1:4,6, while in 2010 it repre- ulation based on social partnership and dialogue. sented 1:3,9. The process of salaries’ homogenisation and uni- According to the survey from September 2009 formisation becomes more obvious. Thus, in 2005 and September 2010, the breakdown of employees the ratio between the economic activity with the by salary amount is reflected in the following table: Table 2.18. Salary size according to September survey, 2009-2010 Total Real sector Including by economic activity: Transport Public sector agriculture industry trade and commu- 2009 2010 2009 2010 nications 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 Actual number 423,5 423,3 249,6 251,2 31,8 29,0 65,2 66,6 37,2 37,4 24,8 25,9 173,9 172,1 of employees that worked the whole month, thousand persons Rate of employees (%) with the salary calculated in amount of: under 0,6 0,4 0,9 0,6 5,0 3,8 0,0 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 600 lei 600.01 – 7,6 6,3 3,9 2,5 17,0 13,7 1,3 0,4 2,5 1,2 1,1 0,9 12,9 11,8 800 lei 800.01 – 16,5 13,9 15,5 12,1 22,8 23,3 11,4 8,4 22,3 15,9 15,0 8,5 18,0 16,5 1200 lei 1200.01 – 13,4 12,9 14,1 14,3 17,8 17,6 11,8 11,7 18,3 18,1 11,8 15,8 12,3 10,9 1600 lei 1600.01 – 11,5 11,0 12,2 11,9 13,0 13,2 10,8 9,9 14,4 15,0 8,6 7,6 10,6 9,7 2000 lei 2000.01 – 11,9 11,7 12,1 12,4 10,1 10,9 12,8 12,0 11,7 13,3 10,2 11,8 11,5 10,6 2500 lei 2500.01 – 10,0 10,4 10,2 10,3 6,2 6,7 12,5 11,3 8,5 9,8 10,0 9,5 9,8 10,5 3000 lei 3000.01 – 8,1 8,8 7,6 7,9 3,4 4,1 10,0 9,5 5,5 6,7 7,7 8,2 8,6 10,1 3500 lei 3500.01 – 6,4 7,3 5,9 6,6 1,7 2,0 7,8 8,8 4,4 4,9 7,0 7,1 7,2 8,2 4000 lei 4000.01 – 6,5 7,7 7,0 8,1 1,6 2,1 9,2 11,0 4,5 5,8 10,3 10,0 5,7 7,2 5000 lei 5000.01 – 3,2 3,9 4,2 5,0 0,7 1,3 5,2 7,1 3,0 3,7 6,5 6,0 1,9 2,3 6000 lei over 6000 lei 4,2 5,7 6,3 8,3 0,7 1,3 7,0 9,7 4,4 5,4 11,6 14,5 1,3 1,9 Source: Distribution of staff by the size of the calculated salary, for September 2009 and 2010, NBS, Chisinau.

According to the data, provided in the Table, in 2010 a salary under subsistence minimum was paid 2010 the rate of employees with a salary under 600 to 49,6% of employees in agriculture, or by 4,8% lei went down by a third (from 0,6% in 2009 to more compared to 2009 (44,8%); in the public sec- 0,4% in 2010). At the same time due the growth of tor – 34,9% compared to 31,0%. the subsistence minimum from 1187.8 lei in 2009 At the same time in 2010, 17,3% of employees to 1373.4 lei in 2010, the number of employees with benefited by a salary over 4000 lei, or by 3,4% more a salary under subsistence minimum also in- compared to 2009 (13,9%). The majority of em- creased. Thus, in September 2010, 27% of employ- ployees with a salary over 4000 lei worked in trans- ees were remunerated under the subsistence mini- port and communications – 30,5%. mum (compared to 24,7% in 2009). In September

42 2. Labour market in the Republic of Moldova

2.6.2 Public sector In 2010 the salaries in the public sector were not the employees with complex functions; increased; the implementation of a range of salary - provision of a financial aid to the civil servants standards, stipulated by the Law no. 355-XVI from and staff of the central offices of the national de- December 23, 2005 on the remuneration system in fence and public security authorities. the budgetary sector was transferred for 2011 – 2013. The average monthly salary of employees in the During the reference period the following mea- public sector constituted 2552,5 lei or by 146 lei sures for the improvement of remuneration condi- more compared to 2009. tions for some categories of employees in the public In general in the national economy the average sector were implemented: salary constituted 2971.7 lei in 2010, in increase - remuneration conditions for employees with with 8,2% compared to 2009. At the same time the public dignity functions and for the staff of the lo- actual salary was characterised by an insignificant cal offices of the State Chancellery; increase by 0,7%. - remuneration conditions for teaching person- The dynamics of salaries in the public sector nel during vacations in the academic year and for branches is reflected in the following Table (Table 2.19.). Table 2.19. Dynamics of salaries in public sector, 2005-2010 2010 against 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2005, times Average salary in the national economy, 1318.7 1697.1 2065.0 2529.7 2747.6 2971.7 2,3 lei Average salary in the real sector, lei 1485.0 1830.0 2296.0 2837.6 2944.4 3210.9 2,2 Average salary in public sector, lei 992.4 1450.1 1624.5 1954.3 2406.5 2552.5 2,6 Ratio of the average salary in public 66,8 79,2 70,7 68,9 81,7 79,5 X sector against average salary in the real sector, % Average salary by economic activities, lei: Research and development 1449.5 2010.0 2620.4 3252.9 3553.3 3738.8 2,6 increase compared to the previous year, % x 138,6 100,8 124,1 109,2 105,2 X Public administration 1325.7 2119.4 2394.7 2724.8 3179.8 3257.9 2,4 increase compared to the previous year, % x 159,9 113,0 113,8 116,7 102,4 X Education 861.0 1188.4 1317.2 1625.8 2105.5 2328.2 2,7 increase compared to the previous year, % x 138,0 110,8 123,4 129,5 110,6 X including: teaching personnel 1206.9 1660.0 1802.4 2210.4 2934.9 3142.8 2,6 increase compared to the previous year, % x 137,5 108,6 122,6 132,8 107,1 X Health and social assistance 855.7 1196.0 1457.3 1824.4 2156.1 2184.2 2,6 increase compared to the previous year, % x 139,8 121,8 125,2 118,2 101,3 X Other activities of collective, social and 551.0 785.2 980.6 1236.8 1541.0 1565.3 2,8 individual services increase compared to the previous year, % x 142,5 124,9 126,1 124,6 101,6 X Source: The number and remuneration of employees in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, NBS, Chisinau.

Thus, in 2010 the employees in education ben- In 2010 the average salary in the public sector efited by the greatest salary increase (+10,6%). The constituted 79,5% compared to the salary in the average salary of teaching personnel (3142.8) suc- real sector. ceeded the average salary in national economy by 5,8%.

43 Annual social report 2010

2.7. Conclusions. Recommendations man resources’ training, including staff vocational training for their own needs, by signing contracts During 2010, as result of the consequences of with the higher, secondary specialized and second- the economic crisis, the labour market was charac- ary vocational education institutions. terized by negative trends of labour market indica- There is a discrepancy between the demand and tors. The growth of the number of unemployed, supply of labour force on labour market, the situa- low employment rate (38% compared to 63% in EU tion being aggravated by the low level of labour countries), intensive migration of labour force, and force training. Thus, of the total number 81,5 thou- negative population growth influence significantly sand unemployed, registered in 2010 at the local the offer of labour force. employment agencies, 46% are unemployed with- As result of the reduction of the employment out any experience, length of service or qualifica- rate and increase of the unemployment rate, during tion and need a vocational training in order to be the last two years there was an increase in the num- employed. ber of job-seekers and number of unemployed per- The low level of infrastructure development in sons, registered at the local employment agencies, rural areas and lack of work places are contributing constituting 81523 persons compared to 46230 un- to intensive migration of labour force from rural employed in 2008 and 79241 unemployed in 2009. areas to urban areas, forming a surplus of labour The situation on labour market had an intensive force in urban areas. character due to the reduction of the number of va- The resolution of the above-mentioned prob- cancies, registered by the local employment agen- lems can be ensured by the following actions: cies and refusal of unemployed persons to accept • support the development of small and me- the existing vacancies due to low salaries. dium enterprises, especially in rural areas, The reduced capacities of the local employment since they represent the basic sector, gener- agencies represent a significant impediment in get- ating work places for country economy. The ting the envisaged result of job placement actions, development policies of small and medium carried out on labour market. Despite the intensifi- enterprises in rural areas should be focussed cation of the active actions, realized on labour mar- on ensuring the access of small and medium ket, the number of unemployed persons that were enterprises to accessible funding (credits on placed by the employment agencies on labour mar- privileged conditions), including equipment ket, constituted only 14,6 thousand persons or 18% in leasing, as well as development of the of the total number of 81,5 thousand unemployed business spirit among population; persons registered at the employment agencies in • strengthen the labour efficiency and motiva- 2010. tion by increasing the paid salaries and ca- The remuneration level by economic activities reer promotion; is still differentiated. At the same time the excessive • strengthen the human resources and finance difference is reduced gradually due to the develop- the employment agencies in order to ensure ment of remuneration regulation based on social the provision of corresponding services, partnership and dialogue. The process of salaries’ adapted to the actual needs of the job-seek- homogenisation and uniformisation becomes more ers; obvious. Thus, in 2009 the ratio between the eco- • implement an efficient vocational training nomic activity with the lowest salaries and the ac- system in the framework of the general sec- tivity with the highest salaries constituted 1:3,9 ondary education, inform on the supply and (compared to 1:4,6 in 2005). demand on labour market in order to avoid The training of a sufficient number of highly an excessive demand from the future gradu- qualified specialists and workers represents a prior- ates for certain specialities and stimulate the ity for strengthening of the competitive potential of demand for specialities, required on labour human resources, required by a modern labour market; market. In the last years the process of staff train- • increase the population awareness level on ing, including in the secondary vocational system, the necessity and importance of training in was accelerated. At the same time the trends in this the entire life, as a basic condition in ensur- field are still negative due to the indifference of ing the labour force competitiveness given economic agents towards the organization of hu- the huge competition on labour market.

44 3. SOCIAL INSURANCE

The social insurance system is one of the main so- • principle of obligativity, natural and legal per- cial protection institutions in the conditions of mar- sons have to participate in the public system; ket economy, which ensures the constitutional right • principle of contribution, according to which of the citizens for financial support at old age, in case the social insurance funds are created from the of sickness, partial or complete loss of work capacity, contributions of legal and natural persons – par- unemployment, etc. As usual, it covers all residents of ticipants of the state social insurance system. the Republic of Moldova, of which, a part of them The public social insurance system is based on (those employed) pay insurance contributions, while collection of state social insurance contributions others benefit of the system allocations (pensions, al- from employers and insured persons and distribu- lowances, etc.). The main task of insurance scheme is tion of allocations to beneficiaries. to guarantee the income of insured person in case of income loss in result of sickness, unemployment or 3.2. Analysis of pension social old age, etc. The corresponding legal framework reg- ulates the quantum of granted means depending on insurance system length of service, salary size, severity of labour capac- 3.2.1. Demographic context ity loss and other factors. Due to unpromising demographic trends, which led to population reduction at the beginning 3.1. Public social insurance system. of ‘90th of the past century, the number of popula- General aspects tion of the Republic of Moldova decreased from the last census (2004) by 77,0 thousand persons, the The public social insurance system is a compo- demographic situation having an unfavourable dy- nent of the social protection system, its main objec- namics. tive constituting in provision of certain cash bene- These events, which characterize a demographic fits to insured persons being unable to get salaries decline, were also conditioned by intensive emigra- due to some risk situations (temporary or perma- tion of population and negative birth rate. The neg- nent incapacity for work, maternity, old age, unem- ative development of the same variables caused the ployment etc.). acceleration of population demographic ageing. The organization and functioning of the social According to the NBS data, the number of pop- insurance system is based on a number of basic ulation as at January 1, 2011 constituted 3560,4 principles: thousand persons, of which 1481,6 thousand • principle of uniformity, according to which the (41,6%) – urban population and 2078,7 thousand state organizes and guarantees the activity of the (58,4%) – rural population, 51,9% – women and state social insurance system according to legal 48,1% – men. standards; The structure of population by age shows a de- • principle of equality, which ensures to all par- mographic ageing tendency. The average popula- ticipants in the public system – payers of contribu- tion age increased from 33,4 years in 2000 to 36,3 tions and beneficiaries – equal rights and responsi- in 2010 year. Compared to the situation as at Janu- bilities, stipulated by the law; ary 1, 2000, in 2010 the share of the youth (aged • principle of social solidarity of generations, par- 0-15) went down from 25,7% to 18,2% of the total ticipants in the social insurance system have obli- population number, whereas the share of old popu- gations and benefit by the right for prevention, lation aged 57/62 and over increased from 14,4% to limitation or elimination of social risks, stipulated 15,3% of the total population. by the law;

45 Annual social report 2010

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Source: NBS. Figure 3.1. Distribution of resident population by age groups in 2010, persons

The population ageing coefficient constitutes • Increase of the number of old-age pension- 14,4%, the ageing process being more pronounced ers in several years due to generations born in rural habitats, where the share of old population between 1948 – 1952, which are 2-3 times aged 60 and over constitutes 15,2% against 13,2% in more numerous than previous generations; urban habitats. The life expectancy at birth, calcu- • Decrease of the offer of young labour force, lated for total population in 2010, constituted 69,2 which partially, due to different reasons, years. For population from rural habitats this index does not participate in labour market; is lower by 3 years than for urban inhabitants. Ac- • Ageing/decrease of labour force and labour cording to gender criteria, the life expectancy at productivity issues, human capital insufficiency birth for men is lower by 8,4 years compared to for a sustainable development of the country. women’s (65.0 years – men, 73,4 years – women). The results of modelling of middle and long-term The life expectancy at pension age constitutes 20,52 demographic indices (2025, 2050 years) reflect a con- years for women and 13,88 years for men. tinuous decrease and ageing of population. Able-bod- The risks of unfavourable demographic devel- ied population shall register a decrease up to half of opment have a direct impact on the public social current values and so the demographic burden of old- insurance system. The main risks for the social in- age persons shall double and, according to some pes- surance system are the following: simistic scenarios, shall even be trebled.

Table 3.1. Dynamics of population and beneficiaries of pensions ad indemnities, 2006-2010, thousand persons. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of resident population 3589,9 3581,1 3572,7 3567,5 3560,4 Number of population under 15 (average per year) 720,6 721,1 687,1 666,2 649,1 Number of population over 57 for women and 62 for men 506,7 526,1 530,1 536,7 543,4 Total number of beneficiaries of social payments, of which: 1) Total pensioners, including old age pensioners 621,4 619,4 621,4 624,6 627,1 (general and privileged conditions) 453,7 452,2 455,2 457,9 460,5 2) Beneficiaries of Paid from the public social 419,3 399,4 424,7 460,3 466,1 indemnities insurance budget Paid from the state budget 95,3 87,6 84,9 85,9 44,6 Source: NBS, NSIH.

46 3. Social insurance

In 2010 the level of coverage of resident popula- 3.2.2. Dynamics of the number of pensioners tion of pension age, beneficiaries of state social in- In 2010 the total number of pensioners consti- surance pensions represents 84,7%. The difference tuted 627,1 thousand persons, increasing by 2600 compared to the number of population, which ex- persons or 0,4% compared to 2009 (Table 3.1). ceeded the pension age is explained by the exis- During 2001 – 2010, the number of active pop- tence of other categories of pensioners, not includ- ulation and employed persons went down by 30,1% ed in the public social insurance system, and also and, correspondingly, by 31,1%, whereas the total the existence of certain persons, which do not have number of pensioners reduced only by 4,1%. This the minimal length of service, necessary for estab- led to the increase of financial burden on employed lishment of an old-age pension, which benefit by population. the state social allocation foe elderly persons.

1800 700

1600 680 1400

1200 660

1000 640 800

600 620

400 600 200

0 580 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Active population, th.pers. Employed population, th.pers. Pensioners, th.pers.

Source: NBS. Figure 3.2. Dynamics of the total number of pensioners and employed population, thousand persons.

Table 3.2. Ratio between active/employed population and pensioners, 2001-2010 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Active population, 1616,7 1615,0 1473,6 1432,5 1422,3 1357,2 1313,9 1302,8 1265,3 1235,4 thousand persons Employed population, 1499,0 1505,1 1356,5 1316,0 1318,7 1257,3 1247,2 1251,0 1184,3 1143,4 thousand persons Total number of 653,0 684,1 628,5 620,7 618,3 621,4 619,4 621,4 624,6 627,1 pensioners, th.persons Ratio between the active population and 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,1 2,0 2,0 pensioners Ratio between the employed population 2,3 2,2 2,2 2,1 2,1 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,9 1,8 and pensioners Source: NBS.

47 Annual social report 2010

The coefficient of pension burden represents public social insurance system of Moldova, it is the ratio between the number of pension contribu- necessary to maintain the ratio between the num- tors and number of pension beneficiaries. The big- ber of contributors and number of pensioners ger is the number of employed population, and the about 4/1-5/1. If in 2001 the ratio between pen- smaller the number of pensioners, the higher is sioners and employed population was 1:2.3, at the pension system stability. beginning of 2010 it went down up to 1:1.8. This For a sustainable functioning of a pension in- situation reveals the need of certain parametric surance system of pay as you go type, as the current changes of pension system.

Table 3.3. Number of pensions (pensioners) by categories, 2006-2010 Pension category Number of pensions Pensions established according: 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 I. Law on state social insurance pensions - total, 615172 613490 616122 619801 622796 of which: Old-age pensions (general and privileged conditions) 453793 452262 455229 457920 460501 Cabinet members 84 84 85 84 86 Parliament deputies 108 116 117 129 201 Civil servants 4773 5266 5562 5795 6119 Mayors, heads and deputy heads of regional councils 317 354 387 411 435 Length of service (employees of civil aviation, railway 642 713 713 709 707 transport, artists, geologists) Disability pensions 125676 126538 128145 130227 131348 Survivors pensions 29779 28157 25884 24526 23399 II. Pensions established according to other laws - total 6230 5943 5278 4769 4389 of which: Custom service workers 33 24 20 19 18 Participants in the liquidation of Chernobyl 2203 2187 2168 2136 2110 consequences According to the military law 922 1436 1374 1302 1216 Length of service (medical workers, pedagogues) 3343 1901 1310 862 575 Prosecutors and judges 371 395 406 450 470 III. Pensions, total (I+II) 621402 619433 621400 624570 627185 Source: NSIH.

In 2010 the number of disability pensions constituted 131 thousand persons. Compared to 2009 this number increased by 1121 persons or by 0,9%. The number of survivors’ pensions went down by 1127 per- sons in 2010 against 2009.

Table 3.4. Number of newly established pensions, 2006-2010 Pension category Number of pensions Pensions established according: 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 I. Law on state social insurance pensions - total, 39272 39120 40838 38149 35899 of which: Old-age pensions (general and privileged 26608 26076 27988 25815 24836 conditions) Cabinet members 2 8 3 3 7 Parliament deputies 8 8 7 14 71 Civil servants 626 791 778 823 795 Mayors, heads and deputy heads of regional 41 48 43 39 40 councils Length of service (employees of civil aviation, 17 498 40 32 23 railway transport, artists, geologists)

48 3. Social insurance

Disability pensions 9537 9646 9876 9515 8366 Survivors pensions 2433 2045 2103 1908 1761 II. Pensions established according to other laws - total 41 681 135 132 74 of which: Custom service workers - - - - - Participants in the liquidation of Chernobyl 36 36 26 31 18 consequences According to the military law 5 619 73 44 22 Length of service (medical workers, pedagogues) Prosecutors and judges - 26 36 57 34 III. Pensions, total (I+II) 39313 39801 40973 38281 35973 Source: NSIH.

The number of newly-established old-age pen- ployers, hired workers and self-employed (natural sions in 2010 compared to 2009 decreased by 979 persons – owners of agricultural lands, lessees of persons or by 3,9%. The number of newly estab- these lands, individual entrepreneurs and founders lished survivors’ pensions decreased by 147 persons of individual firms, owners of entrepreneurship in 2010 compared to 2009. And the number of new- patents, lawyers, notaries, persons who have signed ly-established disability pensions went down by an individual contract etc.). From 2006, the law 1149 persons or by 13,7% in 2010 compared to 2009. stipulates as a special category of payers of social insurance contributions the employers from agri- 3.2.3. Analysis of social insurance cultural sector, paying insurance contributions for contributions the persons working under an individual labour The size and form of the state social insurance contract. tariff is differentiated by categories of payers: em- Table 3.5. Tariffs of state social insurance contributions, 2003-2010 Categories of contributors 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1 For persons employed under 29%+ 28%+ 27%+ 26%+ 25%+ 24%+ 23%+ 23%+ an individual labour contract 1% 2% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 6% (employer/employee) 2 Natural persons, own account 653 705 1374 2013 2318 2920 3708 4044 workers, lei 3 For employers from 20%+ 20%+ 20%+ 16%+ 16%+ 16%+ 16%+ 16%+ agricultural sector (employer/ 0%+ 0%+ 0%+ 4%+ 4%+ 4%+ 6%+ 6%+ state/ 1% 2% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 6% employee) Source: Laws on public social insurance budget, 2003-2010.

In 2010 the individual mandatory state social surance contributions represents 29%. insurance contribution due by insured workers, Beginning with 2008 the annual basis for calcu- employed under an individual labour contract or lation of the individual mandatory state social in- other contracts, for performance of works or ren- surance contributions does not exceed the amount dering of services, by persons holding elective posi- of 5 average monthly salaries in economy multi- tions or working in executive entities, by state nota- plied by 12. In the previous years the monthly cal- ries, judges, public prosecutors, parliamentary culation basis was limited to 3 average monthly lawyers, constituted 6% of the monthly salary and salaries in economy. other allowances, whereas the employer’s contribu- The reform of pension system envisages gradual tion constituted 23% of the salary fund and other transfer of the burden of social insurance contribu- allowances. Thus, the cumulative tariff of social in- tions’ payment from the employers to workers.

49 Annual social report 2010

Consequently, annually, the size of employer’s con- from agricultural sector, as well as the complicated tribution reduced by 1%, while the size of individu- system of contributions for persons, cultivating ag- al contributions increased by 1%. If in 2004 the in- ricultural lands, combined with reduced level of dividual contribution constituted 1%, in 2005 – already their collection, lead to important redistribution of 2%, in 2006 – 3%, in 2007 – 4%, in 2008 – 5%, and financial means, assigned for pension payments to in 2009 and 2010 – 6% (Table 3.5). the advantage of pensioners from agricultural sec- The main objective to be achieved by gradual tor. In these conditions the system is facing a serious redistribution of insurance rate from employer to problem, since, as result of redistribution of the worker is the reduction of fiscal burden, which share of activities on labour market and continuous shall lead to growth of financial resources for in- decrease of employed population, 45,6% of old-age vestments and motivation to declare the actual in- pensioners (as at January 1, 2011) benefited by pen- comes of the employees. At the same time, a posi- sions, granted to farmers. At the same time in 2009 tive result of this redistribution shall also represent the contributions of insured farmers constituted the increase of the share of individual contribu- about 5% of the total amount of contributions trans- tions, having as result the accumulation of funds ferred to the state social insurance budget. for their future pensions. According to data of the National Bureau of Sta- The transfer of the amounts for state social in- tistics, in 2010, 27,5% of the total employed per- surance is the employer’s responsibility. A difficult sons worked in the agricultural sector. It is obvious situation in the state social insurance system has the necessity of providing certain subsidies by the been created due to inefficiency of the control state budget in order to cover the expenditures for mechanisms related to the transfers from employ- pension payment to this category of persons. ers on individual accounts of workers. According At first sight in 2010 the average replacement to the NSIH activity report, in 2010 statements of rate in agriculture constituted about 36,5%, result- individual accounts were issued for 16358 persons. ing from the average old-age pension for farmers in The statements of individual accounts are provided amount of 597.53 lei and the average nominal sal- at the request of insured persons and represent an ary in agricultural sector in amount of 1638.6 lei. information source that will lead to the reduction This fact points out the unfavourable effects of in- of salaries’ payment in „an envelope”. equitable distribution. Beginning with 2009 the owners of agricultural The amount of pension, in a certain way, should lands, cultivating them individually, as well as les- be proportional to the amount of paid contribu- sees/lessors of agricultural lands, pay social insur- tions. Taking into account the fact that the pension ance contributions in the form of fixed payments. is insured in advance, in case of low contributions In 2010 the individual contribution constituted 996 the pension is corresponding. As a rule the partici- lei, which ensure the minimal pension and death pants of pension system do not make complaints allowance. against it. The discontent along with the tendency In 2010 the NSIH registered 1320 individual in- of avoiding contributions’ payment appears when surance contracts, of which 1235 contracts were the system does not respect the social insurance concluded with the natural persons – owners/les- principles, in other words in case of irregular redis- sors of agricultural lands. tribution of financial means from one contributors It is to be mentioned that the persons non-insured group to another. in the public system could be insured at will, on the It is to be mentioned that this does not refer to basis of an individual contract concluded with the redistribution of financial means between partici- NSIH, paying fixed social insurance contributions, in pants of pension system, conditioned by the differ- amount of 4044 lei in 2010 that grants to the payer the ence related to their life duration, which has an in- right to minimal pension and death allowance. calculable character and, actually, represents the insured risk. De facto, such redistribution consti- 3.2.4. Pension insurance of farmers tutes the insurance basis and is accepted by the The differentiated system of social insurance main part of population. contributions generates a number of problems, re- Excessive redistribution of means within the lated particularly to agricultural sector. A lower rate pension system causes nonconformity between the of social insurance contributions, set for workers amount of paid contributions and promised (or re-

50 3. Social insurance ceived) payments. This disagreement is condi- 3.2.5. Analysis of social insurance pension tioned by a range of factors, including peculiarities quantum of the applied scheme of pension system, the dis- One of the main indicators, characterizing the agreement being worsened by non-observance of pension insurance level, is the replacement rate of the principles of pension system unification. lost income. The average replacement rate repre- The effect of the synergy of these factors con- sents the ratio between the average old-age pension tributes to the reduction of the replacement rate for and average salary. Unfortunately, the current pen- some categories of contributors (well-disciplined, sion system offers a quite modest insurance level to as a rule) and arouses mistrust towards the pension its participants. system and evasion from payment of social insur- ance contributions.

Table 3.6. Dynamics of replacement rates, 2006-2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average monthly nominal salary, lei 1697.1 2065.0 2529.7 2747.6 2971.7 Increase of average monthly nominal 128,7 121,7 122,5 108,6 108,2 salary against previous year, % Average old-age pension, lei 457.51 565.83 666.28 800.82 836.63 Increase of average old-age pension 15,2 23,7 17,7 20,2 4,5 against previous year, % Consumer price indices (average per 112,7 112,3 112,7 100,0 107,4 year),% Indexation of state social insurance 15,7 20,7 17 20 4,3 pensions, % Average gross replacement rate, % 26,9 27,4 26,3 29,1 28,2 Source: NBS, NSIH, individual estimations.

In 2010 the average replacement rate in econo- In order to ensure the economic and social se- my constituted 28,2% (by 1% less compared to curity of the persons – beneficiaries of state social 2009). insurance allowances, as well as to adjust their pur- The registered decrease (Table 3.6) of the aver- chasing power to the current economic context, on age replacement rate is motivated mainly by a high April 1, 2010 pensions were indexed by 4,3% for level of salary growth, since, according to current 610187 persons. Since 2003 eight pension index- laws provisions, pensions are indexed depending ations have been carried out: in 2003 – by 19,3%, in on the annual growth of consumer prices index and 2004 – by 22,3%, in 2005 – by 18,2%, in 2006 – by annual growth of average salary in economy in the 15,7%, in 2007 – by 20,7%, in 2008 – by 17%, in previous year. In this situation a constant decrease 2009 – by 20%, and in 2010 – by 4,3%. These index- of the replacement rate occurs inevitably. The situ- ations generated the increase of the average old-age ation is aggravated due to the small size of newly pension from 166.87 lei in 2002 to 397.18 in 2005 established pensions, conditioned by the specifics and 836.63 lei in 2010. Actually, during 2002 – 2010 of pension formulas. Long-term modelling demon- the average old-age pension increased by about 5 strates that by maintaining the current conditions times. of pension system functioning, the replacement The minimal old-age pension for farmers in- rate shall reduce continuously until 2040, and shall creased from 175.08 lei in 2004 to 529.37 in 2010. achieve the level of about 11-12%. The difference The minimal pension for other old-age pension between the average calculated salary and average beneficiaries increased from 196.98 lei in 2004 to pension shall also grow substantially. In these con- 594.62 in 2010. During the reference period the ditions in order to reduce the poverty among pen- increase in both cases was by 3 times. sioners, the state shall be faced by the necessity of At the same time the average disability pension additional pension update that will lead to pension increased from 293.45 lei in 2004 to 674.55 lei in system destabilization. 2010, the increase representing 2,3 times. The aver-

51 Annual social report 2010 age minimal disability pension (I degree of disabil- sion (III degree of disability) increased from 192.88 ity) increased from 360.48 lei in 2004 to 859.97 in lei in 2004 to 441.33 lei in 2010. 2010; the minimal disability pension (II degree of Survivors pensions were also increased from disability) increased from 308.9 lei in 2004 to 209.13 lei in 2004 to 441.33 lei in 2010 or by 2,1 720.93 lei in 2010. And the minimal disability pen- times.

Table 3.7. Dynamics of the subsistence minimum and average old-age pension, 2006-2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Subsistence minimum, total population, lei 935.1 1099.4 1368.1 1187.8 1373.4 Subsistence minimum, pensioners, lei 800.3 943.4 1167.4 1022.8 1184.3 Average old-age pension quantum, lei 457.51 565.83 666.28 800.82 836.63 Ratio between the old-age pension and 57,2 59,9 57,1 78,3 70,6 subsistence minimum, pensioners, % Source: NBS, NSIH, individual estimations.

In 2010 the quantum of the average old-age pension is under the level of the subsistence minimum for pensioners, representing 70% of this minimum.

Table 3.8. Dynamics of pension quantum, 2006-2010 Pension category Pension quantum Pensions established according: 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 I. Law on state social insurance pensions - total, of which: Old-age pensions (general and privileged 457.51 565.83 666.28 800.82 836.63 conditions) Cabinet members 4794.97 5574.1 6054.28 6678.16 6742.29 Parliament deputies 4665.62 5423.27 5873.71 6433.01 6225.28 Civil servants 1096.56 1292.19 1514.51 1800.5 1953.83 Mayors, heads and deputy heads of regional 1387.92 1684.22 2015.01 2343.5 2448.13 councils Length of service (employees of civil aviation, railway transport, artists, 316.32 833.4 1213.15 1802.04 2213.51 geologists) Disability pensions 380.96 467.42 548.08 652.23 674.55 Survivors pensions 270.48 318.95 367.62 431.5 441.33 II. Pensions established according to other laws - total of which: Custom service workers 1457.15 1644.04 1786.55 2083.15 2157.22 Participants in the liquidation of Chernobyl 997.33 1197.53 1398.43 1669.9 1736.44 consequences According to the military law 94.04 474.74 668.43 731.24 730.26 Length of service (medical workers, pedagogues) 224.4 269.33 314.12 376.21 392.97

Prosecutors and judges 3514.03 4015.21 4389.01 4378.41 4429.6 III. Pensions 442.26 548.3 646.42 775.54 810.86 Source: NSIH.

52 3. Social insurance

In 2010 the average old-age pension constituted social insurance contributions were paid. The 836.63 lei. Compared to 2009 it increased by 4,5% length of service includes contribution periods – and compared to 2006 – by 2 times. The average activities when the person is subject to social insur- disability pension constituted 674.55 lei in 2010; ance, as well as non-insured periods – periods in- compared to 2009 it increased by 3,4%. The average cluded in the length of service (period of military survivors pension constituted 441.33 lei in 2010 service, full or reduced; taking care of a child up to and increased by 2,3% compared to 2009 year. The 3 by one of parents or tutor, in case of death of both biggest average pension is the pension of Cabinet parents; period when the insured person benefited members, which constituted 6742.29 lei in 2010. by an indemnity for temporary incapacity, unem- ployment benefit, benefit for professional integra- 3.3. State social insurance pensions tion or reintegration). The length of service also includes periods of The state social insurance pension represents a forced unemployment, for which insured income financial right of the insured person, proportional and social insurance contributions were paid. to its responsibilities related to payment of state so- Apart from these periods, the length of service cial insurance contributions. The public social in- includes the following types of activities, carried surance system envisages the payment of the fol- out until January 1, 1999: work in collective farms; lowing pensions: creative activity in artistic groups; cleric and cult a) Old age pensions; activity, beginning with April 1, 1992; taking care b) Disability pensions; of the I gravity disabled person, disabled child un- c) Survivors’ pensions. der 16 or any person over 75; education in high in- The current legislation2 envisages the minimal stitutions; military service or any other equivalent pension quantum for each pension category. service. Duration of length of service. Starting with Janu- 3.3.1. Old-age pensions ary 1, 1999 the compulsory length of service for the Compulsory requirements for the establish- establishment of the old-age pension constituted 26 ment of old age pensions are the achievement of years for men and 22 years for women. Every next the retirement age, stipulated by the legislation, year the insured length of service increased one and corresponding length of insured service. year for men and 2 years for women. Beginning Retirement age. With the adoption in 1998 of with 2003 the required insured length of service the Law on state social insurance pensions, since constitutes 30 years for both men and women. 1999 in Moldova the retirement age for both men The insured person which by achieving the es- and women has started to grow. Further, after the tablished pension age cannot confirm the full re- amendment of the Law on state social insurance quired length of service, but confirms the length of pensions3, beginning with 2002 and up to present service of at least 15 years, has the right to a partial the retirement age constitutes 62 years for men and pension, calculated according to the length of ser- 57 years for women. vice. At the same time the law envisages provisions Currently, there is a trend to equal the retire- related to persons having a length of service over 30 ment age for men and women in many states, such years. Thus, for each year of the length of service as Denmark, Germany, Spain, Belgium - 65 years, over 30 years and in case of achieving the required France – 60 years. pension age, the size of calculated pension is in- Length of service. The length of service is calcu- creasing by 2% of the insured average monthly in- lated by summing all insurance periods in which come. In case if the quantum of the old-age pension, calculated according to the law, is lower than the 2 After April 1, 2009 – Government decision no. 197 from March 10, 2009 on indexation of social insurance allow- quantum of the minimal old-age pension, the min- ances and several state social indemnities// Monitorul Ofi- imal pension is granted. cial, 2009, no. 53-54, art.237. The old-age pensions are paid in a full amount 3 Law no. 1485-XV from 11.22.2002 on amendment of the to all pensioners, including those having incomes Article 41 of the Law no. 156-XIV from 10.14.1998 on state liable to state social insurance. social insurance pensions// Monitorul Oficial, 2002, no.161, art. 1264.

53 Annual social report 2010

3.3.2. Disability pensions Three disability degrees are established depending on the degree of the loss of person’s work capacity. The disability represents a complete or partial Disability pensions are assigned to insured per- loss of the capacity for work, continuing after the sons on full or partial loss of the capacity for work expiry of the period of the indemnity for tempo- due to: rary incapacity for work and limiting the possibility a) an ordinary disease, of carrying out activities generating incomes. b) industrial injury, The disability state, causes, degrees and period c) occupational disease. of disability appearance are determined by the Re- To benefit from a disability pension due to an publican Council of Medical Expertise of Vitality ordinary disease at the moment of disability confir- (CMEV), according to the regulations approved by mation, the insured person should meet the condi- the Government. tions of the length of service according to age:

Table 3.9. Length of service required for the establishment of disability pension, depending on insured person’s age Age when disability was determined Length of service Under 23 years 1 year 23-26 years 2 years 26-31 years 3 years Over 31 years 5 years

Disability pensions due to industrial injury or graduation, but not exceeding the age of 23; occupational disease are established irrespective of b) Spouse of the deceased person, if the spouse, length of service. at the moment of partner’s decease, or with- The quantum of disability pension is calculated in 5 years after his/her death, is of established depending on disability degree based on formulas, pensioning age or has I or II degree of dis- envisaged in the Law on state social insurance pen- ability, has been married for at least 15 years sions, which take into consideration the length of to the deceased person, and did not remarry; service and average monthly insured income. c) Spouse or tutor, taking care of children un- If the quantum of disability pension, calculated der 3 of the deceased person – for non-in- according to the law, is less than the quantum of sured periods or leave for child care under 3. minimal pension, the latter is established. The quantum of survivor pension is calculated The disability pensions are paid in a full amount in percents from the deceased person pension de- to all pensioners, including those having incomes pending on the number of justified survivors. liable to state social insurance. 3.3.4. Pensions to certain categories of 3.3.3. Survivors pensions citizens Survivor pension, paid from the state social in- The legislation of the Republic of Moldova en- surance budget, is a monthly payment established visages special conditions for the establishment of due to loss of breadwinner. the right to pension for some categories of citizens The right to a survivor’s pension is afforded if (judges, prosecutors, local delegates, civil servants the deceased person was a pensioner or was eligible etc.). They differ from the general conditions for for pension benefit, according to current legislation. pension establishment by certain facilities provid- The following persons have the right to a survi- ed to these categories, aiming at emphasizing and vor’s pension: considering their merits to the state. a) Children of the deceased person under 18 The main conditions of pension assignment to years old or, if they pursue their full-time this category of persons are: studies in education institutions (secondary, • achievement of the established pension age secondary specialized and higher) until (for example, 50/50 years for judges and

54 3. Social insurance

prosecutors, 62/57 years for Parliament dep- sion system and as result all contributors to the uties, Cabinet members and local delegates, public social insurance system shall be treated 57/52 for civil servants); equally in the establishment of the old age pension. • realization of the general length of service of For this purpose, the Law no. 100-XVIII from May 30 years, and correspondingly 20 years for 28, 2010 on amendment of several legislative acts judges, prosecutors, and of special length of envisages the change of the method of pension cal- service, which differs depending on person’s culation for deputies and Cabinet members. Thus, position (for example, 25 years as judge or if until the entry into force of this Law pension was prosecutor, 2 years as Parliament deputy and calculated 75% of the amount of all monthly pay- Cabinet member, 15 years as civil servant, ments (for Parliament deputies, Cabinet members, and 8 years as local delegate). and local delegates), now the pension for Parlia- The average pension of a Cabinet member is 8 ment deputies and Cabinet members is calculated times higher than the average old-age pension, es- 42% of the amount of all monthly payments. tablished on general conditions; the average pen- For other categories of persons, pensions are sion of a civil servant is 2,3 times higher that the calculated 75% out of average monthly income for average old-age pension. the last 60 months worked in civil service (for civil Pensions, assigned to these categories of citi- servants) and 80% of the average paid salary as zens, are financed 50% from the state social insur- judge or prosecutor. ance budget and 50% from the state budget. In 2010 the total number of pension beneficia- Currently, in order to respect the basic prin- ries for certain categories of citizens constituted ciples of the public social insurance system, all ef- 7311 persons or about 1,1% of the total number of forts are directed towards the unification of pen- pension beneficiaries.

Survivors 441,33 Disability 674,55 Old-age 836,63 Chernobyl participants 1736,44 Customs employees 2157,22 Civil servants 1953,83 Local delegates 2448,13 Length of service 3694,15 Prosecutors and judges 4429,6 Parliament deputies 6225,28 Cabinet members 6742,29

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Figure 3.3. Average pension quantum by categories in 2010, lei

3.4. Social insurance payments The social insurance system grants to all par- Right to social insurance payments ticipants the right to benefit by a long-term protec- The right to social insurance benefits has any tion (social insurance pensions), as well as short- insured person, resident of the Republic of Moldo- term protection – in the event of temporary va, and unemployed persons, having the right to incapacity for work. Social insurance payments unemployment allowance. The person has the right represent all forms of allowances paid to insured to benefit by a social insurance payment in case of persons from the state social insurance budget. eventual occurring of insured social risks. The in-

55 Annual social report 2010 sured persons have the right to benefit by the fol- and avoiding the situation to be included in a dis- lowing indemnities: ability degree. a) benefit for temporary incapacity for work The benefits for temporary incapacity to work caused by an ordinary disease and accidents not- are also paid to farmers and those employed on an related to the work; individual fixed-term labour contract. To the in- b) allowance for disease prevention (quarantine); sured persons working on an individual fixed-term c) allowance for recovery of the capacity for work; labour contract (under one year), including those d) maternity benefit; having seasonal jobs, and unemployed persons, in e) one-time payment at child’s birth; the period of the unemployment benefit granting, f) monthly benefit for child care up to 3 years; the benefit for temporary incapacity to work is g) benefit for taking care of a sick child; granted for a period up to 30 days within a calendar h) payments granted in case of death. year. To the insured persons working on an indi- Unemployed persons have the right to benefit vidual fixed-term labour contract (over one year), by indemnities in cases a), d) and h). the benefit for temporary incapacity to work is granted for a period of 180 calendar days. 3.4.1. Benefit for temporary incapacity for work Calculation basis Note: Incapacity for work – situation of the in- Social insurance benefit is calculated on the ba- sured person as result of the loss of physical and sis of the average monthly income earned within intellectual abilities and work capacity, caused by a the last 6 calendar months preceding the insured disease or industrial injury. risk. The monthly quantum of this indemnity is de- Conditions of establishment: termined depending on the term of employment The benefit for temporary incapacity for work is history: granted to insured persons in the following condi- • up to 5 years – 60% of the established calcu- tions4: lation basis; • at least 3 years of total length of service; • between 5 and 8 years – 70% of the estab- • at least 3 months of employment history lished calculation basis; within the last 12 months preceding the in- • over 8 years – 100% of the established calcu- sured risk (if they have a length of service lation basis. under 3 years); Compared to 2009 the total number of benefi- • at least 12 months of employment history, ciaries of temporary work incapacity payments in within the last 24 months preceding the in- 2010 decreased by 12346 persons, or by 3,24 % (the sured risk for the insured persons who work highest share had the beneficiaries of the indemni- on the basis of an individual labour contract ty caused by a disease or trauma – in 2010 their for a fixed term, including those performing number decreased by 16022 persons or by 4,68% seasonal jobs. compared to 2009). If in 2009 the number of bene- ficiaries of the indemnity for temporary incapacity Period of granting for work as result of industrial injury or occupa- The temporary work incapacity benefit is af- tional disease reduced by 605 beneficiaries, in 2010 forded for at most 180 calendar days, and is effec- (compared to 2009) their number reduced with 345 tive since the first day of medical leave. Starting persons, the total number of beneficiaries of this with the 120th day, the benefit is paid in case if the indemnity representing 324 persons. At the same medical leave is extended and approved by the Re- time in 2010 the expenses for temporary work in- publican Council for Medical Expertise of Vitality. capacity payments constituted 598195,7 thousand The supervising doctor can decide on extending lei, or by 30698,1 thousand lei more compared to the sick leave with 30 more days after 180 days 2009. based on the possibility of recovery of the person

4 Law no. 289-XIV from 07.22.2004 on indemnities for temporary incapacity for work and other social insurance payments//Monitorul Oficial, 2004, no. 168-170, art. 773.

56 3. Social insurance

Table 3.10. Expenditures for payment of the indemnities for temporary incapacity for work, 2008-2010 Indemnity type 2008 2009 2010 No. of Actual No. of Actual No. of Actual Paid Paid Paid benefici­ num- benefici­ num- benefici­ number amount, amount, amount, aries, ber of aries, ber of aries, of days th.lei th.lei th.lei pers. days pers. days pers. Indemnity in case of 5452549 358441 368756,8 5316067 358209 410522,4 5131210 342187 417714,8 illness or trauma Indemnity in case of industrial injury or oc- 20832 832 1681,1 17107 669 1417,1 9026 324 813,6 cupational disease* Benefit for taking care 137438 13863 8384,5 134048 14598 9721,0 127156 14168 10211 of a sick person Maternity benefit 1724774 21415 119070,3 1902197 20050 144912,3 1967591 24542 168072,8 Benefits – other cases 25745 874 2153,6 17220 810 1591,6 13535 327 1383,5 Total number of indemnities for tem- 7352272 394999 499328,9 7378242 393894 567497,6 7248518 381548 598195,7 porary incapacity for work *Note: except those paid by the employer. Source: NSIH.

3.4.2. Maternity benefit The maternity (pregnancy and confinement) The expenses for maternity leaves’ payment in- benefit is granted to all insured women, wives, rely- creased by 23160,5 thousand lei in 2010 compared ing on insured husbands’ support, and unem- to 2009. The increase of expenses for payment of ployed, having the right to benefit by a maternity these benefits is conditioned by the increase of the leave, which includes antenatal leave and post-par- number of actual days from 1902197 days in 2009 tum leave. The maternity benefit is granted starting to 1967591 days in 2010 (or by 3,44%). with the 30th pregnancy week for a period of 126 calendar days, and in case of complicated child- 3.4.3. One-time payment at child’s birth birth or birth of two or more children – for a period One-time payment at child’s birth represents a of 140 calendar days. In case of granting the leave form of financial support granted to insured wom- for pregnancy and confinement during the leave en through the public social insurance system. Its for taking care of a child under 3, the person has quantum is established annually by the Law on the right to benefit by both indemnities (maternity state social insurance budget. According to the pro- benefit and indemnity for taking care of a child un- visions of the Law on state social insurance budget der 3). In case when the wife relies on insured hus- for 20106, the quantum of the one-time payment band’ support5, the maternity benefit is granted to for all live-born children constituted: the wife. The fact that she is the wife of the em- 1700lei – for the first child; ployee is confirmed by the identity card and certifi- 2000 lei – for every next child. cate of marriage. The above-mentioned benefit is granted to The monthly quantum of maternity payment mother, and in the event of her death – to father, or constitutes 100% of the average monthly insured other relative taking care of the child or adopter income for the last 6 months preceding the insured (guardian). risk. In 2010, 6402 one-time payments at first child’s birth and 6122 one-time payments for every next 5 The wife is considered on insured husband’s support if at child were established. the date of entitlement of the maternity benefit right is not employed and is not insured in case of this risk (materni- 6 Law on state social insurance budget for 2010 no. ty), which is confirmed by the work-record or a certificate, 129-XVIII from 12.23.2009//Monitorul Oficial, 2009, no. issued by the social insurance entities. 193-196, art. 617.

