THE LAND WE LOST Native Customary Rights (NCR) and Monoculture Plantations in Sarawak
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THE LAND WE LOST Native Customary Rights (NCR) and Monoculture Plantations in Sarawak THE LAND WE LOST Native Customary Rights (NCR) and Monoculture Plantations in Sarawak All rights reserved. Reproduction or dissemination in parts or whole of any information contained in the publication is permitted for educational or other non-commercial use, under the condition that full references are made to the publication title, year of publication and copyright owner of the publication. Published by Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) Sahabat Alam Malaysia 1, Jalan Joki 11400 George Town Penang, Malaysia Tel/Fax: +60 4 827 6930/2 Lot 129A, First Floor Jalan Tuanku Taha PO BOX 216 98058 Marudi Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia Tel/Fax: +60 85 756 973 Email: [email protected] Cover photograph: An Iban villager of Sungai Buri, Bakong, Miri, Sarawak looking over the oil palm plantation that has encroached upon his community’s customary territory. All rights reserved © 2019 Sahabat Alam Malaysia Contents List of tables iii List of maps v List of abbreviations and acronyms vii Glossary of non-English terms xi 1. Introduction 3 2. Statutory laws, judicial decisions and native customary rights (NCR) in 13 Sarawak 3. Large monoculture plantations: NCR, deforestation, certification and oil 63 palm smallholdings 4. Case study: Causes of encroachment on native customary territories in 137 Sarawak 5. Recommendations 159 Annex: Findings of the case study on the encroachment on native customary 164 territories in Sarawak 1. Sungai Buri, Bakong, Baram, Miri Division 170 2. Sungai Sebatuk, Batu Niah, Miri Division 215 i ii List of tables 1 Laws that may affect the NCR in Sarawak 19 2 Plantation and forestry activities requiring an EIA process in Sarawak 51 3 Judicial recognition on the pre-existing nature of indigenous customary 53 land rights 4 Judicial recognition of indigenous customary land rights as a form of 54 property right protected under Article 13 of the Federal Constitution 5 Size of NCL in Sarawak according to the Sarawak Department of Lands 64 and Surveys prior to 2009 (hectares) 6 Forested areas in Sarawak 1990-2013 (million hectares) 64 7 Size of oil palm plantations in Malaysia 2008 - 2017 (hectares) 81 8 Size and percentage of oil palm plantations in Malaysia by planter 81 category 2013 - 2017 (hectares) 9 Increase in the size of oil palm plantations in Malaysia by planter 82 category 2013 and 2017 (hectares) 10 Size of area most likely designated for oil palm plantations in Sarawak 83 as estimated by SAM, 2018 (hectares) 11 RSPO 2018 – Selected principles, criteria and indicators on indigenous 95 peoples, deforestation and environmental protection 12 MSPO 2013, Part 3 – Selected principles, criteria and indicators on 111 indigenous peoples, deforestation and environmental protection 13 Selected guidance from Free, Prior and Informed Consent Guide for 127 RSPO Members and challenges in Sarawak A-1 Results of individual surveys amongst members of the Sungai Buri 196 Residents’ Association on the impacts of the oil palm plantation on their livelihood, income and dietary sources A-2 Summary of individual surveys amongst members of the Sungai Buri 210 Residents’ Association on the economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts of oil palm plantation project A-3 Summary of individual surveys amongst members of the Sungai Buri 212 Residents’ Association on the physical and pyschological impacts of the oil palm plantation project A-4 Results of individual surveys amongst members of the Rumah Lachi 245 Residents’ Association on the impacts of oil palm plantation on their livelihood, income and dietary sources iii A-5 Summary of individual surveys amongst members of the Rumah Lachi 251 Residents’ Association on the economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts of oil palm plantation project A-6 Summary of individual surveys amongst members of the Rumah Lachi 252 Residents’ Association on the physical and pyschological impacts of the oil palm plantation project iv List of maps 1 Licensed areas for large monoculture plantations in Sarawak documented 91 by SAM 2 NCR territory of four single-origin longhouses of Sungai Buri, Bakong, 170 Baram 3 NCR territory of Rumah Ansang, Sungai Sebatuk, Suai, Niah, Miri 170 v vi List of abbreviations and acronyms BMP Best management practices BOD Biochemical oxygen demand CLJ Current Law Journal (Malaysian law reporter) EIA Environmental impact assessment ESA Environmentally sensitive areas ESIA Environmental social impact assessment FELCRA Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority FELDA Federal Land Development Authority FFB Fresh fruit bunch FOEI Friends of the Earth International FPIC Free, prior and informed consent HCS High carbon stock