Vol. 25, No. 48 November 29, 1982
A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS
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Iangshan Rises From Rubble 0l 1976 Earthquake Census Analysis Economic lndexes census figures, emphasizing the HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK importance o[ continueC popula- tion control to economic as well New Foreign Atlairs and destot'yed by an earthquake six as scientific and cultural growth Delence Ministers short years ago. is rising from (p. 13). its orvn ashes. Its people have Standing Committee of the shown unmatched Facts and Figutes NPC approves appointment of courage as they struggle 1o tw<> key ministers. Their short brick by brick A neu, column provides Chi- rebuild homes. factr.rries biographies (p. 5). their na's major statistics. This week and llves. supported by the it include.s economic indexes for' whole (p. China Stands by Thailand nation 22). the' signilicanl veAr-s up to 19Bt (p. 1?). Duling the visit of Thai Assume Key Posts Prime Minister', Prenrier Zhao fibetans stressed China's .support for the' Under Party leadership, grou'- Thai people's struggle against ing numbers of Tibetans and aggre-ssion (p. 7). other national minorities have Sino-Soviet Relations matured and assumed leading posts in the autonomous region. Statements by Chinese leaders Second of our Tibel serie-. on the principles for normaliza- (p. 1a). tion of relations with the Soviet Union (p. 8). What the'Census Figures Up From lhe Ashes Mean Deslruclion and rct'onstruction aftcr Like the legendary phoenix, A demographer discusses the the Tangshan earthquake ol 1976. Tangshan, the north China city significance of China's recent. Photo by Li Yaodt>ng
chino stonds Firmrv bv Thoi' FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 20.21 BEIJING REVIEW On Sino-Soviet Consultotions SPECIAT FEATURE Published every Mondoy by Tongshon Six Yeors After the BEIJING REVIEW - 2{ Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beijing ]NIERNATIONAL 9.12 Guoke Our Correspon- The People's Republic of Chino dent Li- Xio US-Western Europe Relotions Eosed Zhong Wen New Tongshon Under Re- NOIES FROM THE EDIIORS 3-4 - construction 22 President Zio's Visit to Indio About Weopons Soles ln- ond Southeost Asio Liu Storting LiIe Afresh 26 ternotionol Editor Mu Youlin- Zhenxue - Rurol lndustries Eco- CULTURE & SCIENCE a.30 Smoll - An End to Koreo's Division nomic Editor Jin Qi Ming Ming - ART PAGE 31 LETTERS 4 Soviet-US Disormoment Tolks Leod Nowhere Fong Ming EVENTS & TRENDS 5-8 - Stonding Committee Sets NPC ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS Agendo How to lnterpret the Census BElJltllG BEVIEW (USPS No. 658-110) is Newly Appointed Ministers Communique Hou Wenruo - l3 published weekly lor US$ 13.50 per year by Upgroding Smoll ond Medium- Tibet: An lnside View (ll) Eoiiing Roview, 24 Baiwanrhueng Road. Beiiing, China. postago paid Sized Enterprises More Tibetons ossume- Socond-class leodership Our Correspon- at San trancisco, CA. Postmastsr: Send Urbon ond Rurol Youth - address drangos to Chino Books & Teoms dent Jing Wei 14 Service hriodicals, lnc., 2929 24lh Stroot, San Educotion {or Notionol Minori- Focts ond Figures: Notionol Francisco. CA 94110. ties Economy: Mojor Torgets 17 Notr.s Frorn the ltrrlltors
lbout lleapons Sales of 1966-?6. many of them camc under fire as "capitalist under- Is it true that, as one foreign its stand; this has been so in the takings" simply because they journal alleged, one-,fourth of past and will be so in the fu- were more profitable than grain the weapons purchased from ture. production. In spite oi all this. abroad by Iraq came from small rural industries continued China? The lranian-Iraqi war. is ca- to develop and demonstrated tastrophic for both countries. In their immense vitality. Since the present tur.bulenl world No, it is not tr.ue. China has China began to light the wlongs situation, third world countries not sold any weapons to Iraq in all f ields of endeavoul in need to because this is incompatible with rally t 70 per cent of medium-sized and Although they compare unfa- big industries for raw materials small farm implements and vourabl5, rvith big urban indus- and overlapping construction oI handicraft articles (basket tries in technologl'. management factories. It is therefore neces- weaving, embroidery, etc.). and efficiency. they are never- sary to strengthen planning. theless a cut above farm pro- inrprove their rnanagement and Small industries have helped duction v;hich f or the most gradually raise their technical increase the peasants' standard part stiil depends heavily on capabilities. These tasks have of living. The output value and manual labour'. In 1981. the been imprrrtant aspect of fixed assets of commune- and an average per-worker labr-rur pro- brigade-run industriai and other n-raking leadjustrnent in the ductivity of commune- and enterprises each make up over rurai economy in the last ferv brigade-run industries was one-third of the total of the years. Compared with 1980. the 2,923 yuan, approximately one- three levels of the people's com- nunber of commune- and bri- fourth of state-mn industries munes. They have, indeed, be- gade-run enterprises dropped but more than five times that come a mainstay of the rural of agriculture. by 4.3 per cent nationally in collective economy. In 1981, they 1981. but their total income rose earned 67,000 million yuan, of To date, B0 per cent of the by 11 per cent. This indicates which 15,000 million yuan were rural industries are not included that the small rulal industries directly distributed to commune in the state plan. They market ha',,e made remarkable progress members. This sum was approx- their own products. bear sole in inrproving their econtrmic imately 1? per cent of all col- responsibility f or their own results. Iectively distributed funds. The gains and losses. and are legu- rest was set aside as accumula- Iated by the market. This has Through continuous reajust- tion funds or for the develop- given them much leeway in pro- ment and improvement, the ment of collective welfare. duction and managen-rent, but rural industries will sohre their These industlies are also a chief 'simultarreously resulted in a probiems and develop steadily. source of construction funds for certain degree of economic dis- the rural areas and towns. array such as competition with Economic Oditor Jin - Qi 4 Beijing Reuietn, No. 48 ci-l ll\ll\ TVENI'IS & 'TRENIDS POLITICAL and Zhangjia port, with an an- and examination pr.'ocedures of nual handling capacity of 1.5 the appropriate administrative million tons (see issue No. 36. departments and receive manda- Standing Gomrnittee Sets p. 6). They are 51 and 78 tory pilotage. In addition. for- nautical llPC Agenda miles respectively from eign ships must agree to handle Wusong at the mouth of the Chinese imports and exports and river. The opening of these The tentative agenda for the carry passengers to and from ports will help promote China's Fifth Session of the Fifth Na- China. Foreign ships sailing on tional People's Congress economy and increase the which the Changjiang River navigation opened on November 26 was volume of foreign trade of the Iine are not allowed to carry sei at the 25th meeting of the various provinces along the cargo passengers between Fifth NPC Standing Committee Changjiang River, and will ease or ports. (Nov. l2-19). It included: the congestion in Shanghai's Changjiang River includ- harbour. ing Shanghai harbour. A report by Peng Zhen, vice-chairman- of the national In keeping with China's open The meeting also discussed constitutional revision com- policy and international prac- the Organic Law of the NPC, mittee, on the revised draft of tice. it was decided that for- Organic Law of the State Coun- the Constitution of the PRC, eign ships sailing alcng the cil, and the organic laws of the peopie's and f ollowed by discussion and Changjiang must abide by Chi- local congresses adoption of the new Constitu- na's laws and decrees as well as people's governments at all tIon. the management. inspection Ievels. A repolt by Premier of the State- Council Zhao Ziyang on the Sixth Five-Year PIan, fol- Iou,ed by cieliberations and Newly Appointed Ministers adoption of related rcsolutions. Zhang Aiping, 72, is a native oI A report by Ministel of Daxian County. Sichuan Province. - Finance Wang Bingqian on the During the Long March. the War of Resistance Agair-rst Japan. and the War implementation of the 1982 of Liberation, he served successively state budget and on the draft as the head of the political department budget for 1983, and corl'e- of a Red Army division, division com- sponding decisions. mander of the New Foulth Army and deputy commander of the Central Appointments. The Standing China Military Area. After the found- Committee meeting approved ing of New China, he was commander of the Zhejiang provincial militar), area. Premier Zhao Ziyang's proposals followed by successive appoirrtments as to appoint Wu Xueqian as Chief o{ Slall ll the East China Militat'y Area and the Third Minister of Foreign A.