57 Annual social report 2010

3.4.4. Monthly benefit for child care up to 3 In 2010 the Law no. 68 from April 23 on amend- years ment of the Article 18 of the Law no.289-XV from July 22, 2004 on indemnities for temporary inca- The benefit for taking care of a child up to 3 pacity for work and other social insurance pay- years represents a cash form of support, which is ments was adopted. This Law envisages the in- set and granted by the public social insurance sys- crease by 5% of the benefit for taking care of a child tem to insured persons for taking care of a child. up to 3 years old. Thus, beginning with 2010 the After the expiration of maternity leave the em- monthly quantum of the indemnity for child care ployed women and apprentices, as well as wives, constitutes 30% of the average monthly insured in- relying on husbands’ support, submit a written re- come for the last 6 months preceding the insured quest to benefit by a partial paid leave for taking risk, but not less than 300 lei for each child. care of a child up to 3. This leave could be used in- During the last years the number of beneficia- tegrally or partially at any time until the child has 3 ries of the partial paid leave for taking care of a years old and is included in the length of service. child up to 3 is increasing. In 2010 the indemnity Partially paid leave for child care could be also used for taking care of a child up to 3 was granted to by child father, grandmother, grandfather or any 32190 persons, of which to mothers – 31815, fa- other relative taking care of the child and who thers - 186, other persons – 189. meets the requirements for an insured person. Table 3.11. Dynamics of expenditures for protection of families with children, 2007-2010, insured persons 2007 2008 2009 2010 ries) ries) ries) ries) Established Established Established Established Established amount, th.lei amount, th.lei amount, th.lei amount, th.lei amount, nities (beneficianities - (beneficianities - (beneficianities - (beneficianities - - indem of Number - indem of Number - indem of Number - indem of Number

One-time payment at first child’s 5769 5514 5458 6288 5984 8195,9 6402 10663,5 birth One-time payment at birth of every 3762 3605,4 4932 6931,1 5880 9849,9 6122 11961,7 next child Monthly benefit for taking care of a 24852 5756,2 27235 8796 29268 14628,2 32190 22401,6 child up to 3, of which: To mothers 23429 5414,3 25613 8255,7 27528 13731,5 31815 22401,6 To fathers 520 141 601 220,2 668 387,6 186 208,7 To other persons 903 200,9 1021 320,1 1072 509,1 189 134,1 Monthly benefit for taking care of a 1654 171,6 1764 181,7 1537 157,6 - - child aged 3 – 16 years Source: NSIH.

3.4.5. Benefit for taking care of a sick child In case of a sick child up to 7 years old, disabled other family member (father, grandmother, grand- child with inter-current diseases – until the age of father, any other employed family member, tutor or 16, the benefit for sick child care is granted to guardian), if due to justified reasons, confirmed by mother for a period of no more than 14 calendar documents, the mother cannot take care of the days (in case of ambulatory medical assistance) or child (due to a disease, temporary absence, loss of for a period of no more than 30 calendar days (in parental rights etc). case of stationary medical assistance for a neces- The quantum of the indemnity depends on the sary period for child recovery). The certificate for average monthly insured income and length of ser- taking care of a sick child could also be issued to vice.

58 3. Social insurance

3.4.6. Payments granted in case of decease The decease payment is a one-off benefit, grant- The decease payment is a one-off benefit, grant- ed for financial support of the family of the de- ed in a fixed amount. ceased person or to the person, who covered the The quantum of the decease payments is estab- decease expenditures. lished annually by the Law on state social insurance In case of death of the insured person, pension- budget. According to the provisions of the Law on er within the public social insurance system, unem- state social insurance budget for 2010 the quantum ployed or other person, having a length of service of the decease benefit, granted in case of the death of at least 3 years, the decease benefit is granted of an insured person, pensioner within the public only to one person. This person could be, depend- social insurance system, unemployed, and any fam- ing on the case: survived spouse, child, parent, tu- ily member relying on their support or a person, tor, guardian, or in the absence of such person, the having a length of service of at least 3 years, consti- person who proves to have covered decease ex- tuted 1000 lei. penses. In 2010, the actual expenditures for payment of The insured person, unemployed and pensioner the decease benefit decreased by 867,1 thousand lei benefit by the right to a decease benefit in case of compared to 2009 year. In 2010 the number of ben- death of any non-insured family member7 relying eficiaries of this payment increased by 1411 persons on its support. compared to 2009 and constituted 38569 persons.

Table 3.12. Actual expenditures for payment of decease benefits, 2005-2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Annual (actual) expenditures, th.lei 27 560,1 27 022,9 26 579,3 29487,7 33216,3 32349,2 Number of beneficiaries, persons 39 283 38 547 37 965 37237 37158 38569 Quantum of decease benefit 700 700 700 800 900 1000 Source: NSIH.

3.5. Insurance in case of industrial injury or occupational disease The insurance for industrial injury or occupa- industrial injuries and occupational diseases8, in- tional disease guarantees to the insured persons a sured persons benefit by the right to the following range of payments and allowances to reduce and insurance payments and allowances for accidents compensate the consequences and prevent labour at work and occupational diseases: accidents and occupational diseases. a) benefit for temporary incapacity for work The employer has the obligation to insure the b) disability benefit; workers against labour accidents and occupational c) benefit in case of death. diseases from the moment of individual labour The possibility of increasing the set of benefits contract conclusion. for industrial injuries and occupational diseases According to the insurance legislation related to envisages (from the experience of other states) dif- ferentiated establishment of social insurance rates for each employer depending on labour conditions (common, distinct and special) of workers. The value of the increase or reduction of social insur- 7 Member of the family is considered: a) spouse; ance contributions for employers is established de- b) parents; c) children under 18, if they pursued their studies (on full- 8 Law on insurance for industrial injuries and occupational time basis) in an education institution, until graduation, diseases no.756-XIV from 12.24.1999 //Monitorul Oficial, but not older than 23, as well as children unable to work, 2000, no. 031, art. 192; Law on state social insurance bud- irrespective of age, if they lost their capacity to work until get for 2008 no. 271-XVI from 12.07.2007//Monitorul Ofi- the achievement of the above-mentioned age. cial, 2007, no. 203-206, art. 798.

59 Annual social report 2010 pending on the number of industrial injuries and the first day of medical leave. In justified situations, occupational diseases in the referred period; gravi- the medical leave could be extended over 180 days, ty of consequences of industrial injuries and occu- but no more than by 30 days. pational diseases; amount of expenditures for pay- In case when the insured person was conferred ment of insurance benefits and allowances. a disability degree until the expiration of 180 days, In situation when currently in the Republic of the benefit is paid until the date of issuance of the Moldova the social insurance policy is promoting decision on disability degree determination. the reduction by 1% annually of the rate of social The dynamics of expenses for payment of ben- insurance contributions, paid by the employer (the efits for temporary incapacity for work, caused by Activity Program of the Republic of Moldova industrial injuries or occupational diseases, is rep- for2011-2014), as well as due to the lack of institu- resented in Table 3.10. tions, empowered to make classifications by risk level of production sectors and work places, makes 3.5.2. Disability benefits impossible the increase of benefit package for in- The insured person, having a disability degree dustrial injuries and occupational diseases. as result of an accident at work or occupational dis- ease, has the right to a disability benefit, which is 3.5.1. Benefits for temporary incapacity for granted monthly for the entire period when the work person is benefiting by a disability pension from The benefit for temporary incapacity for work, the public social insurance system. caused by industrial injuries or occupational dis- The quantum of the disability benefit differs de- eases, is granted on the basis of a medical certificate pending on the established disability degree. For and research documents of the accident at work or the insured person, having the I or II disability de- confirmation of occupational disease. gree, the benefit is determined as difference be- The quantum of the benefit for temporary inca- tween 2/3 of the average monthly insured salary for pacity for work constitutes 100% out of the average the last 6 months preceding the month of work ac- monthly insured income for the last 6 months, pre- cident production or occupational disease deter- ceding the month of accident production or occu- mination, and the quantum of its disability pen- pational disease determination. The benefit is paid sion, established by the public social insurance for working days, by the employer from its own system. funds starting with the first 20 calendar days, cal- The quantum of the disability benefit for the in- culated from the date of temporary loss of working sured person, having the III disability degree, the capacity, and from the state social insurance budget benefit is determined in % from the calculated – from the 21st day. quantum for the I and II disability degrees, corre- The benefit is granted for a period of up to 180 sponding to the level of work capacity reduction. calendar days within a year and is calculated from

Table 3.13. Dynamics of expenses for payment of disability benefits, 2007-2010 2007 2008 2009 2010

Categories of beneficiaries Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Number of of Number Number of of Number Number of of Number Number of of Number established established established established established established established established indemnities indemnities indemnities indemnities indemnities indemnities indemnities indemnities amount, th.lei amount, amount, th.lei amount, amount, th.lei amount, amount, th.lei amount, (beneficiaries) (beneficiaries) (beneficiaries) (beneficiaries)

Disability benefits, total, 213 113,2 228 157,2 247 196,0 268 225,5 including for: Disabled, I degree 17 10,2 16 10,8 15 11,4 17 21,9 Disabled, II degree 100 82,1 118 120,0 128 143,6 148 160,1 Disabled, III degree 96 20,9 94 26,4 104 41,0 103 43,5 Source: NSIH.

60 3. Social insurance

3.5.3. Benefits in case of death than 3 average monthly salaries in economy for the year preceding the year of insured case production. In case of death of the insured person as result of an c) spouse or one of parents of the deceased in- industrial injury or occupational disease, the following sured person, or any other person, which at the mo- persons benefit by the payment in case of death: ment of person’s death does not work and is taking a) children of the insured person up to 18 years care of the deceased person’s children under 3 years. old, or up to 23 years if they pursue their studies The quantum of this benefit constitutes the (full time) in secondary, secondary specialized and amount equivalent to 3 average monthly salaries of higher education institutions, and children having the deceased insured person for the last 6 months a disability degree irrespective of age. preceding the month of work accident production The quantum of this benefit constitutes: for one or occupational disease determination, but not less child – amount equivalent to 5 average monthly than 3 average monthly salaries in economy for the salaries of the deceased insured person for the last year preceding the year of insured case production. 6 months preceding the month of work accident production or occupational disease determination; for two children – amount equivalent to 8 average 3.6. Execution of state social monthly salaries; for three and more children - insurance budget amount equivalent to 12 average monthly salaries, but not less than, correspondingly, 5, 8 and 12 aver- According to the Law on state social insurance age monthly salaries in economy for the year pre- budget for 2010, no. 129-XVIII from December 23, ceding the year of insured case production. 2010, the state social insurance budget was ap- b) spouse of the insured person, having a dis- proved at the chapter Incomes in amount of ability degree, or who reached the pension age. 8011831,7 thousand lei, and Expenditures in The quantum of this benefit constitutes the amount of 8274844,9 thousand lei. amount equivalent to 3 average monthly salaries of The incomes of the state social insurance bud- the deceased insured person for the last 6 months get were specified in amount of 8492315,6 thou- preceding the month of work accident production sand lei and the expenses – in amount of 8701463,0 or occupational disease determination, but not less thousand lei.

Table 3.14. Execution of the state social insurance budget, 2004-2010 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Incomes (effective), 2947860,4 3696035,3 4347650,4 5157229,0 6362837,8 7581662,3 8415986,4 th. lei Expenditures 2768883,0 3697773,5 4378060,9 5244559,3 6315149,8 7607212,2 8629317,8 (effective), th. lei Excedent (+)/Deficit 178977,4 -1738,2 -30410,5 -87330,3 47688,0 -25549,9 -213331,4 (-) / th. lei Source: NSIH.

As it could be seen from this table, starting with Structure and level of incomes of the state social 2005 social insurance system is faced by a budget insurance budget deficit, which increased gradually from 1,74 mil- The incomes of the state social insurance bud- lion lei, to 87,33 million lei in 2007. In 2008 after a get are made up of: period of three years, the state social insurance • Mandatory state social insurance contribu- budget registered an excedent of 47,7 thousand lei. tions (constituted from the accumulations While in 2009 and 2010 the state social insurance on bank accounts and amount of indemni- budget was faced again by a budget deficit of 25,55 ties paid at the working place at the account and 21,33 million lei, accordingly. of calculated contributions), • Transfers from state budget, • Interest, • Other incomes.

61 Annual social report 2010

During 2004-2010 the budget nominal income The structure of accumulated incomes in 2010 trebled from 2947,8 mil. lei in 2004, to 8415,9 mil. compared to 2009 is presented in the table below. lei in 2010. Table 3.15. Incomes accumulated to the state social insurance budget, 2009-2010 2009 2010 (th.lei) (th.lei) (th.lei) (th.lei) Specified Specified Executed Executed % executed % executed Approved / Approved / Approved Total incomes, of which: 7469654,1 7581662,3 101,5 8492315,6 8415986,4 99,1 Mandatory state social insurance 5478414,5 5595224,8 102,1 6028851 5985267 99,3 contributions Interest adherent to the balance of the funds of state social insurance 17053,8 16766,6 98,3 1500 1892,3 126,2 budget on current accounts in bank institutions Other incomes 1148,0 1263,9 110,1 2700 1809,1 67 Transfers from the state budget to 1960779,3 1956201,3 99,8 2458742,9 2425727,8 98,7 the social insurance budget Source: NSIH.

In 2010 social insurance contributions had the general increase trend of the average salary in main share in the structure of incomes and consti- economy in nominal terms (by 8,6% compared to tuted 71,1% compared to 73,8% in 2009. The share 2009). of transfers from the state budget represented The total amount of mandatory state social in- 28,8%. According to data on execution of the state surance contributions, transferred to the state so- social insurance budget, the specified amount of cial insurance budget in 2010, constituted 6028,8 incomes was realized in amount of 99,1%. mil. lei, representing an increase of contributions’ The accumulated income was by 1022,6 mil. lei payment by 55,04 mil. lei compared to 2009. or by 13,7% higher than in 2009. This is mainly due Also the growth of social insurance contribu- to the increase of transfers from the state to the so- tions’ level influenced the increase of the annual cial insurance budget and increase of social insur- fixed rate, approved for the insurance of self-em- ance contributions, calculated by employers to the ployed persons (from 3708 lei in 2009 up to 4044 remuneration fund, and individual contributions lei in 2010) and natural entities - owners of agricul- transferred from employees’ salaries as result of a tural lands.

Table 3.16. Expenses financed from the state social insurance budget in 2010 Approved/specified, th.lei Actual expenditures, th.lei % executed

TOTAL, social insurance 7124009,4 7023903,4 98,6 payments Social insurance pensions 5898833,4 5863719,3 99,4 Social insurance benefits 1008446,6 986323,1 97,8 Other social insurance 10000 13769 137,7 indemnities Expenditures for organization 180433,7 160092 88,7 and functioning of the public social insurance system Net crediting 26295 Source: NSIH.

62 3. Social insurance

The expenditures covered by the state social in- fund has the greatest share in the total amount of surance budget in 2010 constituted 7124 mil. lei, expenditures financed from the state social insur- increasing by 8,9% compared to 2009. The pension ance budget – 82,8%.

9000 8000 7000

6000 Dynamics of actual 5000 expenses

mii lei 4000 3000 Dynamics 2000 of actual incomes 1000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 3.4. Execution of state social insurance budget, 2002-2010 (thousand lei)

Table 3.17. Expenses covered by the state social insurance budget, 2009-2010 2009 2010 % % (th. lei) (th. lei) (th. lei) (th. lei) executed executed specified specified Executed Executed Approved/ Approved/ Total 1099220,0 1091315,2 99,3 1577453,6 1541635 97,7 Pensions 130690,1 130442,7 99,8 133108,6 132759 99,7 Allowances 243148,4 241967,4 99,5 244952,7 244164,2 99,7 Benefits 164077,8 163587,1 99,7 179890,4 179631,2 99,9 Compensations 420147,3 415608,7 98,9 675405,7 642923,3 95,2 Material aid 117381,2 117126,8 99,8 285288,8 285056,3 99,9 Bank and post services 10464,1 9065,9 86,6 14416,6 12494,4 86,7 Coverage of the difference between the established pension and minimal 13311,1 13516,6 101,5 - - - pension for pension beneficiaries Other payments - - - 44390,8 44606,6 100,5 Source: NSIH.

In 2010 the expenditures of the state budget for The biggest share in the total of actual expendi- social benefits, paid through the state social insur- tures of the state social insurance budget for social ance budget, were planned in amount of 1577453,6 payments falls at compensations payment – 42,8%, thousand lei. Actual expenditures constituted followed by payment of material aid and all types of 1541635 thousand lei or 97,7% against the planned allowances – 18,1% and correspondingly 15,5%. amount.

63 Annual social report 2010

3.7. Bilateral social security rity, developed according to the European Conven- agreements tion on Social Security and based on the general rules, established in the Regulation no. 883/2004 In conditions of the growth of the mobility of on coordination of social security systems. labour force between countries and phenomenon The intergovernmental agreement includes of huge migration of able-bodied population – non-discriminatory provisions based on citizen- problem faced by the Republic of Moldova in the ship or residence principle. The entitled person last decades – the coordination of social security shall benefit by allowances, irrespective of its citi- systems became an important component of the zenship and even if it has its place of residence on social policy promoted by the state. The negative the territory of other contracting country. The effects of these processes are of long duration and Agreement is applied by the national legislations of are visible when the migrant workers and members contracting states in relation to the following social of their families, which worked a period of time insurance payments: benefits in case of sickness abroad, come back, or in case of persons’ departure and maternity, industrial injury and occupational to other countries, in both cases the persons not diseases, disability payments (pensions and indem- being entitled to receive social benefits. In these nities), old-age pensions, survivors’ pensions, de- conditions migrant workers and their families are cease benefits, unemployment benefits. often placed on a disadvantageous position from As a basic principle the Agreement envisages the economic and social points of view against the payment of social security contributions only in citizens of the destination country, their social se- one contracting country – in the country where the curity rights not being respected. migrant person works. Other principles, envisaged Migration processes have led to the appearance by the Agreement, are: of an urgent need in conclusion of bilateral agree- • Equality in treatment for citizens of each con- ments in the area of social security with the main tracting party and citizens of other party – estab- destination countries of migrant workers. lishment of the same rights and responsibilities re- In the 90s of the last century the Republic of lated to social security for its citizens and the Moldova concluded several agreements in the field citizens of the other contracting party, irrespective of pension insurance with several post-soviet states of the trips made by a person on the territory of – Russian Federation (1995), Belarus (1995), contracting parties, for the purpose of professional Ukraine (1995), Uzbekistan (1995) and Azerbaijan activity or establishment of its place of residence; (1997). One of the main principles of the above- • Determination of applicable legislation con- mentioned agreements, and of those signed be- sists in solving the law conflict by determination of tween the former USSR and Romania and Bulgaria the legislation of the competent state, so that the (cancelled on January 2005), is the principle of ter- migrant workers, in their professional activity, ritoriality, according to which pensions are estab- would be subject to the provisions of the legislation lished and paid from the financial resources of that of one country, where they are employed; contracting part, on the territory of which the per- • Summing of insurance periods for the purpose son has its place of residence, irrespective of the of rights’ establishment and provision envisages contributions paid to the public social insurance that in the process of calculation of the rights of a system of the resident country. This and other prin- migrant worker, the competent institution take into ciples are outdated due to changes in political rela- account the insured periods, realized in its state, as tionships and at the same time in economic and fi- well as the periods, realized in the other country nancial relations with these countries. (maintenance of rights to be gained). In this case Currently, the Republic of Moldova intends to each competent institution pays that part of per- extend the number of countries, regulating its rela- son’s pension proportionally to the contribution tionships in the field of social insurance, according period under its system; to new principles, which shall ensure a framework • Export of benefits envisages the right of a mi- of social security guarantees to future pensioners. grant worker to benefit by allowances, gained in the For this purpose the Government (Government countries where he worked, on the territory of the Decision no.1170 from October 29, 2007) approved resident country (maintenance of gained rights). the Intergovernmental Agreement on Social Secu-

64 3. Social insurance

Categories of beneficiaries included in the of concluding bilateral agreements in this field, es- Agreement: pecially with the main destination countries of mi- • persons, who are or were insured according grant workers from the Republic of Moldova. to the legislation of one of agreement parties Conclusion of bilateral agreements in the area (employees, self-employed, transferred of social security with the interested countries shall workers, staff of diplomatic missions and have a positive impact on the welfare of insured consulates); persons from the category of migrant workers. By • members of the families of the above-men- ensuring the social security rights of migrant work- tioned persons (their protection is limited to ers, their free circulation is also facilitated. the rights as member of the employee’s fam- ily). 3.8. Conclusions. Recommendations In 2008 the MLSPF continued negotiations and conclusion of bilateral agreements in the field of Currently, the existing social insurance system social security, initiated in the previous years. In requires a significant increase of the number of the related period the negotiations on the draft bi- payees and, implicitly, of their incomes. This could lateral agreement on social insurance with Bulgaria be a real solution that would ensure a higher level were finalized and the agreement was signed on of social protection for the beneficiaries of the sys- December 5, 2008 in Sofia. By the Law no.5-XVI tem. For consolidation of pension insurance sys- from February 2, 2009 the Agreement on Social In- tem it is necessary that the ratio between the num- surance between the Republic of Moldova and Bul- ber of contributors and number of pensioners garia was ratified by the Parliament of the Republic constitute 4/1- 5/1. At the moment, unfortunately, of Moldova and entered into force on September 1, this ratio is 2/1. 2009. Excessive redistribution of funds planned for In the same year the second round of Moldo- payment of pensions in favour of pensioners from van-Portuguese negotiations took place and was the agricultural sector causes discrepancy between finalized. As result on February 11, 2009 in Lisbon the amount of paid contributions and promised the Agreement on social Security was signed by the payments (or received). Consequently, the employ- Republic of Moldova and Portuguese Republic ees from agricultural sector contribute only with 5% (ratified by the Law no. 188-XVIII on July 15, 2010 of total transferred amount, while 38,1% of the total and entered into force on December 1, 2010). incomes of the state social insurance budget are At the same time in 2008 two rounds of negotia- used for payment of pensions for these categories. tions on draft Agreement with the Czech Republic In 2010 the replacement rate in agriculture con- took place. stituted 36,5, resulting from the average old-age On April 27, 2010 the Republic of Moldova pension for farmers in quantum of 597.53 lei and signed an Agreement on social security with Ro- the average salary in agricultural sector (in 2010) of mania (ratified by the Law no. 235-XVIII from 1638.6 lei, while the average replacement rate in September 24, 2010) and on June 14, 2010 – an economy constituted 29,1%. This fact points out to agreement with Luxembourg. the unfavourable effects of inequitable distribution During 2010 several consultations on the draft and causes the distrust in pension system and eva- agreements on social security between the Repub- sion from payment of state social insurance contri- lic of Moldova and a range of countries (Poland butions. May 31 – June 4; Austria June 7 – 11; Estonia Sep- The social insurance system is facing the follow- tember 28 – 30) took place. ing problems: At the same time a range of countries expressed • long-term instability, conditioned by unfa- their will to establish relationships on social secu- vourable demographic tendencies; rity with the Republic of Moldova, by conclusion of • increase of the number of newly established bilateral agreements. These countries include pensioners and, as result, increase of burden Greece, Latvia, Hungary, Lithuania, Turkey, and on economically-active population and on Belgium. the state social insurance budget; In future the Republic of Moldova has the inten- • low quantum of pensions compared to sala- tion to extend the list of countries for the purpose ries and minimum subsistence level;

65 Annual social report 2010

• decrease of replacement rate; • to cancel the payment of social insurance • non-uniform tariffs for social insurance contributions by employed pensioners or to contributions; stipulate recalculation of old age pensions of • considerable redistribution of resources due the persons, working after retirement; to non-uniform tariffs for contributions for • to simplify the formulas for calculation of all different groups of contributors; pension categories; • system complexity, caused by a considerable • to calculate disability pensions on the basis number of rules, regulating pension insur- of the length of service, achieved until the ance for different categories of beneficiaries; date of pension establishment, and not that • unjustified expenditures of the social insur- potential; ance system, which do not correspond to in- • to cover the equivalent value of insurance sured risks. benefits in case of industrial injury and oc- The following steps are recommended to be tak- cupational diseases from employer’s contri- en in order to improve the social insurance system: butions; • to formulate clearly the insured risks within • to increase the share of social insurance con- the social insurance system and insurance tributions due by the employer for compen- share for each risk, as well as to exclude from sation of expenditures for payment of pen- the social insurance system unjustified ex- sions, established in advance to workers, penditures, which do not correspond to in- having the jobs and functions specified in sured risks; the List no.1. • to implement the policy for gradual redistri- A solution for the entire pension system would bution of insurance contributions from em- be its unification, correspondence of pension rules ployer to worker; to unique requirements. For this purpose, it is also • to establish an unique tariff of social insur- necessary to carry out a range of actions for reduc- ance contributions for all participants in the tion of facilities that shall allow equitable pension- public system; ing and achievement of balance between contribu- • to continue the policy on gradual redistribu- tions and benefits for all pensioners. tion of insurance contributions from em- ployer to employee;

66 4. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

Social assistance is a component of the national c) Permanent payments – (i) nominative com- social protection system and includes a set of pro- pensations; (ii) monthly allowances for ad- grams, actions and specific services, aimed at protec- opted or guarded child; (iii) state monthly tion of persons, families, groups in need, which do not allowances; (iv) state nominal allowances for have the possibility to ensure by their own efforts the special merits; (v) allocations for care; (vi) access to a decent life due to economic, social-cultur- state social allowances and (vii) social aid; al, biologic or psychological circumstances. d) Payments in kind - (i) material aids with The social assistance system represents an impor- money or goods (ii) humanitarian aids. tant tool for redistribution of the results of economic The social assistance payments are divided in development in favour of disadvantageous population two groups according to their character: with and groups. The social assistance is a combination of non- without income testing. contributive cash benefits (social payments) or social About 95% of payments are paid from the state services, applicable separately or jointly, to meet the budget through SSIB and only an insignificant part needs of persons in risk situations. – from the budgets of territorial administrative units. This Chapter provides the analysis of the exist- ing system of cash benefits and social services from 4.1.1. State social allowances for certain the perspective of their development, type, expens- categories of citizens es and number of beneficiaries. The program of state social allowances was in- troduced in 1999 following the implementation of 4.1. Social assistance benefits the new pension law, based on insured risks and contributions, which excluded the social pensions In the Republic of Moldova, the system of social established under the old legislation. assistance payments includes 18 types expressed in: The state social allowances are established ac- compensations, allocations, benefits and aids, reg- cording to the provisions of the Law on state social ulated by various legislative-normative documents, allowances for certain categories of citizens9. Ac- however, often insufficiently interconnected (due cording to this law, the social allowance is an to a segmented approach towards social protection amount paid monthly or in the form of one-off policies and external interventions). Eligibility for payment from the state budget to persons, not payments is determined mainly by the categorical meeting the requirements to the establishment of principle, and the payments have a rewarding char- the right to a pension in line with the Law on state acter. The eligibility mechanisms of examination of social insurance pensions. applicants’ incomes (material aids in the frame of The following categories of citizens can benefit RFPSS and the social aid) are applied only in case of social allowances: of two payments. • I, II, III degree disabled persons (with ordi- The system of payments is divided in 4 big nary disease, who did not accumulate the groups according to their material content: length of service required for disability pen- a) Universal payments – (i) one-time payment sion establishment); at child’s birth; (ii) monthly benefit for tak- • Disabled children under 16 years with I, II, ing care of a child up to 1,5 years; III degree (disability degree, established ac- b) Unique or sporadic payments – (i) one-time cording to the Government decision no. payment at child’s birth; allowances in case of death; (ii) compensations and annual allow- 9 ances and (iii) humanitarian and material aids; Law no. 499-XIV from July 14, 1999 with further amend- ments.

67 Annual social report 2010

1065 from November 11, 1999 „On approval In order to enhance the social protection of of the list of diseases and pathologies attribut- these categories of persons, which represent the ing to children under 16 the right to obtain the most vulnerable population categories, and in- status of disabled child and state social allow- crease their social support, which continues to be ances in line with the law”); insignificant, beginning with April 1, 2005, all state • Disabled from childhood, I, II, III degree social allowances, except benefits for care and in (persons with disabilities from childhood, case of death, are indexed on annual basis, resulting who did not accumulate the length of service, from the average annual increase of consumer price required for disability pension establishment, indices for the previous year, which is stipulated in including children of the age over 16); Article 6, Para (13) of the Law no. 499-XIV. For • Children, who lost the breadwinner (it is 2009 the consumer price indices constituted 100%, granted to persons under 16 years, in the case and the annual indexation of social allowances was of secondary and higher education institu- not possible to be made in 2010. tions’ pupils and students, except part-time The growth of the average nominal values of the education – until graduation of the respective state social allowances is reached by the annual in- institution, but only till the age of 23); dexation. In 2009 compared to 2006 (a complete • Elderly persons (established for persons, calendar year from indexation) this increase con- which reached the retirement age, but do not stituted 1,4 times for all types of allowances. Unfor- meet the requirements for old age pension tunately, their actual value is still very low despite establishment). the indexation of their nominal value. Social allowances are granted provided that the The following table reflects the quantum of state beneficiary is not completely supported by the state. social allowances for the period of 2003-2010, with all indexations and increases.

Table 4.1. Dynamics of beneficiaries of state social allowances, their quantum and monthly established amounts, 2003-2010 Monthly established amount, No.of beneficiaries, persons Average quantum, lei State social allowances th.lei 2003 2006 2009 2010 2003 2006 2009 2010 2003 2006 2009 2010 For disabled children under 13006 12628 15237 15088 1171.4 2294.9 3957.7 3924.5 90.07 181.73 259.74 260.10 16/18, total, of which: I degree 4618 4979 6162 6177 460.5 996.0 1759.2 1763.9 99.72 200.04 285.49 282.55 II degree 6625 6379 7614 7417 561.6 1083.3 1844.4 1798.4 84.77 169.82 242.24 242.47 III degree 1763 1270 1461 1494 149.3 215.6 354.1 362.2 84.70 169.80 242.38 242.44 For disabled from childhood, 21080 23900 24160 24930 1736.1 4019.8 6108.3 6306.2 82.35 168.19 252.82 252.95 total, of which: I degree 4757 5650 5833 6037 455.5 1131.3 1666.1 1724.5 95.75 200.23 285.63 285.65 II degree 13810 14561 14283 14531 1155.5 2476.1 3463.3 3524.6 83.67 170.05 242.47 242.55 III degree 2513 3689 4044 4362 125.1 412.4 978.9 1057.1 49.79 111.78 242.06 242.34 For disabled, total, 1949 2715 4061 4700 96.4 175.8 375.0 433.5 49.43 64.76 92.35 92.24 of which: I degree 263 342 481 523 16.6 27.9 56.0 60.9 62.96 81.69 116-49 116.52 II degree 1134 1721 2623 3048 61.6 120.9 262.6 305.8 54.30 70.25 100.10 100.33 III degree 552 652 957 1129 18.2 27.0 56.4 66.8 32.99 41.41 58.99 59.14 In case of breadwinner’s loss, 2186 2794 3454 3732 146.0 229.0 399.9 431.2 66.79 81.95 115.79 115.54 total, of which: For one child 1270 1657 2395 2604 62.2 102.1 210.1 228.6 49.00 61.58 87.71 87.77 For two and more children 822 1009 902 961 73.2 108.6 158.5 168.9 89.05 107.60 175.72 175.75 For one child in case of both 67 89 117 120 6.6 10.9 20.5 21.1 98.00 123.11 175.64 175.81 breadwinners’ loss For two and more children in 12 22 19 22 2.3 5.1 6.7 7.7 187.83 229.71 351.62 351.62 case of both breadwinners’ loss For elderly persons 4260 4144 3215 3238 212.4 260.7 288.4 290.5 49.86 62.90 89.69 89.71 Source: NSIH.

68 4. Social assistance

The number of beneficiaries and costs related to beneficiaries of these allowances increased by 3,2 payment of these allowances were in continuous times compared to 2000, and the expenses for their growth since the program of state social allowances payment increased by 12,3 times (Figure 4.1). was introduced. So by 2010 the total number of

12000 1112911386 60000 48312 5012751688 10000 452694618147174 50000 4248144159 9580 8000 8046 40000 6980 6000 30000 23184 20084 4833 4000 4201 20000 16084 3362 2000 10000 1323 924 1149 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bene ciaries, persons Monthly established total, th.lei

Source: NSIH. Figure 4.1. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of state social allowances and monthly expenses for their payment, 2000-2010

The dynamics of the number of beneficiaries in- In the period after indexation, since 2005 and cluded two stages, the first during 2000-2004 when until 2010, the expenses for payment of allowances its rapid increase by 2,74 times was noticed, being increased by 1,14 times. explained by the increase with 71 times of the num- ber of beneficiaries from uninsured elderly people. 4.1.2. Allowances for care The increase at first stage among other categories Beginning with 2002 monthly allowances for was not so significant (between 1,2 – 4,4 times). care are established for persons taking care of a dis- The second stage was during 2005-2009, char- abled (I degree) in accordance with Chapter V of acterised by a slower increase of the number of the Law no. 499-XIV from July 14, 1999 on state beneficiaries, the general growth constituted 10,7%. social allowances for certain categories of citizens. Mainly, this growth was caused by the increase of Initially this allowance was given to persons taking the number of beneficiaries among people with care of a disabled child (I degree) or disabled from disabilities and the number of beneficiaries of al- childhood, however later this group of beneficia- lowances for the loss of breadwinner. It should be ries was completed with two more categories. For mentioned that the number of elderly beneficiaries this purpose the given law was amended10. The goal of these payments reduced by 0,8 times, this is a of this allowance is to prevent and reduce the risk proof of efficiency of state social insurance system of institutionalization and keep the disabled with I coverage. disability degree in the family. As for the dynamics of costs for payment of Currently the following categories of citizens state social allowances, similar to beneficiaries, it is can benefit of this kind of allocation: divided in two periods: before and after indexation. a) persons offering home care to a disabled child Thus, during 2000-2004, the highest costs were under 16 years, I degree; registered for payment of allowances for elderly people – about 96.9 times and payment of allow- 10 Law no.45-XIV from 03.03.2006, on amendment of the ances for persons with disabilities from childhood Law no. 499-XIV from July 14, 1999 on state social allow- - about 9,3 times. ances for certain categories of persons.

69 Annual social report 2010

b) disabled from childhood, I degree, provided representing an increase by 98,3 compared to 2002. that these persons are not completely supported by The most significant increase was registered for the the state; beneficiaries, taking care at home of a disabled c) blind persons, I degree of disability – for as- from childhood, this increase was of 3,8% in com- sistance and homecare; parison with 2009, and 33,4% in comparison with d) bed-ridden disabled persons, I degree, who 2002. Simultaneously, the number of beneficiaries suffered of Chernobyl accident (allocation estab- among persons with disabilities, I degree blind, in- lished according to the Law no. 909-XII from Janu- creases continuously. In comparison with 2005 ary 30, 1992). (when they were included in the system) their The number of beneficiaries was in continuous number increased by 371 times, while compared to growth since these allowances were introduced. By the previous year it was characterized by an insig- 2010, the total number constituted 15883 persons, nificant decrease with 0,6%.

Table 4.2. Dynamics of beneficiaries of allowances for care, 2002-2009 Persons taking care at home : 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Disabled child under 16/18 years, I 4017 4353 4640 4806 4807 4993 5637 6074 6085 disability degree Disabled from childhood, I degree 3991 4380 4738 5052 4860 5110 5169 5127 5322 Disabled persons, I degree, blind - - 12 3371 4037 4239 4397 4479 4453 Bed-ridden disabled persons, I degree, - - - 22 23 23 25 23 23 who suffered of Chernobyl accident Total 8008 8733 9390 13251 13727 14365 15228 15703 15883 Source: NSIH.

The allowance for care represents a fixed tum being adjusted by the law. In 2008, the allow- amount and is not subject to indexation, its quan- ance for care increased by 20% in comparison with 200711. Table 4.3. Expenses for payment of allowances for care, 2009-2010 Monthly amount, th.lei Beneficiaries 2010/2009 2009 2010 Persons taking care at home of a disabled child under 16/18, with I 1821.6 1825,5 0,2 disability degree Disabled from childhood, I degree 1538.6 1597,1 3,8 Disabled persons, I degree, blind 1343.6 1335,9 -0,6 Bed-ridden disabled persons, I degree, who suffered of Chernobyl 6.9 6,9 accident Total 4710.7 4765,4 1,2 Source: NSIH

It is to be mentioned that during 2002 – 2010 care was not increased, remaining at the level of the the allowance quantum increased by 4,6 times (Fig- previous year, while the average monthly costs for ure 4.2). In 2010 the quantum of allowances for their payment increased by 1,2%. (Table 4.3)

11 Law no. 154-XVI from 07.04.2008 on amendment of sev- eral legislative acts.

70 4. Social assistance

350

300 300 300 300 250 250

200

150 124 124 100 100 115 50 65

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Allowance for care, lei

Source: MLSPF. Figure 4.2. Dynamics of the quantum of the allowance for care, 2002-2010, lei

4.1.3. Allowances in case of death The allowance in case of death is established ac- not have the right to a death allowance from the cording to the Law no. 499-XIV from July 14, 1999 public social insurance system, as well as in case on state social allowances for certain categories of when no other family member has the right to a citizens. benefit in case of death for the deceased person, This kind of allowance is granted in case of the paid from the public social insurance system. death of a non-insured person provided that no For the deceased person the death benefit is other family member has the right to a benefit in granted once (one-time payment) to a person, case of death for the deceased person, paid from which could be a family member, tutor, guardian the public social insurance system. or, in their absence, to a person, which proves to The non-insured person benefits by the right to have covered the funeral expenses. an allowance in case of death for the family mem- In 2010 the benefit in case of death was estab- ber, at his/her support, if the deceased person does lished in the amount of 900 lei.

Table 4.4. Allowance in case of death for non-insured persons in 2010 Total amount per Number of beneficiaries Allowance quantum, lei year, th.lei Allowance in case of death for non- 3948 900 3159,9 insured persons Allowance in case of death for 67 1753.54 117,5 disabled, militaries *Note: The allowance in case of death is established according to the provisions of the Government decision no.1442 from 12.19.2006.

4.1.4. Nominative compensations The program of nominative compensations for gram, proved its inefficiency, both, from the per- population was introduced for smoothing the ef- spective of costs which constitute about 40% from fects of the increase of costs for heating, electricity expenditures for social assistance from the state and utilities in 199912. The research organised dur- budget13, annually, and from the viewpoint of weak ing a decade since the implementation of this pro- targeting to poor groups, thus generating over in-

12 Law no. 933-XIV from April 14, 2000 on special social 13 Estimations of the authors based on the NSIH data for protection of certain categories of population. 2009.

71 Annual social report 2010 clusion or over exclusion errors. Mainly, this situa- annual increase of the number of beneficiaries. tion is caused by categorical treatment of eligibility Thus, in 2009, the expenses represented 368734,4 and low quantum of these payments. It should be thousand Lei, with 10,1% more in comparison with mentioned that according to legal provisions14, 11 the previous year, and almost 4 times more in com- categories of population benefit of these payments. parison with 2000. The average quantum of nomi- However, from a retrospective point of view of native compensation registered a double increase their development, we can conclude that during of the nominal value in comparison with 2000. years three categories evolved to 14 subcategories. In 2010 the number of compensation beneficia- According to the Law no. 933-XIV from April ries constituted 241832 persons, registering a de- 14, 2000 on special social protection of certain cat- crease by 6,6% compared to the previous year, and egories of citizens, nominative compensations are the expenses for their payment went down by 4,1%, paid in cash, instead of the facilities established constituting 353599,1 thousand lei. This situation previously. was determined by the change of the approach to The quantum of nominative compensations is the system of social assistance payments for its determined depending on nominal cost of the ser- gradual transition from the nominative compensa- vices, delivered to a person, according to estab- tions system, based on beneficiaries’ categories, to a lished norms. system of cash benefits, targeted to the poorest, The nominative compensations are divided in the based on the evaluation of their incomes and social following categories, according to their character: assistance needs. Thus, according to the art.2 of the • Compensation of 25% and 50% of the cost, Law no. 135-XVIII from December 29, 2009, from depending on the category of the beneficiary; January 1, 2010 nominative compensations are not • Annual compensations for the purchasing of established, meaning that new beneficiaries shall coal and wood for heating during the cold not enter the system. The persons, having the right season, which in 2008 constituted 750 lei to nominative compensations until December 31, and 125 lei, accordingly. 2009 shall benefit by these compensations until the Since the implementation of this program in expiry of their right according to the law, in the 2000, the expenses related to the payment of these form established by the Government. compensations increased in parallel with the Table 4.5. Dynamics of nominative compensations, 2000-2010 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of 100955 260620 248374 245668 262663 263589 262653 251881 254829 258020 241832 beneficiaries Expenses, th.lei 64345 171331 232023 191924 206417 219651 233577 293480 334897 368735 353599,1 Average 61 67 64 65 66 72 77 101 117 143 146 quantum, lei Source: NSIH.

If we analyse the share of beneficiaries of com- disabilities from childhood – 13,1%; (ii) solitary pensations by categories, we can notice that the pensioners – 10,4%, (iii) participants in the fights most significant part is represented by the disabled for territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova persons (with II disability degree), which consti- – 8,2%, and (iv) disabled persons, III degree – 7,7%. tuted about 35,9% in 2010. The following four sig- The other categories have a lower share. nificant groups of beneficiaries are: (i) people with

14 Government decision no. 761 from 07.31.2000 on nomi- native compensations for certain categories of population, which represents the mechanism for the implementation of the Law on nominative compensations.

72 4. Social assistance

Table 4.6. Nominative compensations by categories of beneficiaries, 2010 2010 Categories Number of Total calculated, Average beneficiaries th.lei quantum, lei 1. Disabled persons, I degree 14 657 29 945,2 175 2. Disabled persons, II degree 86 896 111 029,5 154 3. Disabled persons, III degree 18 575 22 284,2 103 4. Disabled children under 18 12 332 24 203,0 159 5. Disabled from childhood 31 628 52 543,8 136 6. Second world war participants and their wives 16 813 29 840,7 146 7. Persons assimilated to war participants 605 1 161,7 161 Families of deceased participants in the liquidation 8. 676 1 325,3 164 of Chernobyl consequences Participants in Afghanistan war and on the territory 9. 7 864 15 487,1 168 of other states 10. Solitary pensioners 25 081 28 879,1 95 11. Families with 4 and more children under 18 6 338 11 354,3 144 Persons who during the IIWW worked behind the 12. 369 680,0 154 lines 13. Participants of Leningrad blockade 59 100,8 143 Participants in operations for the defence of 14. 19 939 24 764,4 108 Moldovan territorial integrity Total 241 832 353 599,1 Source: NSIH.

It should be mentioned that one of the main from the state for the contribution during the Sec- roles of the social assistance system is to diminish ond World War, as well as during the operations for the poverty risk (the primary precondition that the protection of the independence and territorial generates multiple deprivation and social exclu- integrity of the Republic of Moldova. sion) and to absorb the effects of economic crisis. The number of beneficiaries and expenses for The 2010 year can be characterised by a controver- payment of these allowances are reduced due to the sial situation, when two financial support programs annual natural decrease. In 2010, 10956 persons functioned in the frame of the same system: nomi- benefited by these allowances, with a decrease by native compensations and „Social aid”– payment 12,3% compared to the previous year and by 38,2% for poverty, introduced in the last quarter of 2008, compared to 2001 (when this type of payments was and applied in 3 stages. In fact, this situation was introduced). qualified as transition period, what presumed the freeze of the growth of nominative compensations’ quantum and gradual transition to „social aid”. 4.1.5. Monthly state allowances Monthly state allocations are established based on the provisions of the Law no. 121-XV from May 3, 2001 on additional social protection of war dis- abled, participants of the World War and their fam- ilies. These allocations have a rewarding character

73 Annual social report 2010

30000 90000 81951 80000 25000 70000 59900 20000 55582 60000 52099 49832 51962 50000 15000 43357 46326 40000 38886 10000 30000 21321 20000 5000 10000 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bene ciaries, persons Annual expenses, th.lei

Figure 4.3. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of monthly state allowances and annual expenditures, 2001-2010

As for the expenses for payment of monthly state allowances, their number went down by 16,1% com- pared to the previous year, and increased by 1,8 times compared to 2001.

Table 4.7. State monthly allowances, 2010 Allowance Number of Established Categories of beneficiaries quantum, lei beneficiaries, persons monthly, th.lei War disabled persons: I degree 600 457 274,2 II degree 450 2764 1243,8 III degree 375 438 164,2 War participants and former political prisoners 300 3359 1007,7 Free citizens, employed in army 300 59 17,7 Persons decorated with orders and medals 75 803 60,2 Participants who were in Leningrad during the blockade 300 59 17,7 Wives of survivors incapable of work – second world war 150 2681 402,2 veterans Children of the second world war veterans or participants of military actions in peace time, soldiers died on 150 64 12,1 duty and children of participants at the liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences One of the parents, unable to work, of the participants in operations for the protection of Moldovan territorial 150 272 40,7 integrity and independence, and participants at liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences, deceased Total 10956 3240,5 Source: NSIH. 4.1.6. Compensations to participants at the liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences For the purpose of protecting the rights and in- who participated in the liquidation of Chernobyl ac- terests of the citizens of the Republic of Moldova, cident consequences, the Law no. 909-XII from who suffered from Chernobyl accident and those January 30, 1992 on social protection of citizens,

74 4. Social assistance who suffered as result of Chernobyl accident was ad- pacity to work. This compensation is paid to all opted. This category of persons benefit by pensions disabled, irrespective of the date of disability deter- and various social payments, as compensations for mination. The amount calculated for each benefi- balneo-sanatorial treatment tickets, one-off com- ciary is paid within 4 years by 25% instalments an- pensation for health injury, one-time material aid for nually. The compensation established and non-paid recovery, monthly benefit for care etc. due to beneficiary death is paid to the survived Thus, according to the provisions of the Law no. spouse, his children or parents for the correspond- 909-XII from January 30, 1992, the persons who ing year. got ill and had an actinic disease, and disabled per- According to the Article 9 Para (2) disabled per- sons have the right to benefit annually, off-turn, by sons are paid annually a one-off material aid for free tickets (based on medical prescription) to bal- recovery in amount of two average monthly sala- neo-sanatorial institutions from our country, as ries in the country, set for the previous year. The well as in the institutions situated in Ukraine: “Mol- one-off material aid for recovery is also granted to dova” (Odessa), “Moldova” (Truskavets), “Sana- the participants in the liquidation of Chernobyl ac- tatea”, “Serghei Lazo” and “Zolotaia niva” (Ser- cident consequences during 1986 – 1987 and 1988 gheevka), and if there are no available tickets, to – 1990 in amount of one average monthly salary in receive a cash compensation in the amount of the the country for the previous year and, correspond- average ticket cost. At the same time the same ben- ingly, 50% of the average monthly salary in the efits (free ticket or cash compensation) are granted country for the previous year. (according to Article 13) to children, born after At the same time bed-ridden disabled persons, I April 26, 1986, until the age of 18, with a parent degree, are granted a monthly allowance for care in who suffered as result of Chernobyl accident, as amount of 300 lei. well as the children evacuated from the disposal Simultaneously, the families, which lost their zone. breadwinners as result of Chernobyl accident, are According to the Article 9, Para (1) of the above- paid a one-off compensation in amount of 15 aver- mentioned law, for health injury the disabled per- age monthly salaries in the country, set for the pre- sons, who suffered as result of Chernobyl accident, vious year. This compensation is paid irrespective are paid a one-off compensation in amount of an of the date of breadwinner’s death. average monthly salary in the country for the The types of social benefits, amounts of expen- month preceding the month of compensation re- ditures and the number of beneficiaries are reflect- quest, for each percent of loss of professional ca- ed in the following table: Table 4.8. Benefits to participants at the liquidation of Chernobyl accident consequences, 2010 2010 Number of Types of compensations Total calculated, Average beneficiaries, th.lei quantum, lei persons 1. Compensations for balneo-sanatorial treatment tickets for: 1.1. disabled and participants 9330,0 1866 5000-00 1.2. children born after 1986, aged 4-7 214,5 65 3300-00 1.3. children born after 1986, aged 7-14 1246,4 304 4100-00 1.4. children born after 1986, aged 14-18 2605,0 521 5000-00 2. Annual one-off material aid for recovery of: 2.1. disabled 11974,0 2179 5495-20 2.2. participants in 1986-1987 232,2 97 2393-52 2.3. participants in 1988-1990 3. One-off compensation for health injury for disabled 3995,7 111 35997-54 persons 4. One-off compensation for breadwinner’s loss 1105,1 28 39468-42 5. One-off material aid to children for breadwinner’s loss 8,6 24 360-00 6. Additional leave 192,9 99 1948-10

75 Annual social report 2010

7. Annual insurance with tickets for treatment 7.1 for disabled and participants 1885,5 330 5713-7 7.2 for children, aged 14-18 - - - Monthly Number of Pensions to participants at liquidation of Chernobyl Average established beneficiaries, accident consequences quantum, lei amount, th. lei persons including: 8. Disability pension, total 3569,3 2012 1773-98 8.1 degree I 646,5 288 2244-65 8.2. degree II 2883,9 1690 1706-44 8.3 degree III 38,9 34 1144-38 9. Old-age pension 25,9 24 1077-79 10. Pension in case of breadwinner’s loss 68,8 74 929-20 10.1. including: 1 survivor 56,7 64 886-54 2 survivors 9,6 9 1065-00 3 survivors 2,4 1 2436-00 Source: NSIH.