HCSA High carbon stock area HCV High conservation value HCVA High conservation value area HFCC High forest cover country HFCL High forest cover landscape HRD Human rights defenders ILO International Labour Organisation IUCN The International Union on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (The German Corporation for Technical Cooperation). In 2011, the GTZ was merged with two other German international development cooperation organisations to form the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIS) or the German Corporation for International Cooperation. JAKOA Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli / Department of Orang Asli Development, Peninsular Malaysia (formerly JHEOA) JHEOA Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli / Department of Orang Asli Affairs (currently JAKOA) JVC Joint venture company vii LCDA/PELITA Land Custody and Development Authority / Lembaga Pembangunan dan Lindungan Tanah (Sarawak) LPF Licence for Planted Forest LUCA Land use change analysis MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry MLJ Malayan Law Journal (law reporter, Malaysia) MLRA Malaysian Law Review Appellate Courts (law reporter, Malaysia) MPI Ministry of Primary Industries (formerly Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities) MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MPOCC Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council MS Malaysian Standards MS 2530 Specific title for the MSPO standard set under the Malaysian Standards MSPO Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil, general title of MS 2530 NCL Native customary land NCR Native customary rights NGO Non-governmental organisation NPP National Physical Plan PMM Proposal for Mitigation Measures, under the Sabah EIA legislation PFE Permanent Forest Estate PRF Permanent Reserved Forest RaCP Remediation and Compensation Procedure RISDA Rubber Industry Smallholders’ Development Authority RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil RSPO P&C 2007 RSPO principles and criteria 2007 RSPO P&C 2013 RSPO principles and criteria 2013 RSPO P&C 2018 RSPO principles and criteria 2018 RTE Rare, threatened or endangered species SALCRA Sarawak Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority SAM Sahabat Alam Malaysia / Friends of the Earth Malaysia SEIA Social and environmental impact assessment SFC Sarawak Forestry Corporation viii SLDB Sarawak Land Development Board SOP Standard operating procedures SPB Sarawak Plantation Berhad SUHAKAM Suruhanjaya Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia / Human Rights Commission of Malaysia TPA Totally protected area. The different classes of terrestrial and marine areas that have received significant legal protection. They may be conserved to serve purposes such as the protection of biodiversity, natural heritage; ecological functions or representation; education; research; and sustainable recreational and tourism activities. Resource extraction and large scale development activities are prohibited in a TPA, while other forms of human activity will be strictly regulated. A TPA may also be referred to as a protection or conservation forest, if it traverses forested areas, or more broadly, protection or conservation areas. UNDRIP United Nations’ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ix x Glossary of non-English terms adat customs bilik the individual family residential units within a longhouse. In common usage, a room bukit hill kampung village (abbrev. Kg) konsep baru new concept kuala estuary ladang plantation Majlis Adat Istiadat Sarawak Council of Customs Sarawak Majlis mesyuarat kerajaan State executive council negeri miring sacred ceremony held during spiritually significant occasions by the Iban and a few other indigenous communities of Sarawak, involving prayers and offerings to the spiritual realm ngampun antu penyakit Iban healing ceremony to ask for divine forgiveness for any transgressions committed by community members pengurip The entire forested territory of a Penan community, who historically did not engage in agriculture or build any permanent housing facility and whose traditional way of life was based on hunting, fishing and gathering cycles pulau galau the communal forest reserve within an Iban customary territory, permanently protected for hunting, timber harvesting and resource gathering activities, which also functions as the village water catchment area rarung burial ground designated for Iban warriors and persons who have significantly contributed to the community ruai The communally shared contiguous veranda of a longhouse, a communal space for meetings, gatherings, ceremonies, the carrying out of daily domestic activities, rest and recreation rumah panjang Literally, longhouse. The traditional single, long wooden block of family residential units, or bilik, of most indigenous communities of Sarawak, which is built on stilts and fronted by a ruai xi