[fairs and F ield Almy, Deputy Chief of General Staff of the PLA. Chair- Zhang Aiping as State Council- man of the Science and Technology Commission for National Defence, Vice-Premier of the State Council and Deputy Secre- Ior and Minister of National tarl,-General of the Nlilitary Commission ot the CPC Central Defence. Committee. Decisions. The Standing Com- Wu Xueqian, 60. is a native of Shanghai. He served successively as mittee members examined and deputy director and director of the inter- adopted a law on the protection national liaison depar:tment of the of cultural relics and a food central committee of the Chinese hygiene law. Communist Youth League. departmental director and vice-chairman of the They also approved a decision A ll-China Youth Federaiion, deputy to open two inland ports on the ht'ad of the Internationai Liaison + Del,artment of the Party Central Changjiang River in east China Cornmittee. and Vice-Minister of F or- to foreign ships. They are Nan- r::gn Affairs. tong port, with an annual hand- Iing capacity of 1.1 million tons, )ioaetnber 29, 1982 ECONOMTC These youth service teams proving inter-personal relation- have been organized by the ships and in transforming social Communist Youth Leagr-re. conduct, Upgrading Small and In late October, 450,000 Bei- Young people in the rural Medium-Sized Enterprises jing young people participated areas have also joined this The Bank of China decided to in a "serve the people week." movement. They have organ- provide 1,000 million US dollars Some 40,000 youth service teams ized teams to do farming for in foreign exchange at a pref- visited 18.000 families of rev- families who are short of labour erential interest rate to help olutionary martyrs. dependants power, funds and skills. During upgrade the technology of of armymen and childless elder- the busy season, they do farm small and medium-sized indus- Iy and sick people, helping with work and household chores for trial enterprises during the house cleaning, washing and childless, infirm elderly persons Sixth Five-Year PIan period shopping. They set up streel who are giraranteed food, cloth- (1e81-85). stalls to repair bicycles and cut ing. medical care, housing and out garments f or the people burial expenses by the people's China has 380,000 enterprises free of charge. Many university communes and fdr the sick and of varying sizes today. While students also ioined in these ac- disabled who cannot take care the small and medium-sized tivities. of themselves. In Guantao ones will rely mainly on their Hebei Plovince, some Ten "serve the people" teams County, own efforts to solve difficult 10,000 Communist Youth League of the Changsha Water Com- technological problems, they young people pan;r in Hunan Province went members and will also import advanced tech- have joined in similar activities. nologies suited to China's con- from house to house to do ditions. plumbing tepairs during their In Bazhong County. Sichuan spare time, saving many fami- Province, iens of thousands of "This sum will be sufficient lies the nuisance of calling the "friendship families" have been for ihe technological transfor- water company to f ix small set up. Young people who mation of 1,000 industrial enter- leaks. knorv something about scien- prises, each uses one million if tif f pass on new In Wuhan, Hubei Province. ic arming US dollars at a time." said Jin farming methods to their neigh- 100,000 young people turned Deqin, President of the Bank of bours. China. "By 1990. about 3,000 out on "communist service young man. f actories wiil have benefit- day." A crippled Huang Zhong, who insisted on ed from the programme if the EDUCATIONAL average capital turnover can be taking part in the service work. made in three years." repaired 18 radios and tape re- corders in one day. The technological transforma- Education for Jlalional tion of industry is an important Reports from 13 Provinces. step in accelerating the growth municipalities and autonomous Minorities of China's economy. Other regions. including Beijing, measures include the construc- Tianjin, Shanghai. Inner Mon- Four hundred students of tion of key energy and commu- golia, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Fu- minority nationalities are cur- nications projects. jian and Guangdong, show that rently enrolled in a special five- some 560,000 youth service year course in China's 10 keY teams have been set uP. These institutions cii nigne. learning. service teams f ali into three SOCIAL Admitted through a Preferen- general categories: first, special- tial programme that allows f teams for ized actory service these students a lower-than- Urban and Rural Youth products made by repairing average passing score on the own factories; second, their national university examina- Seruice feams temporary service to help peo- tions, they receive one of the peo- periodic Year A new type of "serve ple selve Problems; preparatory training before en- ple" youth organization has specific services at fixed third, tering regular course work. emerged in urban and rural locations to care for the sick, China, committed to helping the disabled and orphans. These Their programme, which be- people and promoting better service activities are indeed gan last September, is Part of social conduct. playing an important role in im- a national drive to accelerate h Beijing Retiew, No. 48 ci'llN!A EVENITS &'ti(ENID5 the tlaining oI minority na- tion there compared with areas children are taught through theil tionalities in the fields of poli- in other parts of the country. own languages. For exarnplc. tics. economics aud science aud Inner Mongolia now has 459 Today local governments in technology. In l9B0 and 1981. middle schools for the minority 446 nation:rl minority students minority regions are seeking nationalities as against 308 in methods 'ro improve both pri- welc. enrolled in the 10 key 1976, and 3,800 primaly schoois ir-rstitutions which. led directly mary and secondary education. as against 3,000. The number is to by the Ministry of Education. One important step of Korean nationality primary increase of minority include Beiiing Univelsity. the number schools in Liaoning Province teachers Qinghua University. Retjing ha.s grown from 175 in 1976 to Teachers' Univet-sitv and At. plesent, there are only 277 and middle schools from 13 Zhongshan University and have 450.000 minority' teachers to 30. students [t' Not,ember 29. 1982 of the Five Principles of Peace- ful Coexistence. There is no change in China's basic position of opposing hegemonism and expansionism. He stressed that China will never attach itself to any big power and that Chi- na always formulates its foreign poiicy independently and in line with the interests of its own people and those nt the people oi the world. Deng Xiaoping. Chairman of the Central Advisory Commis- sion of the Chinese Communist Party, met with Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda. Referring to Sino-Soviet relations. Deng said: "We are still making con- tacts with the Soviet Union. But our consultations on the normalization of relations are based on one principle. name)y opposition to hegemonism and I'resenling a bouquel lo l'rime lllinister Prem linsulanonda. preservation of '"l,or'ld peace." ficial goodwill visit to China and rvorld opinion to exert still from November 17 to 20 at the greater pressure on Viet Nam. 0n Sino-$ouiet Consultations invitation of the Chinese Gov- 'During ernment. their talks. Premier Zhao Zty1ang stressed that Special Envr.ry Huang Hua The two Prime Minister-s held whether Sino-Soviet relations returned to Bei,jing on Novem- talks and exchanged views on can improve or not depends on ber l8 after attending the questions related to Indochina, whether the Soviet Union will funeral of President Leonid particularly Kampuchea. The take ccincrete actions to remove Brezhnev. two sides shared its threat against China the hope thal Huang Hua said to reporters the three patriotic forces in Premier Zhao said that the at Beijing Airpolt: "Besides at- Kampuchea would further. clcx;e Soviet Union has deployed a tending President Brezhnev's their ranks, carry on the strug- Iarge number of tl'oops along f uneral during my stay in gle against Viet Nam and land the Sino-Soviet and Sino-Mon- Moscow. I met with Foreign in greater the it difficulties on golian borders, dispatched its Minister Andrei Gromyk 8 Beijing Rexieu, No. 48 lNl tEnNtr\ noNi\!. REPORTS & CO,\AMENI.IS IJS-Western Japan and the rest of the Com- Europe Relations mon Market countries. After Eased several. rveeks of intensive negotiation, an agreemeDt was finally reached. qTRAINED relations between trade at the Versailles summit, v the United States and its Reagan sanctions extended the Conflicts Still Exist major European allies have to the subsidiaries of US eased as a result of President companies abroad and Euro- During these talks. the United Ronald Reagan'-s order to lift pean firms holding American States and its allies clashed on sanctions against American and licerrses. some issues. Washington hoped European companies contribut- to make a trade-off of lifting This unilateral US action an- ing to the Soviet natural-gas its sanctions in return for sub- gered France, Britain, West pipeline. stantial West European conces- G,ermany and Italy, touching sions on trade with the Soviet Reagan announced the deci- off an exchange of sharp words Union. But the West European sion on November 13. following across the Atlantic. In de- countries didn't like the US what he said rvas "substantial fiance of Washington's embargo. idea; they preferred an agree- agreement" between the United these European countries con- ment similar to the Versailles States and its European allies tinued to honour the contracts declaration ol June. on the strategic aspects of East- they had signed with Moscow. West trade. The US sanctions not only