4.1.7. Compensations instead of treatment tickets for war disabled persons According to the Law on veterans no. 190-XV Thus, the method and conditions for establish- from May 8, 2003, war disabled persons have the ment and payment of this compensation were ap- right to benefit annually by free tickets for sanato- proved by the Government decision no. 868 from rial treatment in the rehabilitation centres of the July 28, 2004 on approval of the Regulation on the Ministry of Social Protection, Family and Child procedure of establishment and payment of cash and other corresponding institutions or, at choice, compensation instead of free sanatorial treatment instead of treatment tickets, to a cash compensa- tickets to war disabled persons,. tion, once in two years, in conditions specified by The following table reflects the dynamics of the Government. compensations instead of treatment tickets for war disabled persons during 2008-2010:

Table 4.9. Compensations instead of treatment tickets to war disabled persons, 2008-2010 Number of beneficiaries, Average quantum, lei Total calculated, th.lei persons 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 Compensations paid from the 3482.80 4200.00 4800.00 58 385 194 202.0 1617,0 931,2 state budget Compensations paid from the 3456.64 4200.00 - 113 698 - 390.6 2926,7 - state social insurance budget

4.1.8. State monthly nominal allowances Until 2003 the nominal monthly allowances nominal allowances are beneficiaries of pensions, were specified by various Government decisions established according to current pension legisla- that created an uncertain situation from the view- tion, related to the following categories: point of beneficiaries’ coverage. This fact was an a) persons decorated with state distinctions argument for the unification of the system of com- based on the Law no. 1123-XII from July 30, 1992 pensations in a unique legal framework on state distinctions of the Republic of Moldova; The state monthly nominal allowances for per- b) persons decorated with the state distinctions sons with special merits to the state was established of the former Soviet Union equivalent to state dis- according to Chapter IV of the Law on veterans no. tinctions of the Republic of Moldova by the Parlia- 190-XV from May 8, 2003. The beneficiaries of this ment decision no. 533-XIII from July 13, 1995 on

76 4. Social assistance the rights of the citizens of the Republic of Moldo- and III degree and persons, having the title of Hero va, decorated with the state distinctions of the for- of socialist labour - 50 lei; mer Soviet Union; c) persons with honorific titles, those decorated c) other persons, at the proposal of the Com- with medals and orders - 50 lei; mittee for review of requests for establishment of d) persons decorated with the orders “Order of state nominal allowances. Republic”, “Stefan cel Mare” and “Labour glory”, of The nominal allowance is set in the following I, II and III degree and persons, having the title of quantum: Hero of socialist labour - 500 lei. a) persons with honorific titles and those deco- The procedure of establishment and payment of rated with medals - 25 lei; state nominal allowances is regulated by the corre- b) persons decorated with orders, except per- sponding Regulation, approved by the Government sons decorated with the orders: “Order of Repub- decision no. 1413 from November 27, 2003. lic”, “Stefan cel Mare” and “Labour glory” , of I, II Table 4.10. State monthly nominal allowances for special merits to the state, 2009-2010 Number of Total calculated, Allowance quantum, lei beneficiaries, Category of beneficiaries th.lei persons 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 Holders of honorific titles or medals 25.00 25.00 7540 7447 2175,0 2137,7 Holders of orders or honorific titles, orders 50.00/54.00 50.00/54.00/ 15161 14037 9199,2 8551,1 and medals 72.00 Persons decorated with the orders "Order 500.00 500.00 184 180 1004,7 1014,5 of Republic", "Stefan cel Mare" and "Labour glory", of I, II and III degree and persons, having the title of Hero of socialist labour Total 22885 21664 12378,9 11703,3 Source: NSIH.

Similar to the case of state monthly allowances, natural decrease of beneficiaries, and the reduction the number of beneficiaries of state nominal allow- of awarding model of these state distinctions. ances is decreasing. The explanation could be the

29108 30000 27694 26520 24028 22885 25000 21664 20000

15000

10000

5000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of beneficiaries

Source: NSIH. Figure 4.4. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of state monthly nominal allowances, 2004-2010

77 Annual social report 2010

4.1.9. Social aid However, there is a need to ensure simultane- ously the financial sustainability, so as the total At the end of 2008 the Government of the Re- amount of all benefits, granted in the new system, public of Moldova initiated an ambitious reform of do not exceed the available financial resources for the social assistance system, meaning the gradual their payment. From this point of view, the system transfer from the system of social benefits, based – as it was planned initially – envisaged that chang- on beneficiaries’ categories to a system of cash pov- es would not imply any additional expenses. The erty payments, granted to families. reform requires the accomplishment of the follow- On June 13, 2008 the Parliament adopted the ing conditions: Law no. 133-XVI on social aid in order to make • Policy framework should envisage zero costs more efficient the system of social payments and (should not exceed the available budget in their targeting towards the poorest. For the imple- the previous system); mentation of this Law, the Government (Govern- • Should cover only poor families (elimina- ment decision no. 1167 from October 16, 2008) ap- tion of inclusion and exclusion errors); proved the Regulation on the procedure of • Have an obvious impact on poverty (shall be establishment and payment of social aid. a cash amount with clear effects on the living The policy framework, which regulates the new conditions of beneficiaries). system, is motivated by the improvement of the im- The Government, imposed by economic insta- pact on poverty of the available resources for social bility and financial constraints, had to set as a pri- benefits through the reduction of inclusion and ex- ority the implementation of the new system of cash clusion errors and fundamental retargeting of the benefits, and gradual elimination of the categorical system to a new poverty concept, focussed on so- system benefits. cial assistance. The dynamics of the implementation of new benefits is reflected in the following figure.

45000 900,0 40000 800,0 35000 700,0 30000 600,0 25000 500,0 20000 400,0 15000 300,0 10000 200,0 5000 100,0 000 ,0 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2008 2009 2010

no. of beneficiaries average benefit, lei (secondary axis)

Figure 4.5. Number of beneficiaries and average benefit amount by family, January 2009 – December 2010

As it could be seen from the figure, up to now with disabled members, then families with children there were four periods in the implementation of and at last all other families). In this period the social aid: number of beneficiaries increased fastly, beginning - First period (till July 2009), which started with from „zero” and reaching 20000 families in July. the phased inclusion of beneficiaries (only families - The second period was characterized by stag-

78 4. Social assistance nation due to a range of factors: lack of an informa- ployed, it should wait 3 months to be registered tion campaign, meaning that some persons were again, or lack of identity documents), stigmatiza- not informed about benefits, and those persons, tion and incapacity/unwillingness to request re- who received the aid in the first half of 2009, did peatedly. not know about their right to require repeatedly, In 2010 the lack of awareness among eligible and after 6 months they lost this right. families represented about 20%. The number is sig- - The third period (February – July 2010) was nificant and requires new actions, although this is a characterized by a fast increase of the number of considerable decrease compared to the awareness beneficiaries due to a new mass-media campaign level of the previous year (in the first quarter of and intensive promotion at the level of town halls. 2009, 76% of the eligible families did not know In July 2010, 38500 families benefited by the social about the social aid). The main part of families, aid in amount of about 726 lei. which are eligible based on the estimations of the - The fourth period (beginning with August Household Budget Survey (HBS), but did not pres- 2010) was characterized by a decrease of the num- ent their request for social aid, are considered non- ber of beneficiaries, determined by the automized eligible. Usually, this fact points out to wrong infor- control of the National Employment Agency and mation about the rules of benefit establishment. National Social Insurance House. At the end of the In 2010, according to administrative data, 59000 year the number of beneficiaries increased. families benefited of a social aid in at least one of The absence of the increase of beneficiaries in the months, meaning that the coverage of eligible the second half of 2010 is also the result of the de- families could be higher if the maintenance of the crease in the number of new requests and lack of person in the system was more successful. The cov- in-time repeated requests. A great number of fami- erage depends on the necessity of having the first lies continue to present the requests with delays: in contact with the social aid (request) and keeping the mid of November about 3000 families (or 42% the poor persons in the system of social aid. of the families, which received the last payment in In 2010 the average benefit per family consti- September) did not present the repeated requests. tuted 740 lei, but from February it decreased grad- This fact represents a certain progress compared to ually from 790 lei to 720 lei at the end of the year. In the situation of the previous months, when the 2010 the amounts transferred for payment of this similar estimations were by 10% higher; however, benefit constituted about 290 million lei. In De- they are still high and with significant possibilities cember 2010, over 33 thousand families benefited for improvement. At the same time it is difficult to by a social aid in amount of about 720 lei. cover some families, which are not informed about At the end of 2010, over 200 thousand requests the benefit or which did not request the social aid. were registered in the system. In 2010 about 79% of Such families have sometimes concrete difficulties 100 thousand requests (83% from rural area) got (after the person is excluded from the list of unem- positive decisions (Table 4.11).

Table 4.11. Distribution of the requests for social aid, 2010 I quarter II quarter III quarter IV quarter Total Positive requests 74,4% 75,0% 82,7% 86,1% 79,1% Negative requests (income>MGMI) 16,5% 15,3% 11,9% 10,6% 13,8% Negative requests (income

By analysing the social aid coverage by districts, the beginning of social aid establishment, only 1% it is obvious that there are regional differences be- of families requested this benefit in big towns (Chi- tween districts and villages in the country. From sinau and Balti). The coverage is also low in Gagau-

79 Annual social report 2010 zia, but higher – in central districts (Soldanesti, tention of the efficiency and sustainability policy in Telenesti etc.), constituting there over 20%. The relation to poverty reduction efforts through tar- different coverage rates are explained not only by geted social assistance requires a regular adjust- different poverty levels, but also by the presence of ment. social assistants and Social Assistance and Family Protection Sections/Departments, in a greater Support during the cold period of the year number or more qualified. On December 14, 2010 the Government ap- At the same time estimations for three basic proved the Regulation on implementation of poverty indicators were made: per person, who changes, stipulated in the Law no. 133-XVI from represents the percentage of persons below the 06.13.2008 on social aid, amended previously in poverty line; poverty flaw, which takes into consid- the same year, which envisages the provision of the eration the distance from the poverty threshold, support for the cold period of the year. Beginning and poverty gravity, which examines the inequality with January 1, 2011 all families, which have an in- level among poor people. From these three indica- come lower than the Minimum Granted Monthly tors, the simulated reduction of poverty as result of Income (MGMI) multiplied with 1,4 (742 lei per social aid provision is very high. It confirms that adult person/month for the beginning of 2011) and the benefit is well targeted and received by poor correspond to other eligibility criteria for social aid persons, although the reduction per person is lim- (proxy test and requirements stipulated in the art.5 ited due to a quite low coverage. of the Law on social aid), shall be eligible for a Outcomes for beneficiaries. A rapid evaluation monthly payment in amount of 130 lei per family of beneficiaries was carried out; 50 families from during the cold period from November till March. various regions of Moldova were interviewed in or- The right to the aid for the cold period of the der to assess the use of social aid and understand year is determined simultaneously with the right to the possible changes in the behaviour of families, social aid, based on the request of families for so- which benefited by social aid. This demonstrated cial aid. that the main part of beneficiaries use the benefit 4.1.10. Social compensations during the cold for the following purpose: period of 2010 - to meet the main needs and first of all the needs of children; On February 26, 2010 the Law no.15-XVIII on - to purchase food, medicine and pay for the social compensations during the cold period of main utilities; 2010 was adopted in order to support the vulnera- - in some cases the families made small invest- ble families in the cold period of the year. ments in domestic animals and avoid the negative The beneficiaries of social compensations are: survival strategies, which lead to the consumption - vulnerable families, which have the right to so- of their goods. cial aid, established according to the Law no. 133- Due to the social aid, in many cases, the families XVI from June 13, 2008, for January – March and found a form of stability, which granted them the November - December; possibility of launching various small economic ac- - employees from the public sector, referred to tivities in order not to depend on the system and I-VII salary categories of the Unique Tariff Net- gaining more than only survival means. work, for January - March; The development of this benefit has a dynamic - beneficiaries of pensions or social allowances character. Its efficiency depends on the assimila- in amount of up to 700 lei, from the age of 65, for tion of other components of the economy – salary, January - March; problems of labour force market, inflation rate, sta- - beneficiaries of pensions or social allowances bility of agricultural economy, which is not based in amount of up to 900 lei, for November - Decem- on market etc. This benefit is conditioned by what ber. is happening in other components of the economy, and the successful implementation of the initial in-

80 4. Social assistance

Table 4.12. Payment of social compensations during the cold period of 2010 Payment period Total No. Category of beneficiaries November- calculated January-March December th.lei 1. Vulnerable families, which have the right to social aid, 34372 27132 16976,0 established according to the Law no. 133-XVI from June 13, 2008 2. Employees from the public sector, referred to I-VII 36056 - 13228,4 salary categories of the Unique Tariff Network 3. Beneficiaries of pensions or social allowances in amount - 516806 134600,2 of up to 900 lei 4. Beneficiaries of pensions or social allowances in amount 113167 - 40764,4 of up to 700 lei, from the age of 65 5. Total 183595 543938 205539,0

4.1.11. Material aid One of the basic components of the integrated transfers from the currency exchange offices and of social assistance system is the Republican Fund the Ministry of Information Technologies and and local funds for social support of population, Communications. which provide material aid to vulnerable persons, During 2010 the accumulated resources went affected by poverty or being in very difficult situa- down by about 15,6% compared to 2009 and con- tion due to a disease, in result of some exceptional stituted 104581,5 thousand lei. This reduction of situations. The activity of these public institutions means was caused by the legal exclusion of the par- is regulated by the Law on the Republican Fund ticipation of local budgets in replenishment of the and local funds for population social support no. funds for population social support from the cor- 827- XIV from February 18, 2000 and the Govern- responding regions. ment decision no. 1083 from October 26, 2000 on According to current legislation, the above- the implementation of this law. mentioned resources were mainly used to offer ma- The implementation of legislative and norma- terial aid to socially vulnerable persons, who live in tive framework in the activity of these funds condi- extreme poverty, through the funds for social sup- tioned their replenishment with means obtained port of population. The distribution of material from the transfers of mobile operators, allocations aids is reflected in the following table: from the budgets of territorial administrative units, Table 4.13. Number of material aids and amounts, granted to applicants, 2010 No. of Average No.of Amount No. Categories of material aid beneficiaries benefici- amount, aids (th.lei) aries lei 1. Pensioners – total, including: 179293 176868 61822.78 344.81 a) persons, benefiting by pensions and state allowances for 93104 91252 31097.95 334.01 disability b) solitary pensioners, benefiting by compensations for utility 11933 11752 4572.6 383.19 services c) elderly persons over 75 years old and not included in p.b), total: 46673 46493 14026.58 300.53 including persons of the age of 100 and over 65 65 325.0 5000 d) other pensioners not included in p. a); b) and c) 27582 27370 12120.65 439.44 2. Persons incapable of work - total, including: 5224 5224 3200.55 612.66 a) unemployed due to a long-term disease till disability 2514 2514 1613.0 641.61 establishment b) in extreme poverty and with no living subsistence sources, 2710 2710 1587.55 585.81 including persons with asocial behaviour (homeless people, etc)

81 Annual social report 2010

3. Families with children - total, including: 66642 64392 23733.65 356.14 a) with 4 and more children, beneficiaries of compensations for 14927 14573 4229.4 283.34 utility services; b) with disabled children; 14643 13492 4657.15 318.05 c) monoparental families; 11490 11016 4579.85 398.59 d) with non-institutionalized orphaned children under 4143 4017 1498.55 361.71 guardianship, under 18 e) other families with small incomes, not included in p. a); b); c) 21439 21294 8768.7 409.01 and d) 4. Other persons (not included in chapters 1, 2 and 3), who are in exceptional situations and cannot outrun them on their own 17631 17617 11081.85 628.54 (complicated disease, natural calamities, disasters, accidents, military conflicts, ecological catastrophes, fire, epidemics, death of relatives etc), total, including: a) persons, looking for a job (unemployed); 1640 1639 1167.1 711.65 b) persons with special merits to the state ( participants in 6930 6928 4005.8 578.04 military conflicts and liquidation of consequences of ecological catastrophes, persons with valuable contributions in their work, etc.); c) persons released from imprisonment, teenagers (16-18 years 9061 9050 5908.95 652.13 old), young families, students and other persons with small incomes needing special support of the state TOTAL: 268790 264101 99838.83 371.44 Source: RFSSP. Thus, in the reported period, the Republican • Elderly persons, for the International Day of Fund and local funds for population social support Elderly Persons, for October 1 – in amount granted to vulnerable population 268790 material of 4700,0 thousand lei; aids in a total amount of 99838,8 thousand lei or by • Disabled persons for the International Day 18,5% less compared to the previous year. The av- of Disabled Persons, for December 3 – in erage quantum of the material aids constituted amount of 12900,0 thousand lei. 371.4 lei. Thus, the local funds distributed to poor per- In 2010 about 62% of the distributed funds were sons financial resources with special destination in used for the purpose of meeting the requirements amount of 30484,2 thousand lei. related to the improvement of financial situation At the same time, in the reported period, the and the remaining part – for partial payment of Republican Fund transferred resources to local medical services, purchase of medicines and other funds in a total amount of 51415,8 thousand lei. similar needs. From the allocated resources the local funds grant- The resources of the Republican Fund (through ed current material aids to applicants, financing of its local funds) contributed to the implementation of social aid canteens, one-off material aids in amount programs with special destination for the financial of 500 lei per each person to disabled persons and support of socially vulnerable population. The fol- families of the participants, deceased in the war in lowing persons benefited by this financial support: Afghanistan, military conflict in Transnistria and • Participants of the second world war and participants in the liquidation of the consequences their spouses, for May 9 – in amount of of Chernobyl accident. 65 persons of the age of 100 5584,2 thousand lei; years and over benefited by material aids in amount • Poor families with children, for the Interna- of 5000 lei. tional Children Day, June 1 – in amount of Directly from the Republican Fund, 1902 mate- 5500,0 thousand lei; rial aids in amount of 5130,7 thousand lei were pro- • Needy families with children attending vided to needy persons, of which 107 persons bene- school, before September 1 – in amount of fited of the compensation of 1401,9 thousand lei for 6500,0 thousand lei; the transport of bodies of their relatives dead abroad.

82 4. Social assistance

At the same time the Republican Fund granted • prosthetic-orthopaedic items, medical financial aid to 50 social canteens, which offered equipment and devices – 76414,3 thousand free lunches to 5404 needy persons, the amount of lei (18.4%); 2077,7 thousand lei being used. • furniture – 8521,9 thousand lei (2.0%); The practice of financial support of socially vul- • diesel oil – 43026,0 thousand lei (10,3%); nerable persons and families reveals that thanks to • other goods (construction materials, electric the efficient use of the mechanism of material sup- devices, accessories, etc.) –195020,9 thou- port of the state, the social assistance of poor peo- sand lei (46,9%). ple became more accessible and substantial, in- The above-mentioned humanitarian aids were creasing also the direct involvement of local public granted to the Republic of Moldova by 34 donor administration authorities in activities for social countries. The highest volumes of humanitarian support of vulnerable population. aids were granted by: USA - 97886,0 thousand lei (23,5%), Russian Federation - 53368, 0 thousand 4.1.12. Humanitarian aids lei (21.3 %), Austria – 50153,2 thousand lei (12,0 In 2010 the Ministry of Labour, Social Protec- %) , Germany –29485, 8 thousand lei (7,1%), Swit- tion and Family drafted and issued to the organiza- zerland–20912, 8 thousand lei (5,49%), France - tions – recipients/distributors of humanitarian aids 9938, 2 thousand lei (2,38%), Romania-88672, 7 674 authorizations for introduction in the country thousand lei (21,3%), etc. and distribution of various humanitarian aids, in- The humanitarian aids, granted to the Republic cluding food, clothes, footwear, medicine and med- of Moldova, were received by 176 organizations, of ical devices, detergents and hygienic items, furni- which the greatest lots by: „CONCORDIA” Social ture and school supplies, construction material, Projects - 48626,4 thousand lei; Association of Dis- and other goods of first priority. abled Persons from Cimislia - 5228,1 thousand lei, According to the Ministry’s record indicators „ORA International Deutcher-Hilesfonds” from and statistic data of the Customs Service, in the re- Moldova - 10187,8 thousand lei; the Executive ported period, humanitarian aids in a total amount Committee of the TAU Gagauzia - 43026,0 thou- of over 415,3 million lei were introduced in our sand lei; National Centre for Public Health -16408,7 country (compared to 232,3 million lei in 2009). thousand lei; Oncological Institute - 16146,0 thou- In the reported period a single lot of humanitar- sand lei; Civil Protection and Exceptional Situa- ian aids was received by the state, simultaneously tions Service of the MIA – 74506,4 lei; UBCCE the stocks of the previously delivered aids being „Cultul Penticostal”-1417,0 thousand lei etc. distributed. All humanitarian aids were distributed accord- In 2010 the food constituted 3,4% (amounting ing to the distribution plans, developed in coopera- at 14659,7 thousand lei) of the volume of humani- tion with local public authorities and social assis- tarian aids, entered in our country, in particular: tance services, being approved by the local a) flour (wheat, potatoes) – 93,4 thousand lei commissions for humanitarian aids and specialized (0,69%); commission of the Ministry of Health. b) agricultural products (potatoes, beans, corn, According to these plans, in 2010 humanitarian dry fruits) –246,5 thousand lei (1,69%); aids were granted to the majority of public medi- c) vegetal oil - 0,7 thousand lei (3,2%); cal-sanitary institutions, 311 education and pre- d) pastes – 696,2 thousand lei (4,7%); school institutions, 26 social institutions (including e) sugar – 652,5 thousand lei (4,4%); residential institutions under the MLSPF), 159 f) canned goods (meat, fruits, vegetables) charity projects and programs, 985023 socially vul- -2649,6 thousand lei (18,0%); nerable families (about 1,6 million persons), some g) sweets – 1622,7 thousand lei (11,0%); of them benefiting two or three times by these aids. h) rice – 7653,8 thousand lei (52,2%) Humanitarian aids with the total weight of i) other - 562,5 thousand lei (3,8%); 411399,0 kg were provided for the liquidation of The other humanitarian aids include: the consequences of floods in summer of 2010 and • clothes and textile items – 69034,9 thousand for the support of victims of the calamity. lei (16,6%); In the reported period, 10 meetings of the inter- • footwear – 8577,8 thousand lei (2,0%); departmental commission for humanitarian aids

83 Annual social report 2010 were held and focussed on the analysis of the au- and standards. The reform in the field of social ser- thorization requests for the introduction in the vices is one of the most important. For this pur- country of humanitarian aids and their distribu- pose, the Government (Government Decision tion, information on activities in the field of social no.1512 from December 31, 2008) approved the and humanitarian assistance, presented by the local National Program for creation of an integrated sys- commissions for humanitarian aids from Causeni, tem of social services during 2008 – 2012. Leova, Cahul, Telenesti districts, Balti mun., Exec- The Program is aimed at rapid extension of utive Committee of Gagauzia, and other organiza- community and specialized social services and tions, like „Concordia, Social Projects” from Chi- considerable improvement of the efficiency of sinau mun., „ORA International high-specialized social services by their consolida- Deutsher-Hilesfonds” from Moldova etc. tion, integration and targeting towards the vulner- In the framework of these meetings 10 plans for able groups of persons. By combining the preven- distribution of humanitarian aids granted to the tion and rehabilitation actions and solving the cases country were approved, and the current activity of at community level before they worsen (and their the Humanitarian Aids Section of the MLSPF was solution become more expensive), the system shall discussed. become more cost-efficient, cover all those who In the reported period, the Ministry examined need social support and have a positive impact on and solved 804 requests for provision of humanitar- the life quality of persons in risk situations. ian aids to various beneficiaries (organizations or The integrated system of social services has the natural persons), including: 140 requests through following objectives: the State Chancellery, 31 – Parliament staff, 18 – I. Ensure the quality and efficiency of the inte- Ministries, and the remaining part of 615 – directly grated system of social services. addressed to the Ministry of Labour, Social Protec- II. Develop, strengthen and integrate the social tion and Family. All requests were examined and services, targeted towards the vulnerable groups of solved timely, in cooperation with the charity orga- persons. nizations from our country and from abroad. The development of an integrated system of so- In the same period, according to the art. 8d) of cial services shall create better opportunities for the Law on humanitarian aids, granted to the Re- social inclusion of persons in difficult situations, public of Moldova, several organizations – recipi- ensuring the respect of their fundamental rights. ents/distributors of humanitarian aids delivered to In order to make more efficient the social assis- the reserve fund, managed by the Ministry, goods tance and develop an integrated system of social from donations in a total value of 1320,9 thousand services, the Parliament adopted the Law no. 122 lei. The sold of humanitarian aids from the reserve from June 18, 2010 on amendment of the Law no. fund constituted 217 thousand lei as at December 547-XV from December 25, 2003 on social assis- 31, 2010. During 2010, goods in an amount of tance. These amendments are aimed at adjusting 1860,1 thousand lei of their total value (including the regulatory framework to the consolidation previous sold) were distributed. standards of the institutional framework for provi- The humanitarian aids from the reserve fund sion of social assistance at different administrative are distributed to beneficiaries based on official re- levels. quests and documents, confirming the right of the Significant changes of the art. 12, 13, 14 were beneficiary. carried out, including the responsability related to the development of policy and normative-method- 4.2. Social services ological framework at central level, responsibility of resources’ organization and management, as well Social services represent a set of actions and ac- as the responsability in relation to the provision of tivities, carried out for the purpose of meeting the social services at second level of local public au- social needs of a person or family in order to over- thorities and assistance in the process of social ser- come a difficult situation, prevent the social mar- vices’ provision at the first level of local public au- ginalization and exclusion. thorities. The Republic of Moldova is involved in the pro- The Chapter V („Staff”) of the Law on social as- cess of harmonization with the European values sistance was amended in order to make the neces-

84 4. Social assistance sary changes in relation to the staff employed un- cide on developing the specialised social services, der the social assistance system. The professional based on the needs assessment and community po- parental assistants and parents-teachers of the fam- tential. ily-type homes for children were also included along with social assistants and workers. Another Social home care service amended provision stipulates that the minimum The social home care represents a variety of number of employees in social assistance institu- community services and facilities provided through tions is determined by the MLSPF. The local public prevention and care measures to dependent per- authority is responsible for the employment of the sons, so that they can increase their independency necessary staff, but not less than the minimum es- degree and live as independently as possible in tablished by the quality standards of the corre- their own houses. sponding social services. The social home care services are provided on At the same time the staff professional supervi- the basis of the Regulation-type on home social as- sion, its evaluation and protection of the rights of sistance sections for solitary elderly persons and social services’ beneficiaries were institutionalized. citizens unable to work. According to the provi- On June 18, 2010 the Law no. 123 on social ser- sions of the Government decision no. 688 from vices was adopted. It envisages the general frame- June 10, 2003 on the structure and staff of the may- work for the development and functioning of the oralties of villages (communes), towns (municipal- integrated system of social services with the estab- ities) and Government decision no. 689 from June lishment of the tasks and responsibilities of the 10, 2008 on the organizational chart and staff of the central and local public authorities, other legal per- district head team, departments, sections and other sons, natural persons in relation to the insurance subdivisions under the District Council, the posi- and provision of social services, and protection of tion of head of homecare service is established as 1 the rights of social services’ beneficiaries. staff unit per 30 social assistants and the social as- Currently, the community social services as an sistant position - depending on the number of alternative to institutional services are under devel- served beneficiaries – 10-12 served persons for 1 opment. They are aimed at maintaining the per- staff unit in urban areas and 8-10 served persons sons or families in difficulty in an organizational for 1 staff unit in rural areas. community-related framework in order to prevent These services represent an alternative to „the the marginalization, social exclusion and facilita- institutional care”. It implies that the support of el- tion of beneficiaries’ reintegration in families, com- derly persons with the view of their integration and munity. maintenance in the community is more efficient then their placement and isolation in a shelter or 4.2.1. Primary social services hospital for a long period. The extension of social services at community The following home care services are provided: level represents a major source for the efficient im- –– moral support; plementation of social policies. The community –– support for payment of certain utilities; can provide systematic professional support, com- –– maintenance of the dwelling and household; pleted with community and interpersonal support. –– aid in personal hygiene; The primary social services are provided to prevent –– organization of the process related to the ad- or limit the difficult situation, to solve the problem justment of the dwelling to the needs of the at the initial stage, keeping the beneficiary in the dependent person; family and in the community. In this context, the –– support in food purchase; decentralisation of social services represent a fa- –– involvement in social and cultural activities. vourable framework for the community activity, The right to homecare services is established implication of human resources and efforts in the based on a registration request of the applicant or its resolution of about 80% of social assistance re- legal representative, the correspondence to eligibility quests. criteria and results of the evaluation of their needs. The primary social services are provided to all In 2010, 25403 solitary and unable to work per- groups of beneficiaries at the level of every com- sons benefited of home care services, provided by munity. In the same time, the mayoralties can de- 2450,5 social workers.

85 Annual social report 2010

3000 30000 25323 25510 25598 25403 24446 24508 2500 25000 19951 21390 2000 19951 20000 1500 15000 2329 2383 2430 2465 2481 2450,5 1000 2006 2006 2105 10000

500 5000

0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Social workers Beneficiaries

Figure 4.6. Social home care service, 2002-2010

In 2010 the number of beneficiaries of social Persons can benefit of social aid canteen ser- home care services decreased by 195 persons, as vices for a period of at most 30 days quarterly that compared to 2009. At the same time the number of allows covering a higher number of socially vulner- social workers decreased by 31. able persons, who need these services. In 2010, 129 social canteens functioned in the Social aid canteens services country, and 5901 elderly and disabled persons, The social aid canteens provide the groups in families with children in risk situations benefited difficulty, including elderly persons, with a caloric by the social aid canteens services. Though the and rich in vitamins nutrition. These institutions number of social aid canteens varies regularly de- are established by the local public authorities, being pending on requests and financial possibilities, the financed from the Republican Fund for population last years are characterized by a constant increase social support, and from donations, charity actions of the number of beneficiaries. of non-governmental organizations. A decrease of the number of social aid canteens is Social aid canteens provide free nutrition ser- noticed as compared to 2009; their number reduced vices to socially vulnerable persons according to by 14 canteens in 2010. Despite the decrease of the the Law no. 81-XV from February 28, 2003 on so- number of canteens, they are still requested by the cial aid canteens and regulation on the functioning vulnerable population. The number of beneficiaries of social aid canteens, approved by the Govern- of social aid canteens services constituted about 5901 ment decision no. 1246 from October 16, 2003. persons or by 28 persons more compared to 2009. The beneficiaries of social aid canteens are: Based on the financial estimations, the average • Persons, who reached the retirement age cost of one lunch represents 14 lei/person/day. (homeless, without legal support, without or A less active involvement of local public admin- with small incomes); istration authorities in the development of nutri- • Disabled persons; tion services for vulnerable persons is registered in • Children under 18 years (from families with Calarasi, Nisporeni, Riscani, and Vulcanesti, where many children, monoparental families and none social aid canteen works there. other socially vulnerable families). A model of best practices in the development of Canteens provide the following services: nutrition services, rendered in social aid canteens • Preparation and serving of one daily meal is the Public Association „Concordia-Proiecte So- per person (as usual, lunch); ciale”. In 2008 with the support of this organization • Free food transportation at home for socially 20 social aid canteens in 14 districts of our country vulnerable persons, who cannot come to the were opened: Orhei (3), Hincesti (3), Donduseni canteen; (2), Criuleni (2), Causeni, Floresti, Soroca, Can- • Food preparation and distribution by the temir, Singerei, Telenesti, Stefan-Voda, Drochia, mobile centres. Leova, and Comrat. 86 4. Social assistance

7000 160 5873 5901 5884 140 6000 5425 120 5000 4416 4164 4068 100 4000 3538 2795 80 3000 131 143 129 60 2000 90 97 99 73 40 54 1000 44 20 0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

No. of canteens No. of beneficiaries

Figure 4.7. Dynamics of the number of social aid canteens, 2002-2010

The activity of social aid canteens is focused on structures, the Government (Government Deci- prevention of social exclusion and facilitation of sion no. 1255 from November 11, 2008) established social reintegration of vulnerable persons. the Community Social Assistance Service, subordi- nated to the territorial social assistance structure. Community social assistance services This Service has the following staff: The community social assistance services repre- • Chief of the Service – 1 person in each terri- sent a core of social assistance, established at com- torial-administrative division (II level); munity level, granting support in resolution of dif- • Social assistant – 1 person per 5000 inhabit- ficult situations for the main part of social problems. ants in urban habitats and up to 3000 inhab- The goal of the community social assistance itants in rural habitats, but not less than 1 service is provision of social assistance to persons person in each mayoralty. in need and increase of the level of vulnerable pop- The community social assistant is an important ulation involvement in social assistance programs actor in the community, a specialist in social assis- at community level. tance, establishes relationships with the persons The community social assistance service has the with difficulties, evaluates their needs, ensures following objectives: their access to social services, mobilizes the com- • To inform on access to social services, iden- munity, cooperates with the local public authori- tify and prevent social problems in the com- ties, related institutions, non-governmental organi- munity and ensure early intervention for zations in order to solve the beneficiaries’ problems. their resolution; In 2010, 1174 social assistants were employed • To develop and provide primary social ser- and worked in mayoralties (the state budget for vices for support and strengthening of the 2010 envisaged sufficient funds for employment of capacities of persons and families with diffi- 1235 social assistants). culties from the community; The number of approved staff units of social as- • To mobilize and strengthen the capacity of sistant remained at the level of 2009. There is a sta- the community for taking care and protec- bility of financial means, allocated from the state tion of persons with difficulties. budget for development of this service. In order to ensure the successful implementa- At the same time there is an increase of the tion of social protection policies and strengthening number of employed social assistants, constituting of functional capacities of local social assistance 1174 staff units compared to 1159 in 2009.

87 Annual social report 2010

Community social assistance service

approved units employed units

1159 901 538 605 1174 600 996 1235 2006 1235 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 4.8. Community social assistance service

On June 21, 2010 the training of community so- specialists with a high qualification level. cial assistants was launched. The purpose of this The specialised social services can be provided training is to enhance the functional capacities and at all administrative levels (community, district, establish an organizational culture for stimulation and national), based on population needs and ex- of continuous vocational training. 790 social assis- isting potential. Currently, the creation and devel- tants benefited by this training by the end of 2010. opment of community social services as an alterna- The training is focussed on the development and tive to residential social services is under continuous improvement of community social assistants’ knowl- consideration. These have the purpose to keep the edge in order to apply the working methodologies families and persons in difficulties in an organisa- with beneficiaries – identification, evaluation, refer- tional community-related framework, having as ral, planning, involvement in various difficult situa- main objective the prevention of marginalisation, tions and resolution of more cases at community social exclusion and facilitation of beneficiaries’ re- level. At the same time the training includes meth- integration in family and community. odologies for evaluation of community needs and The process of social services provision requires development of various community social services, the participation of a team of professionals: social community mobilization, monitoring procedures, assistants, medical assistants, social workers that and establishment of social partnerships. will contribute to a considerable growth of the quality of social services. 4.2.2. Specialised social institutions According to the data provided by the local so- The specialised social services are targeted to a cial assistance divisions, in 2010 year 108 social in- limited number of beneficiaries, often, not taken stitutions carried out their activities and provided into account by the community, which need reha- social services for 5240 adult persons/families and bilitation or long-term intense assistance from the disabled persons.

Types of social centres for adults and disabled persons

6 2 7 34

29

30 Day centres Mixed centres Shelters Social-medical rehabilitation centres Placement centres Care/placement services

Figure 4.9. Types of centres, providing social services for adults and disabled persons

88 4. Social assistance

By types of provided services, these institutions mixed centres, 7 social-medical rehabilitation cen- include 34 day centres, 6 placement centres, 30 tres, 29 shelters and 2 care/placement services.

Number of social centres and beneficiaries/per month

40 2500 35 2271 34 30 2000 30 29 25 1696 1500 20 15 1000 10 663 7 500 5 6 463 125 2 0 22 0 centres centres centres Shelters Placement Day centres rehabilitation Mixed centres No. of centres Social-medical Care/placement No. of beneficiaries/per month

Figure 4.10. Number of social centres and beneficiaries/per month

The Figure 4.10. reveals the fact that day centres cial character or to solve intergenerational con- provide social services for a higher number of ben- flicts. eficiaries in comparison with other centres - 2271 The rotation of beneficiaries of residential so- beneficiaries/monthly. These institutions encour- cial services provided in shelters is very low, be- age and promote the maintenance of beneficiaries/ cause they are placed for undetermined periods. persons in difficulty in the family and community. A good example of development of social ser- Those 30 mixed centres provide services for vices as an alternative to residential care (from the 1696 beneficiaries, which benefit of both, day so- point of view of cost-effect, these services are more cial services and short-term placement social ser- efficient) are the 2 services of care/placement, es- vices in various difficult situations, and also during tablished and developed in Ungheni district, where the cold period of the year, intervention period the elderly and disabled persons are under family with the purpose to solve various problems of so- care in the community neighbourhood.

Dynamics of the creation of social centres 40 for adults and disabled persons Care/placement centres 35 34 30 30 Placement centres 25 29 20 Day centres 15 15 Social-medical 10 9 910 5 7 4 rehabilitation 5 7 3 3 3 6 centres 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 Mixed centres 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 -5 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 4.11. Creation of social centres for adults and disabled persons

89 Annual social report 2010

An important indicator, determined as result of society in the last years influence all the aspects of the evaluation of social services, is the increase of every person’s life, having a great impact on elderly the number of social services, with a significant in- and disabled persons, which continue to be the crease after 2001, when 17 centres were registered. most vulnerable population groups. Currently, 105 centres are registered (an increase The social protection, including a wide range of by 6 times). social and economic measures, contributes to the The oldest shelter for elderly and disabled per- improvement of the difficult situations of vulnera- sons „Andrei Colibaba” was established in 1988 in ble persons/families. The social services reform ex- Nihoreni village, Riscani district, which provides tends the community social and specialized ser- social services for 29 beneficiaries. vices and improves considerably the efficiency and The shelters with the highest number of ap- effectiveness of social services with high specializa- proved places are: Shelter for old-aged persons tion by their consolidation, integration and target- from Badiceni, Soroca district; Shelter for old-aged ing towards the persons in difficulty. For this pur- persons from Tanatari, Causeni district; Shelter for pose the National Program on the development of elderly and disabled persons from Sarata-Galbena, an integrated system of social services for 2008 – Hincesti district; Shelter from Capresti, Floresti 2012 was approved. The initiated reform changes district; Christian charity centre „Tabita” from the ratio between residential services and commu- Iabloana, Glodeni district. nity services in favour of community services and By financing sources, the shelters are divided in envisages that the vulnerable person lives as inde- the following way: 16 – are financed from the local pendently as possible in family and community. budgets, 9 – by the local public authorities in coop- The development of community social and special- eration with civil society and 4 – by community as- ized services at district level shall contribute to the sociations. decrease of the number of persons in social place- As for placement of shelters it is to be men- ment institutions, subordinated to the Ministry, tioned that although 15 shelters of the total of 29 prevention of marginalization, social exclusion etc. institutions are placed in rural areas, they also pro- In the light of the above the residential care vide services to beneficiaries from other localities should be provided to a limited number of persons, of the corresponding district. facing serious problems, and their needs cannot be In 2010, 125 beneficiaries were placed in place- met by the primary social and medical services and ment centres. 2 of the total of mentioned centres those developed at municipality/district level. Ac- are financed by the local public authorities and 4 – cording to art. 8, para (6) of the Law no.547-XV by civil society. The rural – urban placement of from December 25, 2003 on social assistance, the centres is not important, since the social services right to social assistance does not exempt the per- are provided to persons or families from the terri- son from the responsibility for himself and his fam- torial-administrative area. ily, and according to art. 18, para (4) of the Law no. As compared to placement centres and shelters, 123 from June 18, 2010 on social services, the dif- the day centres provide social services to beneficia- ficult material conditions of the person/family do ries of the community, where they are placed. It is not constitute the reason that the person is referred to be mentioned that 22 centres of the total of day to benefit of high specialized social services. centres (34) are financed by donor organizations. Currently, these services are provided to a wide The number of mixed centres increased com- group of beneficiaries; some of them do not need pared to previous years due to the possibilities of such an intensive assistance level and could benefit combining the provided social services (day and of family and community care, but they apply for placement) and groups of beneficiaries. The fi- these services due to the lack of alternatives or nancing expenses for 19 centres are covered by lo- presence of various factors. cal public authorities and for 7 centres – by NGOs. The factors that condition most frequently the growth of person’s vulnerability level are social- 4.2.3. Residential protection services economic factors (high poverty and migration Though the state ensures the promotion of a na- rates, demographic changes and of cultural atti- tional policy on social prevention and inclusion of tudes) and medical factors (increase of morbidity persons in difficulty, the changes occurred in the level, incidence of chronic diseases, causing a con-

90 4. Social assistance siderable number of disabilities etc.). These factors from June 12, 2009. Thus, in order to prevent and determine the appearance of some effects, as: the reduce the social exclusion of persons in difficulty, abuse through abandonment – moral deviation the local social assistance structures shall refer to from the normal behaviour in the family (children highly specialised social services the complex cases, do not ensure parents’ subsistence and vice versa), which can not be solved under the primary social the financial abuse – the vulnerable person is deter- and medical services or specialised services devel- mined to give up his assets (money, dwelling, other oped at district level, only after using all resources of values) in exchange for the promise to be provided the community, own and extended family. care, decrease of incomes and health aggravation, The identification of cases to be referred is made which generate some problems related to commu- by the local social assistance structures, social as- nication, care and treatment and lead to the depen- sistant from the mayoralty, family doctor, local dence state (partial or total). The persons find public administration authorities, organizations themselves in difficult situation of marginalisation and structures at national level, and based on indi- or social exclusion due to the lack of support from vidual requests from the persons in difficulty. the family or community, and thus, become depen- The social services are provided at the written dent of tertiary support. Most often, all these force request or consent of the applicant, depending on the person placement in a residential social institu- case, its legal representative or other person with tion, as the only solution to ensure a decent life. legal confirmation documents. The applicants are The residential services continue to be one of preliminary informed by the social assistant on the the most required and expensive care forms, which requirements and conditions of inclusion, accom- imply a range of complex interventions, including modation and exclusion from institution. At arrival any combination of specialized social services, pro- in the institution, the beneficiary and administra- vided to elderly and disabled persons with a high tion of the institution (provider of social services) dependence, which due to certain circumstances conclude a contract, which stipulates the condi- lost or were limited in participation to social life as tions of social services’ provision, rights and re- much as other persons. sponsibilities of each party. Through provided services the residential insti- The eligible cases of the residential social assis- tutions organize and contribute to the creation and tance service are referred and registered based on a development of the system of medical, professional set of documents, envisaged in the individual activ- and social rehabilitation of disabled persons in or- ity regulations of the institutions, subordinated to der to help these persons reach and maintain the the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Fam- optimal level of physical, intellectual, psychic, so- ily, Instructions no. 07/227 from February 16, 2000 cial activity and get higher independence. on accommodation of persons under guardianship The provision of these services can be termi- in the social institutions, subordinated to the Min- nated due to medical reasons; at the request of the istry of Labour, Social Protection and Family, beneficiary or its legal representative with the ben- which confirm the social status, health state, op- eficiary’s consent, when the specifics of beneficia- portunity and necessity of placement in residential ry’s problem allows him to be in the community; in institutions, presented by the local social assistance case of frequent infringements of the conditions; entity, which made the beneficiary’s referral. The other situations stipulated in the contract for provi- procedure of registration and record is carried out sion of services, concluded between the provider in the ministry, and in the local social assistance and beneficiary. office (the sample documents and working meth- odology with the beneficiary are presented in the Case referral to highly specialised social services framework of case management methodology). The case referral at national level is carried out The accommodation letter of referral is issued according to the Law on social assistance, Law on by the MLSPF depending on vacant places at the social services, National Program on the develop- moment of service request. In case if it is not pos- ment of an integrated system of social services for sible to solve the request at the referral moment, it 2008 – 2012, Case referral mechanism in the system shall be examined additionally when there are va- of social services, approved by the order of the Min- cant places in the corresponding residential institu- ister of Labour, Social Protection and Family no. 55 tions.

