BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: STUDY ON COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE IN
KOTA SAMARAHAN
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2005/2006
Saya, KHAIRUL KHUZAIMAH BINTI ABDUL RAHIM (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di kotak yang berkenaan.
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yand berdarjah keselamatanatau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) TIDAK TERHAD
11ahkan oleh
, /fl ýý 0 (TAND'ATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDAT en GAN PENYELIA)
Alamat No. 109 Jalan Astana tetap_ , Lrg 4 Petra Jaya 93050 Kuching, Sarawak. En. Jethro Henry Adam Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: I -? "5 oG Tarikh: 06
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda ** Jika tesis ini SULIT dan TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaandengan menyatakan sekali sebabdan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD. The following Final Year Project Report:
Title : Study on Collection and Transportation of Waste in Kota Samarahan
Name : Khairul Khuzaimah Binti Abdul Rahim
Matric No. : 8419
Has been read and approved by:
rar/ oc EN. JETHRO HENRY ADAM Date Supervisor
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) STUDY ON COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE IN KOTA SAMARAHAN
KHAIRUL KHUZAIMAH BINTI ABDUL RAHIM
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This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2006 "Dedicated to my beloved family... "
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i AKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Gracious and Merciful. First of all, the author would like to express deepest gratitude to her supervisor, Mr. Jethro Henry Adam, for his guidance, advice and encouragement thus completing this report. The author would also like to give special thanks to Mr. Stephen Chong Chung Kin and Mr. Nawi Bin
Haji Som from MDS along with Mr. Mason Barau and Ms Janet J. Balong from
Trinekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. for their cooperation in providing some important data and information necessary for this report. Without their cooperation the author wouldn't be able to complete her report. Not forgetting lots of gratitude and thanks to her parents and brothers for their endless supports and encouragement. Last but not
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) least, special acknowledgement to the author's friends who has shared concern, point of views while completing this report. Thank you all.
11 ABSTRACT
Activities associated with waste management system displays an array of problems, including low collection coverage on average due to the inaccessibility by vehicles of some areas, irregular collection services, inadequate equipment used for waste collection, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control, inadequate legal provisions and resources constraints. This report presents the study of the current method of collection and transportation of domestic waste in
Kota Samarahan and recommendations to improve the current system. As a comparison to the former matter, the current method of collection and transportation of domestic waste in Kuching is also collected and analyzed. Before interviews are conducted at MDS and Trienekens, Demoquestionnaires (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) (Appendix 1) are given to the person responsible at both organizations to give them a brief idea of this study.
However, survey was done by distributing questionnaires (Appendix 2) to residents of
Kpg. Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang. The current method of collection and transportation of domestic waste in Kota Samarahan is using the curbside system.
The residents have to provide there own waste containers and the waste collected is hauled directly to the disposal site at Kpg. Plaie using compactor trucks. Kota
Samarahan does not have any transfer stations for waste materials. Thus, the data obtained from this study are analyzed and recommendations are given to improve the current method of collection and transportation of waste in Kota Samarahan.
iii ABSTRAK
Pelbagai masalah timbul semasa menjalankan aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan pengurusan bahan sisa pepejal. Antaranya ialah servis kutipan bahan sisa pepejal yang kurang kerap. Laporan ini membentangkan tentang kaedah terkini yang digunakan untuk proses pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa pepejal domestik di
Kota Samarahan serta cadangan bagi memperbaiki kaedah terbabit. Sebagai perbandingan, kaedah proses pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa pepejal domestic di Kuching juga turut dikutip dan dianalisis. Bagi menerangkan serba sedikit latar belakang kajian ini, borang soal selidik (Lampiran 1) telah diserahkan kepada pegawai yang bertanggungjawab di MDS dan Trienekens sebelum wawancara
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) terhadap mereka dijalankan. Survei pula dijalankan di Kpg. Tanjung Bundong dan
Kpg. Muara Tuang dengan mengedarkan borang soal selidik (Lampiran 2) kepada penduduk setempat. Kaedah pengutipan dan pengangkutan sisa pepejal domestik di
Kota Samarahan ialah dengan menggunakan sistem dari rumah ke rumah disamping perlu menyediakan tong sampah mereka sendiri. Bahan sisa pepejal yang telah dikutip akan diangkut terus ke tapak pembuangan sampah yang terletak di Kpg. Plaie menggunakan lori. Kota samarahan tidak mempunyai sebarang stesen persinggahan untuk bahan sisa pepejal. Oleh itu, data yang diperolehi akan dianalisis dan beberapa cadangan bagi memperbaiki kaedah terkini pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa pepejal di Kota Samarahan turut disertakan.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
APPROVAL LETTER
APPROVAL SHEET
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
TABLE OF CONTENT V
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General I
1.2 Collection and Transportation of Waste 5
1.3 Objective 8
V CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1 General 9
2.2 Functional Elements of a Solid Waste Management System 10
2.2.1 Solid Waste Generation 11
2.2.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage at Site 14
2.2.2.1 Waste Handling and Separation at Site 14
2.2.2.2 Storage at Site 17
2.2.3 Collection 19
2.2.4 Processing of Solid Waste 20
2.2.5 Transfer and Transport 21
2.2.6 Disposal 22