France, the most adamant of failed to achieve their purpose, the allies, maintained that the "We have agreed not to American sanctions were an "obnoxious" engage in trade arrangements they hurt both the and West European economies US problem that Washington which ccntribr-rte to the mil.itary and created a wide rift in the must solve by itself. Soon after or strategic advantage of the Atlantic alliance. Reagan announced his decision USSR or serve to prelerentially to lift the sanctions, the French aid the heavily militarized The Reagan administration's Government issued a statement Soviet economy," Reagan said. action also met domestic opposi- saying that France "took note" Because there are more pourer- tion. The American press lvarn- of the announcemeiri. but was ful and more effective measures. ed that the sancticns would not e party to the agreement he said, the pipeline sanctions harm US industries more than concerning trade with Russia. are no longer necessary. Western Europe. The disputes between the The agreement. as repr.lrted. In the face of resistance at United States and its allies over includes tightening existing con- home and abroad, the Reagan the natural-gas pipeline were a trols on the sale of strategic administration retreated. seek- reflection of their different in- goods and high technology to ing a compromise that would terests and views regarding the Soviet Union, giving pref- restore US-Western Europe ties NATO's Soviet strategy. Also, erential credits and finding a and reduce domestic resent- they demonstrated an in- '*'ay to reduce Western Europe's rnent. creasing tendency towards in- dependence on Soviet enel'gy re- dependence In early October, US Secre- of the West Euro- sources. particularly tary of State George Shultz pean countrie.s, met with the foreign ministers France: it is not easy f or Fence-Mending Efforts Washington of the NATO countries to to order its allies Govelnment President Reagan imposed formulate a common poticy on about. The US sanctiorrs against US firms trade with the Soviet Union. should Iearn from thls unpleas- ant experience. shor-rld stop after the imposition of martial This effort was followed by a interfering countries' lan, in Poland last December. series of secret talks between in other His appeal to West European US State Department officials internal affairs and shouid avoid allies to co-operate was rebuff- and the four major trVest Euro- such unilateral actions. ed. Then in June. following a pean countries' ambassadors in Settlement of the dispute fruitless effort to reach a limit- Washington, which iater were over the pipeline issue, coupled ed agreement on East-West extended to include Canada. with the earlier agreement on Noaentber 29, 1982 European steel exports to the similar strategic interests and phasized the importance oI United States. has temporarily are dependent on each other adhering to the fundamental eased tensions between Wash- militarily and economically. ington principles of the non-alignment and its European neither side will allow their movement and of preserving allies. But contradictions still differences to get out of con- its independence from any exist and will continue to sur- trol. power blocs. Zia expressed face from time to time. Never- his hope that an interna- theless, as the two sides have - Zhang Wen tional conference on the In- dian Ocean would be held soon President and he affirmed his country's Zio's Visit to lndio ond support for establishing the In- dian Ocean as a zone of peace Southeost Asio and neutrality. President Zia and leaders of Improved lqdo-Pakistan Rela- M".",1i11, T","f; 1i,",1[t Indonesia, Malaysia and Singa- tions. President Zia also visited to promote mutual co-operation pore agreed that the tense situa- Ner,v Delhi and had "useful and and understanding has been far , tion in Southeast Asia is the truitful" talks with Prime more successful than expected,,' result of foreign armed in- Minister Indi.ra Gandhi on Nov. stated Pakistan President Gen- tervention. They urged all 1. The two leaders discussed re- eral Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq at states to "adhere to the funda- gional and glclbal Lssues as well Islamabad Airport on Nov. 13, mental principles of non-inter.- as specific bilateral questions concluding his visit to India and ference in the affairs of other such as a non-aggression pact the ASEAN countries, Thaitand, states and non-use of force for suggested by Pakistan and a Indonesia, Malaysia and Singa- settlement of disputes." They treaty of peace and friendship pore. reaffirmed the UN resolutions prop 10 Beijing Retsieto, No. 48 tNtItnNtA noNAt TEPOR tS & COMMENTS crisis and ways of developing that developing countries should sponsible for obstructing the bilateral trade and economic re- first exploit their ou,n resources peaceful reunification of Korea. Iations. before seeking outside help was The division of the Korean "South-South greatly appreciated by the dialogue must peninsula should end. The be encouraged," ASEAN leaders. said President Chinese people strongly demand Zia. His support for the view - Liu Zhenrue the impiementation of the UN resolution on Korea, the with- drawal of US troops and arms from south Korea, and an end An End to Korea's Division to the Chun Du Hwan clique's sabotage of Korea's peaceful qEVEN years have elapsed reunification. China firmly \J to preparing for negotiations since the rcsolur.ion to with the North, has been in- supports the great cause o.[ Ko- "create conditions favourable tensifying its suppression and rea's peaceful reunification and to the independence and peace- per.secution of patriots. The is convinced that no force on reunification ful of Korea, to United States and the Chun Du earth carr prevent its realization. convert armistice perma- into Hwan clique are chiefly re- Mitt.ct Ming nent peace" was adopted by the - 30th UN General Assembly. During these seven years, th,e Government and people of the Soviet-US Disarmament Talks I)emocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) have worked Lead Nowhere unremittingly f or the realiza- tion of the UN resolurion pro- Fact: Ninety-six per cent of All this glib lalk may create moting the peaceful reunifica- the worid's 50,000 stockpiled the impression that the trvo su- tion of Korea. The DPRK first nuclear warheads are owned by perpowers are enthusiastic proposed holding North-Scuth the Soviet Union and the United about reducing their uuclear talks in the hope that the dia- States. The two superpowers' f orces. But realit;u shows that Iogue would expand contacts be- enormous nuclear arsenals are their words and their deeds are tween North and South and a constant threat to internalion- poles apart. pave the way for the country's al security and peace. reunification Tolks on Arms Reduction in Fact: Despite their talk aboLtt Centrol Europe However, US lnterference and disarrnament, br:th Moscorv and The talks have been on anci the insincerity of south Korea,s Washington are expanding, and off for nine years now, and the Chun Du Hwan clique have not reducing, their military current round is the 28th. Both prevented implementation of buildup. Warsaw Pact and NATO the UN resolution on Korea's the have frequently expressed a de- reunification. Nearly 30 years In face of mounting world- sire reduce the level oi rnili- after tl're end of the Korean .,r,ar. \\/ide prctest, the two superpow- to tar;z presence in Central Eu- US troops remain in south Ktt- ers apparently f eel compelled rope, where they deploy 2 mil- rea in defiance of the UN res- to make some gestures towards iion conventional forces. But so olution. The Reagan adminis- disarmament. During the cur- far, the talks are still bogged tration has not only gone back rent UN General Assembly ses- down in old controversies about on its predecessor's cornmitment sion. three disarmarnent nego- the scope of the reductions, the +.o partial troop withdrarval but tiations were resumed the manner of implementation and has further str.engthened US lVarsaw Pact-NATO talks- on the base figures from which the military forces in south Ko- mutual reduction of forces in reductions are to be counted. rea while continuing the at- Central Europe, the talks on tempt to create "two Koreas." limrtation of nucJear arms in The Soviets have stressed aII Ttrc US-backed Chun Du }Iwan Eulope and the strategic arrns along that the two blocs have clique, while paying lip service reduction talks (START). roughly equal strength of Nooember 29. 1982. 