91 Annual social report 2010

Activity of residential institutions for adults, subordinated to the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family The Ministry of Social Protection, Family and divided in two categories: for elderly persons and Child coordinates the activity of 6 social institutions with physical disabilities (somatic - without mental for elderly persons and adults with physical disabili- problems) and for persons with psycho-neurologic ties, as well for adults with mental disabilities, situ- deviations. The type of residential unit is recom- ated in various geographic zones of the country, mended by the Consulting Medical Commission which offer to its beneficiaries, according to their under the public medical-sanitary institution, ac- special needs and peculiarities of individual devel- cording to psychophysical situation and self-ser- opment, social protection by provision of socio- vice capacities of the applicant. As well, the com- medical services, accommodation, care, nutrition, mission gives its opinion on the necessity to place clothing and footwear, occupational therapy, cul- the examined person in a residential institution tural activities, kinetotherapy, medical assistance. and possibility of medical recovery at home in am- It is to be mentioned that the residential institu- bulatory conditions. tions for adults, subordinated to the MLSPF, are

Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Brinzeni, 600 Edinet district

Psycho-neurologic boarding 500 school from Badiceni, Soroca district

400 Psycho-neurologic boarding school, Balti mun.

300 Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Cocieri, Dubasari district 200 Republican shelter for disabled and pensioners, mun. Chisinau 100

Republican centre for 0 rehabilitation of disabled, labour 1 and war veterans from Cocieri, Dubasari district

Figure 4.12. Capacity of residential institutions for adults

The residential social institutions perform their persons and the income share of persons, hosted in activity according to current legislation and the the shelter. The contribution of beneficiaries is a sample Regulations on the functioning of social in- compulsory condition regulated by legislation, but stitution, and other regulations of the institution. which is insignificant taking into account the cost The financing of the institution is done from the of one person accommodation in the institution. state budget, special funds and means from the For beneficiaries who did not contribute to the so- sponsors, charity organisations, non-governmental cial insurance fund, the hosting and maintenance is and religious organisations, from legal and natural free that implies considerable expenditures.

92 4. Social assistance

Psycho-neurologic institution Somatic institution

Figure 4.13. Relation between the expenses for one person accommodation in residential institutions

During 2010, the cost of one beneficiary accom- contribution of 200 lei, and 3400 thousand lei/ modation in the social institutions with psycho- monthly for the institutions with somatic profile, neurologic profile represented in average 2300 with the beneficiary contribution of 370 lei in aver- thousand lei/monthly, with the average beneficiary age (Figure 4.14.).

Psycho-neurologic institution Somatic institution

contribution accommodation expenses accommodation expenses contribution

Figure 4.14. Monthly expenses for accommodation of one beneficiary compared to its contribution

The beneficiaries of these institutions are elder- very specific and require an individualized ap- ly and disabled persons from 18 years, predomi- proach, focussed on rehabilitation measures, recur- nantly without legal supporters, which due to their rent evaluation of their situation and implementa- health state (with physical, sense or mental affec- tion of the necessary measures for their social (re) tions, and a low self-service capacity, which require integration. specialised care or support from a third party) and In 2010 the local social assistance departments/ social status (without permanent place of resi- sections referred about 240 cases to highly spe- dence, solitary etc.) are unable to have a decent, ac- cialised social services, subordinated to the Minis- tive and participative life. try, of which 106 persons were registered, based on The necessity of these services increased due to eligibility criteria. In the same period 145 letters of population ageing, migration phenomenon, growth referral for accommodation were issued, of which of the incidence of chronic diseases, especially can- 103 were issued for accommodation in psycho- cer and cardiovascular affections, which cause a neurologic boarding schools. Compared to 2009, in considerable number of disabilities, leading to sig- 2010 the number of requests, and the number of nificant rehabilitation interventions through ex- beneficiaries of social institutions for elderly per- pensive services. sons and persons with physical disabilities went The problems of these groups of persons are down by 5,8%, and compared to 2008 – by 8,8%

93 Annual social report 2010

(due to the development of integrated social ser- specialised residential institution for mental dis- vices, especially community services and highly abilities is decreasing (by about 33% compared to specialised social services at district level). In psy- the previous year), the number of beneficiaries is cho-neurologic boarding schools they increased by still constant since the social services of this type as 0,6% compared to 2009. Though the number of an alternative to residential services are under-de- registered persons, which need to be included in a veloped at community level.

Table 4.14. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of residential social institutions for adults, subordinated to the MLSPF, 2007 – 2010 Category of beneficiaries 2007 2008 2009 2010 Elderly persons and persons with physical disabilities 556 430 416 392 Dynamics of beneficiaries compared to previous year, % -22,7 -3,3 -5,8

Adults with mental disabilities 1859 1701 1690 1700 Dynamics of beneficiaries compared to previous year, % - 8,5 -0,65 0,6

Total, persons 2415 2131 2106 2092

Dynamics of beneficiaries compared to previous year, % -11,8 -1,17 -0,66 Source: MLSPF, reports of residential institutions.

It is to be mentioned that the annual institution- 10,5 years for psycho-neurologic boarding schools alization rate decreased by 19% compared to the and 7,6 years for somatic institutions. In 2010, 135 previous year, due to the fluctuation of beneficia- beneficiaries died. The mortality rate in the institu- ries in the institution (frequency of vacant places in tions for elderly persons and persons with physical institution). The average duration of one person’s disabilities is by 24% higher than in psycho-neuro- placement in the residential institution is about logic institutions, conditioned by beneficiaries’ age.

1400

1200

1000

800 elderly persons adults 600

400

200

0 Psycho-neurologic institutions Somatic institutions

Figure 4.15. Number of beneficiaries by age category and institution type

77% of the beneficiaries of somatic institutions which 786 are persons with disabilities of I degree, are elderly persons (persons of the age over 57 – for 1141 – II degree, and 10 persons – III degree. women and 62 – for men), while 87% of the benefi- The care in institutions is performed according ciaries of psycho-neurologic institutions are adults to the provisions of the Government Decision nr. (persons aged 18 – 57 for women/62 for men), of 506 from May 11, 2006 on the approval of natural

94 4. Social assistance standards for care of persons, hosted in social insti- health insurance. Upon the necessity the beneficia- tutions and the Government Decision nr. 520 from ries are referred to primary medical-sanitary insti- May 15, 2006 on the approval of standards for tutions, which provide services to residential social monetary expenses for the care of persons, hosted institutions. The institutions may require emergen- in social institutions. The nutrition is organised 4 cy services in difficult cases. times per day, according to the approved financial At the same time in order to implement the standards, which is 29 Lei 63 bani/day, according to Government decision no.824 from December 15, the schedule and the menu developed by the di- 2009 on the approval of the gradual inter-sectorial etologist. The diets are used according to beneficia- plan-framework for combating the effects of ries’ health state and medical prescriptions. Medi- A(H1N1) pandemic in the Republic of Moldova, cal assistance is provided according to the allocated the subordinated social institutions developed ac- financial funds, by employed medical staff (supe- tion plans for prevention and reduction of A(H1N1) rior, mid and junior). The supply of medicines is virus infections and seasonal flu for 2010, which performed according to the prescriptions of doc- envisaged a set of curative-prophylactic, sanitary- tors and in the limits of allocated standards, what is epidemiologic, pharmaceutical measures. All ben- 4 Lei 93 bani per person per day. Every beneficiary eficiaries and workers at risk were vaccinated as has an examination sheet, which reflects the bene- result of an efficient cooperation with medical-cu- ficiary’s health situation in dynamics and the expla- rative institutions. No cases of illnesses were regis- nation of made prescriptions. In cases when the tered due to efficient institutional management. beneficiaries need medical assistance, which can- The structure of institutions’ personnel ensures not be provided in the residential institutions, but the efficient organisation of services’ provision, which is guaranteed to insured persons by the what is mentioned in the employment scheme, ap- mandatory medical assistance insurance, they ben- proved by the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection efit by hospital investigations and treatments in and Family, following the institution purpose and municipal and republican medical institutions ac- objectives. cording to the Unique Program of mandatory Table 4.15. Capacity and staff of social institutions, 2010 2010 year Social institutions staff, units Capacity Approved Actual Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Brinzeni, 300 153,5 153,5 Edinet district Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Badiceni, 460 222,0 222,0 Soroca district Psycho-neurologic boarding school, Balti mun. 550 254,0 244,25 Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Cocieri, 355 169,5 165,5 Dubasari district Republican shelter for disabled and pensioners, 210 125,5 118,75 Chisinau mun. Republican centre for rehabilitation of disabled, labour and war veterans from Cocieri, Dubasari 250 145,0 143,0 district TOTAL 2125 1069,5 1047,0 Source: MLSPF, reports of residential institutions. As could be seen from the Table 4.15, there is a tutions represent persons with severe pathologies, discrepancy between the actual number of person- there is an insufficiency of medical staff, especially nel and approved number of personnel by 2%, de- junior staff. This fact affects the quality of provided spite the cooperation with the local employment services and low salaries make the vacant positions offices from the corresponding administrative area. in these institutions less attractive. As the contingent of persons served in social insti-

95 Annual social report 2010

Taking into account that the services, provided ation of alternative social services, in cooperation in residential institutions are targeted to medical, and partnership with various social actors. professional and social rehabilitation of beneficia- During 2010, 8 cases of deinstitutionalization of ries in order to reach a higher independence level, beneficiaries and their integration in family and a considerable attention is paid to the development community were registered. The low number of of ergo-therapeutic workshops within the residen- beneficiaries reintegrated in the community is tial institutions – providers of social services for mainly conditioned by the low number of primary adults, where the beneficiaries are involved. and specialised social services, which shall cover They have the following outputs: the needs of the persons, leaving the residential in- - recovery of working capacity, in order to en- stitutions or often by their total lack. More often sure a normal-related autonomy, decreasing the the persons with mental disabilities are considered duration of the incapacity for work; dangerous, unable, incalculable and are avoided by - social involvement/reintegration of beneficiaries; the society, etc. that violate their dignity and reduce - positive influence on the maturity process, their social participation. These groups become starting from infantile stage as result of the disabil- also vulnerable from the economic point of view, ity and going through the stages till the achieve- facing integration difficulties on labour market ment of the chronologic age stage (or close to it) of (they will not find jobs based on their qualification the mental level, of adaptive experience (develop- or will be paid at a lower level than those from fa- ment of living skills) etc. voured groups). They have difficulties in getting In this context the following institutions are to public benefits, determining their inclusion in the be mentioned: categories of groups with high poverty risk. - Psycho-neurologic boarding school from These aspects impede the process of deinstitu- Brinzeni, Edinet district – tailoring and crocheting tionalization and social (re)integration of disabled shops, stock-rearing and swine farms and a green- persons. house for vegetables; - Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Coc- 4.2.4. Rehabilitation/recovery services and ieri, Dubasari district – tailoring shop, housekeep- balneo-sanatorial treatment ing, barber’s shop, shoemaker’s shop; The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and - Psycho-neurologic boarding school from Ba- Family has in its subordination two Republican re- diceni, Soroca district – joiner’s shop, tailoring habilitation centres for disabled persons and pen- shop and a small poultry farm; sioners: „Speranta” from Vadul lui Voda and „Vic- - Psycho-neurologic boarding school, Balti toria” from Sergheevca, Ukraine. mun. – hand-made workshop (embroidery and The tickets for medical rehabilitation in the crocheting shops, etc.). above-mentioned centres are issued according to All products, manufactured in the framework of the Government decision no.372 from May 6, 2010 ergo-therapy activities, are usually used for current on approval of the Regulations on registration and needs of institutions. distribution of tickets for medical rehabilitation/ An exhibit & sale of the works, manufactured by recovery of elderly and disabled persons. persons with special needs (including beneficiaries The elderly and disabled persons from 18 years, of subordinated social institutions) was held on the registered at the social assistance and family protec- International Day of Disabled Persons. The event is tion departments/sections, benefit of medical reha- organized annually by the Ministry of Labour, So- bilitation tickets on the basis of this Regulations. cial Protection and Family in cooperation with The number of beneficiaries of balneo-sanatorial NGOs network in the social field. treatment, served annually by both centres, is 8791 persons, each centre having a capacity of 260 beds. Residential system reform The period of medical rehabilitation for a per- In the context of residential system reform, one of son includes 21 calendar days. the key objectives in the implementation of national Thus in 2010, 4160 persons benefited by reha- policies in the field of social protection of people with bilitation tickets at the Centre „Speranta” and 4395 disabilities envisages the development of deinstitu- persons – at the Centre “Victoria”. The cost of one tionalisation process from the point of view of cre- medical rehabilitation ticket, financed from the

96 4. Social assistance state budget, constituted 3420.90 lei at the Centre disabilities of I degree, who according to the con- „Speranta” and 4577.58 lei at the Centre „Victoria”. clusion of the Council for Medical Expertise of Vi- Based on the financial resources, accumulated tality requires permanent assistance of a third per- annually from the sale of medical rehabilitation son benefit of a 30% payment from the average tickets to some categories of beneficiaries, exempt- cost of a medical rehabilitation ticket from the state ed partially from integral payment of the ticket, the budget. Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family The employed persons with disabilities of III has the right to procure, based on a bidding proce- degree, elderly persons, beneficiaries of old-age dure, tickets for balneo-sanatorial treatment of pensions, disability pensions or state social allow- other profile and in other balneo-sanatorial institu- ances, employed, officially registered or carrying tions from our country, which are also distributed out business activities, benefit of a 70% payment in the conditions, set by the above-mentioned Reg- from the average cost of a medical rehabilitation ulations. ticket from the state budget. In 2010 the Ministry purchased 63 sanatorial The disabled persons and pensioners (of the tickets to the Sanatorium “Codru” from Hirjauca, dully retirement age), citizens of the Republic of Calarasi district, in amount of 264840 lei and 56 Moldova, repressed politically and then rehabili- sanatorial tickets to the Sanatorium “Nufarul Alb” tated, according to the Law on rehabilitation of the from Cahul, in amount of 285600 lei. victims of political repressions, have the right to an Provision of beneficiaries with medical rehabili- annual rehabilitation/recovery with a 30% exemp- tation tickets is carried out by means of social as- tion from the ticket cost. sistance and family protection sections/depart- ments from our country on the basis of a request, 4.3. Conclusions. Recommendations certificate confirming beneficiary’s category, and medical certificate. The social assistance is the main mechanism, Beneficiaries, who suffered from the repeated/ used by the state in order to prevent, reduce or acute myocardial infarction, primary/repeated ce- eliminate the negative effects of events produced rebral ictus have the right to benefit from medical on vulnerable persons or groups, which cannot rehabilitation in the Republican rehabilitation cen- face the requirements of the times. tre for disabled persons and pensioners „Speranta” The main objective of the social assistance is from Vadul lui Voda, out of turn, irrespective of poverty reduction and promotion of social inclu- whether before they received a medical rehabilita- sion of needy and disabled persons, through vari- tion ticket in a scheduled way, distributed by the ous social assistance services, provided in combi- Department/Section for social assistance and fam- nation with cash benefits depending on the case. ily protection. The support of vulnerable population categories When the person with disability of I degree, ac- by more efficient targeting of social protection and cording to the decision of the Republican Council prevention of social exclusion represents one of the for Medical Expertise of Vitality, requires perma- main objectives of the Economic Stabilization and nent assistance of another person, this person also Recovery Program of the Republic of Moldova for receives a medical rehabilitation ticket as „the ca- 2009 – 2011. The reconsideration of the current reer/attendant”. system of social benefits’ provision, which shall be Free medical rehabilitation tickets are provided to realized through gradual implementation of the unemployed persons with disabilities of I and II de- principle on social assistance provision based on gree, elderly persons and the disabled from the cate- evaluation of beneficiaries’ incomes, became im- gory of persons, repressed politically and then reha- pending. In the light of the above, the Law on social bilitated, according to the Law no.1225-XII from aid was adopted, envisaging the implementation of December 8, 1992 on rehabilitation of the victims of a new access mechanism to state social assistance political repressions, and unemployed beneficiaries in order to substitute the rewarding system with of old age pensions or state social allowances. the system of income testing and gradual unifica- The employed persons with disabilities of I and tion of programs of social payments. II degree, unemployed persons with disabilities of Considerable progress was achieved in the im- III degree, attendants/careers of the persons with plementation of social aid; however it is necessary

97 Annual social report 2010 to achieve the higher level in order to have progress testing and evaluation of beneficiaries’ needs, shall further on. For this purpose the MLSPF shall pro- be ensured. vide continuous support to the social assistance As for social services, the future challenges shall and family protection sections/departments envisage the establishment of a general framework through training and higher involvement of social for the creation and functioning of the integrated assistants from the districts with low performance, system of social services, with the determination of organization of awareness campaigns targeted to the tasks and responsibilities of central and local eligible households, not covered previously by so- public authorities, other legal persons entitled to cial assistance programs and adjustment of the lo- ensure and provide social services, and also, the cal communication strategy. protection of the rights of beneficiaries of social Additionally, currently a new challenge is the services. Thus, a complex conception on the devel- provision of support in the cold period of the year opment of social services system shall be created, to a big number of families (the number of eligible that would meet the needs of persons and/or fami- families for compensation for the cold period of the lies in difficulty. year is estimated at the same level as the number of The basic principles related to the provision of families eligible for social aid provision). social services, which will ensure their quality and As result, the main challenges in 2011 shall be: efficiency, are the following: • Provision of support in the implementation - principle of targeted social assistance - priority of social aid for the cold period of the year; targeting of social services towards the most vul- • Consolidation and coordination of the rela- nerable persons, identified on the basis of the as- tionships between the social aid and labour sessment of individual needs; force market; - principle of orientation towards beneficiary - • Efficient use of management data and orga- adjustment of social services according to benefi- nization of targeted training. ciaries’ needs based on regular evaluations of social In the context of implementation of the Gov- services’ impact on beneficiary situation; ernment Program „European integration: Free- - principle of accessibility – insurance of the ac- dom, Democracy, Welfare”, and the engagements of cess of persons and families to social services, their our country towards the International Monetary development and placement in the neighbourhood Fund, the continuity of the process of gradual sub- of beneficiaries; stitution of nominative compensations system by - principle of equal opportunities’ insurance – social assistance system, based on actual incomes’ entitlement to social services in conditions of equal treatment, and without discrimination.

98 5. FAMILY AND CHILD PROTECTION

The policies on social protection of the family Currently, according to the Government deci- and child are targeted towards natality stimulation sion on benefits for families with children (no.1478 by promoting efficient activities of family support, from November 15, 2002), the families with chil- modernisation and diversification of family-type dren benefit by the following indemnities: and community services in order to prevent the a) one-time benefit at child’s birth; child institutionalisation and to increase the life b) – monthly benefit for taking care of a child quality level of the society nucleus – the family. up to 3 years, to insured persons, A priority objective is to ensure an adequate and - monthly benefit for taking care of a child up efficient social protection through resolution of se- to 1,5 years, non-insured persons. rious problems faced currently by the family and The request for establishment of indemnities is children, problems conditioned by such negative presented to the territorial social insurance house effects, as the economic decline, population ageing, by one of parents (tutor, guardian) personally, or by instability of living conditions and the impact of the representative from the mayoralty. parents’ legal and illegal migration for work. According to the objectives of the Government The national system of social protection of fam- Activity Program „European Integration: Freedom, ily and child is based on promotion of individual Democracy, Welfare” and the provisions of the Law approaches in the selection of protection forms and no. 133-XVIII from December 23, 2009 on state measures, and has two basic components: cash budget for 2010 and Law no. 129-XVIII from De- payments and social services. cember 23, 2009 on the state social insurance bud- get for 2010, the quantum of the one-time benefit 5.1. Benefits for family and children at child’s birth increased by 300 lei, both for in- sured and non-insured persons. Thus, beginning The benefits for families with children represent with January 1, 2010 the one-time benefit at child’s the main form of financial support of the state for birth constituted: 1700 lei – at the birth of the first families with children and are granted as one-off or child and 2000 lei – for each next child. recurrent payments for child birth, care and growth. 2000 1800 1600 1400 Dynamics of one-time 1200 benefit at first child’s 1000 birth 800 Dynamics of one-time benefit at the birth of 600 each next child 400 200 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 5.1. Dynamics of the quantum of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2005-2010

99 Annual social report 2010

If we make an analysis of the quantum of the birth of the second and next children, beginning one-time benefit at child’s birth during 2005 – with 2008 the quantum of the one-time benefit at 2010, it could be noticed that this benefit was char- child’s birth is established differentiately for the acterized by a regular increase during the years. birth of the first child and birth of each next child. Thus, in 2005 – 2007 the one-time benefit at child’s According to data of the National Social Insur- birth increased annually by 200 lei, the quantum of ance House, the number of beneficiaries of one- the benefit for first child’s birth being similar to the time benefit at child’s birth is increasing regularly. birth of each next child. In order to stimulate the

Table 5.1. Beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2008-2010 2008 2009 2010 Insured persons Beneficiaries, total 9531 10390 12524 First child 5769 5458 6402 Each next child 3762 4932 6122 Non-insured persons Beneficiaries, total 25870 25519 27343 First child 16555 14359 14793 Each next child 9315 11160 12550 Total 35401 35909 39867 Source: NSIH.

30000 25000 20000 15000

10000 2008 5000 2009 0 2010

first child first child

each next child each next child Insured person...

Non-insured persons... Figure 5.2. Dynamics of the number of beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth, 2008-2010

Simultaneously, about 69% of the total number of beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth are non-insured persons.

100 5. Family and child protection

According to the Government decision no.19 2010 Insured persons from January 19, 2010 on amendment of the Gov- (beneficiaries, ernment decision no.1478 from November 15, total) 2002, beginning with January 1, 2010 the monthly 31% benefit for taking care of a child up to 1,5 years for non-insured persons increased by 100 lei, con- stituting 250 lei. According to the Law no. 68 from April 23, 2010 on amendment of the Law no.289-XV from July 22, 2004 on indemnities for temporary incapacity for Non-insured work and other social insurance payments, and persons based on the Government decision no. 563 from (beneficiaries, June 29, 2010 the quantum of the monthly benefit total) for taking care of a child up to 3 years increased by 69% 5% for insured persons, constituting 30% of the cal- culation basis, but not less than 300 lei during 2010. Figure 5.3. Ratio of beneficiaries of one-time benefit at child’s birth At the same time in 2010 the average size of the monthly benefit for taking care of a child up to 3 years increased and constituted 675.27 lei (or 70,1%) compared to 478.92 lei in 2009. Table 5.2. Number of children and number of beneficiaries of benefits for families with children, 2010 2010 Number of Number of Categories of beneficiaries Average size beneficiaries children (lei) (persons) (persons) Benefits for families with children a) for insured persons: monthly benefit for taking care of a child up to 3 years 32190 33682 675-27 of which: - one-time benefit at first child’s birth 6402 6510 1700-00 - one-time benefit at the birth of each next child 6122 6184 2000-00 b) for non-insured persons: monthly benefit for taking care of a child up to 1,5 years 40509 41118 250-00 of which: - one-time benefit at first child’s birth 14793 14915 1700-00 - one-time benefit at the birth of each next child 12550 12686 2000-00 Source: NSIH.

According to the Government decision no. 19 tive compensations, according to the standards es- from January 1, 2010 the monthly benefit for tak- tablished by the Government. According to the Law ing care of a child aged 1,5/3 – 16 years, both for no. 135-XVIII from December 29, 2009 on amend- insured and non-insured persons, is not established ment of the above-mentioned law, beginning with and paid beginning with January 1, 2010. However, January 1, 2010 the nominative compensations for the families are included in the category of benefi- population categories, stipulated in the Law no.933- ciaries of social aid, aimed at ensuring a guaranteed XIV from April 14, 2000, are not established. The minimum monthly income for vulnerable families. persons, having the right to nominative compensa- Based on the Law no. 933-XIV from April 14, tions, established until December 31, 2009, shall 2000 on special social protection of certain catego- benefit by these compensations till the expiry of ries of population, the families with 4 and more chil- their right according to legislation and in the form dren (under 18 years) and families with disabled established by the Government. Thus, in 2010, 20670 children (under 18 years) had the right to nomina- persons benefited by nominative compensations.

101 Annual social report 2010

Table 5.3. Number of beneficiaries of nominative compensations and average quantum of these compensations, 2010 2010 Number of Categories of beneficiaries Average size beneficiaries (lei) (persons) Nominative compensations - for disabled children under 18 years 12 332 159-00 - for families with 4 and more children under 18 years 6 338 144-00 Source: NSIH.

According to the Law nr. 499-XIV from July 14, • children with disabilities under 18 years with 1999 on state social allowances for certain catego- I, II, III disability degree; ries of citizens, the families, taking care of disabled • children which lost their breadwinner (es- children, benefit of state social allowances accord- tablished to persons under 18 years, in case ing to the disability severity degree of the child, as of pupils and students of higher and second- well as of allowances for care, granted to families, ary education institutions, except part-time taking care of a child with disabilities of I degree. courses, until their graduation of corre- The state social allowances are amounts paid sponding institution, but until the achieve- monthly from the state budget through the state ment of 23 years); social insurance budget to persons which do not • persons, taking care at home of a child with correspond to the conditions for the establishment disabilities under 18 years, degree I. of the right to social insurance pension. The fol- The allowances are established and paid by the lowing categories of children benefit of social al- territorial social insurance houses lowances: Table 5.4. Number of beneficiaries of social allowances and average quantum of allowances, 2009 - 2010 2009 2010 Number Average Number of benefi- Average Categories of beneficiaries of ben- quantum ciaries quantum eficiaries (lei) (persons) (lei) (persons) Social allowances - for disabled children under 18 years 15237 259,74 15088 260-10 I degree 6162 285,49 6177 285-55 II degree 7614 242,24 7417 242-47 III degree 1461 242,38 1494 242-44 - in case of breadwinner’s loss 3454 115,79 3732 115-54 - for one child 2395 87,71 2604 87-77 - for 2 and more children 902 175,72 961 175-75 - for 1 child, in case of both parents’ loss 117 175,64 120 175-81 - for 2 and more children, in case of both parents’ loss 19 351,62 22 351-62 - separation of allowance share 18 170,92 21 175-81 - separation of allowance share, in case of both parents’ loss 3 351,62 4 307-66 Social allowances for care - for persons taking care at home of a disabled child under - - 6085 300-00 18 years, I disability degree Source: NSIH.

For the implementation of the action plan with from May 24, 2010, in 2010 the Government allo- the occasion of the International Children’s Day, cated from the state budget 5,5 million lei for provi- approved by the Government decision no. 399 sion of one-time material aids to vulnerable fami-

102 5. Family and child protection lies with children through local funds for population rial aid in 2010 constituted 343 lei, compared to social support, which should determine the catego- 322 lei in 2009. In Chisinau mun., the quantum of ries of beneficiaries and quantum of these aids the material aid constituted 600 lei per child. based on the decisions of the corresponding ad- The determination of the beneficiaries of mate- ministration councils. rial aids was carried out in cooperation with the lo- Thus, based on the Law on the Republican fund cal education institutions and public commissions and local funds for population social support, for evaluation of the needs in relation to the mate- 26704 families benefitted by material aids in rial aids’ provision, functioning within the local amount of 5807 thousand lei (or by 1,2 million lei mayoralties. more (26%) compared to the program, implement- Material aids by September 1 were granted to ed in 2009), of which: 5500 thousand lei were allo- numerous families with 4 and more children, cated from the Republican Fund for population monoparental families, families with disabled chil- social support, and 307 thousand lei – from the lo- dren, non-institutionalized orphans, family-type cal funds for population social support. homes and other families with low incomes. The children from family-type homes and pro- fessional parental assistance service benefited com- 5.2. Welfare level of the households pulsorily of material aids. The determination of beneficiaries among non-institutionalized orphans, with children disabled children, numerous and monoparental General characteristics of the households families was carried out by public commissions for with children evaluation of the needs in relation to material aids’ According to data of the Households Budget provision within the corresponding mayoralties. Survey (HBS), in 2010, the households with chil- In Chisinau mun., the orphans graduates of 9, dren under 18 years represented 37,8% of the total 11, 12 forms benefited of one-time aids from the of households from the Republic of Moldova. local budget in amount of 240,0 thousand lei. 57,2% of these households are from rural area. Traditionally, at the beginning of the academic Every second household with children is repre- year, vulnerable families having children of school sented by a household with one child (53,3%), fol- age benefit by material aids for purchase of school lowed by households with 2 children – 35,6%, and supplies. Thus, by the beginning of the academic households with 3 and more children – 11,1%. Tra- year 2010 – 2011, 33244 families benefited of mate- ditionally, the households with one child have a rial aid for children schooling in amount of 11208 higher share in urban area, and the households thousand lei or by 766,45 thousand lei more com- with 3 and more children are specific for rural area. pared to 2009. The average quantum of the mate-

Urban Total Rural 5,7% 11,1% 15,2%

30,4%

53,3% 35,6% 63,9% 39,5% 45,3% 1 child 2 children 3 and more children

Figure 5.4. Breakdown of households with children, by number of children and areas, 2010, %

103 Annual social report 2010

children (I quintile), representing 84,3%, are the 100% households from rural area, and about 40% repre- 80% 40,3 46,3 50,9 sent the households with at most 2 children. Anoth- 60% 8,0 er specific feature for these households is that every 5,4 3,4 40% second household includes several families. De- 51,7 pending on the main income source of the house- 20% 48,3 45,7 hold head, it is noticed that 48,6% of the least in- 0% sured households with children are the households Total Urban Rural from agricultural sector, 19,1% - households with Family couple with children Solitary parent with children Other households with children pensioners, and 19% - households with the head, re- ceiving income from non-agricultural activity. Figure 5.5. Breakdown of households with children, by household type and 5 8,3 areas, 2010 30,2 12,5 4 26,9 e l

According to the type of households with chil- t i 20,1

n 3

i 19,8

dren, married couples (48,3%) and households, in- Q u 24,3 cluding several families (46,3%), are the most fre- 2 14,5 quent. The share of monoparental households 34,8 1 8,7 represents 5,4% (Figure 5.5.) of the total number of 0 10 20 30 40 households with children. The share of monopa- % rental households and family couples with children Urban Rural is higher in urban area (accordingly 8,0% and Figure 5.6. Distribution of households with 51,7%). Simultaneously, in the rural area each sec- children by quintiles and areas, 2010 ond household with children is attributed to the cat- egory „other households with children”, meaning The situation of the households with children the cases of households including several families. from urban area differs from that of the households The type and structure of the households with from rural area. Thus, in urban area, once the wel- children determine the average size of the house- fare of households increases the share of households hold. On average in the country a household with with children increases as well (from 8,7% up to children consists of 4,1 persons, while by areas 30,2% for the households of V quintile). The situa- there is a differentiation of this indicator from 3,8 tion is different in case of households of rural area. persons for urban area to 4,4 persons for rural Every third rural household with children is re- households. ferred to the category of the least insured and only The household size and number of children are 8,3% are households of V quintile (Figure 5.6.). some of the factors, which determine the vulnera- bility level of the households in general, including Presence of migrants in the households of those where are children. Thus, the distribution with children of households with children by their level of welfare The migration phenomenon affects mainly the reveals a decrease trend of the number of house- households with children. About 14% of the total holds with children in ascending from a lower households have at least one member abroad, while quintile to a higher one. About 24% of the house- in the households with children every fifth house- holds with children refer to I quintile (20% of least hold (21,6%) have a migrant. As in the case of insured population), compared to 18% of the num- households with children, the highest emigration ber of households, referred to the most insured rate is characteristic for rural area, where the share (Quintile V). of households with children, having at least one In general, a higher welfare level of the house- member abroad, constitutes 26,2% compared to holds with children is mainly characteristic for 15,5% in urban area. households with one child, family couples, and The migration from rural area is mainly deter- households from urban area, depending on areas. At mined by economic factors, such as limited em- the same time the least insured households with ployment opportunities, low developed infrastruc-

104 5. Family and child protection ture, unsatisfactory living conditions, and poverty. resented by households, including several families, Thus, the households with children and migrants which are, as a rule, numerous households. More (69,2%) come from rural area. family couples with children decide to leave abroad; The households with one child (52,0%) and 2 in 2010 their share constituted 38,2% of the total children (38,2%) have a higher share in the struc- number of households with children and migrants, ture of the households with children and migrants. compared to 32,5% in 2006. Depending on the household type, 61,1% are rep-

9,8%

38,2%

52,0% 38,2% 61,1%

0,7% 1 child 2 children 3 and more children Family couple with children Solitary parent with children Other households with children

Figure 5.7. Structure of the households with migrants by the number of children and household type, 2010

The transfers from abroad represent a reliable Incomes of the households with children income source, which allows to cover the children’s The income of the households with children consumption needs, and improve the welfare level differs by size and structure from the incomes of of the entire household. Only 14% of the total num- the households without children. In 2010 the in- ber of households with children and migrants are comes of this category of households registered the included in the least insured category (Quintile I), same dynamics as the households without children. and every fifth household is referred to the most In average, the incomes of the households with insured households (Quintile V). children constituted 1098.9 lei/per month/person or by about 17,2% more compared to 2009. in ac- 30 26,2 26,3 tual terms15, the increase of the incomes of house- 25 20,6 holds with children was slower, representing 9,1%. 19,9 18,2 19,7 19,2 20 18,4 17,3 14,1 The main source of income is the wage-remu- 15 nerated activity (45,1%), being followed by the in- 10 dividual agricultural activity (10,5%), social bene- 5 fits (9,5%), individual non-agricultural activity 0 (8,0%), etc. An important source of income for the qI qII qIII qIV qV households with children are the transfers from Households with migrants Households without migrants abroad, which contribute to income formation with 21,8%. Figure 5.8. Breakdown of households with The size of the incomes of households with chil- children by presence of migrants dren varies depending on a range of factors, such and quintiles, 2010 as: the number of children, household type and the area of residence. Thus, the households with one The situation of households without migrants is child are in a better situation, having a monthly in- different, a contrary trend being registered: every come per person in an amount of 1282.8 lei, com- fourth household with children is included in the pared to 755.1 lei in case of the households with 3 category of the least insured households and only and more children. By the household type, the 17,3% belong to the most insured households (Fig- households, including several families, have the ure 5.8.). lowest incomes. They constitute in average 93,7%

15 Nominal value adjusted to the average value of the Con- sumer Price Indices. In 2010 – 107,4%.

105 Annual social report 2010 of the total value of average incomes of the house- ised by significant discrepancies depending on the holds with children and 87,8% of the incomes of number of children in the household: from 51,5% family couples with children. in case of households with one child to 28,8% for The main income source is the wage-remuner- households with 3 and more children (Figure 5.9.). ated activity, its share varying from 50,5% for fam- This could be explained by the fact that 78% of the ily couples to 40,2% for the households, including numerous households are from rural area, where several families. The contribution of the income the opportunities for earning additional incomes from the wage-remunerated activity is character- are limited.

lei % 1400 60 1200 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 200 10 0 0 1 child 2 children 3 and Family Solitary Other more children couple parent households with with with children children children Total incomes, average monthly per person, lei Share of the income from the wage-remunerated activity, %

Figure 5.9. Average income size of the households with children, depending on the number of children and household type, 2010

The area of residence is an important factor in Other households with children determination of the welfare level of the house- Solitary parent with children Family couple with children holds with children. In rural area the population is mainly involved in the agricultural sector, which 3 and more children does not ensure decent incomes, as a rule. As result 2 children the rural households with children have lower 1 child monthly disposable incomes by 1/3 compared to Total the incomes of the urban households with children. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% About 30% of the incomes of rural households are Pensions Child benefits Nominative compensations from individual agricultural activity, and only 20% Other social payments Social aid - from the wage-remunerated activity. In urban Figure 5.10. Structure of social payments by area 60% of incomes are formed from the wage-re- household types, 2010 munerated activity, and 10% - from self-employ- ment activities in non-agricultural sector. The social payments are more important for the The households with children are less depen- households with many children (13,6% of the total dent on social payments, compared to the house- incomes), compared to the households, including holds without children. In average, they constitute several families (13,9%). At the same time the 104.7 lei per month/member of the household or households with many children and family couples 9,5% of the total incomes. 58,2% of these payments rely more on the benefits, targeted directly to the are created based on various pension types, 15,7% households with children (child benefit, nomina- represent the benefits for children, 4,7% - nomina- tive compensations, social aid), while the house- tive compensations, 4,6% - social aid, the remain- holds with one child, monoparental households ing part representing other social payments (Figure and those, including several families benefit more 5.10.). by various pensions. From the total of social payments, 66% are the social insurance payments and 34% - social assis-

106 5. Family and child protection tance payments. For the households with maxi- dency of social insurance payments is registered for mum 2 children, the social insurance payments are the households, including several families, and predominant in the structure of social payments, monoparental households (78% of the total num- while in the case of the households with 3 and more ber of social payments), while in case of family children, the contribution of these payments de- couples, the social assistance payments are pre- creases in the favour of social assistance payments. dominant – 69,1% (Figure 5.11.). Depending on the household type, a higher depen- 100% 0 7 , , 0 , 2 2 1 2 , , 8 2 2 4 5 2

80% 8 , 3 3 1 1 , 5 9

60% 6 0 3 , , 0

40% , 8 8 8 8 , , 2 7 7 4 5 7 2 , 6 6 8 9

20% , 4 0 3 0% Total 1 child 2 children 3 and Family Solitary Other more couple parent households children with with with children children children Social insurance payments Social assistance payments

Figure 5.11. Structure of social payments by the number of children and household type, 2010,%

The transfers from abroad (remittances) also from V quintile. The size of incomes is mainly de- represent a reliable income source for the house- termined by the activities, carried out by the mem- holds with children. In average, they constitute bers of the household. Thus, the individual agricul- 22% of the monthly incomes of households with tural activity represents 24,1% in the structure of children, while in case of the households, where at incomes of poor households, in comparison with least one member is abroad, the contribution of 3,6% - in case of wealthy households. The incomes these transfers constitutes 60%. The households of the least insured households are set from salaries without migrants also benefit of these remittances; in proportion of 36,7%, while the most insured about 12% of the monthly incomes of these house- households get an income from salaries in propor- holds are based on transfers from abroad. tion of 53,5%. The social payments are more im- The income sources of the households with portant for poor households, in average they con- children differ significantly depending on welfare stitute 17,9% of the total disposable incomes. While level of the household. The average monthly in- the transfers from abroad are more frequent in case come per person constitutes 570.9 lei for the least of the most insured households, with a share of insured households (quintile I), being lower with 23% compared to 11% in case of the least insured 3,4 times compared to the incomes of the persons households.

5

4

3

2

1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Income from the wage-remunerated activity Income from individual activity Income from individual non-agricultural activity Social benefits Other incomes

Figure 5.12. Distribution of the households with children by quintiles, 2010

107 Annual social report 2010

The distribution of social payments by their type The monthly benefits for taking care of a child gives the possibility to analyze the contribution of also contribute to the creation of the households’ each type on the welfare of the households with chil- incomes; however they are less important from the dren. It is noticed that pensions are a reliable source point of view of their size and weight. These pay- of income for many categories of households, espe- ments vary from 2,2% of the total incomes of the cially for the least insured households (9,1%). This least insured households, to 1.8% for the most in- fact points out to a high dependence of poor house- sured households. holds on social insurance payments (Figure 5.13.).

% 20 17,9 18 16 14 12,1 12 9,1 9,0 10 7,9 7,7 8 5,9 5,3 6 4,3 2,9 4 2,2 1,4 1,3 0,9 1,8 2 0 1 2 3 4 5

Quintile

Total social payments Pensions Child benefits

Figure 5.13. Share of incomes of the households with children by quintiles, 2010

The share of the households with children, ciaries of social insurance payments and the share which benefit of social payments, decreases once of the households-beneficiaries of social assistance the household welfare level increases. 29,0% of the payments are decreasing once the welfare level is total households-beneficiaries of social payments increasing. However, the presence of the house- are from the least insured category, and 13,5% - holds-beneficiaries of social assistance payments from the most insured category. There are no sig- among the wealthy households reveals an ineffi- nificant discrepancies in the distribution of the cient targeting of these payments to the most vul- households by the type of social payments and nerable groups (Figure 5.14.). quintiles. Both the share of the households-benefi- 9 , 0 , 8 %

35 0 , 9 3 7 2 7 2 30 , 6 3 8 , , 6 5 2 1 8 , , 0 4 ,

25 , 2 9 9 2 8 2 8 , 1 1 1 1 3 , 1 , 6 5 , 20 5 4 1 3 1 6 1 , 1

15 0 1 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

Quintile Total social payments Social insurance payments Social assistance payments

Figure 5.14. Breakdown of the households-beneficiaries of social payments by quintiles, 2010

Children poverty In 2010 the poverty level in the Republic of children are more affected by poverty that adult Moldova decreased compared to 2009 by 4,4%, population. In the situation when the share of poor representing 21,9%. As in the previous years the people went down in general, however every fourth

108 5. Family and child protection child (24,2%) lives in absolute poverty, and 1,9% - The situation of children differs significantly in extreme poverty (Figure 5.15.). Thus, about depending on the area of residence of the child. 188,6 thousand children under 18 years are from The poverty rate for children from rural area ex- the households with a lower consumption than the ceeds with 3 times the poverty level of the children absolute poverty line (1015.9 lei) and about 14,8 from urban area. Thus, every third child from ru- thousand children have a monthly consumption ral area is in absolute poverty compared to every below the extreme poverty line (549.4 lei). This fact tenth child from urban area (Figure 5.16.). could have a negative impact on children education In 2010, after three years of consecutive growth, and development, and the opportunities for a har- a significant decrease of the poverty rate for total monious integration in the society. population from rural area was registered, consti- tuting 30,3% or by 6,0% less compared to 2009. As 34 32,8 result, the poverty level of children from rural area 32 also reduced, but slower – by 4,7%. In case of urban 30 30,2 28 27,3 27,2 28,2 population contrary trends are registered in the dy- 26 namics of poverty level. By the total urban popula- 25,8 26,4 26,3 24 24,2 tion, the share of poor people reduced by 2,2%, and 22 21,9 by 3,0% - among children. 20 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total population Children

Figure 5.15. Absolute poverty rate, 2006-2010, %

40 50 37,0 37,7 34,9 38,2 37,7 37,6 33,0 33,0 40 37,1 35,3 33,8 30 33,3 33,5 31,9 30,6 29,3 29,1 25,6 30 27,5 27,5 24,4

20 18,1 21 20 13,9 12,8 10 9,8 11,3 10 6,8 5 4,7 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Urban Rural North South Centre Chisinau

Figure 5.16. Children poverty rate by areas and zones, 2006-2010

The situation of the children from Chisinau dif- creasing trends of the poverty rate among children fers from that of the children from other zones of were lower (Figure 5.16.). the country. In average, every twentieth child from The characteristics of the households, such as Chisinau mun. lives in poverty, while the children the number of children and household type also from other zones are characterised by a higher pov- determine the vulnerability level of the households erty risk with 5-6 times. The most vulnerable are with children. The risk of the families with children the children from the south, where every third to get in poverty increases considerably at the birth child is poor. Another important aspect is that in of each next child. Thus, in 2010 the highest pov- the last 5 years the situation of the children from erty rate was registered in case of the households Chisinau improved considerably, and the poverty with 3 and more children (36,8%), and the lowest level reduced with 4 times. In other zones, the de- rate – for the households with one child (18,8%) (Figure 5.17.).

109 Annual social report 2010

40 36,8 time these households comprise several genera- 28,8 30 tions, where the cases of inactive persons are fre- 21,7 18,8 20,8 19,7 quent, and they do not have any source or their in- 20 comes are not sufficient to ensure a decent life to 10 their children.

0 The occupational status of parents is another fac- tor that determines the children welfare level. The Other more Family 3 and 1 child Solitary children children employment of parents reduces considerably the children 2 children parent with households couple with

with children probability of children to get in poverty. Thus, the Number of children Household type lowest poverty rates are registered in case of children with at least one parent, carrying individual non- Figure 5.17. Poverty rate depending on the agricultural activities (4,9%), followed by children number of children and household type , 2010,% with both parents employed (14,3%). It is not sur- prising that the highest poverty level is registered in case of children with both parents as self-employed Depending on the household type, it is noticed workers in agricultural activities (38,9%) (Figure that the highest risk to get in poverty is registered 5.18.). Once again, this fact confirms the instability in case of children from the households, including of incomes from self-employed agricultural activi- several families (28,8%), due to the fact that this ties, carried out by rural population and the high type of households prevails in rural area, where in vulnerability level of the children from villages. general the poverty incidence is higher. At the same

Other situations 22,1

Both employed 14,3

At least one person, self-employed in non-agricultural activities 4,9

At least one person employed 26,6

Self-employed in agricultural activities 25,6

Both parents self-employed in agricultural activities 38,9 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Figure 5.18. Children poverty level by occupational status of parents, 2010

The presence of parents in the family is another poverty rate, with or without parents abroad, regis- important characteristics for the analysis of the tered the same decrease trends by 8%. vulnerability level of children. Population migra- The incidence of children poverty with both tion, especially of able-bodied population, deter- parents abroad is lower – 3,6%. When a parent is mined that 17,1% of children live in families, where abroad, the children poverty rate varies from 9,4% at least one parent is abroad. Every tenth child lives - for children with mother abroad, to 14,7% - with in a household where the mother is abroad, 5,2% - father abroad (Figure 5.20.). in the families with father abroad, while in case of Consequently, the remittances are an important 1,5% - both parents are abroad. income source for the households with children, The emigration of parents has a positive eco- even in cases when other members of the house- nomic impact on the material situation of children. hold are abroad. In average, every fifth child lives in The poverty rate for children with at least one par- the households with at least one member abroad. ent abroad is with 2,7 times lower than in case of Given that migration is mainly specific for rural children with their parents present in the house- area, correspondingly, a higher share of children hold (Figure 5.19.). In the last 5 years the children from the households with migrants is noticed.

110 5. Family and child protection

40 30 27,0 35 35,9 29,4 30,6 31,1 30 25 27,0 25 20 14,7 20 18,0 19,1 14,2 15 15 13,2 9,4 10 10 10,5 3,6 5 5 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Both Only mother Only father Both parents is abroad is abroad parents Children with parents abroad Children without parents abroad are abroad are present

Figure 5.19. Children poverty level by presence Figure 5.20. Children poverty level by presence of parents in family, 2006-2010, % of parents, 2010, %

During the last years the social payments, granted insignificant, contributed to the reduction of the to the households with children, increased. poverty rate by 1,6%, compared to 0,9% in the Thus, in 2010 the child benefits, even if they are previous year.

Table 5.5. Impact of child benefits on child poverty, 2010 % Absolute poverty rate Before payment After payment Difference, % establishment establishment Child benefits 25,8 24,2 1,6 Pensions 29,8 24,2 5,6 Nominative compensations 24,6 24,2 0,4 Social aid 25,2 24,2 1,0

The pensions have a higher impact on the chil- National development strategy for 2008-2011, the dren welfare level. In 2010 they contributed by National strategy on reform of the child residential 5,6% to poverty reduction. Social aids reduced the care system for 2007-2012, National action plan poverty level by 1,0%, and the nominative compen- „Education for all” 2004-2015, Millennium Devel- sations – by 0,4%. opment Goals, the UN Convention on human rights, and UN Convention on child’s rights. 5.3. Social services for family and According to the classification of the National Program on creation of an integrated system of so- children cial services for 2008-2012 and Law on social ser- The economic, social, cultural and politic vices, the social services, granted to families and changes, occurred in the last decades in the Repub- children in difficulty are divided in three groups: lic of Moldova, led to certain social-economic 1. Primary social services ; problems, faced currently by the families with chil- 2. Specialised social services ; dren. In these circumstances, the state launched a 3. Highly specialised social services. range of initiatives in relation to the creation of an 5.3.1. Primary social services integrated system of social services, which shall de- The primary social services represent the first velop better opportunities for social inclusion of authority, addressed by the beneficiaries of the sys- persons in difficulty, ensuring the observance of tem of social services. Since the intervention takes their fundamental rights. place at the first stage, ensuring the beneficiaries’ Simultaneously, the creation of the integrated needs before becoming more difficult, these ser- system of social services shall contribute to the ac- vices have low costs compared to specialised ser- complishment by the Republic of Moldova of its vices. The development and promotion of these engagements in the framework of strategic options services represents a priority for the current social in the field of social protection. They include the protection system of the Republic of Moldova.