2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Collection 23 Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
2.3.1 Methods of Collection 25
2.3.2 Collection Vehicle Routing 29
2.3.3 Types of Containers 30
2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Transportation 31
2.4.1 Transfer Stations and Transportations 31
2.4.2 Types of Truck 36
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 38
V1 3.2 Data Collection 40
3.3 Importance of Data Collection 41
3.4 Method of Data Collection 41
CHAPTER 4 DATA, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General 43
4.2 Case Study 43
4.3 Majlis Daerah Samarahan (MDS) - Samarahan District Council 44
4.3.1 MDS Service Areas 46
4.3.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage at Site 47
4.3.3 MDS Method of Collection 50
4.3.4 Transfer and Transport 53
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) 4.4 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 55
4.4.1 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd Service Areas 56
4.4.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage At Site 57
4.4.3 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd Method of Collection 60
4.4.4 Transfer and Transport 62
4.5 The Association between MDS & Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 64
4.6 Factors Affecting Costs of Waste Collection and Transportation 69
System
vii CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 71
5.1.1 The Current Method of Collection and Transportation Of 71
Waste in Kota Samarahan
5.1.2 Method Of Improving The Current Method Of 73
Collection and Transportation Of Waste In
Kota Samarahan
5.2 Recommendations 74
REFERENCES 76
APPENDIXES
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Appendix 1 Questionnaire given to MDS and Trienekens
Appendix 2 Questionnaire distributed to the residents at Kpg. Tanjung
Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang
viii LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1.1 Functional Elements of a Solid Waste Management 3
System
1.2 Five Phasesof Municipal Solid Waste Collection 7
2.1 Materials Flow and The Generation of Solid Waste in 13
a Technological Society
2.2 Five phases of municipal solid waste collection 23
2.3 One-person Crew 26
2.4 Two-person Crew 27
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) 2.5 Three-person Crew 28
2.6 Simplified Solid Waste Collection Route 30
2.7 Several Typical Transfer Stations 33
2.8 Complex facilities 34
2.9 Typical Semitrailer Used to Transport Waste 35
2.10 Automated 37
2.11 Semi-automated 37
2.12 Rear Loading (traditional) 37
2.13 Rear Loading (retrofitted) 37
ix 4.1 Majlis Daerah Samarahan 44
4.2 MDS Public Health Department Organisation Chart 45
4.3 Plastic waste containers 48
4.4 Waste handling at site by the residents of Kpg. 49
Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang
4.5 Three-person crew for two collection service areas 51
done by MDS itself
4.6 Kpg. Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang 53
residents' level of satisfaction on the MDS waste
collection current service
4.7 Compactor Truck 54
4.8 Rear loading (traditional) 55
4.9 The Depot of Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 55
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4.10 Wheel bin 58
4.11 Four-person crews for each trip to Trienekens service 61
areas
4.12 Tri-axle Compactor Truck 63
4.13 Rear loading (retrofitted) 64
X LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
2.1 Sources of solid wastes within a community 12
2.2 Persons responsible for an auxiliary equipment used 15
in the handling and separation of solid waste at the
source
4.1 List of Private Companies 46
4.2 The similarities and differences between MDS and 65
Trienekens
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X1 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
ISWMS - Integrated Solid Waste Management
JAB - Joseph Andrew Phang Bernard Enterprise kg/day - Kilograms per day km - Kilometers km2 - Kilometers square
Kpg. - Kampung
L- Liters
MDS - Majlis Daerah Samarahan (Samarahan District Council) mi - Miles
(Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. Trienekens - Trienekens
%- Percent Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
xii CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The management of waste materials has become a global issue.
Urbanization and economic development in the developing countries is
becoming an acute problem as it leads to larger quantities of waste materials
requiring management in these countries. Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
The practice of solid waste management is basically the removal and
disposal of unwanted waste materials by addressing the technical,
environmental, administrative, economic, and political problems (Shah Kanti
L., 2000). Once all of these related problems are resolved, then perhaps the
cycle of waste management can run smoothly.
Solid waste management is very important for our society as it involves
human and animal activities. A certain target needs to be achieve to allow
1 these activities to sustain with time. The targets of solid waste management are based on four basic criteria:
i. Protection of public health and environment
ii. Waste reduction
iii. Promotion of integrated solid waste management
iv. Formalization of organizational arrangements and responsibilities
(Tchobanoglous et al, 2002)
Similar to other developing countries, Malaysia is facing an increase of the generation of waste and problems related with the disposal of waste. The waste management in Malaysia displays an array of problems, including low collection coverage on average due to the inaccessibility by vehicles of some
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) areas, irregular collection services, inadequate equipment used for waste collection, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control, inadequate legal provisions and resources constraints.
There are a number of different activities which are associated with waste management system. Each of these activities carries out a specific purpose in a sequence of actions. These activities are the six functional elements of a solid waste management system (Figure 1.1). In any case, four of these functional elements such as solid waste generation, waste handling
2 separation and storage at site, collection as well as disposal are considered to
be important for any satisfactory management of municipal solid waste.