11 ground and air forces in the nuclear forces is to pare down In contrast. the Kremlin insists area and, therefore, their armed the Soviet superiority in land- that the primary target should forces should be reduced by an based missiles. On the contrary, be to freeze existing nuclear equal percentage. The Ameri- the Soviet principle is to try by arsenals at their present level cans insist that the strength of every means to maintain such and to prevent them from being the Warsaw Pact forces is superiority and prevent the modernized. The aim of the So- greater than NATO estimates by United States from further im- viet proposai is to keep ils super- a margin of 150,000 to 170,000 proving jts nuclear technology. iority in land-based missiles and troclps and that reductions must 'fheir intentions can be clearly curtail the US drive for nuclear be made proportionately. seen in their disarmament pro- armament improvement. posals. Earlier this year, each of the Both Washington and Moscow two sides put forward a new On the issue of intermediate- are sticking to their propositions proposal. The Warsaw alliance range nuclear \\'eapons in Eu- and waiting for opportunities to proposed that Moscow and rope, President Reagan's "zero force their opponent to make Washington should first cut plan" was designed to diminish concessl0ns. their ground forces by 20.000 Soviet land-based missiles in the Meanwhile, they continue to and 13,000 respectively, then area. including SS-20, SS-4 and develop or improrze new imple- hold further talks and finally SS-5. It proposed that Moscow ments of war to strengthen their reduce their strength to an dismount these missiies in ex- bargaining position in the ne- equal level of 700,000 ground change lor Washington's non- gotiations. Accordirrg to rough and 200,000 air forces for each deployment of Pershing II and estimates, between January and side. cruise missiles. The Soviet pro- September this year the United posal was aimed freezing Washington proposed the at the Stat es crindusted I 6 under- NATO forces present ground same final ceiling of the two at their nuclear tests and the Ievel by obstructing lVashington Soviet Uniorr ran 13. Washing- blocs' armed forces in Central , from deploying new types of going Europe, but, according to its ton is ahead u,ith its six- rnissiles Europe re- calculation, it demanded that in and to year plan to reinforce its nucleat duce area's nuclear forces, Warsaw Treaty Organization the arsenal. The United States re- including British anci French portedly process withdraw 280,000 troops in is in the of seven years. nuclear f orces on their own manufacturing Mx-missiles and soils. Under this proposal. the researching B-l long-distance The two sides have wrangled porverful Soviet SS-20 missiles bombers, The second US Tri- incessantly over these issues ',vould be untouched. dent su.bmarine already is in without any real progr:ess in the On strategic nuclear lorces, service, with six others plan- talks. according to Reagan's plan, So- ned. The US .space-based cruise viet land-based missiles and the missile test launching finished Nucleor Arms Cut Tolks number and payload of nuclear in October and the missile will The Vienna talks on limita- warheads would be slashed con- soon be put to use. tion of intermediate-range nu- siderably while the US nuclear The Soviet Union is not lag- clear rveapons in Europe and the forces wouid not be much ging behind. Apart from speed- START also are deadlocked be- affected. Obviously, Washington ing up the replacement of oid cause both the Kremlin and the wants to maintain its strength missiles with new ones, Moscow White House simply do not want by redueing Soviet superiorit5r. is trial-manufacturing Tyhoon- to reduce their nu- class nuclear submarines equiv- clear strength, but alent to the Tridents. and will instead each hopes sonn commission them: The new to bargain for SSNX-20 rvarheads lor the sub- something f rom marines are being test-launched. the other. The In addition, a new Soviet stra- basic US poiicy to- tegic bomber, similar to the US wards either the li- B-1, is under research. mitation of inter- AII indications show that mediate-range nu- Moscow and Washington are clear weapons in locked in a new round of the Europe or the re- arms lace, not disarmament. duction of strategic -Fang Ming 12 BeijinQ Reuieu;, No. 48 Artieles & I)oeurnents How to Interpret the Census Communique by Hou Wenruo (JN October 27, China released the major from the figure o1. 19?0. the year when the \-z figures from its third national census (see family planning programme was introduced. issue No. 45). Post-enumeration sampling But, compared with the period between 19?6 checks detected a population overcount of 0.71 and 1980, it has pickeC up again. This forecasts per thousand and an undercount of 0.56 per. a new baby boom in China. mainly caused by thousand. with a net overcount of oniy 0.15 per the fact that the children born in the two baby thousan'd. This confirms 1,he accuracy of this booms in the mid-1950s and the 1960s have census, which is unprecedented in scale through- reached child-bearing age in the 1980s. The out the rvorld. As a demographer, i would like coming decade is not expected to see a signifi- to make the following observations. cant reduction of our population growth rate. In addition, the 1981 Marriage Law reduced the Initial Results in Population Control. Accord- legal minimum marriage ages by 5-8 years (to ing to the recent census figures, on July 1, 1982, 20 for \,vomen and 22 for men) compared with China had a population of 1,031,882,511, an in- the minirnum ages of late marriage stipulaled crease of 313,593.529 over the 1964 national by various places rvhen the family planning census, with an average annual growth of 2.1 programme was introduced. This has boosted per cent over the past 18 years. In terms of the number of people bearing children. Popula- demography, this growth rate is still quite high. control, has become a.n imminent It is conceivable that if China had not introduc- tion therefore, problem China and can aiIor,,r, of no negli- ed a famlly planning programme in both the in gence. urban and rural areas as early as in the l9?0s, its population gro.rth rate would have been Scientific and Cultural Quality of the Popula- shockingly high today and its total population tion Should. Be Enhanced. The communique r,r'ould soar to 1,500 million by the year 2000. says that of every 100,000 pecple in China, 599 university education. Therefore, The 12th National Party Congress called have received population's cultural quality for quadrupling China's gross annual industrial the scientific and improved since the previous census and agricultural output value by the end of the has been (in 1964, 416 every 100,000 received uni- century and keeping the nation's population only of versity education), But we still iag far behind within 1,200 million so that the arrer.age per- developed countries in this respect. Miny capita national income can reach 1,200 yuan by the experiences prove that without an then. Without population planning, our mod- countries' people vu'ith higher educa- ernization drive as well as the improvement adequate number of tion, nat.ion canrlot upclate its sc;ience and of our people's standard of living ',vill be im- a technology nor can it go about its production peded. Our population control policy over the management creatively, thus making it ex- past decade has achieved initial results. But and tremely difficult to reaLize modernization. we are stiil confronted with an arduous task in this field. 'Ihis census also found that in 1982, among the popuiation aged 12 and above, 236 million A New Baby Boo.m. The communique reporrs are illiterate or semi-literate. Alihough the il- that China's 1981 natural population jnclease literacy and semi-iiteracy in the total population rate rvas 1.46 per cent. reduced by one half has dropped from 38.1 per cent in the 1964 census to 23.5 per cent today, the absolute num- The author is an associate researcher at the people Research Institute of Demography, Chinese people's ber of illiterate and semi-literate in Chi- Universitl,. na is only 2? million fewer. By contrast, only Not:ember 29, N&A,.. 13 2 per cent (or less) of the population of develop- ever, approached the 1981 level of the developed ed countries is semi-literate or illiterate. countries an average of 16 per thousand. This indicates - population Thus, to achieve socialist modernization, that China's development our population's scientific and cultural quality is transforming from a high birthrate to a low progressive population must be greatly enhanced. birthrate, a type of growth. Sex Composition Conforms to the Regular Pat- Accor:ding to the census figures, China's tern. On a global sca1e, the number of males 1981 mortality rate was 6.36 per thousand and females is more or less equal. This has which. compared with the figures of other coun- been true for centuries and has become a tries, was among the most advanced levels in regular pattern. In countries where birth reg- the world. In 1981, Brunei registered the lowest istration is regular, the proportion of males morta)ity rate in the world 4 per thousand to femaies fluctuates between 104-107 to 100. followed by Singapore, 5 -per thousaird, and- According to tttis census, in 1982, China's males Japan, 6 per thousand. The low mortali.ty rate account for 51.5 per rcnt while females account we achieved should be attributed to the govern- for 48"5 per cent, the proportion of males to ment's care for the health of women and chil- females being 106.3 to 100. This maintenance of dren and the vigorous development of medical the traditional proportion of males to females and health services in China. tells that so far our practice cf "one couple one In the future, with the call of "one couple child" has not unbalanced the national sex one child" gradually taking the hearts composition. root in of the people, and after the 1980s baby boom Towards Progressive Population Development, subsides, China's birthrate will be brought According to the census figures, China's 1981 down further. In the 1990s. with this expected birthrate was 20.91 per thousand, which was reduction of both the 'birthrate and mortality not only much lower than China's birth rates rate, China will usher in a progressive type ol in the 1950s and the 1960s br-rf w'as also lower population development characterized by a low than other