111 Annual social report 2010

Currently, the families with children and the In 2010, over 11924 persons benefited of the children in difficulty can benefit of the following services of day centres, their number constituting types of primary social services: 59. 16 day centres of the total number of commu- - Information, counselling and family support; nity centres, providers of social services for chil- - Day services, provided by multifunctional dren and youth, provide services for several catego- community centres; ries of beneficiaries; 17 day centres are for disabled - Services of child reintegration in the family. children and young people, and 26 day centres – for children and youth at risk.

16 Day centres for children and youth at risk 26 Day centres for disabled children and youth Day mixed centres (for several 17 categories of beneficiaries)

Figure 5.21. Number of day community centres, 2010

Despite the great share of day centres for chil- young persons, their share representing 29%. The dren and youth at risk (44%), the number of their number of beneficiaries of the first type of centres beneficiaries is almost equal to the number of ben- constitutes 3076 persons, and for the second type eficiaries of day centres for disabled children and – 3096 persons.

Table 5.6. Number of beneficiaries of day centres, 2010 Type of centres No.of beneficiaries Day centre for children and youth at risk 3076 Day centres for disabled children and young persons 3096 Day mixed centres (for several categories of beneficiaries) 5752 Total 11924

Day centres provide a range of services for fam- children can benefit of the following specialised ilies and children, including: information, social- services: cultural services, counselling/consultancy, media- - service of professional parental assistance; tion of conflicts, occupational therapy, nutrition, - family-type homes for children; daily care, adapted transport, and distribution of - protected dwellings; humanitarian aids, medical and social rehabilita- - assistance services provided by temporary tion (kinetotherapy, physiotherapy, art therapy, and placemen centres; music therapy). - maternal centres. Unfortunately, this type of services is underde- At the same time the trusteeship/guardianship veloped in the following districts: Basarabeasca, represent protection forms for children in difficulty. Cantemir, Ceadir-Lunga, Cimislia, Comrat, Don- duseni, Floresti, Glodeni, Ocnita, Riscani. The trusteeship authorities identify children without parental care and register them. Depend- 5.3.2. Specialised social services ing on the concrete circumstances in which the children remained without parental care, they The specialised social services imply the in- choose the adequate form of children protection, volvement of the specialists and have the purpose ensuring the regular control of the conditions of to maintain, rehabilitate and develop the individual their maintenance, education and training. capacities in order to overcome a difficult situation, The trusteeship authorities are: faced by the beneficiary or his family. It is to be a) central authority for child protection; mentioned that the number of beneficiaries of spe- b) executive bodies of the local public adminis- cialised services is lower than the number of bene- tration authorities from the territorial-administra- ficiaries of community services. The families with tive units of the second level;

112 5. Family and child protection

c) deliberative authorities from the territorial protection from Chisinau mun. – in the territorial- administrative units of the first level. administrative units of the second level; The trusteeship authority functions are carried b) mayors of villages (communes), cities (mu- out by: nicipalities), Social assistance and family protec- a) district Sections for social assistance and tion sections from Balti mun. – in the territorial family protection, Department for minors’ care and administrative units of the first level.

Trusteeship/guardianship

2010 1512

2009 1565

2008 1163

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Figure 5.22. Institution of trusteeship/guardianship, 2008-2010

During 2010 the trusteeship/guardianship was Adoption is a special protection form, applied established over 1512 children, by 349 more com- in the best interest of the child that establishes the pared to 2008 and only by 53 less compared to filiations between the adopted child and the adopt- 2009. At the same time in 2010, 569 children ben- er, as well as the kinship relations between the ad- efited by the monthly indemnity for children under opted child and the adopter’s relatives. trusteeship, by 43 children more compared to 2009.

Adoption 250 244

240

230

220 212 210 208

200

190 2008 2009 2010

Figure 5.23. Adoption, 2008-2010

During 2010, 208 children were adopted in our this benefit was granted to 148 adopted children. country, by 4 less compared to 2009 and by 36 less The service of professional parental assis- compared to 2008. 103 children benefited in 2010 tance. The goal of this service is temporary protec- of monthly benefits for adopted children. In 2009 tion of the child in difficulty, its socialization and

113 Annual social report 2010

(re)integration in the biological family, extended or 59 families of professional parental assistants, reg- adopted, or other forms of family-type care. istering an increase with 39 children compared to At the end of 2010 year, 142 children benefited 2009 and with 67 children compared to 2008. of the service of professional parental assistance in

160 142 140

120 103 105 100 87 75 80 59 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010

Staff units No. of PPA

Figure 5.24. Number of children placed in the professional parental assistance service

The family-type homes for children represent children increased with 3 times compared to 2006, the second family-type social service, aimed at pro- being registered 78 family-type homes for children tecting the orphans or children without parental with 298 children placed. This fact reveals a signifi- care, their socialization and (re)integration (de- cant dynamics in the development of family-substi- pending on case) in the biological family, extended tutive services, which shall replace the classical or adopted. residential system, representing an important step In 2010 the number of family-type homes for in the reform of the vulnerable child care system.

350 318 297 298 300 241 250 200 123 150 66 76 78 100 53 23 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of children placed in PPA Number of FTHC

Figure 5.25. Dynamics of the family-type homes for children, 2006-2010

Another assistance form, granted in the context The beneficiaries of the temporary placement cen- of the specialised social services, are the centres for tres are children in the following difficult situations: temporary placement, which provide children in the child family can not realize its parental difficult situations with accommodation, care, edu- rights and responsibilities; cation and if needed, psychological, medical coun- the child security, physical and psychic integrity selling, in the direction of child (re)integration in a and education are in danger in its living environ- family environment. ment;

114 5. Family and child protection

the child situation is subject to trusteeship, In 2010, 23 temporary placement centres pro- which can not be established; vided services for 1389 children in difficulty, and socially-non-adapted child (with disabilities), if 17 mixed placement centres (for several categories it is found out that this in the interest of the child of beneficiaries) provided services for 2154 per- and the centre is endowed and empowered to assist sons, including children in difficulty. these beneficiaries.

Number of temporary placement centres

Placement centres for children in difficulty

Placement centres 17; 43% for disabled children

21; 52% Mixed placement centres 2; 5%

Figure 5.26. Number of temporary placement centres

The maternal centres are created and function a) psycho-social, psycho-pedagogic and medi- in order to prevent the abandonment of children. cal rehabilitation; They provide a supporting environment to the cou- b) daily care and maintenance for support of ple mother-child in difficulty; contribute to the de- physiological integrity by ensuring an ade- velopment of paternal abilities of mother, and to quate nutrition and maintenance of personal mediation of relations with the extended family for hygiene; (re)integration in the family environment. c) maintenance and/or development of rela- Depending on beneficiaries’ needs, the centre tions with the family and community. provides the couple mother-child in difficulty with In 2010, 639 children with mental disabilities accommodation, care, education, medical, legal, (336 girls and 303 boys) benefited by this type of social, psychological and (re)integration assistance. services. In 2010, 6 active maternal centres were regis- According to the National Strategy and the Ac- tered in the country, which provided services to tion Plan for the reform of children residential care 256 beneficiaries. system for 2007-2012, approved by the Govern- ment Decision nr. 784 from July 9, 2007 and based 5.3.3. Highly specialised social services on the Ministry’s approval, one beneficiary of the The highly specialised social services are pro- boarding home for children with mental disabili- vided by residential institutions. The residential ties from Hincesti was reintegrated in her biologi- care (24/24 hours) is provided to a limited number cal family. of persons, facing very serious problems. Residen- Simultaneously, 9 beneficiaries of the boarding tial services involve high costs, do not reflect and home for children with severe mental disabilities meet completely the beneficiaries’ needs. from Orhei were reintegrated in their biological The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and and extended families in the context of implemen- Family coordinates the activity of two social resi- tation of the Project „Inclusive Community - Mol- dential institutions for children with mental dis- dova”. abilities: During 2010 a range of activities with the in- • Boarding home for children with mental dis- volvement of local actors, community persons were abilities (girls) from Hincesti; held in the institutions for children under the Min- • Boarding home for children with mental dis- istry’ subordination, thus being created a good abilities (boys) from Orhei. framework of relations and socialization with the These institutions provide the children with the children from the mentioned institutions. following rehabilitation/recovery services:

115 Annual social report 2010

Table 5.7. Expenses for maintenance in residential institutions for children, 2010 Boarding home for children Boarding home for children with mental disabilities (boys) with mental disabilities from Orhei (girls) from Hincesti Number of beneficiaries 303 315 Number of employees 194,5 206 Approved nutrition norm, per one beneficiary 26.48 lei/day 26.51 lei/day Actual nutrition norm 25.73 lei (24.29 lei from the 26.11 lei (24.03 lei from the state budget and 1.45 lei from state budget, 1.62 lei from humanitarian aids) humanitarian aids and 0.47 lei from grants) Approved expenses for maintenance of 1 94.75 lei 101.44 lei beneficiary/per day Actual expenses for maintenance of 1 beneficiary/ 97.33 lei 103.57 lei per day Total approved expenses for institution 10703,6 thousand lei 11654,4 thousand lei maintenance Total actual expenses for institution maintenance 10648,8 thousand lei 11290,1 thousand lei Source: MLSPF.

5.4. Commission for protection of children in difficulty The Commission for protection of children in dential institutions. Thus, the necessity of creation difficulty was established and the sample Activity of this commission derived from the mobilization Regulations were approved, based on the Govern- of all efforts for the implementation of the reform ment decision no.1177 from October 31, 2007 in of children deinstitutionalization and their integra- order to ensure children’s growth and education in tion in family or in alternative family care services: a family and prevent their institutionalization. family-type homes for children, professional pa- The commission for protection of children in rental assistance, trusteeship/guardianship, and difficulty is a body, established within the local adoption. public administration authorities of the II level, For this purpose the Commission makes the empowered to examine the child situation and is- recommendation for child placement in residential sue recommendations for approval of protection institutions, taking into account the following prin- measures for children in difficulty and their moni- ciples: toring. - family is the best environment for child devel- In its activity the Commission, as an element of opment; the system for prevention of child separation from - placement is a protection measure for intellec- the family has the role of supporting the Guardian- tual and emotional development of the child; ship Authority in the decision-making process on - placement is a period of transition and change; the best form of protection of the child in difficulty. - the situation of each child is unique; The Commission has an independent character - placement should meet the child’s needs. and consists of 8 members, qualified and experi- As for the establishment and activity of the enced persons, recommended by the local public Commission for protection of children in difficul- authorities of I and II levels, and other relevant in- ty, it is to be mentioned that the commission was stitutions (education institutions, medical institu- created in all administrative-territorial units of the tions, NGOs active in social field etc.). country, with the approval of nominal structure The main task of the Commission is to examine and activity regulations by decisions of the district/ the most complex cases of children in difficulty, municipal Councils. which envisages their separation from the family or During 2010 the local commissions organized their family environment and placement in resi- 261 meetings and examined the cases of 1352 fami-

116 5. Family and child protection lies with 1987 children. Following the examination the recommendation on reintegration of 234 chil- of cases, the commission presented to the trustee- dren in 168 families. ship authorities from the child’s place of residence Table 5.8. Activity of district Commissions for protection of children in difficulty, 2010 Number of examined cases Administrative-territorial unit Meetings Families Children Chisinau mun. 319 - 919 Balti mun. 7 168 209 Anenii Noi 5 26 31 Basarabeasca 1 2 2 Briceni 4 7 16 Cahul 5 28 39 Cantemir 14 15 19 Calarasi 8 30 46 Causeni 8 21 26 Ceadir Lunga 5 7 9 Cimislia 5 14 40 Comrat 15 27 33 Criuleni 5 22 43 Donduseni 9 17 27 Drochia 8 122 133 Dubasari 0 0 0 Edinet 4 4 9 Falesti 7 125 251 Floresti 7 38 77 Glodeni 3 4 10 Hincesti 6 108 108 Ialoveni 7 31 38 Leova 4 17 34 Nisporeni 9 24 30 Ocnita 5 10 10 Orhei 7 54 89 Rezina 12 27 68 Riscani 6 12 19 Singerei 14 87 105 Soroca 8 50 84 Straseni 3 22 44 Soldanesti 12 15 30 Stefan-Voda 3 16 57 Taraclia 2 3 3 Telenesti 8 60 75 Ungheni 21 107 130 Vulcanesti 14 32 43 TOTAL 261 1352 1987

In other cases the commission recommended cases, 270 cases of placement in temporary place- the following protection forms: 460 cases of institu- ment centres, and in case of 277 children other pro- tionalization prevention, 450 institutionalization tection forms were applied.

117 Annual social report 2010

Protection forms recommended by the Commission

277; 19% 460; 31%

Total institutionalization prevention

No. of institutionalised children

270; 19% No. of children placed in temporary placement centres 450; 31% Other protection forms

Figure 5.27. Child protection forms, recommended by the Commission for protection of children in difficulty, 2010

As for family-type protection forms, the recom- of children in family-type homes for children – 60 mendation for institution of trusteeship/guardian- cases and professional parental assistance service – ship was issued in case of 175 children, placement 73 children.

Protection forms/social services, recommended by the Commission

73; 13%

No. of children reintegrated in biological family 60; 11% 234; 44% No. of children under trusteeship/ guardianship No. of children placed in FTHC

No. of children placed in PPA

175; 32%

Figure 5.28. Family-type protection forms, recommended by the Commission for protection of children in difficulty, 2010

At the same time it is to be mentioned that the A significant increase of the number of cases, functions of the Commission for determination of examined at the meetings of the commissions for the situation of children in difficulty within the protection of children in difficulty was noticed municipal Department for protection of child’s (from 1568 cases in 2009 to 2906 cases in 2010, rep- rights from Chisinau differ, by its nature and com- resenting an increase with 45%). plexity, from the functions of the district commis- sions for protection of children in difficulty. 5.5. Repatriation of identified Taking into account the varied specific charac- ter of the activity of the Commission for determi- children without parental care nation of the situation of children in difficulty outside the country within the municipal Department for protection of According to the objectives in the field of child child’s rights from Chisinau, 919 cases were exam- rights protection, the corresponding national au- ined in 2010 in the framework of 319 meetings, in- thorities pay a great attention to Moldovan chil- cluding: participation of the parent (extended fam- dren, not accompanied or in difficulty, identified ily) living separately in child education (174 cases), outside the country, and realization of the proce- determination of the child living place (191 cases), dure of their repatriation and reintegration in the deprivation of parental rights (211 cases), children society. reintegration in biological family (53 cases), estab- Based on the provisions of the UN Convention lishment of child status (18 cases), child placement on the rights of the child, ratified by the Republic of form (29 cases).

118 5. Family and child protection

Moldova and entered into force in 1993, the states- companied children is regulated by the Govern- parties recognize and ensure that the child, for the ment decision no.948 from August 7, 2008. full and harmonious development of his or her per- The missions for repatriation of children, iden- sonality, should grow up in a family environment. tified without legal accompanying persons on the Recognizing the right of the child to preserve his or territory of other states are organized with the sup- her identity, including nationality, name and family port of the Mission of the International Organiza- relations, the states parties undertook to cooperate tion for Migration in the Republic of Moldova and efficiently in this field. Office of the Foundation Terre des hommes, Laus- More often the children leave abroad with their anne, Switzerland, in the Republic of Moldova. parents, which further abandon them, force them Hereafter we shall proceed to the retrospective to work, make them to beg, live as a tramp. analysis of the procedure of repatriation of chil- The cases of child neglect, abuse, exploitation dren, identified without care outside the country. and violence, which lead to children’s identifica- During 2007 the Ministry of Labour, Social tion on the territory of other states as children in Protection and Child organized 5 repatriation mis- difficulty, could be prevented by the responsibility sions, being repatriated 14 children, of which: 11 of parents towards the fulfilment of their parental children – identified in Russian Federation and 3 obligations, including by toughening the enforce- children – identified in Ukraine. ment measures in order to ensure the observance Of the total number of repatriated children dur- of child’s rights to his/her best interest. ing 2007, 8 children (or 73%) were reintegrated in The national repatriation procedure of children biological or extended families, 2 children were and adults – victims of trafficking in human be- placed in family-type homes for children and 1 ings, illegal trafficking in migrants, and not-ac- child – placed in the temporary placement centre.

Placed in temporary placement centres 9%

Reintegrated in Placed in biological or family-type homes extended families for children 18% 73%

Figure 5.29. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2007

During 2008, 12 repatriation missions were or- Of the total number of repatriated children dur- ganized, being repatriated 44 children, of which: ing 2008, 19 children (or 43%) were reintegrated in 32 children – identified in Russian Federation, 8 biological or extended families, 9 children were ad- children – identified in Ukraine, and by 1 child in opted, 1 child was placed in family-type home for Turkey, Czech Republic, Spain and Belgium. children and 15 children – placed in the temporary placement centre.

119 Annual social report 2010

Placed in temporary placement centres 34% Reintegrated in biological or extended families 43%

Placed in family-type homes for children 2% Adopted 21%

Figure 5.30. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2008

During 2009 the Ministry, with the support of Of the total number of repatriated children dur- partners, organized 20 repatriation missions, being ing 2009, 32 children (or 76%) were reintegrated in repatriated 42 children, of which: 25 children – biological or extended families, 1 child was adopt- identified in Russian Federation, 8 children – iden- ed and 9 children were placed in the temporary tified in Ukraine, 1 child – from Sweden and 8 chil- placement centre until the determination of a fam- dren – repatriated from Romania. ily-type protection form.

Placed in temporary placement centres Reintegrated in 22% biological or extended families 76%

Adopted 21%

Figure 5.31. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2009

During 2010, 27 repatriation missions were or- biological or extended families, 3 children were ad- ganized, being repatriated 67 children, of which: opted, 3 children placed in family-type homes for 33 children – identified in Russian Federation (10 children, 31 children placed in the temporary missions), 30 children – identified in Ukraine (12 placement centres until the determination of a missions), 2 children – repatriated from Romania family-type protection form, 2 twins with their (2 missions), 1 child in Belgium and 1 child in Italy. mother and 1 child with its mother were placed in Of the total number of repatriated children dur- maternal centres. ing 2010, 27 children (or 40%) were reintegrated in

120 5. Family and child protection

Adopted Placed in 4% maternal centres 5% Reintegrated in biological or extended families 40% Placed in temporary placement centres 46%

Placed in family-type homes for children 5%

Figure 5.32. Protection forms, applied to children after repatriation, 2010

Following the analysis of the data on protection and only last of all the temporary placement until forms, applied to children after repatriation during the determination of an adequate protection form 2007 – 2010, it could be noticed that the trusteeship is recommended. authorities promote children (re)integration in bi- Analysing the data from the following figure, it ological or extended families. If it is impossible, could be found out that during 2007 – 2010 the they decide to apply a family-type protection form number of repatriated children increased.

67 70%

60%

44 50% 42

40%

30%

20% 14

10%

0% No. of children

2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 5.33. Number of repatriated children during 2007-2010

During 2007 – 2010, 167 children were repatri- children) – from Ukraine and 5,9% (or 10 children) ated, of which 60,47% (or 101 children) were repa- – from Romania. triated from Russian Federation, 29,34% (or 49

121 Annual social report 2010

Table 5.9. Number of repatriated children during 2007-2010 and destination countries Destination country 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Russian Federation 11 32 25 33 101 Ukraine 3 8 8 30 49 Romania 0 0 8 2 10 Turkey 0 1 0 0 1 Czech Republic 0 1 0 0 1 Belgium 0 1 0 1 2 Italy 0 0 0 1 1 Sweden 0 0 1 0 1 Spain 0 1 0 0 1 TOTAL 14 44 42 67 167

The highest number of children were repatriated from Russian Federation and Ukraine.

Belgium Italy Czech Republic 1,19% 1% Sweden 1% Turkey 1% Spain 1% Romania 1% 6% Russian Federation 60,47%

Ukraine 29,34%

Figure 5.34. Number of repatriated children in % and destination countries, 2007-2010

As for the native districts of the repatriated chil- Transnistria, Orhei, Calarasi, Anenii Noi and Ste- dren/parents during 2009 – 2010, it is to be men- fan Voda. During 2007 – 2010, 26 children from tioned that the highest number of children are from Transnistria were repatriated.

14 12 10 8 2009 6 2010 4 Number of children 2 0 Orhei Cahul Edinet Ocnita Falesti Rezina Briceni Soroca Comrat Ialoveni Floresti Criuleni Riscani Glodeni Drochia Cimislia Calarasi Hincesti Singerei Causeni Chisinau Dubasari Cantemir Telenesti Nisporeni Anenii Noi Transnistria Stefan Voda Native districts Basarabeasca

Figure 5.35. Native districts of repatriated children, 2009-2010

122 5. Family and child protection

5.6. Summer rest of children According to the current priorities, established dren and teenagers (Government decision no.334 in the national child social protection policies, the from April 23, 2009) identified the procedure of us- Law no. 133-XVIII from December 23, 2009 on ing the budgetary resources for this purpose. state budget for 2010 envisaged 16,890,700.00 lei At the same time in order to ensure the qualita- for the organization of children summer rest. In the tive rest of children during the summer season summer 2010 the Ministry of Labour, Social Pro- 2010, the Government (Decision no. 318 from tection and Family purchased 16267 tickets. April 28, 2010) established the maximum cost per In this context, the Regulations on functioning day, depending on the summer camp. of the camps for rest and health recovery of chil- Table 5.10. Estimated cost per day in the summer camps for rest and health recovery of children and teenagers, lei, 2010 Types of summer rest camps for children Maximum cost per day, No and teenagers lei 1. Camps for rest and health recovery 108,34 2. Sport camps of sport schools for children and juniors 116,67 3. Sport camps for pupils of higher forms 116,67 4. Tourist camps for teenagers 125,00 3. Day camps 75,00

The contracts with the camps – providers of The decision on the necessary number of tickets services – for children rest and recovery during for every county/municipality was taken based on summer 2010 were signed according to the proce- the information from the National Bureau of Statis- dure of public procurements, based on the Law tics concerning the number of children of 7-18 no.96-XVI from April 13, 2007 on public procure- years and on data of the National Confederation of ments. Trade Unions concerning the contribution of pri- In this context, the Ministry of Labour, Social mary trade union organisations, taking into ac- Protection and Family (Order no. 103 from My 5, count their territorial placement. 2010) approved the nominal structure of the Com- According to current provisions, 55% (8947 mission for organization of children rest and recov- tickets) from the total number of tickets were dis- ery during the summertime and its Activity Regu- tributed to the sections/departments of social as- lations. The Commission includes representatives sistance and family protection and Department of of the Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and minors’ protection from Chisinau mun., which fur- Family, and representatives of the National Con- ther distributed them free-of-charge to the chil- federation of Trade Unions. dren between 7 and 18 years, preferably from the The evaluation and comparison of offers were following categories: carried out based on the following factors: a) orphans and children with one alive parent; –– the lowest cost of one rest ticket; b) children from monoparental families; –– the share of the cost of products for child nu- c) children from families with low incomes; trition, proposed by the participant, com- d) children from numerous families; pared to the maximum cost of a rest ticket, e) children under trusteeship/guardianship; established by the Government decision no. f) children placed in family-type services; 318 from April 28, 2010; g) children placed in temporary placement services; –– accommodation type; h) children from families where both parents –– number of beds in every room; are with disabilities; –– placement and technical state of the sanitary i) children from families where both parents are groups; pensioners; –– cultural program; j) children with performances in education or –– camp endowment. winners of didactic and extra didactic contests.

123 Annual social report 2010

45% (7329 tickets) were distributed to the Na- social protection continues to be the development of tional Confederation of Trade Unions in order to a coherent and integrated family assistance system. contribute to the ensurance of summer rest of em- In the recent years an increase trend of the ployees’ children. quantum of benefits for families with children is For the summer season 2010 the Ministry con- noticed. However, the impact of these payments on cluded the services of 39 camps, the rest of children the welfare of families with children is still insig- and teenagers being realized in 7 tours, from June nificant due to the low quantum of payments, their 14, 2010 to August 29, 2010. actual value being affected by the high inflation For health recovery of the children from the so- level. In order to enhance the efficiency of benefits cial institutions, subordinated to the Ministry, with for families with children, the families should be the support of the Swiss Foundation SWISSCOR, assisted depending on the assessment of the total during July 28 – August 11, 2010, four children (2 average monthly income of the family and the ne- girls and 2 boys) from the boarding school for chil- cessity of its members in social assistance. dren with severe mental disabilities (girls) from The necessity and right of the child to grow in a Hincesti and boarding school for children with se- family or in an environment closer to that of a fam- vere mental disabilities (boys) from Orhei benefit- ily, is a basic principle, envisaged by a range of na- ed of rest and treatment in the medical camp tional legal acts, being also assumed by the Gov- SWISSCOR from Switzerland. The Swiss party ernment of the Republic of Moldova following the provided the children with educational and medi- Ratification of the UN Convention on children’s cal staff for their supervision and care, and covered rights. Its implementation is ensured by the devel- the expenses for repair or substitution of wheel opment of efficient types of protection of children chairs or prosthesis, manufacturing of glasses, at risk. During 2010 the social services alternative clothes or footwear; several excursions for children to those residential (both community and family- and accompanying persons were organized. type services) were developed and diversified, in- At the same time the Ministry of Labour, Social cluding: day centres and temporary placement cen- Protection and Family in cooperation with the tres for various categories of children in difficulty, charity foundation „Clipa siderala” organised the maternal centres, family-types homes for children, republican competition of paintings „Easter co- professional parental assistance service. lours” for the purpose of organizing the children’s One of the socially-adverse effects, generated by rest and recovery. At the end of this competition 11 the migration of the citizens of the Republic of children aged 7 – 18 from socially vulnerable fami- Moldova is the increase of the number of children lies were selected and provided with rest tickets at left without parental care. This fact conditioned the the Centre for children recovery „Sparta” (Crimea) prompt intervention of the Government in order to during June 14 – 27, 2010. undertake the necessary measures and actions for During August 21 – 27, 40 children from vul- protection of children left without parental super- nerable families from the both banks of the river vision and care. For this purpose the Government Nistru, children from several residential institu- approved (government decision no. 450 from June tions, and children with good education perfor- 2, 2010) the National Action Plan, envisaging pub- mances rested in Euforie Sud, Romania, at the invi- lic opinion awareness, assistance and prophylaxis, tation of the Department for Romanians abroad, prevention of juvenile criminality, that require the subordinated to the Government General Secre- active involvement of the entire community in co- tariat. The expenses for accommodation and meals operation with the responsible factors at central were covered by the Romanian party, and the chil- and local levels. dren transportation was facilitated by the Ministry In the light of the above-mentioned and in or- of Labour, Social Protection and Family. der to optimize the family and child protection policy, the efforts shall be concentrated on the fol- 5.7. Conclusions. Recommendations lowing actions: - elaborate, approve and develop the legal In the conditions of the economic-financial de- mechanisms for accreditation and monitoring of cline, accompanied by a massive migration of family social services’ providers, as well as the procedure members seeking for a job, the priority objective of of procurement of social services from providers;

124 5. Family and child protection

- implement at national level an information ties (I and II administration levels) on promotion system for record of all children in difficulty, the and observance of child’s rights, monitoring and existing and necessary social services, cost of ser- recurrent evaluation of their activity; vices and staff from the family and child protection - consolidate the efforts of the staff, specialized system; in the protection of child’s rights, on preventing - prevent the social abandonment of children as and combating the violence against children; result of the migration of parents, seeking for a job; - strengthen the professional capacities of the - improve the activity of the trusteeship enti- specialists in the field of child rights protection. ties within the local public administration authori-

125 6. GENDER EQUALITY. VIOLENCE AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING PREVENTION AND COMBATING

6.1. Gender equality identified areas include: employment and migra- tion, gender responsive budgeting, participation of Gender equality should constitute a basic objec- women in decision making process, social protec- tive of every democracy, willing to take the neces- tion and family, health care, education, combating sary measures that the opinions of women and men violence and trafficking in human beings, raising have the same importance and influence. Accord- the public awareness level and mass media. The ing to the Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)17 of Conference on Program initiation and TV and ra- the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Eu- dio spots for 6 priority areas was held on February rope to member states on gender equality standards 19, 2010. and mechanisms, the achievement of equality be- The adoption of the above-mentioned docu- tween women and men is an integral part of the ments demonstrates the political will of the state on process leading to a genuine democracy, that as a creation of better opportunities for insurance of de prerequisite for the participation of all members of jure and de facto gender equality as an integral part society, women and men, in all walks of life, has to of the process of establishing a real gender sensitive be fully secured. democracy, having as prerequisite ensuring the Legislative framework participation of all society’s members, women and men, in all areas of life. The point 14 of the above-mentioned standards At the same time in order to accomplish the rec- stipulates that the national gender equality legisla- ommendations of the Committee on elimination of tion is a necessary basis for effective policy mea- discrimination against women (2006), in 2010 at the sures to promote gender equality and eliminate dis- initiative of the MLSPF the evaluation of the imple- crimination on the grounds of sex, as well as a basic mentation of the National Plan on promotion of tool for raising awareness on gender equality. Gov- gender equality in society for the period 2006 – 2009 ernments should give priority to the development, (with the support of UNIFEM Program) was carried adoption and enforcement of effective national out. This is an important prerequisite in identifica- gender equality legislation, and to the integration tion of both progress and gaps in the field, and stra- of a gender perspective into all areas of governance, tegic intervention actions. Subsequently, the Report both in laws and policies. on the implementation status of this Plan was devel- Taking into consideration the recommenda- oped and presented in the framework of the meeting tions of the Committee on elimination of discrimi- of the Governmental Committee for equality be- nation against women, the Government of the Re- tween women and men from March 30, 2010, and public of Moldova adopted the National Program placed on the Ministry’s website. on ensuring gender equality (NPEGE) in the Re- In the context of adjusting the national legisla- public of Moldova for 2010-2015 (Government tion, the national experts developed the Report Decision no.933 from December 31, 2009), which (Compatibility Report) on alignment of the legisla- provides for a comprehensive approach towards tion of the Republic of Moldova to the provisions of the integration of the principle of equality between the Law no. 5 from February 9, 2006 on ensuring women and men in the policy documents in all ar- equal opportunities for women and men. The given eas and at all levels of decision making and imple- report was presented at the extended working meet- mentation. The Program is supplemented with the ing from March 30, 2010, where several amend- Action Plan on implementation during 2010-2012 ments to the national legislation were proposed. of the National Program on ensuring gender equal- Subsequently, according to the decision of the Gov- ity in the Republic of Moldova for 2010-2015. The ernmental Committee for equality between women

126 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating and men from April 22, 2010, the establishment of to ensure equal conditions, for women and men, an inter-ministerial working group with the partici- for combining service duties with family obliga- pation of national experts for the implementation of tions; recommendations, envisaged in this report, and de- to introduce in the internal regulations of the velopment of the draft law on amendment of several unit of provisions, prohibiting discrimination legislative acts were decided. The group was estab- based on any criterion and sexual harassment; lished based on the Government decision no.1136- to ensure the respect of employees’ dignity at 755 from June 14, 2010 and held three working work. meetings. As result the draft law on adjustment of 3. Art. 103, 105, 110, 111 and 318, which pro- national legislation from gender perspective was hibited the engagement of women having children developed. A range of debates on the above-men- under 3 years in night work, overtime work, work tioned documents were organized with the partici- on days-off and non-working holidays, and in con- pation of the representatives of relevant ministries, tinuous shift work, were amended: the women with civil society, international organizations. children under three years are included in the cat- In order to adjust the legislation from the per- egory of persons, which could provide these ser- spective of eliminating discrimination against vices with their written approval. women, on July 9, 2010 the Law no. 168 on amend- 4. The interdiction of directing on official jour- ment of the Labour Code of the Republic of Mol- ney of pregnant women, women who are on post- dova was adopted. The following modifications are natal leave, and women with children under three to be mentioned: years was excluded from the art. 249. Once the giv- 1. Art. 1 „Basic concepts” – was completed with en law entered into force, the above-mentioned the notions „sexual harassment” and „dignity at persons have the right to be directed on official work”, defined as follows: journey with their written approval. „social harassment – any form of physical, ver- 5. Art. 251, which prohibited the dismissal of bal or non-verbal behaviour, of sexual nature, pregnant women, women with children under 6 which abases the person’s dignity or creates an un- years and persons who are on leaves for taking care pleasant, hostile, debasing, humiliating or insulting of a child, except the cases of entity liquidation, was environment; amended, being introduced additional reasons for „dignity at work – comfortable psycho-emo- dismissal of these persons. This standard was tional climate in work relations, which excludes amended as result of numerous complaints in rela- any form of verbal or non-verbal behaviour of the tion to the abuse against pregnant women and employer or other employees, which could violate women with children under 6 of their protected the moral and psychic integrity of the employee. situation. 2. Art. 9 and 10 were completed with additional In case if the discrimination takes the form of responsibilities for employees and employers. Thus, sexual harassment, it is punished according to the the employees are obliged to have a non-discrimi- Article 173 of the Criminal Code: „The sexual ha- natory behaviour in relation to other employees rassment, meaning any form of physical, verbal or and employer and respect the right to dignity at non-verbal behaviour, of sexual nature, which work of other employees. abases the person’s dignity or creates an unpleasant, The employers have the following new respon- hostile, debasing, humiliating or insulting environ- sibilities: ment, with the purpose of coercing a person to to ensure equal opportunities and treatment to sexual intercourse or to the commission of other all persons in employment, according to the profes- actions of a sexual character by threatening, coer- sion, orientation and vocational training; and pro- cion or blackmail, shall be punished by a fine in the motion, without any discrimination; amount of 300 to 500 conventional units or by to apply the same evaluation criteria in regard of community non-remunerated service for 140 to work quality, sanctioning and dismissal; 240 hours or by imprisonment for up to 3 years.” to undertake the required measures to prevent In 2010 the Republic of Moldova was noticed by the sexual harassment at work place, as well as to the Office of the United Nations High Commis- prevent persecution for submitting complaints sioner for Human Rights in relation to the Resolu- against discrimination to the competent bodies; tion of the Council of Europe on elimination of

127 Annual social report 2010 discrimination against women. This notice was ex- tablished within the Ministry of Labour, Social amined, the required information on its implemen- Protection and Family, Ministry of Economy and tation in the Republic of Moldova, was prepared Ministry of Finance. These groups include repre- and sent to the related institution (the comprehen- sentatives of the directorates responsible for policy sive answer is included in Annex 3). development in the framework of the above-men- According to the concluding comments of the tioned ministries and are focussed on implementa- Committee on elimination of discrimination tion and monitoring of the observance of gender against women, submitted to the Government in equality legislation provisions. During December 2006, the Republic of Moldova is invited to submit 20 – 21, 2010 the workshop on gender responsive its fourth periodic report, which is due in July 2007, budgeting was organized by the Ministry in coop- and its fifth periodic report, due in July 2011, in a eration with UN Fund for Population and UN Pro- combined report in July 2011. In order to enhance gram on HIV/AIDS. The goal of this workshop was the capacities of gender units within the central the information of members of the above-men- public administration authorities and other central tioned groups on this subject. administrative authorities in the development of In order to train the staff on promotion of gen- this report, the Ministry organized a range of train- der principle in the national policies, the Ministry ing workshops on reporting criteria of the UN cooperated with academic medium and the course Convention on elimination of all forms of discrim- on gender responsive budgeting was introduced at ination against women (CEDAW). A set of materi- the level of higher education (Cycle II): als, including key documents related to this sub- –– The discipline „Gender responsive budget- ject16, was distributed in the framework of these ing” (150 hours) was included in the educa- workshops. The organization of training was sup- tion plan, Master’s program „Public Financ- ported by the UNIFEM Program “Women’s Eco- es and Tax Policy”, specialization „Finances”, nomic Empowerment through Increasing Employ- III semester, II education year; ability in the Republic of Moldova”, implemented –– The curriculum of the above-mentioned with the financial support of the Swedish Interna- course was developed and approved; tional Development Cooperation Agency in the –– The manual „Gender responsive budgeting” Republic of Moldova (SIDA). (authors: Belostecinic M., Baurciulu A., Petroia A., Casian A., Pirtachi I.) and the Institutional framework and consolidation of Guide for trainers on gender responsive human resources budgeting were published. In order to enhance the institutional mecha- nism in this field, the draft Government decision Gender stereotypes and prejudices on amendment of the Government decision no. Various studies in this field confirm the pres- 350 from April 7, 2006 was developed and promot- ence of gender stereotypes in Moldovan society, ed, and subsequently approved by the Government despite drastic transformations of the family insti- decision no. 179 from March 11, 2010. It envisages tute, gender roles, especially in the context of eco- the approval of the nominal structure of the Gov- nomic migration. The determination of new reali- ernmental Commission for equality between wom- ties in relation to the status of both genders is en and men. During 2010 three working meetings noticed: a combination between the economic of the Commission for equality between women emancipation of women and maintenance of the and men were organized. traditional status of man as „head of the family”, At the same time according to the provisions of with the consequences of decreasing the value of the Law on ensuring equal opportunities for wom- women’s economic contribution to family budget en and men and for the implementation of the Na- and society development. tional Program on gender equality for 2010 – 2015, The gender stereotypes have a more general coordination groups on gender equality were es- character, being more marked in rural area. The women, involved in professional activity, continue 16 http://mpsfc.gov.md/file/egalitategen/Criterii%20de%20 to bear a double burden, being responsible for the Raportare%20in%20baza%20CEDAW.doc insurance of family financial support and keeping http://mpsfc.gov.md/file/egalitategen/Evaluarea%20setua- the house and taking care of children. Statistic data tiei%20femeilor.PDF

128 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating show that 97% of the persons, benefiting of leaves The Political Club 50/50, and the Centre „Part- for taking care of children are women, despite the nership for development” carried out the gender- existence of a favourable legal framework for both based analysis of the programs, status, lists, elec- genders. toral platforms in the framework of the The state policies on gender equality are fo- parliamentary elections from November 2010. The cussed on promotion of the models of partnership materials were presented to politicians, and public relations between women and men in both public through awareness activities (www.club50.md.) At and private lives. The National Program on ensur- the initiative of OSCE Mission in Moldova and ac- ing gender equality includes the objective of public tive involvement of members of the Governmental awareness on prevention and elimination of gender Commission for equality between women and prejudices, stereotypes and conditions, generating men, a round table „How do politics and economic gender-based discriminatory situations. It is to be growth benefit from more involvement of women” mentioned that the stereotypes continue to persist was organized, with the participation of about 100 in some education institutions, such as Military In- persons (September 9, 2010) and presentation of stitute. Currently, the Military Institute enrols only the findings of the relevant studies in this field. men. The representatives of the Ministry of De- fence explained the existing situation regarding the Encouraging the participation of women on labour enrolment of girls by lack of specific education market conditions for women. At the same time the man- Following the implementation of various active agement of the Ministry of Defence promised to measures on labour market, in 2010, 14,7 thousand solve the problem upon possibility. The insufficient persons were employed, of which 54,5% were vocational orientation, persistence of gender ste- women. 104,5 thousand persons benefited of me- reotypes impede the selection of professions with diation services, of which 51,9% women. 14,8% of male predominance. Certain activities are tradi- women – beneficiaries of mediation services were tionally considered related to women or men. employed. In 2010, 56,4 thousand persons benefit- Thus, the breakdown of employed population ed of information services and professional coun- by social-economic activities reveals significant selling (of which 52,6% were women). disparities by sex. The areas, where women have The vocational training service contributes to high shares, change gradually, but not very smooth- the improvement of the capacities and competitive- ly. In 2010, the situation was as follows: in educa- ness of unemployed (including among women) on tion the share of women compared to that of men labour market. During 2010, 71,6% women from represented 77,5%, while in health and social as- the total number of training graduates completed a sistance sector – 79,9%. At the same time, an un- vocational training course. The public works repre- der-employment level of women compared to that sent a special opportunity to be employed for the of men is noticed. For example, in construction this unemployed persons (including women), which rate constitutes 14,7%, in industry – 44,7%, in refer to a category with a lower access to reintegra- transport and communications – 25,3%. tion on labour market. In 2010, 1,8 thousand per- sons were involved in public works, of which 36,3% Participation in political and public life are women. At the analysis of the lists of candidates for the According to the art. 25 of the Law no. 102-XV position of deputies in the Parliament of the Re- on employment and social protection of job-seek- public of Moldova for the elections from November ers, the unemployed persons have the right to qual- 28, 2010, it is noticed that 551 persons from 1933 ification, requalification and vocational training candidates were women (28,5%). At the same time courses, organized by the National Employment 5 persons of those 20 independent candidates, reg- Agency. In this context, the National Employment istered by the Commission, were also women. The Agency in cooperation with the territorial employ- share of women in the structure of the Parliament ment agencies organizes annually business courses of the Republic of Moldova, XIV convocation, in order to support the entrepreneurship activity elected on November 28, 2010 constitutes 18,81% among unemployed persons (including women). or 19 deputies-women and correspondingly 82 During 2010, 21 persons were enrolled in entrepre- deputies-men. neurship courses, of which 15 women.