Solid waste generation
ý Waste handling separation and storage at site
T Collection
T Separation, Transfer and processing, and transport transformation of solid waste
Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) 1 Disposal
Figure 1.1: Functional elements of a solid waste management system
(ShahKanti L., 2000)
The first functional element of a solid waste management system is the solid waste generation. Solid wastes generated at the source are rejected materials which considered having no value.
3 The second functional element is waste handling separation and storage
at site. The former are the proceedings that take place before placing waste in
storage containers for collection. While the later is the storage of waste
materials at the site after being separated into several different components.
Collection is considered as the third functional element of a solid waste
management system. This comprises the collection of waste materials and
emptying the containers into a suitable truck for storage and transport to the
disposal site.
Next, the fourth functional element is separation, processing, and
transformation of solid waste. These processes happen mainly in locations
other than where the source is generated.
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Transfer and transport is the fifth functional element. The former is the transfer of waste materials from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport vehicle. Subsequently, these waste materials are transported to processing and disposal sites.
The final functional element is disposal. Generally, waste materials are disposed by landfilling which is intended to maintain the public health as well as the environment.
4 1.2 Collection And Transportation Of Waste
This report will be focusing on the method of collection and
transportation of domestic waste in Kota Samarahan. Typically, a critical part
of any solid management program is the collection of commingled
(unseparated) and separated (recyclables) solid waste (Tchobanoglous G. &
Kreith F, 2002). The fast growing development of suburbs all over the country
has further complicated the collection task.
The collection systems of solid waste materials are managed in various
ways to provide generators with services. Generally, solid wastes comprise
domestic (residential), commercial, institutional, construction and demolition,
municipal services, treatment plant sites, industrial, and agricultural Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
(Tchobanoglous G. & Kreith F, 2002). Management of these solid wastes can
be done by private or public entities.
The phrase collection consists of not only the collection of solid wastes
from the various sources, but also the transportation of these wastes to the
location where the contents of the collection vehicles are emptied and the
unloading of the collection vehicle. Solid waste collection comprises both the
provision of a service and the careful selection of suitable technologies. An
agreement between waste generators and the waste collector or collection
agency is done to set the service characteristic. But, the selection of
5 technology to be used for collection is done by the waste collection contractor
or agency.
The pieces that make up solid waste are spread all over the place and the
function of the collector is to accumulate this material together into one
container. By means of only a few trifling exceptions, the collection of solid
waste is done by men and women who travel through a town in trucks and
then ride with the truck to a site at which the truck is emptied. The site may be
a dumping site (landfill) or a transitional stopover where the refuse is moved
from the small truck into trailers, larger vans, barges, or railway cars for long-
distance transport (Vesilind et al, 2002).
Solid waste materials are produced at the source on a rather continuous Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
basis. On the other hand, collection comes about on an irregular basis which is
once or twice a week or conceivably on a daily basis, depending on the
amount produced at a particular site. For that reason, it is essential to provide
on-site storage for the waste materials until it is collected. The on-site storage
and collection are separate operations but must be closely regulated. Three
important factors in determining the most efficient collection system are type,
size and location of containers.
Single-family houses located in suburb regions such as Kota Samarahan presents the most expensive unit cost situation for solid waste collection. The
6 amount of solid waste produced is low and it is extended over a large area.
Therefore, the process of collection and transportation of these solid waste
materials will acquire a significant amount of time. The extended amount of
time needed will cause an increase in the cost for the whole process.
The process of solid waste materials collection is a multiphase process,
which can be divided into five phases (Figure 1.2) namely:
Phase 1: House to can
Phase 2: Can to truck
Phase 3: Truck from house to house
Phase 4: Truck routing
Phase 5: Truck to disposal
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Truck DIsposc 1 House I or Ca n i transfer
y
ý O 0 ý aa House Can to Truck from house Truck Truck to truck to house routing to can disposal
Figure 1.2: Five phases of municipal solid waste collection. (Vesilind et al,
2002)
7 1.3 Objective
Prior to producing this report, several objectives is recognized which is
trust to manage domestic waste satisfactorily. The core objectives are to
understand the current method used in the collection and transportation of
domestic waste in Kota Samarahan and to recommend ways which can
contribute to the improvement of the current system which is involve in order
to preserve public health.
Besides that, waste managers (public service or private companies) will
find a better approach for improving the environmental quality. Finally at the
same time, producers of waste will be able to understand how their actions
can influence the operation of the waste management systems. Demo (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com)
8 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Nowadays, the pattern of waste being generated is spread all across the
country. The overall quantity of waste multiplied causing the organization of
services for collection becomes more difficult. Even though these problems
have always existed to a certain Demoextent, (Visit http://www.pdfsplitmerger.com) they have now grown to be even more
crucial. This is most likely due to the high costs of fuel, labor and equipments
needed for the whole operations of services.
Management of collections system for solid waste materials can be
operated by private or public entities. Both of these private and public entities
have an important role in providing collection services. Every one of them has
their own advantages towards the public.
9