de.reloping countries' 1981 average birthrate, a low mortality rate and a low natural birthrate of 32 per thousand Tl-re figure, how- increase rate. T Tibet: An lnside View (t t) - More Tibetans assume leadership by Our Correspondent Jing Wei This is the second part of a series on Tibet. the u'hole region. By the end of 1981, 29,406 Part one, "Tibet: An lnsiile View (l) lnteroieta were Tibetan, not including 9,000 part-time with the autonomous regional -goverrlmenl cadres at the commune level. chai:rrnan," appeared in our last issue. -Ed, This has radically changed the composition I S developing an indigenous leadership is the of Tibet's leadership. Today Tibetan and other I r key to the implementation of autonomy in non-Han cadres are in the majoi'ity. The cadre the minority regions of China, it is interesting departrrient of the Tibet Autonomous Region to see just what the situation is in Tibet. provided the following statistics: From 200 to 30,000 Cad,res of Ti.betan Proportion of During my two months in Tibet. I was Year nationalitlt total. (%) mostly received by ieaders and officials of the Tibetan nationality. They worked in Party and 1951 200 government departments, administrative offices and institutio.ns at all levels. in Lhasa, the re- I 965 7,508 32.9 gion's capital, the county seats, and the pastoral areas. t97B 20,023 44.5 Shortly after the peacelul liberation of Tibet 19Br 29.406 54.1 in 1951, there were only 200 Tibetan cadres in -""-li 14 BeLjing Reuiew, No. 48 tee of the people's congress are Tibetan. (Since the state organ at the prefectural level is an 6 agency of the autonomous I I region government, there are no i people's congresses at that level.) . In all 75 counties oI Tibet, all county chairmen and chairmen of the standing com- mittees of the people's con- gresses are Tibetan, as are 58, or 77.3 per cent, of the county Party secretaries, o AIl district chairmen and Palty secretaries and commune chairmen are of Tibetan or other *;# minority nationalities. Janrbai Glaeo (lcIt). of lhe Instilute oI Literaturc ot Illinority NatioDalities. gathers research material from loeal folk artists. The departmental and bu- reau directors and the president of the academy of social sciences Including part-time cadres at the commune I interviewed are Tibetan. I also met with many level, 39.000 of the cadres are of Tibetan or Tibetan professional workers suqh as Basang other non-Ilan natioltalities. They make up more Puchi, a 3?-year-old experienced gynaecologist than 60 per cent oI the total. As more cadres and obstetrician who is deputy director of the of the Han nationality are transferred back to autonomcus region hospital. Yexi Dainzin, 41, other parts of China in the next few vears. Tibet- a graduate of the Central Academy of I'ine Arts ans and other minority nationalities rvill com- in Beijing and author of :r novel about the prise two-thirds of the total. Tibetan people's life, is vice . At regional Party and government level, When several Tibetan cadres were asked the lirst Party secretary. who is of Han nation- how people of their nationality became leaders, ality. is the only exception. The chairmen of they each spoke about their own different ex- the government and of the standing committee periences. But all of them mentioned three basic of the regional people's congress are Tibetan. factors that had contributed to their growth: first, Party education; second,'help of veterarl . At the prefectural and city level, the first Han comrades; and third, their own efforts. Party secretaries and commissioners of fi.ve pre- fectures, the first Party secretary of Lhasa, its Gyaco, 44, r,ice-chairman of the autonomous mayor and the chairman of the standing commit- region government, was a hired shepherd before Nouember 29, 1982 15 the liberation of Tibet. After joining the revolu- tion at the age of 14, with the help of the Party, he learnt to read and write and studied revolir- tionary theories, Since the early 1960s, he has been lvorkshop Party branch secr'etary, factory Party committee secretary, vice-director and then ciirector of the industrial bureau. In 1980. he was promoted to his present post. His know- ledge and administrative experience \,l'ere gained mainly in the course of his u'ork. Dainzin, 36. deputy editor-in-chief of Xi- zang Rr,bao (Tibet Daily), was once a serf. After the democratic reform, he was sent to study al the Tibet Institute for Nationalities, the Central "Xizang Institute for Nationaiities in Beijing and the Dainzin, deputy editor-in-chief of Ribao." Journalism Department of Fudan University in Shanghai. In the past dozen years or so, he After the liberation oI Tibet, he supported the v",orked for the Xizang Ribao. Fronr an ordinary policies of the Comrnunist Party of China and correspondent. he rose up the ranks to become fought staunchly for the unity of the country. deputy editor-in-chief in 1980. He also has re- Later he became a Comrnunist and held the 1rcsts ceived awards for a novel an'd an essay. Not of vice-presidc:nt of the Tibet Youth Federation, long ago he was elected vice-presrdent of the depiitl' secretary of the Tibet committee of the Tibetan Federation of Literature and Art Commlrnist Youth l.eaguE-and q Most of today's Tibetan cadres are Iiberated serfs rvho have been l.rained and promot,ed, Others are patriotic former ]ocal olficials or youths from aristocratic families. AII of them are working toward.s a common goal to build a united and prosperous nerv Tibet, - Problems and Their Solution Ii is inspiring to see many Tibetan leaders emerging. However, there are still problems, some quite conspicuous. "The lack of scientific and technological personnel is the key problem," said r,lce-chairman Gyaco, talking about in-, dustrial. construction. ''There is a great gap betrveen the present ievel ol Tibetan leaders and the needs of Tibet's modelnization drive," said a personnel spokesman. 'Ihe "gap" here means, first, the low educational leveI, and second, the lack of professionai expertise. Why have the pasl 30 years not provided a basic framework of science and technology? in\ Historical factors have been compounded by 4..."$, i,deological errors. Because Tibet rvas extremeiy (standing), underdeveloped before its liberation, the illit- Basang Puchi deputy director of the g5 People's Hospital in Lhasa. eracy rate \L'as over per cent and there u.-ere 16 Beijing Reaiew, No, {8 practically no scierlce and engineering per- Ths syf6n6rn6u5 region government has sonnel. After Tjbet's peaceful Iiberation, drarn'n up a cadre training plan. According to this the feudal serf system remained intact. The op plan, various measures are to be adopted to pressed serfs did not have even personal free- strengthen the general education and profes- cioms. The training of cadres was severely sional training of cadres. By now the autono- Iimited at that time. mous region, the prefectures, cities, counties, de- partments and bureaus have all set up their own Following quelling the of the rebellion in general education schools or classes to which 1959 and the subsequent democratic reform, the cadres will be released from work and trained Party selected and trained many liberated serfs group by group. All cadres in Tibet are re- to become cadres. But then, under "Left" ideo- quired to reach at least a middle school level logical deviations, the overemphasis on political within five years. The autonomous region gov- t movements delayed the training of cadres in ernment, while stressing politics, health and age I science and technology. in selecting and promoting cadres, also pays professional levels. What is the remedy to this situation? Since attention to educational and 1980, this question has attracted much attention. The plan also reiterates the importance of Last year, the Tibet Party committee established developing education in the autonomous region, an administrative department in charge of train- of continuing to send students to universities ing, promoting and transferring scientific and and colleges in other provinces of the country technological cadres. Since then more than b00 for further studies, and of enlisting those with scientific and technical workers have been sent special skills or talents wherever they may be to study in colleges or technical schools. found in .society. D Focts ond Figures National Economy: Major Targets Beginning January 1983, "Beijing Reoieto" toill run a "Facts and Figures" column at irregular intertsols to help our readers in" their un- derstanding and stttdy of China. Most oJ the data published, in this column usill be pro'.