129 Annual social report 2010

During January – December 2010 the imple- Social Protection and Family, Ministry of Econo- mentation of the Component I „Training and con- my, on the one hand, and Swedish International sultancy” within the National Program for Eco- Development Agency and United Nations Devel- nomic Empowerment of Youth (NPEEY) opment Fund for Women, CIS Regional Office, on continued. Its goal is to promote and facilitate the the implementation of the Program „Women’s Eco- involvement of youth from rural areas of the Re- nomic Empowerment through Increasing Employ- public of Moldova in entrepreneurial activity. In ability in the Republic of Moldova”. This Program is 2010, 14 workshops in 11 localities were organized financed by SIDA and shall be implemented during in the framework of this program: 384 young per- 4 years, beginning with March 2010. The basic ob- sons were trained, of which 61 (15,06%) are entre- jective of the program is empowerment of women preneurs. At the same time 188 (46,4%) of partici- from rural and sub-urban areas of the Republic of pants are women. Moldova through their information and prepara- During 2010, 51 training courses in 18 localities tion to benefit of their social and economic rights. of our country were organized in the framework of the Efficient Business Management Program (1480 6.2. National Referral System (NRS) persons were trained). It is to be mentioned that 928 persons from the total number of trained per- – multidisciplinary approach sons are women (63%). Currently, the business towards trafficking in human contact units within the economic sections from 8 beings, domestic violence and districts (Edinet, Glodeni, Singerei, Rezina, Ungh- protection of persons infected eni, Causeni, Leova) and TAU Gagauzia provide with or affected by HIV/AIDS free-of-charge consultancy services to economic agents, having various questions, the most frequent As a mechanism for protection of human rights, being business crediting, business support pro- victims and potential victims of trafficking in hu- grams and business registration. In the reported man beings, the National Referral System (NRS) period over 3000 consultancy services (including plays a major role in the anti-trafficking system of for the representatives from the rural business en- the Republic of Moldova, aimed at strengthening vironment) were provided in the framework of the partnership between the relevant actors, ensur- training and consultancy program, targeted to con- ing the protection of the victims of trafficking in solidation of entrepreneurial abilities. human beings for the recovery of their rights and A major problem is still the empowerment of preventing this phenomenon by providing assis- women from rural area. In 2010 the rural extension tance to the most vulnerable population categories, services network organized 622 promotion activi- which can become victims of trafficking in human ties, of which: 366 at local level and 286 at national beings – potential victims of human trafficking. level. At the same time 2350 consulting services The basic document of the National Referral Sys- were provided, of which: 29 workshops, 61 round tem is its Strategy, approved by the decision of the tables, 151 meetings and discussions, 199 local vis- Parliament of the Republic of Moldova no. 257- its, 1707 verbal consultations and 202 written con- XVI from December 5, 2008. By this document, the sultancy services. The Article 4 of the Land Code of Republic of Moldova undertook to develop a viable the Republic of Moldova stipulates the land own- anti-trafficking system, which shall ensure the nec- ers. They are holders of the ownership right, pos- essary assistance and protection to those which session, and land beneficiaries. At the same time were, are or risk to be affected by the human traf- the owners of lands (irrespective of their title) are ficking phenomenon, and to ensure the transfer of protected by the state. In the second quarter of given responsibilities from international and non- 2010 the statistic survey in households „Reconcili- governmental organizations to the Government of ation between professional and private life” was the Republic of Moldova. carried out. The information is available on the The multidisciplinary approach to the preven- website of the National Bureau of Statistics (www. tion of the phenomenon of domestic violence is re- statistica.md). alized based on the working procedure, described On May 7, 2009 the Memorandum of Agree- in the NRS Strategy, which envisages the role of the ment was signed between the Ministry of Labour, ministry as national policy coordinator on protec-

130 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating tion and assistance of the subjects of domestic vio- opment of this report are the documents, reflecting lence (potential victims of human trafficking). the NRS activity in the reported period – reports, One of the MLSPF prerogatives is social support studies and other documents available at the mo- and improvement of quality of the life of persons/ ment of report drafting: families, disadvantaged or liable to become socially A. Monitoring reports for the reference period dependent, by provision of an additional support, on implementation of the NRS strategy, sub- temporary or permanent, in the form of social pay- mitted by the involved actors (multidisci- ments and services to vulnerable persons for over- plinary teams, non-governmental organiza- coming a difficult situation, and prevention of tions), Centre for assistance and protection marginalization and social exclusion. The necessity of victims and potential victims of traffick- in social assistance is established according to the ing in human beings (further CAP); individual assessment of applicant needs, based on B. Local monitoring visits, carried out by the the NRS methodology. NRS National Coordination Unit within the On February 18, 2010 the training on the NRS MLSPF with the assistance of Prevention of monitoring and evaluation methodology: progress Violence and Insurance of Gender Equality and perspectives was organized for the coordinators Department of the MLSPF, organized with of regional multidisciplinary teams within the NRS the support of the International Organiza- and other specialists from the related field. The tion for Migration in Moldova (further training was focussed on enhancing the capacities IOM) and CAP, in order to supervise the ac- of the specialists in this field on NRS monitoring tivity of multidisciplinary teams within the and evaluation. Based on gained abilities and NRS; knowledge and by means of the NRS Monitoring C. Comparative analysis of collected informa- Form, developed jointly with the International cen- tion, comparison of the purpose and objec- tre La Strada, the Report on NRS strategy imple- tives of the NRS Strategy with the progress, mentation for 2009 was developed and submitted achieved in the reported period. to the Government and National Committee to The report reflects the achievement of the pur- combat trafficking in human beings. pose and objectives of the NRS Strategy and is The point 37 of the NRS Strategy envisages the placed on the Ministry’s website. development of an annual report on its implemen- tation, based on evaluation findings, meaning a Adjustment of legal framework grounded process of collection and analysis of the The draft Regulations on identification of vic- information on the outcomes of the NRS activities, tims and potential victims of trafficking in human in order to determine the implementation/achieve- beings were developed. It represents a working op- ment level of the NRS strategy objectives, efficiency erational instrument for the related central public of undertaken measures, impact and sustainability administration authorities and other central ad- of these actions. The NRS, as a complex system of ministrative authorities, local public administra- cooperation between various actors, requires the tion, civil society, intergovernmental organizations, implementation of a corresponding monitoring providers of services, irrespective of their owner- and evaluation mechanism. This mechanism has ship type and organizational-legal form. The ap- the purpose to identify the main trends, practices, proval of the Regulations shall constitute an impor- successful cases, and also problems faced by the tant stage in the implementation of the NRS system at different levels and in the process of real- Strategy, ensuring the use of a standard procedure izing its functions. by all system actors, that shall lead to a more effi- During 2009, 2010 the piloting of the NRS cient cooperation and exchange of information in monitoring methodology was carried out, which the system, by observing the provisions of the na- shall be subsequently used annually, and the results tional and international regulatory acts in relation summarised in a report17. The basis for the devel- to the prevention and combating of trafficking in 17 Annual report on implementation of the provisions of the human beings. Another purpose of the draft regu- NRS Strategy related to the protection and assistance of the lations is to facilitate the process of identification of victims and potential victims of trafficking in human victims and potential victims of human trafficking, beings can be found on the following website: http://mm- distributing clearly the responsibilities in this area psf.gov.md/file/rapoarte/Raport%20Strategia%20SNR.pdf

131 Annual social report 2010 and completing the stages and procedures, required The Concept of the Regional social centre for for identification within the NRS. persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS was The Regulations-Framework on organization drafted as a methodological support for local pub- and functioning of the centres for rehabilitation of lic administration in the context of social services victims of domestic violence (Government deci- development (Minister’s order no. 216-P from May sion no. 29 from February 22, 2010) was approved 31, 2010. in order to implement the provisions of the Law no. In the context of the development of regulatory 45-XVI from March 1, 2007 on preventing and framework for newly developed services, the Min- combating family violence. The minimum quality istry, in cooperation and with the support of the standards were developed in order to ensure an ef- Soros Foundation - Moldova, developed the draft ficient functioning of the centres. The document Regulations-Framework on organization and func- includes detailed provisions on the principles of so- tioning of the Regional social centre for persons cial services’ provision, centres’ beneficiaries, ser- infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS, which shall vices, admission and placement in centres, types of be approved by Governmental decision. rendered services, centre’s management, staff su- Following four sectorial working meetings and pervision and assessment etc. in the context of the development of the conceptual In order to implement the art. 18, p.2 of the framework for the national database for M&E sys- above-mentioned Law, the process of current na- tem in HIV/AIDS, the Ministry developed the sec- tional legislation harmonization with the provi- torial database concept in cooperation with UN- sions of the Law no.45 was launched in 2009 and AIDS Moldova, National Health Management completed with the enactment of the Law no. Center, which shall provide data on the number of 167-XVIII from July 9, 2010. persons, which live with HIV/AIDS and shall ben- The Instructions on intervention of social assis- efit of social assistance. tance and internal affairs bodies, and medical insti- By the Minister’s order no. 221-P from June 4, tutions in cases of domestic violence were devel- 2010, the national curriculum and manual on con- oped. The given instructions include the tinuous training of social assistants were approved responsibilities of the specialists (according to legal in order to develop and enhance the professional provisions) in the process of identification of do- abilities of the human resources, employed in the mestic violence cases, coordination and multidisci- social assistance system for providing support to plinary resolution of registered cases, prevention of persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS. domestic violence cases and supervision on the Thus, it can be concluded that although it is a implementation of protection measures in case of long process, the establishment of the legal frame- domestic violence, which shall be approved by an work in this field continues in a qualitative and inter-ministerial order. constant way. The drafting of regulatory acts are By the Minister’s order no. 12-P from January 14, based not only on general well-known principles of 2010, the Plan on implementation of activities, fi- anti-trafficking activity, but also on the vast practi- nanced from the grant provided by the Global Fund cal experience of the organizations – participants to fight AIDS/Tuberculosis/Malaria, VIII funding in the National Referral System. round in the field of social protection for 2010, was Consolidation of the NRS institutional mech- drafted and approved. At the same time a working group on social protection was established and in- anism and human resources. Establishment of cluded in the structure of technical groups within territorial multidisciplinary teams. the National Council for Coordination of national According to the concept of the NRS Strategy, programs on prophylaxis and control of HIV/AIDS, the institutional mechanism of the system includes sexually-transmitted infections and tuberculosis. the establishment and consolidation of the territo- According to the objectives of the National pro- rial multidisciplinary teams, with the purpose of gram on prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and inter-sectorial resolution of the problem and more sexually-transmitted infections for 2011 – 2015, efficient identification of beneficiaries’ needs, coor- the Ministry developed the sectorial action plan on dination of activities related to their protection and social protection of persons infected with or affect- assistance provision, and monitoring of cases. At ed by HIV/AIDS for 2011 – 2015 (Government de- the end of 2010 the National Referral System con- cision no. 1143 from December 16, 2010). sists of 31 administrative-territorial units of the Re-

132 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating public of Moldova, of which 28 districts, 2 munici- Referral System in the Republic of Moldova (dis- palities (Chisinau and Balti) and one city (Otaci). tricts Ungheni, Calarasi, Telenesti, Riscani, Can- During 2010 the NRS was extended in 5 dis- temir, Rezina, Comrat, Stefan Voda, Leova and tricts: Basarabeasca, Briceni, Drochia, Glodeni and Chisinau mun.). The training was focussed on en- Orhei. The multidisciplinary teams from these dis- hancing the capacities of the members of multidis- tricts were established and trained for the purpose ciplinary teams in order to identify, refer and pro- of NRS extension. 125 specialists participated in vide assistance to the victims and potential victims initial training. The training was based on the Ini- of trafficking in human beings. Over 280 profes- tial training curriculum, a set of standard tools/ sionals attended these training courses. The teams forms for identification, referral and assistance of were selected based on the results of the monitor- victims and potential victims of human trafficking ing visits, made at the end of 2009 and beginning of were used. In the context of NRS extension, the 2010 in order to identify the training needs of mul- Ministry jointly with the International Organiza- tidisciplinary teams. The priority was given to the tion for Migration, Terres des Homes and Centre most affected teams by personnel turnover or PAS organized and participated in the training of which had difficulties in the accomplishment of multidisciplinary teams, addressing a range of is- their tasks within the NRS. sues related to prevention and combating traffick- An important objective in the field of assistance ing in human beings, domestic violence, protection of persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS of children’s rights, protection of persons infected is the consolidation of the capacities of community with or affected by HIV/AIDS, and protection of social assistants. The Ministry in cooperation with their rights as well. Soros Foundation – Moldova organized 4 training At the same time continuous training courses courses for the staff from protection system based (repeated training) were organized for members of on approved curricula. During 2010, 101 commu- multidisciplinary teams from 10 administrative- nity social assistants were trained. territorial units of II level on protection and assis- The following table reveals the number of active tance of victims of trafficking in human beings and multidisciplinary teams within the NRS and num- domestic violence in the framework of the National ber of active members in 200918 and 2010:

Table 6.1. Multidisciplinary teams within the NRS and number of members, 2009-2010 Multidisciplinary teams 2009 2010 Multidisciplinary teams 2009 2010 Anenii Noi 10 11 Hincesti 9 9 Basarabeasca new 11 Leova 11 7 Balti 17 17 Nisporeni 7 7 Briceni new 7 Ocnita 13 8 Cahul 13 11 Orhei new 7 Cantemir 7 9 Otaci 7 7 Calarasi 8 8 Rezina 12 13 Causeni 11 11 Riscani 11 13 Chisinau 12 12 Singerei 8 10 Cimislia 8 8 Soroca 11 11 Comrat 7 8 Soldanesti 8 8 Drochia new 11 Stefan-Voda 8 10 Edinet 8 8 Telenesti 11 7 Falesti 13 13 Ungheni 11 10 Floresti 13 17 Vulcanesti 6 9 Glodeni new 8

Thus, in the reported period the total number of 18 Here and further on, the comparative data for 2009 are members of multidisciplinary teams from those 31 taken from the Report on the implementation of the NRS administrative-territorial units constituted 306 Strategy provisions related to protection and assistance of persons, with 46 more compared to the previous victims and potential victims of trafficking in human be- ings for 2009.

133 Annual social report 2010 period (260). Given that 44 of these 306 members context of enhancing the capacities of gender units are from new teams, established in 2010, it is to be responsible for the implementation of gender-re- mentioned that no significant changes took place sponsive policies within the ministries/central ad- in the stuff structure of the multidisciplinary teams ministrative authorities and Ministry’s partners on during 2009 – 2010. The above-mentioned find- HIV/AIDS. ings represent a good indicator, only if the staff turnover is low, confirming that not only the num- Creation and development of social services in the ber of members of multidisciplinary teams is quite related area constant, but also that these members have relevant In the context of creation and development of capacities and experience, and changes in the staff primary social services, the Ministry in coopera- structure do not affect the system functioning. tion with local public administration from Chi- In the same context, in the framework of the sinau, Balti and Comrat mun. identified the vacant Project „Protection and empowerment of victims of places for the establishment of regional social cen- human trafficking and domestic violence”, in order tres for persons living with HIV/AIDS and ap- to enhance the capacities on primary identification proved the Concept of the regional social centre for and assistance of victims of human trafficking and persons living with HIV/AIDS. domestic violence and improvement of the coopera- The activity goal of the regional social centre for tion between the local actors, several monitoring persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS is visits were organised during February 4 – March 24, to improve the life quality and reduce the morbidi- 2010 by the representatives of the Ministry of La- ty and mortality rates of persons with HIV/AIDS bour, Social Protection and Family, Ministry of In- by providing a range of newly developed services, ternal Affairs and UNFPA, and UN Fund for Popu- including referral to the current services, provided lation. These visits had the purpose to monitor the within the social protection system. community projects in relation to the development The general objectives of social centres are the of services for the victims of domestic violence and following: aggressors in 22 target-communities of the project 1. Facilitate the adherence to antiretroviral and subsequently workshops for members of the therapy of persons with HIV/AIDS; community and district multidisciplinary teams 2. Organize and provide regularly a set of qual- from Anenii Noi (June 2), Soldanesti (June 11), Vul- itative services, which shall meet the needs canesti (June 15) and Rezina (June 17). of persons with HIV/AIDS; In the period January – December 2010 the 3. Organize and provide home services to per- Ministry jointly with the Soros Foundation – Mol- sons with HIV/AIDS; dova held a range of trainings for the staff from the 4. Provide intervention services in case of crisis; protection system based on approved curricula: 5. Actively cooperate with the family members - February 5 – 6, 2010 – workshop for the staff and relatives of persons with HIV for their of the Ministry and subordinated institutions on social inclusion. strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation of The financing of centres shall be undertaken grad- HIV/AIDS activities; ually by the local and central authorities from the state - March 26 – 27, April 16 – 17, 2010 – training budget. At the same time the centre shall organize and for heads of the departments/sections for social as- coordinate the process of drafting the requests for sistance and family protection on enhancing the funding from outside. The provided financial re- capacities of the managers within the social protec- sources shall be used for development and provision tion system in the field of HIV/AIDS; of community services in the framework of the re- - November 24, 2010 – a round table on the pro- gional social centre for persons living with HIV. grams on risk reduction in the Republic of Moldo- The centres shall function on the basis of the ac- va was organized for the MLSPF staff, in coopera- tivity regulations-framework, approved by the tion with the public association „Union for HIV/ Government decision and based on the minimum AIDS prevention and risk reduction in the Repub- quality standards in relation to persons with HIV/ lic of Moldova”; AIDS, which shall allow the development and im- - December 8 – 9, 2010 – the workshop on gen- plementation of qualitative social services within der-sensitive response to HIV was organized in the the regional social centres.

134 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

The centres shall provide the following services: (CAP). In most cases CAP is the first contact point • nutrition and nutritional assistance; with Moldova for persons, who return home after a • medical counselling; terrible experience as a victim of trafficking. The • psycho-social counselling and rehabilitation; centre provides crisis intervention, in a secure and • legal consultancy; friendly environment. • physical recovery; During the placement in CAP, the beneficiaries • (re)integration assistance; are provided with food and can benefit of the fol- • support at home; lowing assistance services: • social-cultural programs; –– Secure residence; • creative and rest activities; –– Psychological counselling; • family support; –– Social support; • personal hygiene; –– Medical assistance; • referral to available services within the NRS; –– Legal assistance; • informing. –– Recreational activities. The regional social centres for persons living In 2010, the CAP intervention team consisted of with HIV shall create better opportunities for social 21 persons, including manager, director, 10 social inclusion of persons with HIV/AIDS. The centre assistants, psychologist, doctor, lawyer and techni- shall become a strategic point in preventing the ex- cal staff. pansion of HIV infection by promoting a health life CAP cooperates regularly with the territorial and a socially responsible behaviour. The resolution multidisciplinary teams in the process of beneficia- at local level of the cases of persons with HIV/AIDS ries’ assistance and case monitoring. At the same and their referral to the current social services sys- time in the reported period CAP cooperated with tem shall improve the quality of their lives. over 25 NGOs, centres and public institutions. The most important provider of services for vic- The monitoring of cases by CAP social assistants tims and potential victims of trafficking in human lasts up to one year and is carried out through mon- beings, and victims of domestic violence in the Re- itoring visits, phone calls, request of information public of Moldova is the Centre for assistance and from the local SAS or NGO. In some cases, the ben- protection of victims of human trafficking eficiaries themselves return to the centre for help.

Table 6.2. Beneficiaries of the Centre for assistance and protection of victims and potential victims of human trafficking (CAP) adults minors Total Beneficiaries f m f m Victims of human trafficking 82 12 4 6 104 Children of the victims of human trafficking 1 2 29 31 63 Repatriated children 2 13 15 Victims of violence 29 1 16 10 56 Minors identified without accompanying person abroad 5 2 7 Migrants in difficulty 9 10 1 3 23 Prevention/potential victims of human trafficking 44 7 23 13 87 Total 355

In 2010 CAP offered protection and assistance der criteria of the victims, assisted in 2009 and to 104 victims of human trafficking, including 94 2010. At the same time the growth of the rate of adults (82 women and 12 men) and 10 children (4 children – victims of human trafficking is noticed girls and 6 boys), with 26 less compared to 2009. (9,6% of the total number – in 2010 compared to The increase of the percentage of victims – men 5,3% in 2009). In 2010, 238 persons of the total and boys – is noticed (19% in 2010 compared to number of beneficiaries were placed in CAP. 12% in 2009) by examining the breakdown by gen- All beneficiaries (355) got the necessary social

135 Annual social report 2010 assistance in the CAP. This assistance covers direct- human trafficking, of which 98 persons were rein- ly the beneficiaries’ social needs in cooperation tegrated successfully in the community in the same with the community multidisciplinary teams in the period. Thus, reintegration rate reached the level of process of identification, rehabilitation, referral, re- 80%. This rate is also reported by CAP. This indica- integration and monitoring of victims and poten- tor reveals that the basic purpose of the NRS – to tial victims of human trafficking, according to rein- respect the rights of the person-victim of human tegration plans. trafficking – is mainly accomplished. During 2010, psychological assistance for 325 The sustainability of the mechanism for assis- persons (by 60 less compared to 2009) was provid- tance of victims and potential victims of human ed within the Centre. 160 cases were new, while trafficking within the NRS depends mainly on the other 165 persons got the continuous psychological level of its integration in the national social protec- assistance (repeated). 1512 individual counselling tion system. Before the NRS establishment, the vic- with beneficiaries, 66 family counselling and 57 tims of trafficking in human beings had access only phone counselling was carried out. to the assistance, provided by the specialised non- At the same time 150 new beneficiaries got pri- governmental and intergovernmental organiza- mary legal assistance, provided within the CAP, by tions. Currently, given the fact that the victims of 10 less compared to 2009. human trafficking represent one of the socially vul- As for referral to CAP, in the reported period nerable categories, they should benefit of the whole the number of beneficiaries, referred by legal au- set of social benefits, offered in the state social as- thorities to get assistance and protection constitut- sistance system. Thus, based on monitoring data, ed 32 persons, referred by NGOs – 36 persons and in the reported period the victims of human traf- by multidisciplinary teams – 16 persons. ficking benefited of social assistance within the According to data from the reports, submitted state social assistance system, according to the fol- in 2010, the assistance and protection programs of lowing table: the multidisciplinary teams included 122 victims of

Table 6.3. Assistance, provided to victims of human trafficking within the state social assistance system, 2009-2010 No. of beneficiaries Social assistance measures 2009 2010 Social assistance payments 63 37 Social services: 1. home care 3 1 2. social aid canteens 9 - 3. support of community social assistants 71 84 4. services of community centres 15 3 5. specialised day care 9 6 6. temporary placement centres 18 27 7. family-type services 1 8 8. placement in CAP or other centre19 15 23 9. placement in institutions for disabled persons 1 - 10. placement in residential institutions for children - 8

19 The multidisciplinary teams make efforts to en- in 2009 and 2010, reveals a certain negative dynam- sure the access of victims of human trafficking to ics. Thus, in relation to social assistance payments, the assistance under the state social assistance sys- the number of the NRS beneficiaries – victims of tem. However, the comparative analysis of the social human trafficking, which benefited of these pay- assistance, provided to victims of human trafficking ments, decreased dramatically. If in 2009 the access to social payments was facilitated by 26 active mul- 19 This figure reflects the placement in the CAP only of those tidisciplinary teams to 63 victims, then in 2010 only beneficiaries, which were referred by the multidisciplinary 37 victims benefited of social assistance payments teams.

136 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating with the support of 31 active multidisciplinary In the light of the above, one of the monitoring teams. These findings could lead to the conclusion tasks is collection of information on the spectrum that the NRS specialists often choose to address the of services, provided to victims of trafficking in hu- foreign donor assistance, which is easier to access, man beings out of the state social protection system, than to mobilize the available local resources within being covered by various assistance programs, sup- the national social assistance system. ported by international or external donors. The development of the referral procedures for The information, presented in the following ta- victims of human trafficking and transfer to the ble, reflects the spectrum of services, provided to state of the responsibilities related to the provision victims of human trafficking in the reported period of services to this category of beneficiaries should (2010), when the assistance coordination was car- not lead to the decrease of the quality level of these ried out by the multidisciplinary teams and NGOs, services or reduction of the spectrum of services. correspondingly:

Table 6.4. Services, provided to victims of human trafficking through multidisciplinary teams (MDT) and with the support of various donor-financed programs Assisted cases Assisted cases Services provided to victims (MDT) (NGO) 1. Repatriation assistance 29 3 2. Temporary placement in the Centre for assistance and protection of victims of human trafficking or in other centre, which provides specialised or primary 21 33 services to persons in difficulty 3. Prime necessity aid (food, personal hygiene goods, medicine, clothes and 92 46 similar items) 4. Medical assistance 52 37 5. Psychological assistance (individual and group counselling, counselling of 62 60 family members etc.) 6. Assistance in recovery and preparation of acts 22 21 7. Legal assistance (representation in various institutions, resolution of dwelling 19 56 problems etc.) 8. Integration in compulsory general education; 8 7 9. Insurance of professional integration (professional information and 12 55 counselling, vocational orientation and training, length of service) 10. Assistance in employment 7 22 11. Consultancy and assistance in initiation of a business activity - 3 12. Measures for development of individual potential (participation in support 2 19 groups, psycho-social consultancy groups etc.)

According to the above-mentioned data, the plement mutually in provision of qualitative ser- majority of victims, which benefited of assistance vices to victims of human trafficking. and protection through multidisciplinary teams, A specific aspect of the NRS in the Republic of received prime necessity aid (food, personal hy- Moldova is the provision of assistance to the per- giene goods, medicine, clothes and similar items), sons at risk – potential victims of trafficking in psychological assistance (individual and group human beings. According to the NRS Strategy counselling, counselling of family members etc.) Concept, the consolidation of the efforts of various and medical assistance. On the other hand, NGOs actors within the NRS, at its different levels, should provided psychological and legal assistance, profes- lead to gradual reduction of the number of persons sional information and counselling. affected by the trafficking phenomenon, while the Thus, it could be mentioned that besides the available resources can and should be used for pre- fact that the assistance, financed from outside, sup- vention of this phenomenon. Thus, the assistance plements the assistance program, guaranteed by provided to the potential victims of the human the state, the different actors of the NRS also com- trafficking represents the basic measure for pro-

137 Annual social report 2010 active prevention of trafficking in human beings. man trafficking were identified at local and district Potential victims of trafficking in human beings levels. This number includes 173 adults (152 wom- are the natural persons in social risk situation, en and 21 men) and 101 minors (68 girls and 33 which can make these persons be subjected to traf- boys). Based on the information provided by ficking in human beings. The category of potential NGOs, they identified at least 904 potential victims victims of human trafficking includes: orphans; of human trafficking20. children without parental care (including in case of The identification is facilitated by the Question- their parents left abroad); street children; children naire B for identification of potential victims of hu- from disadvantaged families, which do not fulfil man trafficking. In the reported period the multi- adequately their responsibilities of taking care, disciplinary teams from the districts and localities maintenance and education of children; children at of the republic participated actively in the referral risk to be left/abandoned by their parents; children of potential victims to assistance and protection forced to beg; graduates of boarding schools; so- under the system. Thus, according to data provided cially vulnerable young persons, who did not get a by the coordinators of the multidisciplinary teams, compulsory general education and/or do not have 89 referrals to services at national level were made, vocational education; victims of domestic violence; other cases being solved at local or district levels. repatriated persons; migrants in difficulty; persons In the reported period the assistance of poten- with disabilities etc. tial victims of human trafficking under the social According to the reports of the multidisci- protection system is reflected in the following plinary teams, in 2010, 274 potential victims of hu- table:21

Table 6.5. Assistance of potential victims of human trafficking within the state social assistance system

Social assistance measures No. of beneficiaries

Social assistance payments 65 Social services: 201 1. home care 1 2. social aid canteens 16 3. support of community social assistants 156 4. services of community centres 53 5. specialised day care 11 6. temporary placement centres 34 7. family-type services 49 8. placement in CAP or other centre21 11 9. placement in institutions for disabled persons 2 10. placement in residential institutions for children 1

The resources, managed by the public authori- In the reported period, the services provided ties and available for multidisciplinary teams are with the support of donors to potential victims of often insufficient to solve quite difficult situations human trafficking through multidisciplinary teams of the potential victims of human trafficking. Due and NGOs had the following structure: to this certain interventions under the NRS are re- alized with the support of donors. This allows maintaining a high quality of services within the NRS in order to protect the rights of the persons in 20 The majority was identified by the International Center need. „La Strada”. In particular, there are victims of domestic vi- olence, identified through the Hotline for women, launched by this organization. 21 This figure reflects the placement in the CAP only of those beneficiaries, which were referred by the multidisciplinary teams.

138 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

Table 6.6. Services provided to potential victims of human trafficking through multidisciplinary teams (MDT) and with the support of various donor-financed programs Assisted Assisted Services provided to potential victims of human trafficking cases cases (MDT) (NGO) 1. Repatriation assistance 13 8 2. Temporary placement in the Centre for assistance and protection of victims of human trafficking or in other centre, which provides specialised or primary services to persons in 17 34 difficulty 3. Prime necessity aid (food, personal hygiene goods, medicine, clothes and similar items) 82 101 4. Medical assistance 87 76 5. Psychological assistance (individual and group counselling, counselling of family members etc.) 91 135 6. Assistance in recovery and preparation of acts 24 21 7. Legal assistance (representation in various institutions, resolution of dwelling problems etc.) 30 35 8. Integration in compulsory general education; 17 4 9. Insurance of professional integration (professional information and counselling, vocational 8 388 orientation and training, length of service) 10. Assistance in employment 12 25 11. Consultancy and assistance in initiation of a business activity 2 0 12. Measures for development of individual potential (participation in support groups, 5 76 psycho-social consultancy groups etc.)

The data from this table also reveal a breakdown the Republic of Moldova participated in this meet- of specializations by types of assistance, provided by ing and included the representatives of the Minis- the multidisciplinary teams and NGOs with the sup- try of Labour, Social Protection and Family, Minis- port of donors’ funding for the purpose of providing try of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs qualitative services for rehabilitation and reintegra- and European Integration, Border Guard Service, tion of potential victims of human trafficking. IOM, Centre for assistance and protection, NGOs from Transnistria. The Ukrainian delegation was Transnational cooperation chaired by the MFYS and included representatives On May 17 and June 21 two meetings of Moldo- of decentralised structures of the MIA, MFYS, IOM van delegation with the Ukrainian Ministry of Fam- Mission in Ukraine, OSCE Mission in Ukraine and ily, Youth and Sport were organized in order to de- active NGOs in the field of assistance provision to velop and strengthen the transnational cooperation these categories of citizens. Subsequently, on De- and the referral mechanism in the related fields cember 24 the second meeting in this field was held with the destination countries. The participants in Odessa, in order to identify the main compo- agreed on the establishment of several working nents of the future Cooperation Agreement on re- groups including representatives of all relevant patriation of adults and children. ministries from both countries in order to develop In order to develop the transnational coopera- jointly the draft bilateral agreement in this field. tion mechanism on preventing and combating hu- The meetings were focussed on the establishment of man trafficking, during 2010 the Republic of Mol- cooperation with governmental partners from dova hosted three delegations from Belarus, Ukraine on preventing and combating trafficking in Tajikistan and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. human beings, trafficking in children and facilita- The official delegations included representatives of tion of repatriation of victims of human trafficking, the central public authorities (Ministry of Women’s illegal migrants, not-accompanied children and mi- Affairs, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, grants in difficulty, and initiation of negotiations on Ministry of Internal Affairs), IOM Missions and conclusion of a bilateral agreement in this field. representatives of civil society. During the training At the same time on October 4, 2010 a round visits of the official delegations, several workshops table in Odessa was organized. The delegation of were organized on the NRS development, identifi-

139 Annual social report 2010 cation of beneficiaries, provision of assistance and ing and manipulation methods, used by traffickers protection of victims and potential victims of traf- and procurers. The victims of human trafficking do ficking in human beings. At the same time meet- not identify themselves, since they do not know ings in the form of round tables were organized their rights and do not understand that they were with the participation of various actors on counter- subject to serious violation of their fundamental acting human trafficking, government and non- rights and freedoms. In many cases the women and governmental structures. Several short visits to the men, who were trafficked and are subject to exploi- specialised centres for assistance and protection tation abroad accept their situation, occurred due from Chisinau were carried out, including: Centre to despair and bad living conditions. for assistance and protection of victims and poten- tial victims of trafficking in human beings from DESTINATION COUNTRIES Chisinau, Centre for rehabilitation of teenagers AND REFERRAL AGENCIES from Chisinau, Vocational school „Insula sperante- lor”, and Republican Maternal Centre. In 2010 the percentage rate of the victims of hu- These visits were organized by the IOM Mission man trafficking, which were identified and assist- in Moldova and were aimed at exchanging experi- ed, decreased by 13% compared to 2009 and by ences in identification and referral of victims of hu- 49% compared to 2007. The main destination man trafficking and domestic violence to prompt countries are, as in the previous years, the follow- and adequate assistance and protection under the ing: United Arab Emirates (27%), Russia (17%), National Referral System (NRS), and repatriation and Turkey (14%). While other countries were in- of citizens to their native countries. cluded in the list of destination countries for the The priority objective of the transnational co- first time: Egypt – 11 (except one case in 2003), operation is protection, assistance and repatriation Malaysia – 2, Indonesia – 1. of victims and potential victims of human traffick- In 2010 the majority of victims were identified ing. Hereafter, the comparative analysis and statis- at local level – after they returned from the destina- tics, presented by the IOM Mission in Moldova – tion country – by the multidisciplinary teams of the country’s partner in extending and the National Referral System. There were many implementing the NRS in Moldova – is reflected. cases in Cahul, Cimislia, Causeni, Orhei, Floresti, Chisinau and Rezina. Thus, due to the activities, STATISTIC PROFILE – 2010 IOM MISSION carried out by the NGO “Interaction” from IN MOLDOVA Transnistrian region and multidisciplinary teams under the NRS, and actions, undertaken by the law General aspects enforcement units of the Republic of Moldova, the During 2000 – 2010 under the Assistance and number of victims of internal trafficking, identified Protection Program, coordinated by the Mission of and referred to assistance, increased from 11 per- the International Organisation for Migration in co- sons (7%) in 2009 to 19 persons (14%) in 2010. operation with the Ministry of Labour, Social Pro- Referral organization Beneficiaries tection and Family, 2741 victims of human traffick- National Referral System 46 ing, 1226 children of victims, 2624 persons at risk - potential victims of human trafficking, 95 mi- NGO Vivere (EAU) 23 grants in difficulty, 298 victims of domestic vio- Law enforcement units in Moldova 20 lence, 103 not-accompanied minors and 23 minors IOM 11 left without parental care were assisted. MFAEI 11 In 2010, the IOM Mission in Moldova in coop- NGO La Strada 5 eration with national and international partners NGO Stimul 5 identified and assisted 139 victims of trafficking in NGO CPTF 3 human beings against 159 in 2009, 158 in 2008 and NGO Interaction 3 273 in 2007. This could be explained by the diffi- NGO Veritas (Odesa) 2 cult identification of victims both in the destina- Self-referral 2 tion country and in Moldova due to new trends, Boarder guard service Moghilev- characterizing the phenomenon of human traffick- Podolsk 1

140 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

NGO "Perspectiva" Ribnita 1 AGE, SEX AND EXPLOITATION TYPE NGO CCF 1 The majority of victims, assisted in 2010, were NGO CSPT Avante 1 between 18 – 29 years. Thus, it is noticed that most NGO HFL (Odesa) 1 trafficking victims are from the age category 25 – Priest Savvas (Cipru) 1 29 years. For sexual exploitation the girls, boys and Emergency hospital (Krasnodar) 1 women aged 13 – 49 years were trafficked; for beg- TV show "Wait for me" 1 ging – between 26 – 48 years, and for labour pur- poses – between 16 – 57 years. It can be concluded that the age profile of beneficiaries did not change; the most trafficking victims (25% of the total num- ber) were aged 25 – 29 years.

Age of bene ciaries 40 35 35 31 29 30 25 20 20 15 9 10 6 6 5 3 0 Up to 16-17 18-21 22-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Over 16 50

Women and young girls constitute the majority in the number of men, assisted in 2010 compared of IOM beneficiaries, or 78% of the total number of to 2009 and a 8,9% decrease in the number of identified and assisted cases. In 2010, 103 women, women, who got support under the IOM Program. 6 young girls, 24 men and 6 boys benefited by the There is also noticed an increase by 3,7% of the IOM assistance. Thus, it is noticed a 4,8% increase number of assisted boys in 2010 compared to 2009.

Sex and age of bene ciaries

132 140

120 103

100

80

60

40 20 24

20 6 6 1 6

0 women men girls boys

2009 2010

141 Annual social report 2010

The efficient operations and information, held for sexual exploitation, 29% - for labour purposes, by the law enforcement units, led to proactive iden- 3% - combined exploitation, 2% - were forced into tification of 4 persons (3%), thus preventing their begging, and 0,7% - for organs removal (a traffick- trafficking abroad and exploitation in Turkey, Rus- ing case in 2003). sia. The majority of victims (62%) were trafficked

Exploitation types

4 3 1

40 87

Sexual Labour Combined Begging Organs removal

The IOM Moldova noticed an increase of the human trafficking testified against traffickers. number of identified men, which were trafficked These beneficiaries got the legal assistance and for labour purposes. However, they do not identify were informed on their rights and risks related to themselves as victims and refuse the psychological this process. assistance and other assistance services available within the Centre for assistance and protection of SOCIAL-ECONOMIC PROFILE victims and potential victims of trafficking in hu- man beings (CAP). The men consider their traf- As in the previous years, the social-economic ficking experience as unsuccessful migration and profile of the victim continues to be that of a vul- try to find a job in order to support their families. nerable person: the majority of beneficiaries are Many trafficked women are graduates of boarding single mothers with and without children, come schools: they do not have families, dwelling or sup- from rural areas, have a low education level (the port; have a low education level, are naive and thus majority have a compulsory general education level fall victims to trafficking. In 2010, 182 beneficiaries – up to grade 9), were unemployed at the moment of CAP benefited by medical assistance, 355 – by of trafficking, were poor and lived below the pov- psychological assistance, 355 – social assistance erty line, and were subjected to various forms of and 150 beneficiaries received legal assistance. 4 domestic violence. beneficiaries of the total number of 139 victims of Marital status

30 Single 60 19 Married 4

7 Co-habiting 2

13 Divorced 1

3 Widow

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

without children with children

142 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

Residence areas

2 2 7

46

82

Capital Urban Rural No residence Foreigners

Education level

100 90 80

70 60 50 97

40

30 20 21 10 8 7 4 2 0 General Secondary Secondary Primary Higher Analphabetic compulsory specialised compulsory

Occupation at the moment of recruitment

80% 72%

70%

60% Unemployed Employed 50% Pupil 40% Maternity leave Student 30% Housewife 20% 11% Homeless

4% 4% 3% 10% 3% 1%

0% 1

143 Annual social report 2010

In comparison with previous years, the IOM ment and the rehabilitation process is very difficult. Moldova reveals an increase of the number of ben- They cannot get new professional skills, be em- eficiaries, which require continuous assistance due ployed and thus need continuous assistance. to social and health problems. The majority of vic- tims lives in extreme poverty and do not have em- RECENT TRENDS ployment opportunities at local level. The number of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) de- As in the previous years, the victims accept em- creased. However, the number of anxious, somatic, ployment offers with high risk and are recruited by behaviour disorders and alcohol dependency per- familiar persons, sometimes relatives or family sist. These beneficiaries require long-term treat- members.

Victim/recruiter relationship (%)

70 64

60 49 50 42

40 31 30

20 6 10 3 3 1 1

0 acquaintance stranger friend relative newspaper notice

2009 2010

Recruiter’s gender (%)

60 55

45 50 41 42

40

30

20 14

10 3

0 female male couple

2009 2010

144 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

Many victims knew or thought about what tection and Family is the deputy chair of the Com- would happen abroad, but believed in the promises mittee and is assisted by the specialised Depart- of recruiters, which were not respected in the desti- ment of the MLSPF in preparation of materials for nation country. Compared to the previous year, the ordinary and extraordinary meetings of the Com- exploitation duration went down from 1-2 years to mittee. 4-6 months. The conditions of exploitation are „better”; victims are remunerated a little, are al- Public awareness on related policies lowed to make a home call, have a partial freedom The awareness of actors, decision-makers and in movement. These manipulation techniques al- population on international practices (positive ex- low the traffickers creating an illusion of welfare, perience and barriers, recommendations), discus- the victims consider traffickers as „friends”. Several sions on the procedures of ensuring the legislative women, even after they are saved or arrested by the framework, use of the tools for the implementation police and deported, prefer to return to the traf- of legal provisions, use of the mechanisms for pre- fickers/procurers. The trend reveals that fewer vic- venting and combating trafficking in human be- tims are identified abroad. Many of them are iden- ings, domestic violence, rehabilitation of victims tified as prostitutes and deported. Thus, it was and abusers, protection of persons living with HIV/ found out that many beneficiaries passed from AIDS, are carried out in the framework of informa- prostitution to trafficking and vice versa. The self- tion campaigns, cooperation with mass media, identification rate is very low. Many victims do not workshops etc. know their basic rights and not understand that Beginning with 2000, the campaign „16 days of they were sold and exploited. They do not know actions against gender-based violence” is organised that they can address for assistance and have the in the Republic of Moldova during November 25 – right to protection. December 10. The campaign includes the follow- It is important to mention the organization of ing actions: population awareness campaigns, technical coordination meetings (TCM) on coun- workshops, conferences. The campaign is launched ter-trafficking and gender equality, hosted by the at a press conference, held on November 25. In the OSCE Mission in Moldova, focussed on the out- Republic of Moldova, the Campaign for 2010 was comes of the implementation of the NRS Strategy carried out with the motto „UNITED FOR A SOCI- for social assistance and protection of victims of ETY WITHOUT VIOLENCE”, in the context of the trafficking in human beings and potential victims, UN Campaign „Unite to stop violence against wom- policies on preventing violence against women and en”, thus representing a possibility of combining domestic violence, protection of persons infected the national actions with international actions, an with or affected by HIV/AIDS. The meetings are opportunity for Government to consider its obliga- co-chaired by a representative of the PVIGEP De- tions undertaken under the international docu- partment of the Ministry of Labour, Social Protec- ments, and for the civil society to assist the govern- tion and Family, who presents monthly informa- ment in their implementation. tion on undertaken activities in the related field at The activities of the campaign were organized governmental level in the framework of social part- under the auspices of the Ministry of Labour, So- nerships. OSCE organizes similar meetings at dis- cial Protection and Family, in cooperation with the trict level in order to enhance the capacities of in- Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Health, terested parties on counter-trafficking at local level Ministry of Education, OSCE Mission in Moldova, for the purpose of ensuring an efficient coordina- UNFPA, UNIFEM, IOM Mission in Moldova, In- tion of activities on preventing and combating hu- ternational Centre La Strada, Law Centre from man trafficking, domestic violence and promoting Causeni, Centre Sotis (Balti), Centre Ariadna gender equality. (Drochia), and other local public administration The coordination of policies on prevention and authorities and organizations. combating trafficking in human beings at national A complex program of activities and events at level is carried out by the National Committee for national and local levels was carried out, including combating trafficking in human beings (further press conferences related to the launch and com- Committee), permanent consulting entity of the pletion of the campaign, training courses, round Government. The Minister of Labour, Social Pro- tables, exhibition of paintings and essays, public

145 Annual social report 2010 debates, conferences, TV and radio programs for festive event in the Public Garden „Stefan cel Mare” public awareness, training and information on hu- from Chisinau, including participants from the man rights, gender-based violence and domestic municipality and the whole country. violence etc. 50 organizations/structures were in- According to the Law no.45, art.7, p.(3), and in volved in the activities of the 16 days campaign. order to improve the activities related to the pre- About 60 thousand girls/women and boys/men vention and combating domestic violence, traffick- benefited of the activities organized under this ing in human beings, and ensure the protection of campaign. children in difficulty and coordination of these ac- In 2009 and 2010, the Republic of Moldova or- tivities, the Coordination Group on prevention of ganized the festival FAMILIA, dedicated to the In- gender-based violence, including domestic vio- ternational Family Day, established by the UN lence, was reorganised in Inter-ministerial Coordi- General Assembly in 1993 and celebrated tradi- nation Council on preventing and combating do- tionally on May 15. In 2010 the Ministry of Labour, mestic violence. Social Protection and Family supported this event Thus, the existence of an adjusted legislative and conferred it an official status and national im- framework and an efficient institutional mecha- portance. The following new activities were pro- nism, able to interfere in order to stop and prevent posed and organized in 2010: violent actions, the enhanced capacities of the vari- - Organization of the family week during May ous social actors and human resources within the 10 – 15; in this period the schools, kindergartens, NRS, shall allow achieving real progress in reduc- cultural units, youth organizations etc. organized ing the trafficking in human beings, gender-based activities in the context of the Family Day; violence and domestic violence in the Republic of - Extension of the event at national level, by Moldova. more active involvement of local public authorities and communities, organization of the Family Day 6.3. Conclusions. Recommendations in 10 districts, Chisinau, Balti mun. and Cahul town; Gender equality - Support the activities organized at district lev- Conclusions: el, by development of a sample Activity Guide for 1. New structures were established in order to the institutions with an important role in family strengthen the related institutional framework: co- values’ promotion (School, Church, Mayoralty ordination groups on gender equality within the etc.). Ministry of Finance, MLSPF, Ministry of Economy The event was supported by many ministries, and training of the members of these structures taking into account the multidimensional and from the related ministries; complex character of the family role in the society 2. Development of the Draft Law on amend- and development of a harmonious personality. The ment of several legislative acts according to the School, as an education factor, organized informa- Compatibility Report of the legislation of the Re- tion hours on family values and importance of a public of Moldova with the provisions of the Law healthy family environment for growth of a healthy no. 5 from February 9, 2006 on ensuring equal op- generation. The Church provided moral support portunities to women and men; through sermons on family values. The Youth Or- 3. Lack of funding from the state budget of the ganisations carried out special activities, as con- activities related to the NPEGE implementation; tests, competitions, concerts dedicated to family. 4. Insufficiency of human resources in the re- The Social Assistance Units paid more attention to lated area, in particular gender units at the level of socially-vulnerable families, solitary elderly per- local public administration; sons, and abandoned children. 5. The implementation of various activities in The activities, planned in the framework of the the related area at local level remains the responsi- festival FAMILIA, held on May 10-15 ended with bility of NGOs and international organizations; special actions and concerts in Chisinau, Balti and 6. The institutions of the central public admin- Cahul on May 15, when the International Family istration authorities promote insufficiently the sec- Day was celebrated. The closing of the festival took torial gender-based policies; place on May 16 with the organization of a public

146 6. Gender equality. Violence and human trafficking prevention and combating

7. During 2010 the related state structures es- combating domestic violence. tablished a constructive dialogue with the follow- 3. The following documents were approved: the ing international partners: UNFPA, UNIFEM, Regulations-Framework on establishment and IOM, OSCE Missions in Moldova, UNAIDS, functioning of centres for rehabilitation of victims UNDP etc., in order to implement the gender di- of domestic violence – by the Government Deci- mension in the activities, envisaged in the national sion no. 129 from February 22, 2010 and the Mini- policies. mum Quality Standards for the social services pro- Recommendations: vided to victims of domestic violence – by the 1. To enhance the capacities of the specialists in Government Decision no. 1200 from December 23, actions’ monitoring and reporting (at central and 2010. At the same time the Instructions on inter- local levels), in order to identify/establish the cost- vention of social assistance and internal affairs efficiency of planned and completed actions; units and medical institutions in cases of domestic 2. To re-assess the indicators of actions’ evalua- violence were drafted and shall be approved by an tion (NPEGE); inter-ministerial order. 3. To identify and allocate financial resources 4. The Concept of the regional centre for per- for the implementation of PNEGE; sons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS was 4. To develop a Methodological Guide on the approved by the Minister’s Order no. 216-P from organization of actions on promotion of gender May 31, 2010. These centres shall be established in equality in the national policies; 3 regions of our country and one in Transnistria. At 5. To draft and approve the regulatory provi- the same time the tools for planning and imple- sions (mechanisms), which shall facilitate the ex- mentation of protection policies for persons living amination of advertising materials with a view to with HIV/AIDS were developed and approved. being in line with the principle of gender equality Recommendations: and empowerment of the related structure; 1. NRS extension in 7 districts; 6. Public gender equality awareness; 2. To monitor the NRS implementation level; 7. To strengthen the cooperation between state 3. To organize the international conference on structures, local public administration authorities exchange of experience on human trafficking pre- and civil society; vention; 8. To proceed to the adoption of the ILO Con- 4. To develop the study „Evaluation of the so- vention no. 156. cial-economic status of persons living with HIV”; 5. To adjust the legal framework in the related Prevention and combating trafficking in human area; beings and domestic violence 6. To strengthen the institutional framework Conclusions: and human resources within the NRS; 1. The Report on the implementation of the 7. To foresee financial resources in the state NRS Strategy and Action Plan (by testing the meth- budget for activities, envisaged in the NRS action odology of monitoring the NRS implementation plans by areas; level for 2009) was drafted and submitted to the 8. To provide methodological support to the lo- Government and National Committee for combat- cal public administration authorities in develop- ing trafficking in human beings. ment of services for the subjects of domestic vio- 2. The Law no. 167-XVIII from July 9, 2010 was lence, persons living with HIV/AIDSA; enacted in order to adjust the national legislation to 9. To consolidate the transnational cooperation the provisions of the Law no. 45 on preventing and on preventing and combating human trafficking.

147 7. SOCIAL PROTECTION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

The government of the Republic of Moldova with disabilities for 2010 – 2013 (further Strategy) undertakes to promote a coherent and consequent was adopted in order to adjust the regulatory acts social protection policy, adjusted to the conditions on social protection of persons with disabilities to of the current period, and to the related European the Convention provisions. standards. The Strategy is a document, which envisages the A good example is the ratification by the Re- problems of the persons with disabilities in the Re- public of Moldova of the UN Convention on the public of Moldova and re-asserts the engagement rights of persons with disabilities (further Conven- of our country in insurance of the efficient realiza- tion), by the Law no.166-XVIII from July 9, 2010. tion of the rights of this category of persons. This The Convention is an international agreement, document envisages the reforming of the state pol- which envisages the rights of the persons with spe- icy on disability and determines the targets related cial needs and responsibilities of the states-parties to the adjustment of the social protection system to protect and ensure their rights. This document for persons with disabilities to the European stan- promotes the system of social inclusion of persons dards and Convention provisions. At the same time with disabilities. the Strategy includes the necessary actions for cor- It is to be mentioned that the international ob- responding policy reform, which shall allow fur- jectives can also be found in the national strategic ther implementation of Convention provisions and documents, thus the activity of the Ministry of La- envisages the development of new services for per- bour, Social Protection and Family is targeted to sons with disabilities. the implementation of new social protection mech- anisms for various categories of population (espe- 7.1. Current statistics cially for persons with disabilities) and adjustment of the legislative-regulatory framework. According to the situation as at December 31, Thus, by the Law no. 169-XVIII from July 9, 2010, the total number of disabled person consti- 2010, the Strategy on social inclusion of persons tuted 179100 (of which 15100 children), in increase with 11600 persons in comparison to 2006. Table 7.1. Dynamics of population and number of disabled persons, 2006-2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of resident population, th. persons 3 589,9 3 581,1 3 572,7 3 567,5 3 560,4 Employed population, th. persons 1257,3 1247,2 1251,0 1184,4 1143,4 Number of disabled persons, th. persons 167,5 170,3 173,1 176,7 179,1 Ratio between the number of disabled persons and 4,7% 4,8% 4,8% 5,0% 5,0% resident population, % Ratio between the number of disabled persons and 13,3% 13,7% 13,8% 14,9% 15,7% employed population, % Number of children under 18 years (under 16 years for 787,4 777,9 882,7 852,7 826,4 2006-2007) Number of disabled children, th. persons 12,6 12,7 14,1 15,2 15,1 Ratio between the number of disabled children and 1,6% 1,6% 1,6% 1,8% 1,8% total number of children, % Ratio between the number of disabled children and 7,5% 7,4% 8,2% 8,6% 8,4% number of disabled persons, % Source: NBS, NSIH.