*ided by the State Statisticol Bureau with other information contributed trom appropriate d.epartments. The folloto- ing is an erample of rohat u:ill be published in this neus column. Please rorite us if gou haae ang commeruts and suggestions,-Ed, industries, and the economy was growing in a Absolute Figures well balanced way and yielding fairly good results. TABLE I on page 18 highlights China's eco- r nomic development since the founding of The decade 1957-66 witnessed tremendous the People's ftepublic in i949. Each year listed achieveinents in all fields of socialist construc- rvas historically significant to China. tion. However, the national econolny encoun- tered setbacks the In 1952, 'arhich marked the end of three and difficulties as a result of years of economic restoration foliowing decades 1958 "big leap forward," followed by serious of revolutionary wars, the nation's indus- natural adversities and the unilateral tearing trial and agricultural production reached an all- up of contracts by the Soviet Union. Hence the time high. nation's first economic readjustment period urhich ended in 1965, the eve of the "cu-ltural By 1957, the last year of the First Five- revolution" (1966-76). Year PIan period, China had basically accom- plished the socialist transformation of the means The Third Plenary Session of the 1lth Party of production and established a number of basic Central Committee, convened towards the end Nouember 29, 1982 17 of 1978, repudiated "Left" mistakes and decided prices; that of 1978, 1980 and 1981, accordi.ng to switch the emphasis of Party and the state to the 1970 constant prices. The other figures work to economic construction. The session were calculated according to the prices of the marked a great historic turning point in China. corresponding years. In Table I, the 1952 gross national industrial The national income refers to net output and agricultural output value was calculated value of the five departments of agriculture, in- according to the 1952 constant prices; that of dustry, building industry, transport and com- 1957 and 1965, according to the 1957 constant munications, and comrnerce. Toble I Units 1g5Z 195? 1965 r9?8 1980 1981 I 1. Year-end total popu- t Iation million 574.82 646.53 725.38 958.09 982.b5 996.22 . 2. Year-end total num- ber of labourers million 207.25 237.71 286.70 398,56 418.96 432.80 ' Of this: number of workers and staff members million 16.03 31.01 49.65 94.99 L04.4+ 109.40 3. Gross national indus- trial and agricultural million output value guan 82,700 121,100 198,400 569,000 661,900 691,900 Total agricultural nillion output value Auan 48,400 53,700 59,000 145,900 162.700 172,000 Total industrial out- million put value Auan 34,300 70,100 139,100 123.100 499,200 519,900 Total light indus. million trial output value Auan 22,100 3?,400 70,300 180,600 234,400 267,500 Total heavy indus- million trial output value Auan 12,200 33,000 69;100 242,500 264,800 252,400 4. National income million Auan. 58,900 90,800 138,700 301,000 366,000 388,000 5. Revenue million Auan 18,370 31,020 47,330 112,110 108,520 106,430 . Expenditure million Auan 17,600 30,420 46,630 111,100 12L.270 108,970 6. Total capital con- million struction investment Auan 4,360 13,830 ,17,090 47,960 53,9i10 42,794 7. Vo1ume of railway million ton- freight kilometres 60,200' 134,600 269,800 534,500 571,700 57r,200 B. Tota1 volume of retail million sales Auan 27,680 47,420 67,030 155,860 214,000 235,000 9. Total import and ex- million port volume (RMB) A'yan 6,460 10,450 11,840 35,500 56,380 73,530 Total volume of mil.Iion imports Auan 3,750 5,000 5,530 18,740 29.140 36,770 Total volume of mil.lion exports auan 2,7L0 5,450 6,310 16.760 27,240 36,?60 (Provided by the State Statistical Bureau) 18 Beijing Reuiew, No. 48 period. One geometric I ndexes a is the traditional averaging method, whereby the rate is calcu- lated by averaging the difference between The Table II reflects the indexes for the yearly base year and the last year of the period. The figures listed in Table I and the average annual other is the algebraic averaging method. This rates of growth, rvith 1952 as 100. means calculating the average annual growth grorvth Grovr'th rates of the gross national industrial rate by averaging the sum total of the and agricultural output value and the national of every year in the period in questicn com- pared cases, income rvere calculat'ed according to comparable with the base year:. In ordinary prices which exclude the factor of price fluctua- the two methods give more or less the same tions. results. However, when there are fairly large fluctuations in the economic life, there will be In China, there are two methods to big differences in the results obtained by the calculate the average annual growth rate in two methc,ds. Table II uses the first method. Toble ll Indexes Average annual Items Irercentage growth r95? r965 1980 t98l (1953-8r) 1, Year.end total population 1,12.5 126.2 170.9 173.3 19 Year-end total number of labourers t74.7 138.3 202.1 208.8 2.6 Of this: number of r','orkers and staff members 193.5 309 ? 651.5 682.5 6.9 a Gross national industrial and aglicul- tural output value 167.8 268.3 906.0 946.8 8.1 Total agricuitural output value 'r24.8 t37.1 256.1 270.7 35 Total industrial output value 228.6 152.6 1,885.3 1,962.7 10.8 Total light industrial output value t83.2 344.5 L,256.2 1,433.3 9.6 Total heavy industriai output value 310.7 650.6 3,033.5 2,890.9 12.3 4. National income 153.0 ,19?.5 s10.1 525.4 5.9 ) Revenue 168.9 257.7 590.1 579.1 62 Expenditure t72.8 264.9 689.0 619.1 65 6. Total capital construction investment 317.2 392.0 1,238.3 981.4 B2 Volume o.f railway freight 223.6 448.2 949.t 948.8 B1 B. Total volume of letail sales 171.3 242.2 773.L 849.0 7.7 9. Total import and export volume 161.8 183.3 872.8 r,138.2 87 Total volume of imports 133.3 t47.5 777.1 980.5 8.2 Total volume of exports 20t.1 232.8 1,005.2 1,356.5 9.4 (Provided by the State Statistical Bureau.) Nouember 29, 1982 19 titoM IilE cillNltsE PRess...... re. LIFE courses on these subjects are organized by every neighbour- Preschool Home Training hood committee. A grandma. rvho formerly rFHE Xicheng District's wom- Some pamper too much, ofhers spanked the child whenever he I en's federation recently con- scold. made.a mistake, nou, has learnt ducted an investigation on pre- an The women's federation has, to reason vvith him in school training among 56 therefore, opened courses for enlightening way. Another who households under the charge of never ropes though grandparents on infant care, knew the Changqiao neighbourhood the preschool education and ways she has been caring for ctrildren committee. The investigative of bringing up smart and all her life is now beginning to results showed that quite few a healthy children. understand the correct rvay of grandrhothers whb care for preschool education. children during the absence of The 333 local women's groups the working parents lack know- in that have educa- "Beijing Wanbao" (Beijing district all - ledge about educating children. tional instructors and more Euening Newspaper)' RUfAI Eldefl' elderly. The help for senior cit- -J izens is taking four lorms: Liu Dongli, a ?7-year 20 Berjing Reuiew, No. 48 disabled. A rnonthly salary of of his own name, inscribed on a the Pariy's rural policies and 20 to 30 yuan is paid. stone tablet on the bridge he their ardent love for the Party had built. and socialism. The county officials review this work twice a year and These bridges and roads re- - " Bangue Tan" (Fortnightla every brigade. has a responsible flect the peasants' support of Re..*ieu) person. Thus, the elderly of Shenqiu County norv enjoy a happier life. PEOPLE -Xinhuo Netos Agency Policeworuaru Honoured 7 HOU YI, a 20-year-old Bei- operation she is now out of dan- L iing policewoman who had ger. COMMENT risked her life t school pupil fro :'^,::lltY,l: ing subway trai ""Jj'ljr.'."i[: Indittidually with the title t heroine" at a FinAneed Bfid,geS Ministry of Public Security. Zhou's parents received the certificate at the meeting on One day in early October, behalf of their daughter who is f,l ECENTLY, many peasants whil.e 290 pupils were await_ still hospitalized, After the rt built bridges anci roads on ing a train al the eiairmen meeting wang Wentong, vice- their orpn to bring benefit to Subway Station, a scoundrel Mini.ster of public Security and their locales. construction work to be merely trifle, forgettiirg that the work. I though minor, is indispensable. These peasants saved money. bought building materials and {': contributed their time and ener- gy. They seek neither fame nor gain. They are not distributing charity in order to ensure a happy life in the next world like philanthropists did in old China. They are preoccupied with the thought of working for the benefit of the people. Leaders from the Ministry and Beiiins Municipality Sl.rff"trjni""curity of them down Zhao Pengfei, Secretary of the on to the tracks Beijing Municipal Party Com- was arriving. mittee went to see her and as on duty, hur- brought her the medal and a e and was shov- Ietter of sympathy. too. Zhou m rrom Inner sarety "" ;;; ""1-L:"1u_ --:' herself seJ ilixH,# ;::rffi"11"j;T.l; and harming Zhou Yi. Fur- Wu Yaoting, a peasant in Her condition was critical ther investigations are under Hunan Province, had the words with a broken spine and torn way, "Thanks for the Party," instead muscles, but due to a timely - Xinhua Neus AgencE Nooember 29, 1982' 21 SPECIAL FEATUREiTANGSHAN REBORN shan - Six Years After the Qua i$d,f :!rg't:ij I , N earthquake of 7.8 mag- toll of 242,000 from a population Notionwide Support /I r nitude on the Richter scale of 1.06 million. State investment and nation- shbok the industrial city of Many predicted: "Tangshan wide support have contributed Tangshan in north China for 23 has been wiped off from the to rebuilding Tangshan in a seconds on July 28, 1,976. The f ace of the earth and will short period of time. In spite destruction it caused to lives and take at ieast 20 years to re- of the financial difficulties that property was r.rnparallelled in build." They compared Tang- have forced the state to cut in- modern world history. The shan to Pompeii, an Italian city vestments in capital construc- quake reduced this century-old submerged in magma and lime tion, it has allocated approxi- city to ruin and took a death from a volcanic eruption. mately 4,000 million yuan for the construction of a new Tangshan. Communist spirit has been New Tangshan Under Reconstruction essential to the lebuilding. Peop).e {rom all over rushed to rf\ ODAY. only six years later area before the shock. A1most assist Tangshan as soon as they I a visitor to Tangshan can 6 million square metres o{ heard nervs of the quake. The see row upon row of new five- housing have been completed Part5r Central Committee sent a and 91,801 families have moved to six-storeyed buiidings and group immediately. More Lhan endless of people and new homes. an stream into 100,000 PLA officers and men. vehicles over the broad new Nevertheless, if you stroll 30,000 medical workers, 20,000 roads. It is a bustling scene of along the city streets, you still cadres and 30,000 construction construction: excavators clear- can see the vestiges of the workers travelled day and night ing the grounds, heavy-duty earthquake in the narrow side across the country to Tangshan. trucks transporting concrete streets full of rubble. Half the In those first days more than slabs, sand and stones, and inhabitants are still living in 600 million yuan worth of ma- tower cranes lifting prefabricat- houses were Tang- ed parts- small brick roofed with terials donated to asphalt felt weighed down by shan. Nine provinces and cities Some 10.31 million square bricks. Spaces between the gave free medical treatment metres have already been re- ruins and the new buildings are to the more than 50,000 serious- built, 78 per cent of the city's crammed with makeshift homes, ly wounded people. 22 Beijing ReL>ieu,, No. 48 SPECIAL FEATUREITANGSHAN REBORN .Y;*Yi,: #f Tangshan's Kailuan Coal Mine devastated by the quake. When the rebuilding n'ork President of the China Build- ones. It is based on the principle began, the State Constructi.on ing Research Institute, and a of integrating urban with rural Commission organized 2.300 ex- leader in char:ge of planning areas, facilitating production perts and technical personnel the city. Old Tangshan was cen- and improving people's daily from 15 provinces. cities and tred on coal mining, he said. lives. Every effort will be made departments to heip \\'crk out a The city's layout was an irra- to remove the factories which plan for the con.iluction oi a tional maze of coal pits and emit pollution or affect urban new Tangshan. The PLA. the mines in downtown areas inter- construction. This will permit N{ini.stries oi }Ietallurgical In- spersed with the narrow. crook- the areas p).anted with trees to dustry. of Railrvays. of Coal ed lanes of the residential areas expand. Industry and other central gov- and the bustle of the Beijing- ernment ciepartments as well Shanhaiguan Railway line. New Tangshan is divided into as various local governments in Environmental pollution was three districts: the Old District, Hebei Province where Tangshan serious. The smoke emitted the East Mining District and is Iocated aiso sent in designers from the chimneys of coke the New District. The building and construction workers and ovens, steel. power and cement area covers 14.13 million square 2,000 sets of machinery. The piants was called the "four metres. or 78 square kilometres number of construction work- dragons" (because it was of the city's total area. ers was sometimes as high as dragon-coloured: black, red, being 100.000. At present. the size of white and grey). The industries The Old District is the former downtown this contingent is somewhat discharged 260,000 tons of dust, built on northern part, reduced because some proiects 110 million tons of waste water area. In its some industries which have been completed; still, and 10 million tons of industrial while nearly three-quarteis the cannot removed have re- of residue annually. It was one of be 70,000 people still working there the most seriously polluted mained, municipal government are from other localities. cities in the country, Yuan said. offices, shops, a library, a gymnasium, cinemas and thea- Plqn for o Rotionol loyout The plan for. new Tangshan tres. a post and telecommunica- The new Tangshan will be a follows national guidelines for tions building, hospitals, a great improvement over its pre- controlling the expansion of big railway station and other public decessor, said Yuan Jingshen, cities and developing small buildings will form the city's Nouember 29, 1982','',? ,a SPECIAT FEATURE/TANGSHAN REBORN political, economic and cultural pect of the plan for the new Llnder the new plan, roads centre. In its southern part, city. Before the earthquake. will be broadened, many-sided some of the dozens of former Tangshan had 3.4 square metres entrances and exits will be add- factories have been moved away of afforested areas per capi.ta. ed, spaces between buii 24 Beijing Reuieu, No. 48 SPECIAT FEATURE,'TANGSHAN REBORN of six shares a three-room, 54- to u,ork from his old hclme, but sq m apartment in addition to a now it takes over half an hour. kitchen, toilet. buitt-in ward- He hopes that readiu-stment of robe, balcony and haltwa."* work places and improvernent and equipped with central heat- of comrnunications facitities will ing and gas pipelines. heip sol.,,e these difficulties. Chen Jinwen said his well- In l'ron1 oI building No. 2?. l'urr-rished q uarters are mol'c childr-er.r 1r'onr a Iocal kinder- spacious than those the three garien play on an enclosed .- generations in his familv l-rad sport: s|ound The kindergar- :*1-\ -t*. - beiore the quake. Rent i-s 1cn. rret up specially for this new only fir,,e yuan out of the t'ami- se<:',ion. covers an area of 1.900 i),'s totai monthly income of sqLlnre mL.Lt-es It began accept- over 300 yuan. rng chilclren in September last But it is discouraging to see )/e:lr. The state allocated 35.000 .sections of stovepipes proiecting vurln f<'rr the purchase of furni- (iut- of the windows of many ture. 1ovs. musical instruments. neu' buildings and depositories TV sets and other necessities. i-,1 coal on the glound lloors. The l On the second floor of build- Sanitary ware (pieces)cieces) 1.143.000 ing No. 27 lives Chen -Iinwen. a worker at the Tangshan Iron Ceramic articlcs fol claily use (pieces) I 38.550.000 and Steel Factory. IIis family Nouer'ber 29, 1982 25 SPECIAL FEATURE TANGSHAN REBORN Tangshan's Gross Industrial Output Value (10,000 yuan) Year 1978 1 979 1980 i 198I l Total output 21 7,000 260,357 ', 261,984 vaLue Bef ore the quake, its f amous past few years have resulted Bathroom and toilet equipment Kai.luan Coal Mine and its time- in increasing generatin6l ca- produced by the Tangshan honoured ceramic industry as pacit.v- to 1.05 million kilowatts. Celamic Factory has been cited vrell as nearly 400 electric. iron It is important to north China's as the nation's best four times and steel, cement factories and power grid linklng Beijing. since the quake. Neu, varieties other enterprises employed Tianiir-: and the Tangshan area. have been added. High-grade 210.000 workers. Its total in- and chemical ceramics have dustrial output value was 2,240 Tangshan's ceramics at'e been marketed to more than "vell million yuan in 1975. regarded at home o.6 nlt'r-rad B0 countries and regions. During the quake, factory buildings and equipment and the coal piis suffered heavy Starting Life Afresh damages. One-tenth of the city's workers died in the Kailuan tragic lelui'Il their Coal Mine and the ceramic com- THE memoly o{ the into a ba:tle to r and shattered ir, j-rs f c.rrmel self pany alone. Therefore, it will earthquake dies hard. citl f or the and get their iir es I rrlling aneu'. require tremendous efforts to the immense sorrow every- restore Tangshan'.s industries. bereaved is still fresh in New Fomilies A leader of the city's economic one's mind ln Tangshan. Yqi department said that after the underneath the sadness flows a They got married in 191i quake Tangshan's workers and streatn of steadiness and pur- she a 35-year-oid teacher of the staff members did all they po.se beyond anything yet ex- Tangshnn branch of the China could to salvage . equipment. perienced. Tangshan people, Coal-NIining Research Institute Many factories and mines basi- who have tested their mettle and he one of the branch's as- cally restored production in one against death. are no\^' plunged sistant engineers. Both losl year or so. By 1979, the cit;r's total industrial output value had surpassed the pre-quake one and production increased continual- ly. The city now has 633 factories and enterprises with 320.000 industrial worl 26 Beijing Re',*iew, No, 48 SPECIAT FEATURE TANGSHAN REBORN their spouses the night the quake ravaged the city and each was left with a child. But it took a while to get their marriage going. At first. the wife was unhappy about her stepdaughter, who kept her at arm's length. She remembbred once taking the little girl to t'atch TV. A meeting was going on in the TV room, and thel' had to go home, disappointed. The girl thought her stepmother did not really mean to let her watch TV and cried: "You're not my mom. Leave me alone!" This hurt the woman so badly that she wept. She knew it would be difficult Recreational activilics ol the parapleg:ics. to give the child enough affec- tion to console her for the loss him. I bumped into him on his f amily rel:rtionship" :rs tht- of her mother. She redoubled way back. He was sorry about '.,r,atchword. her efforts with the girl. ''When the argument and r.l,as return- The Hondicopped I get her anything, like clothing ing to see if I was all right. This