148 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities

The share of the number of disabled children pers.). Annex 4 presents the dynamics of the num- among resident population and employed popula- ber of persons with a disability degree by catego- tion in the Republic of Moldova increased con- ries, for 2006 - 2010. stantly during 2006 – 2010, representing 5,0%, and Examining the share of disabled persons by cat- correspondingly, 15,7% at the end of 2010. egories, it can be noticed that the number of per- In 2010 in comparison with 2009, in the Repub- sons with disability degree in result of an ordinary lic of Moldova, the number of persons with dis- disease has the highest share (74,0%) in the total abilities increased with 2317 persons, due to the number of persons with disabilities, followed by increase of the number of persons with disability the share of persons with disabilities from child- degree in the result of an ordinary disease (+1858 hood (13,9%) and children with disabilities (8,4%). pers.) and disabled children from childhood (+770 The other categories of persons with disabilities have insignificant shares under 2%.

Disabled children,8 , 4 %

Disabled from childhood, 13 , 9 %

Disabled as result of military or special services, 0, 5 % Disabled as result of participation at Chernobyl consequences liquidation, 1, 1 % Disabled due to industrial injuries, 1,9% Disabled due to an ordinary Disabled due to occupational disease, 74 , 0 % diseases, 0, 1 %

Source: NSIH. Figure 7.1. Categories of disabled persons in 2010, %

The number of disabled persons increased reg- result of an ordinary disease with 7943 persons in ularly during 2006-2010, mainly due to the increase 2010 compared to 2006 and disabled children with of the number of persons with a disability degree as 2460 persons in comparison with 2006.

Number of persons

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000

2006 124607 23900 12628 6393

2007 125986 24826 12679 6804

2008 127929 24274 14148 6745 Year

2009 130692 24160 15237 6654

2010 132550 24930 15088 6492

Disabled due to an ordinary disease Disabled from childhood Disabled children Other categories of disabled

Source: NSIH. Figure 7.2. Dynamics of the number of disabled persons, 2006-2010

149 Annual social report 2010

Depending on the disability degree, the number creased with 6237 and 3454 persons in 2010 com- of persons with II and III disability degrees in- pared to 2006.

Number of persons 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000

2006 24686 111645 31197

2007 24967 112765 32563

2008 25737 114169 33190 Year

2009 26297 116542 33904

2010 26527 117882 34651

I degree II degree III degree

Source: NSIH. Figure 7.3. Breakdown of the number of disabled persons by disability degrees, 2006-2010

About 49,0% of the total number of disabled in order to achieve the objectives of the national persons are women and 51,0% are men. About 59% strategic documents. These measures are part of of the total number of disabled persons are from the social-economic reforms, their outcomes con- rural area. Depending on age, 2/3 cases of the total tributing directly to the improvement of the wel- number of disabled persons are aged between 40 fare of these categories of persons, their social inte- and 59 years. gration and guarantee their rights to social protection and security. 7.2. Social protection According to the provisions of current legisla- tion, the persons with disabilities, including chil- The social protection of persons with disabili- dren with disabilities benefit of the following types ties is a component of the social protection system, of social payments: its main objective is to protect and support the dis- 1) Pension (Law nr. 156 - XIV from October 14, abled persons by providing both social payments 1998 on state social insurance pensions), the person and social services. These measures are part of the with a disability degree caused by an ordinary dis- social-economic reforms, their outcomes contrib- ease benefit of a disability pension, if the person uting directly to the improvement of the welfare of meets the conditions for the length of service, in these categories of persons, their social integration relation to the age at the date of disability determi- and guarantee their rights to social protection and nation (until 23 years – 1 year of length of service, security. from 23 to 26 years – 2 years of length of service, from 26 to 31 years – 3 years, over 31 years – 5 7.2.1. Social payments years). In case when the person does not meet the The activity of the Ministry of Labour, Social conditions to get a pension, it benefits of state so- Protection and Family is oriented towards the im- cial allowance. plementation of new mechanisms of social protec- 2) State social allowance (Law nr. 499-XIV tion of population categories with low incomes (in from July 14, 1999 on state social allowances for particular of persons with disabilities), the im- some categories of citizens) is granted to persons provement of the legislative-regulatory framework with disabilities, including children, who do not that would ensure population access to the mini- meet the conditions to the establishment of the mum of social assistance payments guaranteed by right to a pension from the state social insurance the state, pensions, indemnities and social services, budget.

150 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities

In 2010 about 44718 disabled persons benefited through district (municipal) post offices of the of state social allowances, by 1718 persons more State Enterprise „Posta Moldovei” (Annex 6). compared to 2009 (in increase with 4%). 7) Nominative compensations for payment State social allowances (except the allowance for of public utilities (Law no. 933-XIV from April 14, care and the aid in case of death) is indexed annu- 2000 on special social protection of certain categories ally on April 1, taking into account the annual aver- of population) are granted to disabled persons with age increase of the Consumer Price Indices for the I, II and III disability degrees (for unlimited peri- previous year. In 2007, the indexation coefficient od) and disabled children, who benefited of this represented 12,7%, in 2009 - 12,7%, while in 2010 right until December 31, 2009, for payment of pub- – 0%. Thus, the average quantum of social allow- lic utilities (electricity, natural and bottled gas, wa- ance in 2007 represented 170 Lei, while in 2010 – ter, heating, services for living block maintenance 243 lei. etc.). 3) Allowance for care (Law no. 499-XIV from 8) Social aid (Law no. 133-XVI from June 13, July 14, 1999) is granted to the following catego- 2008 on social aid). During 2010, over 90 requests ries of disabled persons: a) persons taking care at for social aid were submitted and over 59 thousand home of a disabled child, I disability degree; b) disadvantaged families (including disabled per- persons with disabilities from childhood, I dis- sons) benefitted of at least one payment of social ability degree, which are not completely support- aid, compared to 31 thousand vulnerable families ed by the state; c) blind disabled persons, I disabil- in 2009. Each request is evaluated individually and ity degree, for accompanying and home care. The the quantum of the social aid is calculated in the quantum of the allowance for care constitutes 300 framework of an automatic program by the territo- lei/monthly. rial social assistance and family protection units, 4) State monthly allowance (Law no. 121-XV thus being excluded the subjective factor. The min- from May 3, 2001 on additional social protection of imum amount guaranteed by the state represents certain categories of population) is granted includ- 530 lei. ing to war disabled persons. The quantum of state 9) Material aid (Government decision no. 1083 allowance for war disabled persons of I disability from October 26, 2000 entry into force of the Law on degree constitutes 600 lei, II disability degree – 450 the Republican fund and local funds for social sup- lei, and III disability degree – 375 lei. port of population) can be granted once a year to 5) Compensations for urban, suburban and persons with disability degree in order to support interurban transport (Law no. 821-XII from De- them in overcoming special situations. In order to cember 24, 1991 on social protection of disabled per- get the material aid, the person, entitled to this sons) are granted to disabled persons with I and II right, addresses the executive direction of the fund disability degrees; disabled children and persons, for social support of population from his/her place accompanying a disabled person of I disability de- of residence, submitting the corresponding sup- gree or a disabled child. The above-mentioned porting documents. compensation is established by the territorial social The detailed description of the social payments, assistance and family protection unit and is paid granted to persons with disabilities is reflected in from the budgets of the administrative-territorial Chapter 4. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE. units. The average quantum of this compensation constitutes about 36 lei/monthly for disabled per- 7.2.2. Social services sons with I disability degree and disabled children For the achievement of social inclusion objec- and 18 lei/monthly for disabled persons with II dis- tive and implementation of new mechanisms for ability degree (Annex 5). social protection of persons with disabilities, the 6) Annual compensation for transport ex- social services represent an important form of so- penses (Government decision no. 1268 from Novem- cial protection of this category of persons. ber 21, 2007) is granted to persons with disabilities The detailed description of the social services, of the motor system, in quantum of 400 lei annu- granted to persons with disabilities is reflected in ally. These compensations are established by the Chapter 4. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE. social assistance and family protection sections/de- High specialised social services for persons with partments of beneficiary residence and are paid disabilities are provided by the Republican Experi-

151 Annual social report 2010 mental Centre for prosthesis, orthopaedics and re- compared to 2009 (4 units), and 2008 (7 units). habilitation (RECPOR) and include services of pro- During 2009 – 2010 the number of persons, vision with technical assistive devices of persons hospitalized in the RECPOR for rehabilitation and with disabilities and medical rehabilitation services. provision with prosthetic systems decreased. If in The provision with technical assistive devices 2009, 1461 persons were hospitalized, in 2010 this of persons with disabilities is carried out according number amounted to 1326 persons (-135 persons). to the Government decision no. 87 from January 31, In 2010, the amount of 21042,6 thousand lei was 2002 on extension of functions and making the allocated to the RECPOR, representing about 97% RECPOR activities more efficient, which envisages of the amount allocated in 2009 (21542,6 thousand consultation, treatment and rehabilitation of war lei) and about 75% of the allocated amount com- disabled, especially those with a disability degree, pared to 2008 (28021,2 thousand lei). and persons with locomotory system disabilities. In the reported period the RECPOR achieved In 2010, an amount of 21042,6 thousand lei was progress in relation to the provision of the follow- allocated from the state budget to the Ministry of ing rehabilitation services: kinetotherapy, radio di- Labour, Social Protection and Family for orthopae- agnostic and digital investigations, massage, com- dic prosthesis of disabled persons. plex investigation etc. In 2010, the RECPOR staff manufactured and provided the persons with locomotory disabilities 7.3. Medical expertise of vitality with the following prosthetic-orthopaedic items and non-mechanised locomotory devices, in the The medical expertise of vitality is a social- limit of the financial means allocated annually for medical activity, which has the purpose to deter- this purpose: prosthetic-orthopaedic items (1269 mine and evaluate the structural and functional units), including prosthesis – 435 units, orthesis – deficiencies of human body, reducing the capacities 834 units, bandage – 1623 units, orthopaedic and of full and effective participation in society of able- prosthesis footwear – 7216 units; non-mechanised bodied persons. The responsible institution, in this locomotory devices (1345 units), including wheel respect, is the Republican Council for Medical Ex- chairs – 430 units, walk assistive means – 459 units, pertise of Vitality (RCMEV), which according to functional beds – 28 units, crutches, walking sticks the provisions of the Government Decision nr.688 – 428 units. from June 20, 2006 on medical expertise of vitality, During 2010 the RECPOR provided hospital- determines the level of work capacity loss, depend- ized medical rehabilitation assistance to 1326 war ing on the reduction of self-service capacities, in- veterans and disabled persons. The RECPOR poly- tellectual, behavioural and communication capaci- clinics provided assistance to 80008 disabled per- ties (sight, hearing, speech), locomotory, body sons, of which 25% were assisted at their place of aptitude and dexterity, situational adaptation, par- residence in the framework of local visits of medi- ticipation in social and professional life. cal-technical teams. In 2010 the provision with technical assistive de- 7.3.1. Primary disability vices went down compared to 2009. Thus in 2010, The primary disability represents the process of the RECPOR provided with 430 wheel chairs, or by establishing the person’s disability degree for the 502 units (46%) less compared to 2009. In 2010 the first time. number of functional beds (28 units) increased

Table 7.2. Application and establishment of the disability degree, 2006-2010 Primary disability 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Disabled persons, examined for the first time: 15607 15902 16520 16794 16655 - dynamics of the number of examined persons + 2096 + 295 + 618 + 274 - 139 - persons classified in a disability degree 13700 13779 14021 14127 13275 - dynamics of the number of persons classified in a disability degree + 323 + 79 + 242 + 106 - 852 - level of attribution of the disability degree 87,8% 86,6% 84,9% 84,1% 79,7% Note: Breakdown by districts is reflected in Annex 4. Source: RCMEV.

152 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities

During the last 5 years, the number of persons 954 persons less compared to 2009) and 7513 in- with disabilities examined for the first time in- habitants from rural area (with 825 less compared creased from 15607 persons in 2006 to 16655 in to 2009). 2010; during the last year the increase rhythm in 93% of the total number of persons, which were comparison with 2009 reduced, registering a differ- classified for a disability degree for the first time, ence of 139 persons. are able-bodied persons (12348 persons), while 7% Despite the increase of the number of primary are represented by pensioners (927 persons). De- examinations, the level of disability degree estab- pending on distribution of primary disability by lishment at the first expertise of patients, decreased sex, 60,1% are men and 39,9% are women. from 87,8% in 2006 to 79,7% in 2010. Thus, being In 2010 the share of persons with disabilities re- with 852 persons less than in 2009, in 2010, 13275 duced compared to 2009, registering a considerable persons were classified for a disability degree, of decrease of the share of persons with I and II disabil- which 4835 inhabitants were from urban area (with ity degrees, being reflected in the following table.

Table 7.3. Distribution of share by primary disability degree, 2009 – 2010 Primary disability 2009 Primary disability 2010 Increase CMEV Number of cases Share, % Number of cases Share, % 2010/2009, % I degree 1973 14,9 1634 12,3 -17,2

II degree 8334 62,8 7893 59,5 -5,3

III degree 3820 28,8 3748 28,2 -1,9 Total 14127 106,4 13 275 100,0 -6,0 Source: RCMEV.

In 2010, as in the previous years, the diseases of ber registered the highest increase that placed this the circulatory system are constantly the predomi- category on the fourth position in the structure of nant causes of primary disability. This year, the car- primary disability in 2009 and 2010, compared to diovascular diseases caused the primary disability 2008, when this position was held by the mental for 2689 persons, which represent the fifth part of and behaviour diseases. persons classified with the primary disability de- In 2010, the diseases of circulatory system, ma- gree. In 2009, this number represented 2862 per- lignant tumours, nervous and osteo-articulatory sons, thus registering in 2010 a decrease with 173 system diseases, and mental and behaviour disor- persons compared to 2009. ders had a share of 63,6% in the causes of primary The malignant tumours hold the second posi- disability, compared to 2009, when they constituted tion in the total primary disability, registering a 64,9% share of 18,4%. In 2010, 2443 persons were con- The details related to the distribution of the per- ferred the primary disability degree, while in 2009 sons with a primary disability degree in 2010 de- this number constituted 2733 persons. pending on nosologic forms, age and disability de- The nervous system diseases have a third posi- gree are presented in Annex 8. tion with 8,5% in the structure of primary disabili- ty. In 2010, 1134 persons were classified with pri- 7.3.2. Repeated disability mary disability degree, registering a decrease The repeated disability is the attribution of the compared to 2009, when this number constituted disability degree after a repeated expertise of the 1358 persons. vital capacities of the person, in order to assess its In 2010, 1097 persons with osteo-articulatory rehabilitation or aggravation of the health state. system, muscles and connective tissue diseases were In 2010, 45337 persons were re-examined, with conferred the disability degree, with 68 persons less 1016 less compared to 2009 (46353 persons). compared to 2009 (1155 persons). This represents 17201 disabled persons from urban areas were a small decrease of the primary disability caused by re-examined, constituting 37,9%, while the persons these diseases compared to 2009, when this num- from rural areas constituted 62,1% (28143 per-

153 Annual social report 2010 sons). Compared to 2009, the number of re-exam- The number of re-examined persons increased ined persons with disabilities decreased both in during 2006-2007, decreasing in 2008- 2010, while rural habitats (with 352 persons) and urban habi- the share of the number of persons classified in the tats (with 688 persons). The repeated disability by disability degree at re-expertise was relatively con- districts for 2009 – 2010 is reflected in Annex 9. stant, in the limits of 99%.

Table 7.4. Repeated attribution of the disability degree, 2006-2010 Repeated disability 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Disabled persons, examined repeatedly: 48 475 50 304 48 265 46 353 45 337 - persons re-classified in a disability degree 47 788 49 574 47 736 45 876 44 878 - level of re-establishment of the disability degree 98,6% 98,5% 98,9% 99,0% 99,0% Source: RCMEV.

During 2010, the share of the II disability degree tioned that the number of persons with disability increased, while the value share of I and III disabil- degrees repeatedly attributed in 2010, decreased for ity degree decreased in comparison with the cor- all three severity degrees in comparison with the responding value shares of 2009. It is to be men- previous year.

Table 7.5. Distribution of share by repeated disability degree, 2009 – 2010 Repeated disability 2009 Repeated disability 2010 Increase CMEV Number Number Share, % Share, % 2010/2009, % of cases of cases I degree 3558 7,9 2951 6,6 -17,1 II degree 30795 68,6 31138 69,4 1,1 III degree 11523 25,7 10789 24,0 -6,4 Total 45876 102,2 44878 100,0 -2,2 Source: RCMEV.

7.3.3. Permanent disability disability degrees during the last 5 years, it is no- ticed a trend of decrease of primary disability ex- In 2010, the disability degree without re-exami- pertise, although in 2008 this registered a light in- nation term was conferred to 841 (6.3%) primary crease. The level of permanent disability, although disabled persons and to 9313 (20,8%) repeatedly its share and number went down in 2010, increased disabled persons. in the period 2007-2009 in the case of repeated at- Analysing the level of attribution of permanent tribution of disability degrees.

Table 7.6. Attribution of permanent disability degree to persons with disabilities, 2006-2010

Permanent disability 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Level of attribution of primary permanent disability degree Number of persons 1 171 1 072 1 142 1138 841 Share in the total number of persons with a primary disability degree, % 8,5% 7,8% 8,1% 8,1% 6,3% Level of attribution of repeated permanent disability degree Number of persons 8 747 9 477 10 042 9945 9313 Share in the total number of persons with a repeated disability degree, % 18,3% 19,1% 21,0% 21,7% 20,8%

154 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities

7.3.4. Partial and total rehabilitation with 47 less compared to 2009, when this number amounted to 2981 persons. As for the rehabilitation of persons with disabil- Of those 2789 rehabilitated: ities it is to be mentioned the low level of the cor- • totally - 459 persons; responding indices for 2010 compared to 2009. • partially - 2330 persons. Thus, during 2010 year, 2789 disabled persons with The number of both totally and partially reha- a disability degree were rehabilitated, representing bilitated persons decreased during 2007-2010.

Table 7.7. Number of persons with a disability degree, rehabilitated partially and totally, 2006-2010 Persons with a disability degree 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total rehabilitated persons, of which: 3875 3300 2981 2836 2789 - total rehabilitation 576 559 529 477 459 - partial rehabilitation 3299 2741 2452 2359 2330 Source: RCMEV.

7.4. Social inclusion The subject of social inclusion of persons with 1) coordinates the implementation of the re- disabilities becomes more actual both at the level of form of children’s residential care system by moni- public opinion and in the process of promotion of toring the implementation of the Plan-framework social policies in many countries. Social inclusion for transformation of children’s residential care sys- presumes a set of multidimensional activities in the tem and promotion of legislative framework; field of justice, social protection, employment, 2) develops and promotes the inclusive educa- health care, education, transports, roads, construc- tion by revising and finalizing the draft Inclusive tions, culture, information and communications education concept, coordinates the drafting and for persons living in social exclusion in order to implementation of the regulatory acts in this area, create and develop opportunities so as to ensure an coordinates the development and implementation index of living standard equivalent to the commu- of inclusive education models. nity where they live. In the related period four meetings of the Coor- In the context on international commitments, dination Council were organized. The meetings undertaken by the Republic of Moldova, and ac- were focussed on the analysis and inter-sectorial cording to the Strategy on social inclusion of per- coordination of the issues related to the implemen- sons with disabilities and Action plan for its imple- tation of the reform of children’s residential care mentation, the following actions were carried out system and implementation of inclusive education, in 2010: including: a. Initial training on inclusive education; 7.4.1. Social inclusion of children b. Role of the Republican medical-psycho-ped- The consolidated strategy on education devel- agogic consultancy in the implementation of opment for 2011 – 2015 and consolidated action the reform of children’s residential care sys- plan in education sector, which includes aspects re- tem and promotion of inclusive education; lated to the access to education and education qual- c. Determination of responsibilities at central ity for children in difficulty, including children level, local public administration authorities with special education needs (SEN), were approved and education institutions in relation to the by the Order of the Minister of Education no. 849 insurance of the required conditions for de- from November 29, 2010. institutionalised children’s inclusion, and The Council for Coordination of the reform of enrolment of children with special education children’s residential care system and development needs in general education institutions; of inclusive education was established by the order d. Contribution of civil society to the imple- of the Minister of Education no. 338 from June 14, mentation of the reform of children’s resi- 2010. Thus, the Coordination Council has the fol- dential care system and development of edu- lowing responsibilities: cation inclusion in 2010 (Every Child, CCF

155 Annual social report 2010

Moldova, Speranta, Lumos, Keystone Hu- change and integration in the general educa- man Services Moldova Association etc.). tion system or social services; The Ministry of Education (by the order no. 687 g) Preparation of community schools for inte- from August 25, 2010 on organization of the educa- gration/inclusion of children from auxiliary tional process) determined the responsibilities at schools. central, territorial and education institution levels The Ministry of Education with the support of in relation to the insurance of the necessary condi- the above-mentioned organizations carried out the tions for inclusion of children deinstitutionalised assessment of 354 children from 4 auxiliary schools from residential institutions, and enrolment of and 1 special school. 115 children of those 354 children with special education needs in general evaluated children were reintegrated in families or education institutions, being determined the re- family-type services. sponsibilities of the district/municipal general edu- In the context of ensuring social inclusion of dis- cation, youth and sport departments, medical-psy- abled persons, the following activities were carried cho-pedagogic commissions, general education out under the Program ”Inclusive Community – institutions, Institute of Education Science, Minis- Moldova”, implemented by Keystone Human Ser- try of Education in implementation of the objec- vices International Moldova Association, with the tives of inclusive education. support of Open Society Mental Health Initiative in Approved by the order of the Minister of Educa- partnership with Soros Foundation – Moldova and tion no. 256 from April 30, 2010, the Regulations- Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family: framework on organization and functioning of the • 180 deinstitutionalised or at risk to be insti- residential institutions envisages the fact that the tutionalised children and young persons following services can be developed under the resi- benefit of the support of the Program (in- dential institutions jointly with the public adminis- cluding 29 children and young persons, de- tration authorities: day centres, counselling servic- institutionalised from the boarding school es, family assistance and support, rehabilitation and Orhei for children with mental disabilities, recovery services, interschool logopedic services, 18 children and young persons under dein- care and assistance services, integration services stitutionalisation, 133 children at risk to be through occupational therapy, psycho-pedagogic institutionalised). The assistance provided assistance, crisis centres, urgent placement services by the program includes: social assistance, for street children, vocational training services and psychological counselling, medical assis- other services, meeting the needs of families with tance, support in having a positive behav- children in difficulty from the community. iour, education of independent living skills, The initial training on inclusive education is pedagogic support on school inclusion, as- carried out in 8 higher education institutions: State sistance in having access to other communi- Pedagogic University „Ion Creanga”, State Univer- ty services, family support for children’s wel- sity Tiraspol, State University „B.P.Hasdeu” Cahul, fare improvement (refurbishing of the child’s State University „Aleco Russo” from Balti, Moldova room, purchase of clothes, necessary equip- State University, State University Comrat, State ment, assistance in identification of a vacant University Taraclia, State University of Physical job etc.). The program provides assistance to Education and Sport and 8 secondary specialised children and young persons with disabilities education institutions (pedagogical colleges from based on a partnership established with the Chisinau, Cahul, Calarasi, Balti, Comrat, Orhei, family and local public administration and Soroca and Lipcani). only after an assessment of the needs of chil- The Ministry of Education with the support of dren and families. UNICEF, Every Child and NGOs LUMOS, CCF • 23 children with mental disabilities (13 chil- Moldova enhanced the capacities of 1664 profes- dren with severe mental disabilities, deinsti- sionals and decision-makers. tutionalised from the boarding school from The following activities were carried out in 2010: Orhei, and 10 children at risk to be institu- e) Reintegration of children in families/family- tionalised) were included in the community type services, inclusion in general school; schools or kindergartens with pedagogic f) Training of the staff of auxiliary schools for support (support teaching staff).

156 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities

• 100% of children - program beneficiaries rarily in public works and benefited of allowances for have improved access to the social services stimulation of participation in public works. from community or district. The persons with I and II disability degrees, • 47 families improved their welfare and chil- which were not registered as unemployed, benefited dren’s welfare. of labour mediation services, information and voca- The program, in partnership with the local ad- tional counselling services. These services were pro- ministration of II level, supported the establish- vided to 252 persons with III disability degree and ment of four mobile teams: in Ialoveni and Hin- 125 persons with I and II disability degrees. cesti districts and Balti and Chisinau municipalities. 15 persons with disabilities (of which 3 persons Over 60 children with severe mental and physical with II disability degree) were enrolled in vocation- disabilities benefit of the services of mobile teams. al training courses. The main objective of mobile teams is to improve the access of children with severe disabilities to 7.5. Celebration of the International qualitative social assistance services, thus prevent- ing their institutionalisation. Such services shall be Day of Persons with disabilities– developed in 5 more districts by the end of the Pro- December 3 gram. On October 14, 1992 the UN General Assembly In partnership with the local public administra- declared December 3 – the International Day of tion of the I level, the Program established two re- persons with disabilities. Each year the internation- source centres for inclusive education (in Magda- al community celebrates this event as an act of soli- cesti village, Criuleni district and Hlinaia village, darity with the persons with disabilities. Edinet district). Over 40 children with special edu- The Ministry of Labour, Social protection and cation needs benefit of the services of this centres Family develops and approves annually (by the that contributes to their better school inclusion. By Minister’s order) a program of activities dedicated the end of the program, such centres shall be devel- to the International Day of persons with disabilities oped in 15 habitats, which intend to establish pilot – December 3, which is submitted to the related schools with inclusive practices. bodies (central and local public authorities, social In partnership with the local public administra- institutions, social assistance and family protection tion of the II level, the Program supports the devel- sections/departments, NGOs etc.) for recommen- opment of three community houses: in Mitoc, dation and implementation. Orhei district; Hansca, Ialoveni district and Vo- During November 29 – December 3, 2010, a range loave village, Soroca district. Community houses of activities dedicated to social inclusion of persons are under construction/refurbishing. with disabilities were carried out in the country. The 7.4.2. Employment of persons with disabilities following activities are to be mentioned: –– Press conference, public launch of the activ- The National Employment Agency jointly with ity program on social inclusion of persons its territorial agencies supports the local public ad- with disabilities: rights, achievements and ministration by implementing programs for in- perspectives in the Republic of Moldova; volvement of unemployed persons in public works. –– Exhibition of pictures, took by children and The persons with disabilities are involved, together teenagers with disabilities at the premises of with other unemployed persons, in works of public the MLSPF; or local communities’ interest, organized by the lo- –– Round table on the rights of the persons cal public administration authorities. with disabilities in Moldova, with participa- During 2010, the territorial employment agen- tion of NGOs in the field of social protection cies registered as unemployed 535 persons with dis- of disabled persons; abilities (III disability degree), representing a de- –– New social services were launched: mobile crease with 176 persons in comparison with 2009. team and resource centres for inclusive edu- 71 persons with disabilities were supported in cation; their job placement, they representing 8,3% of the to- –– Workshop on development of alternative tal number of disabled persons with unemployed sta- community services for persons with dis- tus. 17 persons with disabilities were involved tempo-

157 Annual social report 2010

abilities, organized at the premises of the and adoption of the Strategy on social inclusion of Boarding school for children with mental persons with disabilities for 2010 – 2013 (Law no. disabilities (boys) from Orhei; 169-XVIII from July 9, 2010). These two reference –– Exhibition with sale of the works, manufac- acts reflect the direction and actions to be under- tured by disabled persons at the premises of taken by our country in order to ensure the social the Palace of the Republic. inclusion of persons with disabilities in all areas. The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and The following actions, undertaken for the im- Family organized the exhibition with sale of the plementation of the provisions of the Convention works, manufactured by disabled persons, under and Strategy, are to be mentioned: the reform of the the motto In creation without differences, event held system of social protection of persons with disabili- traditionally during 2007 – 2010. The exhibition ties by development of a new methodology for dis- took place at the premises of the Palace of Republic ability determination according to the provisions (16, Maria Cebotari street), where the disabled per- of the International Classification of functioning, sons from the whole country could show and sale disability and health, developed by the World their works (about 400 persons). The purpose of Health Organization. the exhibition was public awareness in relation to For this purpose the Ministry of Labour, Social the situation of persons with disabilities, and also Protection and Family (Minister’s order no. 205 on problems faced by them. from December 14, 2010) established two working The visitors could admire and purchase excep- groups. The first group consists of national experts, tional works, manufactured with much abnegation, employed under the UNDP financed project, and by the persons with disabilities. The collected mon- specialists of the Republican Council for Medical ey is used by these persons for procurement of raw Expertise of Vitality, who worked on the develop- material for other works, and for their individual ment and finalization of the Road map for introduc- needs. tion of new methodology/criteria for disability de- The participants in this event included: country termination in the Republic of Moldova and several high officials, deputies, ministers, heads of central working tools, draft regulatory acts. The second and local public authorities, civil servants, repre- group includes representatives of a range of minis- sentatives of foreign missions in Moldova, busi- tries and authorities, involved in the reform in this nessmen, representatives of international donor area, which coordinated and monitored the activi- organizations, NGOs and all citizens, which sup- ties and actions, undertaken by the first group. ported and were solidary with the persons with dis- The process of strategy implementation envis- abilities. aged the development of the legal framework regu- lating the social services provided to persons with 7.6. Conclusions. Recommendations disabilities. Thus, two social services were devel- oped: protected dwelling (approved by the Govern- In the last period the issue related to the promo- ment decision no. 711 from August 9, 2010) and tion and protection of the rights of disabled persons community house (approved by the Government is often considered, and the actions undertaken by decision no. 936 from October 8, 2010). the stake-holders confirm the importance and ne- The protected dwelling is a social service, envis- cessity of this subject, both at the level of national aging the placement in a dwelling of adults with policies and strategies and, in promotion of social mental disorders, in full exercise capacity, which do inclusion services for this category of persons. not have any dwelling or need the improvement of In the light of the above it is to be mentioned that living conditions and with a periodic support can in the Republic of Moldova 2010 year was charac- have an independent life in the community. terised by many events and progress in the field of As for Community house, it is a specialised ser- social protection of persons with disabilities due to vice for persons with mental disabilities, which re- the adopted acts, policies and strategies promoted quire continuous insurance of minimum existence in this area. In this context two important docu- conditions, protection, care and assistance in order ments are to be considered: ratification of the UN to develop and be included in the community. Convention on the rights of persons with disabili- The reform of social protection of persons with ties (by the Law no. 166-XVIII from July 9, 2010) disabilities envisages several dimensions, begin-

158 7. Social protection of persons with disabilities ning with disability approach, which shall be real- teams. The service is aimed at preventing the insti- ized in the dimensions of medical-social model, tutionalization of persons with disabilities and pro- meaning that the attention shall be paid to the co- viding support to families or persons taking care of ercions braking the realization of the fundamental disabled persons. rights, not on the possible disability. In practice the In the same context, two resource centres for in- promotion of social model shall envisage the social clusive education (in Magdacesti, Criuleni district inclusion of persons with disabilities, access to edu- and Hlinaia, Edinet district) were established for cation, job placement etc. In long-term this shall the purpose of disabled children’s integration in the allow modifying the current system of social pro- community and interaction with their fellows. tection of persons with disabilities in order to be The progress achieved in supporting the per- focussed on provision of social services, but not on sons with disabilities constitutes a real basis; how- social payments. ever it does not solve completely the problems, Another service for persons with disabilities is faced by this category of population. Only a multi- the Mobile Team. The MLSPF in partnership with sectorial, multidimensional and participative ap- the Program “Inclusive Community – Moldova” proach could generate efficient solutions, with the and District Councils from Ialoveni, Hincesti and support of all institutions and the whole society. Balti municipality created three services of mobile

159 Annual social report 2010

Annex 1. Total number of pensioners and average pension quantum Pension type Number of pensioners Average pension quantum, lei 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1. Pensions, established according to pension law 615172 613490 616122 619801 622796 432,87 535,98 631,35 757,67 805-50 - total (1.1+1.2.+1.3),of which Including women 383556 388518 3934673 400004 407530 426,58 524,85 634,35 738,82 781-60 Including employees 81219 113804 127330 138878 152507 490,24 608,74 722,60 943-70 1.1 Old age pen- sions (1.1.1 +1.1.2 459717 458795 462093 465048 468049 457,51 565,83 666,28 800,82 836-63 +1.1.3+1.1.4+1.1.5+ 1.1.6+ 1.1.7), of which: Including women 311694 316765 322899 327563 335295 441,21 543,27 637,87 764,83 811-90 Including employees 71272 82743 95481 105748 118828 517,55 665,88 781,31 935,86 1023-82 In minimal quantum 15495 25070 30777 37021 42922 299,49 380,55 425,28 534,60 557-54 1.1.1. general condi- 393680 395045 400629 405726 410940 461,87 572,46 674,12 809,96 845-79 tions – total 1.1.2. privileged condi- tions (anticipated –total) 60113 57217 54600 52194 49561 429 520,10 608,78 729,80 760-72 (a+b+c),of which .a) List no.1 4068 3952 3880 3778 3680 509,93 629,45 744,71 897,20 936-10 b) List no.2 9067 8502 7991 7511 7060 529,42 639,06 747,20 897,15 935-97 c) mothers with 5 and 46978 44763 42729 40905 38821 402,61 487,85 570,55 683,61 712-22 more children 1.1.3 Cabinet members 84 84 85 84 86 4794,97 5574,10 6054,28 6678,16 6742-29 Including women 6 7 7 6 7 4691,33 5539,28 6010,00 6701,00 6724-85 Including employees 24 28 31 30 35 4855,29 5646,42 6118,80 6771,60 6762-31 angajaţi 1.1.4 Parliament deputies 108 116 117 129 201 4665,62 5423,27 5873,71 6433,01 6225-28 Including women 12 13 13 17 21 4772,33 5515,38 5984,15 6421,35 6464-09 Including employees 48 56 59 67 106 4635,54 5327,67 5871,03 6403,34 6138-99 1.1.5 Civil servants 4773 5266 5562 5795 6119 1095,56 1292,19 1514,51 1800,50 1953-83 Including women 3017 3330 3557 3768 4044 1033,05 1224,86 1443,79 1732,94 1898-32 Including employees 2219 2608 2980 3179 3422 1211,72 1423,93 1667,96 1985,09 2152-33 1.1.6 Mayors, heads and deputy heads of regional 317 354 387 411 435 1387,92 1684,22 2015,01 2343,50 2448-13 councils* Including women 45 59 66 74 75 1180,73 1700,03 2072,37 2426,05 2529-62 Including employees 87 102 121 144 164 1529,78 1872,33 2267,00 2625,73 2737-92 1.1.7.Length of service 642 713 713 709 707 702,96 2337,31 2864,94 3535,57 3694-15 Including employees 141 127 126 129 140 728,94 235,91 2960,37 3598,47 3747-20 1.1.7.1. employees of civil aviation - total, of 642 592 713 610 616 702,96 2744,26 2864,94 4030,63 4164-12 which: a) flight personnel 499 589 603 608 614 822,2 2756,68 3314,07 4042,44 4176-28 b) flight attendants 12 3 2 2 2 282,75 320,66 367,00 440,50 450-00 1.1.7.2. employees 3 2 2 2 2 322 382,50 448,00 537,50 560-50 of railway transport 1.1.7.3. аrtists 127 118 105 97 89 286,49 346,34 403,05 484,09 511-24 1.1.7.4. geologists 1 1 1 - - 280 338,00 396,00 - - 1.2. Disabil- ity pensions - total 125676 126538 128145 130227 131348 380,96 467,42 548,08 652,23 674-55 (1.2.1.+1.2.2.+1.2.3.), of which: Including women 65543 65720 66223 66933 67096 373,86 456,60 534,44 635,63 658-72 Including employees 9537 30307 31677 32955 33640 369,63 457,63 537,23 638,09 661-25

160 Annex

I degree 13369 13183 13298 13423 13392 477,31 587,47 695,29 831,60 859-97 II degree 86922 87089 87948 89602 90522 405,95 499,41 585,90 696,72 720-93 III degree 25385 26266 26899 27202 27434 244,66 301,11 351,65 417,18 431-02 1.2.1. ordinary disease - 121892 122865 124508 126631 127850 381,55 468,17 548,92 653,03 675-20 total, of which: I degree 13000 12836 12968 13103 13074 476,63 586,77 694,45 830,39 858-43 II degree 85200 85390 86208 87831 88784 405,58 499,03 585,53 696,25 720-43 III degree 23692 24639 25332 25697 25992 242,97 299,42 349,85 414,84 428-54 1.2.2. industrial injury - 3704 3587 3540 3499 3399 361,79 440,88 516,48 620,22 646-60 total, of which: I degree 361 340 322 313 311 500,7 610,02 723,26 876,33 918-51 II degree 1681 1654 1688 1713 1674 423,99 515,88 600,03 713,78 740-54 III degree 1662 1593 1530 1473 1414 268,72 326,91 380,78 457,00 475-57 1.2.3 occupational dis- ease - total, 80 86 97 97 99 374,9 510,61 626,86 768,37 800-73 of which: I degree 8 7 8 7 7 528,5 775,85 936,25 1090,85 1137-71 II degree 41 45 52 58 64 443,92 615,40 752,59 896,46 902-68 III degree 31 34 37 32 28 243,93 317,29 383,24 465,62 483-39 1.3. Survivors pensions-total, of 29779 28157 25884 24526 23399 270,48 318,95 367,62 431,50 441-33 which: Including women 6319 6033 5551 5348 5139 256,59 300,92 343,06 403,03 408-92 Including employees 28 35 46 46 39 255,46 314,22 367,64 417,78 469-84 1 survivor 22597 21587 5551 19134 18391 243,03 289,37 343,06 397,02 409-16 2 survivors 5794 5294 19978 4403 4115 342,92 402,28 335,61 539,90 547-88 3 and more survivors 1388 1276 4752 989 893 415,06 473,62 460,07 615,91 612-92 2. Pensions established according to other 6230 5943 5278 4769 4389 680,85 915,03 1451,10 1755,56 1571-79 laws (2.1.+2.2.+2.3.+ 2.4.+2.5) 2.1. participants in the liquidation of Chernob- yl consequences - total 2203 2187 2168 2136 2110 997,33 1197,53 1398,43 1669,90 1736-44 (2.1.1.+ 2.1.2.+2.1.3.), of which: Including women 85 84 82 80 81 966,75 1176,83 1373,35 1631,33 1676-45 Including employees 398 393 396 394 394 969,41 1171,67 1364,12 1631,87 1709-14 2.1.1. old age pensions 14 17 23 24 24 686,07 852,17 958,60 1032,58 1077-79 - total 2.1.2. disability - total 2112 2087 2068 2041 2012 1009,07 1215,10 1421,79 1701,82 1773-98 I degree 294 294 290 286 288 1278,47 1538,75 1799,88 2154,81 2244-65 II degree 1768 1749 1741 1721 1690 976,98 1175,79 1369,35 1638,26 1706-44 III degree 50 44 37 34 34 559,7 614,95 925,81 1108,44 1144-38 2.1.3. Survivors - to- 77 83 77 71 74 731,98 826,39 902,63 967,74 929-20 tal, of which: 1 survivor 59 64 64 63 64 681,96 784,96 850,81 901,73 886-54 2 survivors 16 16 10 6 9 845,68 942,62 1122,50 1388,66 1065-00 3 and more survivors 2 3 3 2 1 1297,5 1089,66 1275,00 1784,50 2436-00 urmaşi 2.2. According to Military Law 922 1436 1374 1302 1216 94,04 474,74 668,43 731,24 730-26 (2.2.1.+2.2.2.) Including women 128 129 112 92 77 84,52 398,57 513,52 570,03 577-07 Including employees 21 40 44 46 46 110,19 441,22 662,70 735,67 741-47 2.2.1. disability pensions to active militaries - to- 497 1044 1040 1017 982 102,46 504,47 728,41 786,52 777-87 tal, of which:

161 Annual social report 2010

I degree 52 117 117 112 110 124,21 577,77 917,74 992,72 985-98 II degree 294 724 723 699 674 104,77 551,05 766,72 834,06 821-10 III degree 151 203 200 206 198 90,47 296,11 479,13 513,09 515-12 2.2.1.1. including IIWW 272 758 736 717 721 121,01 548,80 829,36 890,00 882-74 disabled participants I degree 32 91 88 86 83 148,62 620,30 1018,80 1092,67 1104-85 II degree 129 510 494 471 474 132,64 607,57 890,42 964,71 954-96 III degree 111 157 154 160 164 99,54 316,42 525,22 561,15 561,60 2.2.2. survivors pen- sions to the families 425 392 334 285 234 84,19 395,56 481,68 533,97 530-47 of active militaries - total, of which: 1 survivor 408 375 321 275 228 81,1 379,41 465,56 518,71 513-42 2 survivors 15 15 10 8 3 151,6 719,46 793,00 877,62 878-33 3 and more survivors 2 2 3 2 3 208,5 994,00 1169,33 1258,00 1477-66 2.2.2.1. of which fami- lies of the IIWW dis- 29 27 19 19 16 73,68 339,74 412,89 463,47 435-81 abled participants 1 survivor 24 23 15 15 14 61,58 287,69 327,40 366,60 369-64 2 survivors 4 3 3 3 1 120 568,00 659,00 742,66 718-00 3 and more survivors 1 1 1 1 1 178 852,00 956,00 1078,00 1078-00 2.3 Pensions for length 2701 1901 1310 862 575 224,4 269,33 314,12 376,21 392-97 of service 2.3.1 medical staff 993 701 493 326 222 227,73 273,76 317,59 373,05 399-34 2.3.2 pedagogues 1708 1200 817 536 353 222,50 266,64 312,00 381,41 388-96 Including employees - 233 183 120 80 - 191,01 230,28 273,98 291-66 2.4 customs staff 33 24 20 19 18 1457,15 1644,04 1786,55 2083,15 2157-22 Including women 9 7 7 7 7 1505,77 1652,28 1856,42 2137,42 2209-85 Including employees 26 18 14 13 12 1543,26 1750,50 1914,00 2253,07 2349-08 2.5 prosecutors and 371 395 406 450 470 3514,03 4015,21 4389,01 4378,41 4429-60 judges Total pensions ( 1+2 ) 621402 619433 621400 624570 627185 442,26 548,30 646,42 775,54 810-86 Including women 389333 393905 399747 404721 408325 462,15 530,53 623,92 748,27 782-26 Including employees 103267 116690 131158 142871 153194 495,49 635,81 750,45 899,67 948-90 Source: NSIH.

162 Annex

Annex 2. Newly established pensions and average pension quantum Pension type Number of newly established pensions Average pension quantu, lei 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1. Pensions estab- lished according to pension law –total 39272 39120 40838 38149 35899 367,72 526,34 595,10 698,69 782-50 (1.1+1.2.+1.3), of which: Inclding women 24972 30952 26468 22921 20881 369,19 514,63 612,58 666,36 744-32 Including employees 17073 16610 18744 15659 14154 419,72 583,55 595,10 828,51 989-75 1.1. old age pensions (1.1.1+1.1.2+1.1.3+ 27302 27429 28859 26726 25772 406,96 545,84 657,73 775,22 881-21 1.1.4+ 1.1.5+ 1.1.6+ 1.1.7), of which: Including women 20033 26076 20953 18386 17073 393,82 545,84 612,58 710,64 799-09 Including employees 13217 12646 14224 12173 11346 455,62 625,72 750,29 910,95 1093-36 In minimal quantum 6614 7172 7515 6807 6378 299,5 380,84 445,30 535,70 555-98 1.1.1. general conditions - 25442 25047 27075 25079 24288 410,37 549,85 661,96 779,81 810-68 total 1.1.2. privileged condi- tions (anticipated - total) 1166 1029 913 736 548 332,68 448,40 532,35 619,13 641-56 (a+b+c), of which: a) List no.1 155 128 139 86 79 524,61 741,57 868,62 1055,27 1025-37 b) mothers with 5 and 1011 901 774 650 469 303,25 406,75 471,96 561,43 576-91 more children - total 1.1.3. Cabinet members 2 8 3 3 7 5040,00 5587,50 6048,33 5502,33 5721-57 Including women - 2 - - 1 - 5737,50 - - 5857-00 Including employees 2 4 3 1 4 5040,00 5531,25 6048,33 5857,00 5752-75 1.1.4 Parliament deputies 8 8 7 14 71 4431,5 5381,25 5663,28 5857,07 5582-60 Including women 6 7 6 10 4 4355,66 5367,86 5719,66 5817,00 5981-25 1.1.5 civil servants 626 791 778 823 795 1306,35 1583,64 1975,64 2388,26 2547-39 Including women 381 516 528 614 603 1258,56 1525,04 1907,36 2334,56 2510-56 Including employees 478 626 649 642 619 1376,36 1618,49 1995,70 2406,66 2565-68 1.1.6 mayors, heads and deputy heads of regional 41 48 43 39 40 2151,78 2305,91 3005,74 2904,41 2962-15 councils* Including women 5 12 10 9 4 2018,40 2236,83 3064,30 2915,77 3014-00 Including employees 17 18 23 27 24 2116,41 2444,33 2959,56 2876,11 3077-00 1.1.7. length of service 17 498 40 32 23 863,29 3104,29 2592,87 3766,28 3876-43 1.1.7.1. employees of civil aviation, flight personnel - 17 498 40 32 23 863,29 3104,29 2592,87 3766,28 3876-43 total 1.1.7.2. railway transport ------workers 1.1.7.3. аrtists ------1.1.7.4. geologists ------1.2. Disability pensions - total (1.2.1.+1.2.2.+ 9537 9646 9876 9515 8366 292,08 389,02 459,79 538,04 553-64 1.2.3.), of which: Including women 4327 4337 4400 4034 3371 275,45 356,36 426,99 494,77 512-64 Including employees 3848 3860 3828 3470 2807 296,34 386,18 454,30 535,75 571-19 I degree 784 794 870 856 744 379,93 530,85 670,07 754,51 735-76 II degree 5750 5913 6014 5932 5120 324,16 433,83 506,13 590,14 613-51 III degree 3003 2939 2992 2727 2502 207,71 260.55 305,50 356,75 376-98 1.2.1. ordinary disease - 9446 9549 9738 9423 8292 292,27 389,23 460,12 538,49 553-12 total, of which: I degree 773 786 860 851 740 379,94 531,23 667,35 753,86 732-71

163 Annual social report 2010

II degree 5706 5865 5938 5884 5066 324,35 433,75 506,45 590,29 613-26 III degree 2967 2898 2940 2688 2486 207,73 260,62 305,91 356,92 377-11 1.2.2. industrial injury - total, 86 89 127 90 71 276,53 357,39 435,14 495,88 612-85 of which: I degree 11 8 10 5 4 379,18 492,87 903,80 865,40 1299-75 II degree 42 44 72 48 51 302,21 418,15 462,05 572,37 639-45 III degree 33 37 45 37 16 209,63 255,81 287,93 346,67 356-31 1.2.3 occupational disease - 5 8 11 2 3 194,4 490,75 455,18 310,50 591-33 total, of which: I degree ------II degree 2 4 4 - 3 242 728,25 820,75 - 591-33 III degree 3 4 7 2 - 162,66 253,00 246,14 310,50 - 1.3. Survivors pen- sions - total, of 2433 2045 2103 1908 1761 231,49 297,41 359,17 412,82 425-05 which: Including women 612 539 574 497 437 225,44 277,60 336,73 393,60 391-79 Including employees 3 7 10 7 1 232,00 356,57 370,10 356,57 373-00 1 survivor 1618 1343 1434 1283 1197 204,92 272,87 327,41 368,30 381-81 2 survivors 621 530 514 499 434 277,27 334,68 407,47 489,20 510-10 3 and more survivors 194 172 155 126 130 306,5 374,13 492,82 563,66 539-24 2. Pensions established according to other laws 41 655 99 132 74 544,361 550,72 868,84 2444,11 2368-20 (2.1.+2.2.+2.3.) 2.1. participants in the liquidation of Chernobyl consequences - total 36 36 26 31 18 609,55 619,0 868,84 712,87 902-88 (2.1.1.+2.1.2.+2.1.3.), of which: Including women - 1 - 1 2 - 586,00 - 522,00 464-50 Including employees 6 8 - 6 5 718,83 870,25 - 1287,00 2035-60 2.1.1. old age pensions - 1 5 5 3 1 336 871,80 877,00 787,33 614-00 total 2.1.2. disability - total 29 22 14 18 10 640,1 626,09 1047,00 845,83 1224-00 I degree 2 2 - - - 1735,5 1636,00 - - - II degree 17 11 10 14 6 660,88 654,54 518,00 962,21 1796-83 III degree 10 9 4 4 4 385,6 775,12 2369,00 438,25 364-50 2.1.3. survivors – to- 6 9 7 10 7 507,33 461,11 506,57 451,20 485-28 tal, of which: 1 survivor 4 5 6 9 5 457,75 442,00 472,83 433,88 431-80 2 survivors 2 3 1 1 2 606 404,00 709,00 606,00 619-00 3 and more survivors - 1 - - - - 727,00 - - - 2.2. According to Military 5 619 73 44 22 75 546,76 670,53 739,38 716-18 Law (2.2.1.+2.2.2.) Including employees - 27 2 - 3 - 438,14 649,50 - 662-66 2.2.1. disability pensions to active militaries - total, 4 562 64 42 20 73,75 560,60 687,68 740,38 668-00 of which: I degree - 66 11 2 1 - 613,63 903,72 921,00 718-00 II degree 2 438 44 33 18 88,5 585,61 673,97 808,42 669-05 III degree 2 58 9 7 1 59 311,37 490,55 367,71 597-00 2.2.1.1. including disabled 1 490 39 33 11 97 577,51 775,97 806,84 759-27 participants of the IIWW I degree - 60 8 2 - - 620,61 992,25 921,00 - II degree 1 381 25 26 11 97 604,25 781,52 878,61 759-27 III degree - 49 6 5 - - 316,79 464,50 387,80 -

164 Annex

2.2.2. survivors pensions to the families of active militar- 1 57 9 2 2 79 57 548,44 718,50 1198-00 ies - total, of which 1 survivor 1 53 7 1 1 79 384,09 431,71 479,00 479-00 2 survivors - 4 1 1 - - 757,25 637,00 958,00 - 3 and more survivors - - 1 - 1 - - 1275,00 - 1917-00 2.2.2.1. of which fami- lies of the disabled par------ticipants of the IIWW 1 survivor ------2 survivors ------3 and more survivors ------2.3. judges - 26 36 57 34 - 4331,04 4052,72 4193,93 4212-91 Total pensions ( 1+2 ) 39313 39775 40937 38281 35973 385,77 554,38 628,47 744,79 785-76 Source: NSIH.