rrr {oc-rd. I want it to be better really brought us closer." Tian Sulan nsed to be a than for m)' own son. I tell her commoditly inspector at the They are but one of the a story everv night befor.e she Taneshan Rolling Stock Fiic'- hundred couples at the Tang- goes to bed." Her heart ached tory. During the ealthquake shan branch of the China Coal- when her stepdaughter got she rvas badly .in,jured urith four' Mining Research Institute who scratched or hurt. a feeiing she cracked lunrbal veltebrae and rebuilt their families after their formerly had only for her. ot,n tvt'o broken ribs. and it lor;ked husbands wives died in the son. or as il she would bc. pelmzLnenllv quake. The branch's trade bedriddt:n. Petty bickering occasionallv union staf f who have volun- , But. 20 months later. Tian. bloke out between husband and teered to be matchmakers. are 45, is riding a bicycle to and rvile. br-rt all helpecl, one wa)- or. now racking their braing to from hel new .iob everv duy as another.. to deepen their love f ind mates f or the remaining one ol the f actor y's data auit- One moliring. the daughter thr.ee widowers and six widows. Iysts The secret to hel mirarc- played for too long and was ulous lecorzer'5, li6s in her su- late for sch()ol. The mother Ilost of the 15,000 Tangshan perb willpo',ver. scolded her. but the father people who lost theit' sp Norembet' 29, 1982 sPECrAt FEATURETTANGSHAN REBORN new skills. One young man is training to become a tailor; one young woman has developed .t * a penchant for creative writing. The Homeless The nightmarish earthquake left 2,600 orphan children. Some 700 of them have been sent to schools in Shijiazhuang and Xingtai; some are now in kin- dergartens, both in the same province as Tangshan; and the rest have been adopted either by relatives or sympathizers. The school in Shijiazhuang rvas built within 34 days after Tangshan rvas struck by the quake. The state covers all the Homecoming of school ehildren \trho were senl to Shijiazhtang af(er losing their parents in the quake. expenses. from construction and education funds to students' rnonthly allowances. The school herself to be discouraged, Tian funded nursing house. llany offers both primary and middle Sulan exercised every day. are recuperating in sickrooms school courses in addition to a Eight months later, she was able operated by the big facror.ies. class for pre-schooler:s. to prop herself up in bed. When Those whose conditions are bet- she could finally stand up she ter stay home under the care of These orphans receive pref- immediately began to push her- family members, receiving med- erential treatment in job op- self to walk. More than a year ical treatment from doctors portunities when they f inish later she stepped on to a train who make regular rounds. None school. To datei 1,500 of them and returned to her home of them need to ,worr1' about have been placed in jobs, and town. money: The jobless are sup- 350 have become PLA soldier:s. ported by the city authorities The 1976 ear:thquake left The childless elderly are also and enjoy free medicai care: 1,814 people in Tangshan para- provided for. l\{ost are in nurs- plegic. ..vorkers and staff have their Very few of the 1,?2? ing houses, ',lrrhere they can play who various expenses covered by have survived can return chess, enjoy music or otherwise jobs their former worll places. In to their and earn their liv- amuse themselves. In the last ing like Tian Sulan. Some of the countryside, the permanent- six years their nurses have at- ly disabled pay them considered committing one-third of the tended 1o them day and night. medical suicide to end the unbearable expenses and the pro- with the love and devotion usu- pain trom their impaired cen- duction brigades cover the re- ally reserved for families. With tral nervous systems or to save maining two-thirds. their selfless deeds, the staff has farrrily members the trcruble of refuted the old saying: "The having The city's 3-hectare nursing to rvait on them. But, bed of a chronically sick man 'to home for the handicapped. a for most, thanks the help can turn away even the most from a sympathetic society, 1.32 million yuan project, is a the filial son." L] desire to live has been rekin- positive, supportive environ- dled. It is not uncommon to see tnent for its residents. With people on crutches, joining in the aid of several kinds of morning exercises with non- equipment, the patients can do physical handicapped people, albeit a activities indoors and bit more laboriously. out. The home's library is al- ways in use. Some patients like Their Iives are secure. Some tc sit in bed knitting or listening have moved into a neil, city- to music. Others are Jearning 28 Beijing Reaiew, No. 48 CU['TURi & SqIEI\CE SCIENCE AN D found in continental sedirnenta- law of unity of oPPosites, i.e.. tion and that China's oil in- particles and anti-particles and TECHhIO!.OGY dustry had bright prosPects. Ih matter and anti-matter. accordance rvith their ProPosal. the Central Government ai the 5. Geological maPs of China I nventions Outstonding beginning of 1958 decided to and a geological maP of Asia: And Reseorch move some of China's oil plos- After a comprehensive studY of pecting teams from northwest relevant data, Wang Xiaoqing to northeast Productive and other scientists of the In- Six major natural scie:rce re- China. drilled and an GeologY under the search projects rr'ere arvarded wells were soon stitute of oilfield one of the of GeoIogY and Min- first-ciass prizes b1- the State Daqing, Ministry - iargest was thus 1958 to draw a Science and Technclogy Com- world's erals began in opened. The work- conducted national and regional mission a: an a'uvards cere- series of other geo),og- maPs of Chi- monf i:: Beijing late last month by Li Siguang and geological-mineral provided theoretical and Ior outslanding inventions and ists a na and a geological map of Asia practical a nationwide research work. The honoured basis for with correspon'ding notes and petroleum projects were: survey. papers. These maPs and docu- ments provide valuable basic ligand field theory l. The complete synthesis of 3. The data for geological, mineral theory bovine insulin: Niu Jingyi at research: Ligand field prospecting and hYdrological is an important branch in ihe- the Shanghai Institute of Bio- wcrk. the develoPment of the oretical chemistry and a funda- chemistry under the Chinese national economy. national de- nrental theory in the study of Academy of Scier-rces and other fence, geological research and molecule structure. Beginning scientists in 1965 produced to- teaching. Professor Tang tally s1'nthesized crystalline from the 60s, and bovine insulin after more than Aoqing of Jilin University 6. Progress towards the solu- the research group under his six 5'ears of research. It was tion of the Goldbach conjecture: overcoming the u'orld's first syntheiic pro- guidance. a-lter In 1742, the German mathema- tein. The achie"'ement marked many conceptual and mathe- tician Goldbach advanced the an important step torward in matical dif f iculties, began to proposition that every large man's quest to understand life systemize and star-rdardize the erren number can be rePresented and its secrets and opened new Iigand field theory concerning as the sum of two Prime num- molecules for vistas for basic research into the structure of bers. But the ProPosition re- proteins and their applical.ions. wider application. Their re- mains unsolved. In the 1950s' Basing themselves on this search results, which are of ad- [lang Yuan of the Institute of achievement. Chinese scientists vanced world levels, are being Mathematics ttnder the Chinese went on to synrhesize many widely applied at home and Academv of Sciences and Pan kinds of polypeptide hormones abroad. Chengdong of Shandong Uni- of practical value and began to made significant Pro- 4. The discovery of anti- versity synthesize even bigger protein gress in research into the Prob- negative hyperon: When molecules. sigm.a Chen Jingrun doing research on elementary Iem. By 1966, of the Institute of Mathematics 2. The earth science research particles, Professor Wang Gan- first proved the rePresentation work that led to the discovery chang of lhe Atomic EnergY large et'en numbers is the of the Daqing Oilfield: Li Si- Research Institute under the of pritne and the guang (deceased), Huang Jiqing Chinese .{cademy of Sciences sum of a Product He and other Chinese geologists, and his team in 1960 dis- of at most two Primes. Pub- in detail in basing themseives on geoJ.ogical covere The plesent buildings as- sociated with the Huaqing Pool were built in the Qing Dynasty and have been renovated and Sorrrr. instrunrerrts on Ihe obscrvatir)n plaUorm, expanded sevelal times. 30 Beijing Rexieu, No. 4ll nnf P,tCf Wu Shanming: Sketches of Tibetans in Southern Gansu Born in 19,11 in Zhejiang Plovincr'. \Vu Shanming gladuated fron ihe Depalt- ment of Traclitional Chine,se Painting in the Zhejiang Academl' of Fine At'ts and norv teaches at its middle school. A master oI. t'ather than a stickler' fol' tr aditional techniques, he is nou, probing ior original- itJ' in presentine the people of c)ur time. At once Iucid. elegant and tivid. the skelches presented here render Tibetan lile in its simplicitl and exube:'ance. His paintings collected in sevelal al- bums make him a lepresentatile chalacter ::lietchel of our' I'oungel' generatton L e i H JE. Subscribe to + TL Ch ,. 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