165 Annual social report 2010

Annex 3. Considerations on discrimination against women in law and practice in the Republic of Moldova

I. Introduction basis between women and men of the fundamental 25 Over recent years, gender equality has become a human rights and freedoms’, which in fact is a re- major concern of the Government of Moldova. iteration of Article 1, CEDAW. Moldova is a party to the majority of international The law includes provisions on direct and indi- conventions prohibiting discrimination against rect discrimination, affirmative actions, sexual ha- women. rassment, guarantees equal rights for women and Although de jure the national legal framework men in the following domains: public and political, guarantees the same rights for women and men in social and economic, health, services and educa- the access to political process, social services, med- tion. The law establishes an institutional framework ical assistance, education, labour, marriage, child responsible for the implementation and monitoring care, property, inheritance and access to justice, in of the law: namely, the governmental Commission 26 reality women are often discriminated. De facto, on Equal Opportunities having the status of con- the most problematic areas are: participation of sultative body, responsible for the promotion of women in the political process – there are very few equality policies and coordination of activities be- women in decision making positions, issues related tween central and local government, as well as a to the economic and social status – women usually specialized department within the Ministry of La- receive lower salaries than men and are viewed as bor, Social Protection and Family dealing with Gen- primarily responsible for child care and violence der Equality and Prevention of Domestic Violence. against women. However, this department has no structures at the local level and is mostly responsible for develop- II. Situation de jure and de facto in the field of ment of policies in this field. Initially the law pro- gender equality vided for the establishment of gender focal points in The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova all ministries and at local level; however this was not stipulates that women and men are equal before the accomplished due to budgetary constraints. law and public authorities22. In reality, though, the Unfortunately the law does not establish nation- legislation in the domain of gender equality is only al machinery for the monitoring and investigation declarative, partly because of the way traditions of discrimination cases. Such cases however, may and customary perceptions see the role of women be considered by the Office of the Ombudsman in the society. (Parliamentary Advocates),27 who in accordance In February 2006, the Parliament of the Repub- with the law is responsible for receiving individual lic of Moldova has adopted the Law on Equal Op- complaints and investigating and considering alle- portunities between women and men23. The adop- gations of human rights violations and the general tion of the law is a great progress in the courts of law. The law however makes little refer- acknowledgement of the phenomenon of discrimi- ence to the legal remedies available to victims of nation of women in Moldova.24 discrimination. According to the law the available The law includes a definition of discrimination remedies are mostly applicable to cases of labour on the grounds of sex as ‘any difference, exception, discrimination. limitation or preference having as aim or conse- One of the aims of the Law on Equal Opportu- quence the limitation or intimidation of acknowl- nities is to ‘prevent and eliminate all forms of dis- edgement, exercise or implementation on equality crimination on the grounds of sex’.28 This may be considered as a first step in developing a compre- 22 Article 16 (2), Constitution of the Republic of Moldova. 23 Law on Equal Opportunities between women and men, No. 5-XIV 9 February 2006, Official Monitor No. 47- 25 Article 2, Law on Equal Opportunities. 50/200 24 March 2006. 26 Article 18, Law on Equal Opportunities. 24 Report on the CEDAW Evaluation Instrument for the Re- 27 Law on Parliamentary Advocates, No. 1349 of 17 Oc- public of Moldova, August 2006, ABA/CEELI and Win- tober 1997. rock International. 28 Article 1, Law on Equal Opportunities.

166 Annex hensive legal framework to deal and eliminate gen- for discrimination of women in employment is ste- der based discrimination. reotyping of women’s role in the family. Women are Although legally defined under the Law on considered to have more obligations than men; Equal Opportunities29, sexual harassment is not they are more concerned with their families than considered an offence under criminal or adminis- men. trative law. Moreover, it is not even acknowledged Still, the discrepancies between the salaries of as a social phenomenon. The attitude towards the men and women have decreased over recent years. issue is that ‘women are the cause for such behav- In 2008 the average monthly salary of women was iour’. 73.3 per cent of the average salary of men, increas- The Government has acknowledged the gaps in ing by 0.7 percentage points compared to 2007 (in the Law on Equal Opportunities and is currently 2002 this proportion was 75.7 per cent). These dif- revising this law and entire legal framework in the ferences are conditioned by the fact that women, in field of gender equality with the aim of strengthen- most cases, either work in less-well-paid domains ing the implementation mechanism. The amend- (traditionally considered feminine occupations) ments include such provisions as criminalization of like education, healthcare or services, or occupy ‘sexual harassment’, provision of fines for the viola- low-paid positions (i.e. subordinate jobs with no tion of gender equality in any area of life, introduc- managerial tasks/prerogatives). tion of a 40% quota for the political representation Turning to the employment of women in gen- of women and establishing a complaints mecha- eral, the situation in Moldova is complex. No im- nism for cases of discrimination that will be dealt portant gender disparities were registered among with by the Ombudsman on Equal Opportunities the economically active population in 2009: the that will be established. number of men employed being almost equal to Equality provisions can be found in the Codes the number of women (50.5 per cent and 49.5 per of Criminal and Civil Procedure, the Criminal, cent). The same is true of the gender distribution of Family and Labour Codes, the Law on the Execu- the employed population. However, the employ- tion of Sentences and the Law on Political Parties ment rate among the population for 15 years and and Other Social and Political Organizations. Mol- more is higher among women than men (42.6 per dova has also begun to incorporate anti-discrimi- cent compared to 37.4 per cent respectively), al- nation clauses into national legislation, such as though the rate of women as part of inactive popu- within the Law on the Social Protection of Persons lation is higher (55,4%).31 This probably confirms with Disabilities, the Law on the Rights of the the paternalistic views about the role of women as Child, the Law on National Minorities and Legal taking care of the family. Status of their Organizations and the new Labour According to official statistics, women repre- Code. The Law on Preventing and Combating Hu- sent 38.7 per cent of the total number of managers man Trafficking and the Law on Preventing and and high officials in public administration, eco- Combating Domestic Violence also contain anti- nomic and social units, while 63.4 per cent of wom- discrimination clauses. en are involved in intellectual and scientific occu- According to the law women and men have pations. Per capita Gross Domestic Product (in equal opportunities in employment and both direct PPP terms) is US$2118 for women and US$3357 and indirect discrimination is illegal under the for men. The majority of employed women in 2008 law30. However, according to some data, there are are wage earners (71 per cent, compared to 0.6 per numerous infringements of labour rights in the cent who manage their own business and 24.9 per private sector. This includes the failure to report cent who are self-employed). the actual salary of employees and to officially reg- Despite the smaller remuneration of women’s ister them in official bookkeeping. The difference work, their income is of more importance for the in the income of men and women is still one of the support of their families, with or without children, most persistent forms of gender disparity on the la- because women are more likely than men to use bour market in Moldova. One of the main reasons their money for purchasing food, education and

29 Article 2, Law on Equal Opportunities. 31 National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova, 30 Article 5, Law on Equal Opportunities. “Women and Men in the Republic Moldova”, 2008.

167 Annual social report 2010 healthcare services, which are crucial for the wel- while the percentage of men was slightly over 2 per fare of children. cent. In 2008, the male quota increased insignifi- The Labour Code also prevents pregnant women cantly reaching 3 per cent of the total. In absolute and women on maternity leave, and those who have numbers, this percentage represents 3,200 men, children under three from going on business trips.32 while the number of women benefiting from child- Yet these provisions are discriminatory and are to be care leaves was at the level of 106,500. annulled. During 2009, an expert group developed a Although the labour law provides for social se- set of improvements to the Labour Code from the curity contribution during parental leave, it does gender perspective, which has been discussed with not establish funding for such contributions. Al- the ILO international experts and presented to all though at first glance the law includes safeguards social actors. The draft law on amendments to the on the childcare for women, enabling the accumu- Labour Code has been recently approved by the lation of the time spent for childcare in the senior- Government (Decision no. 218 of 23 March 2010). ity period, in reality the calculation of the pension The lack of job opportunities for women has for the childcare period is done based on the mini- prompted many of them to migrate. Analysis of the mum salary. Thus, although the woman has had phenomenon of migration from a gender perspec- well paid jobs before and after the childcare period, tive shows that in the second trimester of 2009, ap- the inclusion of the child care period will lead to proximately 295,000 people left the country to the decrease of the average salary from which the work abroad, of which one third were women pension will be calculated subsequently.34 (CBS-AXA, 2009). The majority of women have In accordance with the national law, pregnant departed to work in the countries of Western Eu- and lactating women who work under difficult rope, CIS, Turkey and Israel. Women are more vul- conditions must be transferred to positions in nerable to trafficking in human beings, according which the workload will be easier or be temporarily to IOM data about 90% of the trafficking victims dismissed from their duties while still receiving are women.33 their previous salary. The social security law establishes different ages The Labour Code provides for different com- for men and women to receive pensions. Currently plaint procedures for individual employment dis- men receive their pensions at 62 years and women putes and collective employment disputes. The fi- at 57. The contribution period required to be eligi- nal place for appealing complaints in both situations ble for a pension is the same irrespective of sex that is in the court of law. is of 30 years. In fact, because women retire by five The Criminal Code prohibits discrimination years earlier than men, they in fact do not succeed committed by a person holding a decision-making in accumulating the length of time necessary for position35 on the grounds of sex and foresees penal- receiving the full pension. ties ranging from fines to deprivation of liberty for Employers are required to contribute to the up to 3 years. However, the judicial practice has state social security scheme regardless of the em- registered no court cases on the issue of discrimi- ployee’s gender. However, given the difference in nation on the grounds of sex, rendering this article retirement ages based on sex, women’s contribu- as practically inapplicable. tion period is significantly lower than men’s. More- The law obliges the parties to ensure that on the over, given the fact that pensions are calculated lists of candidates both women and men are equally based on salaries, the fact that women earn less represented.36 In practice, a larger number of women than men results in lower pensions for women. are placed among the last candidates on the party Although paternity leave is possible under the lists, thus depending on the number of votes ac- law, few men take leave to care for their children. quired, the first candidates will actually become As far as childcare is concerned, women are the members of the Parliament. The number of women ones taking on the traditional role of caring for and MPs rose from 22 per cent in 2005 up to 23.7 per raising children: both in 2006 and in 2007, over 97 cent in 2009; 26 women entered the Parliament of per cent of those on childcare leave were women 34 Report “Gender in the context of MDGs in the Republic of Moldova”, UNDP Moldova and UNIFEM Moldova, 2007. 32 Art. 248(1), Labor Code of the Republic of Moldova. 35 Article 176, Criminal Code. 33 Common Country Assessment for Moldova, UNDP 2005. 36 Article 7, Law on Equal Opportunities.

168 Annex the Republic of Moldova, elected on 29 July 2009, concerning child’s education or financial support. and 24 seats are held by women at this moment. The In cases of separation or divorce, both spousal Parliament’s leadership is formed exclusively of men and parental rights and support obligations are de- (4 persons), while only one woman sits in the Parlia- termined according to national legislation. The ment’s 12-strong Permanent Bureau. Of the five par- custody of and support obligations for children liamentary factions, only one is headed by a woman whose parents are residents of different countries president, while one other party has a woman as shall be determined by an agreement of parent un- vice-president. The current Parliament has nine til the child is 14 years old. If parents cannot come permanent commissions, two of them headed by to an agreement, child custody and support will be women, and there are four women vice-presidents. established by court. A parent can only prohibit At the moment37, out of a total of 70 people who contact between the child and the non-custodial compose the Cabinet of Ministers and hold mana- parent in cases where such contact is detrimental to gerial positions in institutions representing gov- the best interest of the child. ernmental authorities, only 11 are women (repre- In case there was not matrimonial contract the senting a proportion of 16 per cent versus 84 per goods acquired during marriage shall be divided cent men). Of these, only one minister is a woman equally among spouses, even if they are legally reg- and the other six are vice-ministers. Only 18 wom- istered under the name of one of the spouses. This en hold the office of directors of institutions subor- right extends to the spouse that during marriage dinated to ministries, while men hold 104 such po- did not have income being busy taking care of the sitions (representing a ratio of about. 15:85). home, education of children or other reasons. Marriage may be concluded upon request of Thus, spouses have the right to own, use and make one or both spouses. The husband may not request disposal of common property. The division of dissolution of marriage during pregnancy of the property is performed on the basis of equality prin- wife. One of the spouses may request dissolution of ciple, if the matrimonial contract does not provide marriage in cases when the other spouse is incapa- other conditions. ble by law, has be declared as missing or has been The right to private property regardless of sex is sentenced for longer than 3 years. If one of the guaranteed by the Constitution. There is no law spouses does not agree with the divorce, the court prohibiting women from having legal capacity and shall mandate a reconciliation period of 6 months. to own property or to administer goods due to her The family law enables the wife to claim spousal civil status or sex. support upon divorce if she is pregnant. Ex-spous- According to national law, natural persons may es who require financial support to continue rais- not be deprived of their legal capacity. The Civil ing children below age for three or disabled chil- Code establishes as null the contracts that are aim- dren up to 18 years are also entitled to seek support. ing at limiting the rights of persons that are not Exemptions from the obligation to pay spousal their parties. The Family Code considers as null support can be obtained if the spouses were mar- any contract that limits the exercise of any of the ried less than five years, the marriage was dissolved spouses of their capacity to exercise rights. due to the guilt or immoral conduct of the spouse Women are not treated any differently by the seeking support and if the inability to work of the justice system of the Republic of Moldova. In Mol- spouse in need is due to drug or alcohol addiction dova, people in general do not trust the justice sys- or the commission of a premeditated crime. tem and would rather find other solutions to their A court can declare a martial contact null and problems than legal remedies. void if it contains clauses that injure the rights and Maternal mortality38 did not undergo a linear interests of one of the spouses, of minor children evolution over recent years, although it has fallen and other persons protected by law. Parental rights and obligations for the care and 38 In the Republic of Moldova, the maternal mortality indicator education of children extend both to children of a is very well established and is in line with the definition and marital relationship as well as children born out-of- the methodology proposed by the World Health Organiza- wedlock. No gender differentiation is made be- tion. Based on the definition, a maternal death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or in the period of up tween the spouses with respect to responsibilities to 42 days following the completion of the pregnancy, for any reason associated with, or aggravated by the pregnancy or its 37 The data reflects the situation as of February 2010. handling, but not caused by traumas or poisonings.

169 Annual social report 2010 significantly compared to the situation in the last de- Sterilization is an irreversible process which cade of the twentieth century. Thus, maternal mor- halts reproduction. The Law no. 411 of 28.03.1995 tality has fallen from 55.2 cases for each 100,000 ba- regarding healthcare guarantees access to volun- bies born alive in 1990 to 27.1 cases for each 100,000 tary surgical sterilization. In accordance with the babies born alive in 2000. For the first time in the last Law, voluntary surgical sterilization for women and five years, the maternal mortality rate rose in 2008. for men can be carried out upon their desire or on One of the causes of high maternal mortality the indications of the doctor with the written con- could be not just women’s migration and the lack of sent of the person only in public medical-sanitary modern medical practices in the rayon maternity units by persons holding corresponding medical centres, but also complications resulting from degrees, in the case and in the manner prescribed abortions. Although the number of abortions has by the Ministry of Health. At the same time, the fallen significantly – from 37,000 in 1997 to 14,000 Law of the Republic of Moldova no. 185-XV of May in 2008, largely because of the implementation of 24, 2001, “regarding reproductive healthcare and certain measures in the areas of family planning, family planning” specifies that the surgical method the complications resulting from abortions contin- of contraception is applied based on voluntary in- ue to represent one of the causes of the material formed consent and that the mode of applying the deaths39. The low quality of abortion services con- surgical contraception method is established in a tinues to persist, as well as a high rate of complica- regulation approved by the Ministry of Health41. It tions resulting from abortions and a high rate of should be highlighted that this regulation refers maternal mortality resulting from the cease of only to female voluntary surgical sterilization, pregnancy. In the period 1996-2005 the quota of while there is no separate general regulation apply- abortion complications among the causes of mater- ing to both women and men regarding voluntary nal mortality represented 30.3 per cent. Although surgical sterilization. the quota of abortion complications among the The Law Nr. 45 on Preventing and Combating causes of maternal mortality has decreased from Domestic Violence was adopted on 1 March 2007 8.23 in 2001 to 2.6 for each 100,000 babies born and took effect on 18 September 2008. The adop- alive in 2008, the problem did not completely dis- tion of the Law was an important step forward in appear. This relatively high number of abortions stopping acts of violence and has marked the rec- serves as yet another proof that there is an unsatis- ognition and implementation by the Republic of fied need for high quality contraception accessible Moldova of its international commitments to hu- for all groups of population. This highlights once man rights. The Law sets out key notions with re- again the need to implement modern methods of spect to domestic violence and its forms, establish- family planning and to improve health education ing an institutional framework with detailed in high-school. It is very important that both wom- responsibilities for the relevant authorities, pro- en and men possess the knowledge relating to tra- vides for the creation of assistance centres for the ditional and modern contraceptive methods be- victims of violence and an effective mechanism for cause abortion is used as a method of controlling solving cases of violence by filing complaints, re- fertility due to the insufficient level of information questing protection orders, and isolating abusers. and inadequate access to contraceptive means. Re- One positive aspect of the Law is that its broad gretfully, the studies conducted in the country do definition has come to extend to marriage-like rela- not offer data on the level of knowledge among tionships, such as domestic partnership, as well.42 men. At the same time, it is necessary to mention The law provides for the right to request a protec- that in the Republic of Moldova, 15 per cent of men tion order and extends the right to report cases of consider that only the woman is responsible for domestic violence to any person that knows about dealing with the problem of contraception40. any such cases. According to the Law, courts shall

39 In 1997 for every 100 newborns 75.2 abortions were regis- 41 Order no. 370 of the Ministry of Health from 27.10.05 re- tered. By 2008 this indicator had fallen to the level of 36.2. garding the female voluntary surgical sterilization (Annex The share of interrupted pregnancies in the age group 15- to the order of the Ministry of Healthcare and Social Pro- 19 years is more or less constant over the past 10 years, tection no. 370 from 27.10.2005. INSTRUCTION regard- representing 10 per cent of the total number of abortions. ing the usage of the female voluntary surgical sterilization). 40 Ibidem. 42 Article 6, Anti-Violence Law.

170 Annex issue protection orders within 24 hours, which shall (69 per cent) and to a smaller extent the fathers/ include, inter alia, the following protective mea- stepfathers and mothers/stepmothers. The survey sures: the obligation for the abuser to temporarily also revealed that women with many children be- leave the shared residence or the residence of the came victims of violence more often.46 The greatest victim, without the right to decide ownership is- number of the interviewed persons who thought sues; the obligation for the abuser to stay away from that a husband would be justified in beating his the residence and workplace of the victim and make wife was from low-income categories and had no no attempt to contact the victim or her/his children, higher education. The “Women At Risk” Survey47 etc.43 Even though the law took effect on 18 Septem- found that one in four women in the Republic of ber 2008, not a single order of such kind was issued Moldova aged between 16 and 35 years suffers from by the Moldovan courts until September 2009. domestic violence. The first order was issued in September 2009 by Most cases of domestic violence are not report- the Anenii-Noi District Court, following aware- ed because of embarrassment, fear and stigma, a ness-raising and training activities on implementa- lack of awareness of the existing laws, legal proce- tion of the Law on Preventing and Combating Do- dures and legal services, or simply because of a lack mestic Violence and Protection Orders, specifically, of confidence in the system. The ineffective en- carried out with the support of UNFPA and the forcement of the law by the police, who treat in- American Bar Association / the Rule of Law Initia- stances of domestic violence as minor incidents, tive.44 The Law also provides for the possibility to has discouraged women from reporting such cases create assistance and rehabilitation centres for the to the police. According to a survey, almost one half victims of domestic violence as well as rehabilita- of women aged 16 to 24 years said they did not ap- tion centres for aggressors. Unfortunately, the Law peal for help because they thought it was useless.48 is not complete from the gender perspective, since The lack of female police officers with specialist it fails to explicitly recognize that mostly women training in such cases is also a factor that discour- are subject to domestic violence and that this is a ages women from reporting. Often, cases of do- serious violation of the human rights. The institu- mestic violence are qualified as administrative of- tional framework needs to be strengthened, as no fenses and do not form the subject of criminal mechanism responsible for monitoring the situa- proceedings. tion exists on a local level. According to data from the Ministry of Internal The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Affairs, 20.86 per cent of cases of domestic violence Family is currently working to develop a mecha- examined in court as administrative offenses were nism to implement the Law on Preventing and quashed pursuant to an amicable settlement of the Combating Domestic Violence, in particular the matter. The small share of criminal proceedings in procedure for issuing protection orders, provisions cases of domestic violence is also due to the fact that are to be incorporated into the Criminal Code, that the victims themselves drop charges, while the the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Code of law enforcement bodies neglect the real reasons be- Civil Procedure. hind such decisions. Although the Criminal Code According to Molodva’s Demographic and provides that the victim’s consent is not required Health Survey, shows that some 27 per cent of the for the prosecution of offenses that resulted in seri- women interviewed have been subjected to vio- ous injury, the law enforcement bodies would do lence starting from age 15, while about 13 per cent that rarely in cases of domestic violence. of women had suffered from violence in the last 12 In the early 2000s the Republic of Moldova be- months.45 The main aggressors are the husbands came a major source of trafficked persons in South- East Europe, predominantly of girls and women, 14 per cent of whom were under 18, and more than a 43 Article 15 (1), Anti-Violence Law. 44 Activities carried out as part of the Project titled “Protec- tion and Empowerment of Victims of Human Trafficking 46 “Women at Risk in the Republic of Moldova: National Rep- and Domestic Violence”, implemented by UNFPA, UNDP, resentative Survey”, Winrock International (2005), p. 63. IOM and OSCE. 47 Women at Risk in the Republic of Moldova: National Rep- 45 The National Center for Preventive Medicine and the Min- resentative Survey”, Winrock International (2005), p.111 ister of Heath and Social Protection; Moldova: Demo- 48 Women at Risk in the Republic of Moldova: National Rep- graphic and Health Survey, 2005, pp. 43-45. resentative Survey”, Winrock International (2005), p. 96.

171 Annual social report 2010 half were in the age group 19 to 24 years49. There are and children, supplementing the UN Convention no absolute figures on the phenomenon of traffick- against Transnational Organized Crime, and also ing since many victims are not identified in destina- outlined in the Council of Europe’s Convention on tion countries and the Republic of Moldova because Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings. The of changing trafficking patterns, stigma-related Moldovan Criminal Code was harmonized with fears, and low levels of self-identification and a low the Anti-Trafficking Law to prescribe criminal re- level of confidence in the law enforcement bodies. sponsibility for trafficking in human beings, traf- One indicator to measure the phenomenon of traf- ficking in children, and illegal taking of children ficking in Moldova is the number of persons assist- out of the country and pimping52. Starting from ed by the International Organization for Migration 2001 some institutional efforts were made, includ- and the Assistance and Protection Centre for the ing the creation of a special anti-trafficking divi- Victims of Trafficking. In the period from 2000 to sion within the Prosecutor General’s Office and the 2008 the total number of assisted persons was 5,183, establishment of the a National Committee to Com- including 2,443 victims of trafficking and 1,016 bat Trafficking in Human Beings, followed by dis- children of the victims of trafficking, 50 stranded trict multi-disciplinary anti-trafficking commit- migrants and 1,674 ‘at-risk’ cases.50 The main forms tees. In 2003, the National Committee established of exploitation were: sexual exploitation (85.5 per four sub-working groups on prevention, protec- cent), exploitation for labour purposes (6.5 per tion, legislation, and child trafficking, each co- cent) beggary (3.1 per cent). The main destination chaired by a deputy minister and an international countries are: Turkey (31 per cent), Russia (22.8 per organization, namely the IOM, OSCE and UNI- cent), inside the Republic of Moldova (20.2 per CEF. Although a considerable part of Moldova’s cent), the United Arab Emirates (5.7 per cent) and anti-trafficking activities are implemented by inter- Cyprus (4.4 per cent). Although exploitation pat- national organizations and remain dependent on terns differ from region to region, cases of sexual international donor funding, the Government has exploitation are common to all destination coun- improved victim protection efforts and provided tries and are more often registered in Turkey, the direct financial assistance toward victim protection UAE, Balkan countries, and inside Moldova. and assistance. It has had a leading role, in partner- A landmark progress in fighting human traffick- ship with IOM, in developing and implementing ing was the adoption of the Law on Preventing and the National Referral System (NRS), institutional- Combating Trafficking in Persons in 2005, or sim- ized under the Strategy of the NRS53, aimed at as- ply the Anti-Trafficking Law51. This law was the cul- sisting and protecting of victims and potential vic- mination of the 2002-2006 National Plan on pre- tims of trafficking. venting and combating human trafficking, which aimed at creating a legal framework, implying the III. Conclusions adoption of new laws, modification of existing reg- In spite of the fact that over recent years women ulations and ratification of relevant international are better represented at the level of high political agreements. In March 2008, a plan for 2008-2009 forums, when someone insists on increased par- was approved by Parliament. Recently a new Plan ticipation of women in decision making, it is nor- for 2010-2011 was adopted , which includes the ma- mally assumed that their opinions will have the jor directions of state policy in the field. same weight. This assumption, however, is far from The Anti-Trafficking Law has adjusted the na- the reality, and is sabotaged by gender traditions, tional legislation to the international standards the attitudes of colleagues and the population, with outlined in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and regards to women in general and to women in poli- Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women tics, in particular. Although the Government of the Republic of Moldova has made efforts to improve the situation 49 Trafficking As It Is – A Statistical Profile, 2005-2006 Up- date, IOM Moldova, 2007 http://www.iom.md/materials/ in the country in the domain of gender equality brochures/3_ct_traff_eng.pdf and the empowerment of women, it is still hard to 50 IOM Moldova, FAQ about Moldova, Migration, Trafficking. 51 Law on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Persons, 52 Articles 165, 206, 207 and 220 of the Criminal Code. No.241-XVI of 20 October 2005, MO 164-167 of 9 Decem- 53 Approved by Parliament Decision no, 257 of ber 2005. 05.12.2008.

172 Annex discern tangible progress. In this way, even though Of particular importance is the support and as- women enjoy the same rights in the domain of em- sistance provided by certain international organi- ployment, they can be considered a relatively vul- zations in promoting gender equality in Moldova nerable group on the labour market. Also, despite (UNIFEM, UNFPA, UNICEF, IOM and other UN certain progress in the representation of women in agencies, SIDA, etc.). The role of the country’s de- decision making in general, the situation is still velopment partners is crucial to achieving progress critical: women are a vulnerable group, strongly af- in this domain from both points of view – that of fected by poverty. They are more frequently victims financial support and that of informational assis- of violence, trafficking in human beings, illegal mi- tance and experience. The achievements of civil gration, sexual harassment at the work place and society in this domain are also very valuable, with discrimination. Violence against women in Mol- many specialized NGOs implementing projects dova is a manifestation of historically unequal and initiatives that have substantial impact on the power relations between women and men, main- private sphere (family, relationships within the tained throughout the time. It leads to domination couple etc.), as well as in the public sphere (politi- and discrimination against women by men and cal, economic and social domains). The interven- hampers women advancement. For this reason it is tions promoted by civil society will have even more necessary that some of the policies in the domains visible and far-reaching results if the Government’s of social protection, human rights specifically for commitments in the fields of cooperation and con- women, and gender equality on the labour market sultation with civil society on public policy projects be revised. are respected.

173 Annual social report 2010

Annex 4. Number of persons with disabilities by categories, 2006-2010 Weight Weight 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2009, 2010, % % Number of persons with 167 528 170 295 173 096 176 743 179 060 100,0% 100,0% disabilities I degree 24 686 24 967 25 737 26 297 26 527 14,9% 14,8% II degree 111 645 112 765 114 169 116 542 117 882 65,9% 65,8% III degree 31 197 32 563 33 190 33 904 34 651 19,2% 19,4% Number of disabled persons in result of an 124 607 125 986 127 929 130 692 132 550 74,0% 74,0% ordinary disease I degree 13 342 13 228 13 396 13 584 13 597 7,7% 7,6% II degree 86 921 87 364 88 387 90 454 91 832 51,2% 51,3% III degree 24 344 25 394 26 146 26 654 27 121 15,1% 15,1% Number of disabled persons in result of a 80 86 97 97 99 0,1% 0,1% occupational disease I degree 8 7 8 7 7 0,0% 0,0% II degree 41 45 52 58 64 0,0% 0,0% III degree 31 34 37 32 28 0,0% 0,0% Number of disabled persons in result of an 3 704 3 587 3 540 3 499 3 399 2,0% 1,9% industrial injury I degree 361 340 322 313 311 0,2% 0,2% II degree 1 681 1 654 1 688 1 713 1 674 1,0% 0,9% III degree 1 662 1 593 1 530 1 473 1 414 0,8% 0,8% Number of disabled persons in the result of participation in the 2 112 2 087 2 068 2 041 2 012 1,2% 1,1% liquidation of Cernobyl consequences I degree 294 294 290 286 288 0,2% 0,2% II degree 1 768 1 749 1 741 1 721 1 690 1,0% 0,9% III degree 50 44 37 34 34 0,0% 0,0% Number of disabled persons in result of 497 1 044 1 040 1 017 982 0,6% 0,6% military or special service I degree 52 117 117 112 110 0,1% 0,1% II degree 294 724 723 699 674 0,4% 0,4% III degree 151 203 200 206 198 0,1% 0,1% Number of persons 23 900 24 826 24 274 24 160 24 930 13,7% 13,9% with disabilities from childhood I degree 5 650 5 895 5 883 5 833 6 037 3,3% 3,4% II degree 14 561 14 832 14 463 14 283 14 531 8,1% 8,1% III degree 3 689 4 099 3 928 4 044 4 362 2,3% 2,4% Number of disabled 12 628 12 679 14 148 15 237 15 088 8,6% 8,3% children I severity degree 4 979 5 086 5 721 6 162 6 177 3,5% 3,4% II severity degree 6 379 6 397 7 115 7 614 7 417 4,3% 4,1% III severity degree 1 270 1 196 1 312 1 461 1 494 0,8% 0,8% Source: RCMEV.

174 Annex

Annex 5. Compensations for trips in urban, suburban and interurban transport, 2010 Compensation Number of beneficiaries quantum lei/ Actual monthly Planned expendi- Payment expenses No County/ tures period (thousand municipality (thousand lei) nied

Total lei) children Without Without I degree Disabled Disabled Disabled II degree - Accompa

1. Chisinau mun. 4826 17017 1937 23780 120 60 Lunar 22862,9 18762,7 2. Balti mun. 999 4823 473 6295 53,74 26,95 Trimes. 2401,4 2503,8 3. Anenii - Noi 612 2672 338 3622 36 18 Trimes. 1008,0 1008,9 4. Basarabeasca 219 942 183 1344 36 18 Semes. 351,4 351,1 5. Briceni 562 3153 286 4001 36 18 Semes. 1047,4 1047,0 6. Cahul 669 2446 463 3578 36 18 Anual 968,7 968,7 7. Cantemir 328 1367 306 2001 22,46 17,08 Lunar 539,4 539,4 8. Calarasi 584 2881 355 3820 36 18 Semes. 987,3 987,3 9. Causeni 442 2234 317 2993 36 18 Trimes. 810,6 810,6 10. Cimislia 330 1742 199 2271 36 18 Semes. 569,2 555,4 11. Criuleni 371 2318 364 3053 36 18 Semes. 831,0 794,6 12. Donduseni 281 1775 158 2214 36 18 Trimes. 588,4 579,5 13. Drochia 605 3128 419 4152 36 18 Anual 1093,7 1047,0 14. Dubasari 213 1388 121 1722 36 18 Trimes. 584,7 454,5 15. Edinet 902 4264 34 5200 36 18 Trimes. 1416,5 1416,5 16. Falesti 453 2931 397 3781 36 18 Trimes. 1307,9 1307,9 17. Floresti 492 3479 385 4356 36 18 Semes. 1053,4 1101,2 18. Glodeni 650 1700 377 2727 36 18 Anual 546,0 602,8 19. Hincesti 660 2750 450 3860 36 18 Trimes. 1239,7 1160,0 20. Ialoveni 610 2700 466 3776 36 18 Trimes. 968,4 930,1 21. Leova 255 1169 216 1640 36 18 Semes. 497,5 449,1 22. Nisporeni 411 1742 219 2372 36 18 Anual 615,6 612,7 23. Ocnita 396 2768 229 3393 36 18 Trimes. 732,9 732,9 24. Orhei 765 3796 594 5155 25,5 19,4 Trimes. 1317,5 1315,5 25. Rezina 360 1819 204 2383 36 18 Trimes. 636,3 636,3 26. Riscani 429 2521 347 3297 36 18 Trimes. 920,0 920,0 27. Singerei 636 3696 465 4797 36 18 Trimes. 1317,7 1317,5 28. Soroca 717 4270 430 5417 36 18 Semes. 1685,1 1665,2 29. Straseni 662 3123 447 4232 36 18 Semes. 1091,0 1128,3 30. Soldanesti 387 2255 240 2882 36 18 Trimes. 744,0 744,0 31. Stefan-Voda 323 2129 265 2717 40 21 Trimes. 768,7 750,9 32. Taraclia 183 1714 221 2118 36 18 Semes. 569,2 519,0 33. Telenesti 489 3094 457 4040 40 20 Trimes. 940,9 940,8 34. Ungheni 582 3463 474 4519 36 18 Anual 1204,2 1760,7 35. UTA Gagauzia 1173 7892 820 9885 36 18 Anual 2435,9 2522,2 TOTAL 22576 111161 13656 147393 56652,5 52944,1

175 Annual social report 2010

Annex 6. Compensation of transport expenses of persons with locomotor system disabilities (compensation quantum - 400 lei) Number of beneficiaries War disa- Disabled as Planned Actual ex- Disabled County/ bled per- result of indus- General Disabled expenses penditures No. from municipality sons and trial injury or disabled children Total (thousand (thousand child- similar to occupational persons up to 18 lei) lei) hood them disease 1. Chisinau mun. 45 222 33 512 143 955 306,0 374,8 2. Balti mun. 4 61 4 190 27 286 166,0 67,7 3. Anenii - Noi 6 12 52 48 - 118 48,0 43,2 4. Basarabeasca 2 5 1 28 - 36 10,2 13,2 5. Briceni 13 20 2 17 8 60 24,0 24,0 6. Cahul 5 9 4 16 - 34 24,0 12,4 7. Cantemir 7 10 6 13 - 36 16,0 14,4 8. Calarasi 11 15 4 71 - 101 34,8 35,1 9. Causeni 11 28 15 55 0 109 23,2 67,8 10. Cimislia 2 38 6 39 8 93 20,8 43,5 11. Criuleni 8 33 1 32 18 92 35,7 36,2 12. Donduseni 5 38 60 21 9 133 57,1 53,4 13. Drochia 13 103 11 294 53 474 347,1 333,4 14. Dubasari 7 4 1 12 1 25 11,6 10,0 15. Edinet 6 11 6 26 16 65 26,0 26,0 16. Falesti 4 29 3 85 26 147 64,8 63,8 17. Floresti 10 43 7 54 31 145 49,2 53,5 18. Glodeni - 60 23 107 40 230 73,0 73,0 19. Hincesti 9 84 8 134 24 259 108,0 104,4 20. Ialoveni 7 39 7 143 35 231 92,4 92,4 21. Leova 3 3 2 2 - 10 10,4 4,0 22. Nisporeni 6 16 3 92 18 135 81,4 64,9 23. Ocnita 12 40 2 66 11 131 52,4 52,4 24. Orhei 20 79 7 291 30 427 170,5 170,5 25. Rezina - 9 - 14 - 23 17,2 8,6 26. Riscani 9 38 7 111 1 166 60,0 62,4 27. Singerei 6 94 6 262 35 403 135,9 135,3 28. Soroca 6 16 20 18 23 83 33,2 33,2 29. Straseni 13 70 6 144 - 233 50,0 100,0 30. Soldanesti 5 16 7 13 - 41 19,8 19,8 31. Stefan-Voda 8 49 4 218 74 353 207,2 204,7 32. Taraclia - 33 9 91 18 151 60,4 60,4 33. Telenesti 2 11 17 85 10 125 50,0 50,0 34. Ungheni 8 67 15 66 23 179 80,0 71,0 35. UTA Gagauzia 5 105 14 258 48 430 145,3 120,4 TOTAL 278 1510 373 3628 730 6519 2711,6 2699,8

176 Annex

Annex 7. Primary disability by districts, 2009-2010, persons 2009 2010 2010/ CMEV Total I deg. II deg. III deg. Total I deg. II deg. III deg. 2009% TOTAL 14127 1973 8334 3820 13275 1634 7893 3748 - 7,0 Chisinau 3373 505 2006 862 3003 389 1780 834 -11,0 s. Ciocana 833 118 494 221 701 102 436 163 -15,9 s. Centru 906 103 501 302 807 85 394 328 -10,9 s. Botanica 676 87 397 192 721 62 429 230 6,7 s. Riscani 958 197 614 147 774 140 521 113 -19,2 Balti 794 82 497 215 657 70 373 214 -17,3 Edinet 771 102 516 153 647 75 389 183 -16,1 Calarasi 626 71 404 151 710 85 442 183 13,4 Comrat 446 39 281 126 412 40 271 101 -7,6 Drochia 684 122 384 178 643 104 331 208 -6,0 Soldanesti 553 87 316 150 567 67 415 85 2,5 Ciadir-Lunga 724 93 479 152 634 52 442 140 -12,4 Stefan-Voda 521 91 279 151 510 76 294 140 -2,1 Soroca 873 117 493 263 809 108 449 252 -7,3 Cahul 695 136 332 227 639 96 319 224 -8,1 Orhei 701 74 347 280 729 62 382 285 4,0 Donduseni 340 51 209 80 336 36 236 64 -1,2 Ungheni 734 112 416 206 657 64 380 213 -10,5 Hincesti 572 94 297 181 621 88 314 219 8,6 Cimislia 317 32 203 82 292 49 171 72 -7,9 Singerei 816 85 525 206 818 105 521 192 0,2 Falesti 497 71 301 125 501 60 330 111 0,8 Source: RCMEV.

177 Annual social report 2010

Annex 8. Distribution of persons with primary disability by nosologic forms, age and disability degree, 2010, persons Age Disability degree women men No. Diagnosis Total Up to aged aged II III aged aged I deg. 29 30-39 40-49 57 62 deg. deg. 50-56 50-60 1. Tuberculosis 622 97 161 190 35 4 134 1 13 562 47 1.1 Pulmonary tuberculosis 590 62 150 181 34 4 129 - 11 538 41 1.2 Tub. + HIV/AIDS 18 - 8 9 - - 1 - - 17 1 2. Malignant tumours 2443 117 206 589 510 159 763 99 653 1572 218 3. Endocrine, nutritional 814 38 69 211 213 19 249 15 36 441 337 and metabolic diseases 3.1. Diabetes 614 27 42 131 146 17 236 15 33 334 247 3.2. Thyroid disorders 121 6 15 53 42 2 3 - 1 71 49 4. Mental and behaviour 1082 272 214 264 142 12 167 11 56 791 235 disorders 4.1. Schizophrenia 315 95 83 79 31 3 24 - 8 297 10 5. Bolile sistemului nervos 1134 72 192 327 183 21 312 27 89 583 462 6. Nervous system diseases 734 81 91 154 103 68 156 81 155 210 369 7. Circulatory system dis- 2689 30 86 500 488 106 1327 152 309 1707 673 eases 7.1 Chronic rheumatic 217 8 21 67 38 10 69 4 6 152 59 coronary diseases 7.2. Hypertensive diseases 553 2 13 141 145 8 239 5 2 335 216 7.3. Ischemic heart disease 637 1 11 89 97 15 387 37 18 467 152 7.4. Cerebral-vascular dis- 1023 10 25 158 190 66 489 85 253 598 172 eases 8. Respiratory diseases 300 8 28 79 51 6 125 3 1 163 136 9. Digestive diseases 1036 33 101 297 232 18 336 19 150 607 279 9.1. Liver cirrhosis 784 16 69 223 182 15 262 17 142 477 165 9.2. Chronic hepatitis 149 10 17 37 33 3 49 - 4 61 84 10. Diseases of bones and 1097 63 172 283 220 36 303 20 38 525 534 joints, muscles and con- nective tissue 11. Traumatic injuries 900 160 163 210 79 9 260 19 93 515 292 11.1 Industrial injury 19 1 1 7 3 1 6 - 2 12 5 12. Occupational diseases 2 - - 2 - - - - - 2 - and poisoning 13. Diseases of urinary and 183 36 34 43 29 2 36 3 21 95 67 genital system 14. HIV/AIDS 19 3 7 8 1 - - - 5 10 4 15. Other diseases 220 26 28 64 30 10 55 7 15 110 95 16. TOTAL 13275 1036 1552 3221 2316 470 4223 457 1634 7893 3748 16.1 Women 5302 374 639 1503 2316 470 - - 581 3153 1568 Source: RCMEV.

178 Annex

Annex 9. Repeated disability, 2009-2010, persons Years 2009 2010 CMEV Total I deg. II deg. III deg. Total I deg. II deg. III deg. % TOTAL 45876 3558 30795 11523 44878 2951 31138 10789 -2,2 Riscani 2259 245 1615 399 2126 92 1690 344 -5,9 Botanica 2403 237 1418 748 2278 174 1444 660 -5,2 Centru 2429 192 1452 785 2392 102 1589 701 -1,5 Ciocana 1997 182 1264 551 1911 97 1318 496 -4,4 Balti 1918 138 1400 380 2062 101 1580 381 7,5 Edinet 2497 211 2012 274 2534 211 2030 293 1,5 Donduseni 1347 104 960 283 1246 86 902 258 -7,5 Cimislia 1247 68 872 307 1193 13 901 279 -4,3 Cahul 2368 164 1222 982 2371 204 1224 943 0,1 Calarasi 2894 244 2129 521 2796 229 2060 507 -3,4 Hincesti 1779 149 1038 592 1662 160 943 559 -6,4 Orhei 2430 169 1436 825 2437 176 1462 799 0,3 Falesti 1504 105 1090 309 1566 75 1193 298 4,1 Stefan-Voda 1852 191 1103 558 1668 119 1076 473 -9,9 Soroca 3769 198 2667 904 3685 224 2578 883 -2,2 Ungheni 2012 149 1236 627 1847 128 1139 580 -8,2 Singerei 2350 221 1654 475 2411 183 1808 420 2,6 Soldanesti 1960 159 1402 399 2015 170 1413 432 2,8 Ciadir-Lunga 2369 148 1849 372 2472 118 1997 357 4,3 Drochia 2510 184 1536 790 2261 155 1383 723 -9,9 Comrat 1782 95 1311 376 1741 123 1275 343 -2,3 Source: RCMEV.

179 Firma editorial-poligrafică„Elena-V.I.” SRL mun. Chişinău, str. Academiei, 3 tel./fax: (373 22) 72-50-26