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Reflections of a Telescope Maker

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Reflections of a Telescope Maker a scieI1tist aI1d his hobby REFLECTIONS On a cold, late evening last] anuary, of his origin, nature, and destiny; the disciplines of physics and mathe­ I called to my younger son to come in that presents to the eye only events matics, and this led to a career as a from his "observatory" in the front that are already past, yet with such physicist. To this day, continued yard. His reply-that it was neither precision and conviction that on its efforts to keep abreast of some of the too cold nor too late, and that school word I was one day to travel halfway major developments in astronomy tomorrow was much less important around the world for a date with sun, serve a double purpose, since many than] upiter's moons in transit now­ moon, and a bench mark. Which is by recent advances in physics are in­ set me to thinking. Time had now way of saying that by suitable choice volved. closed its full circle since his grand­ within the full scope of such a hobby, father, too, had turned resignedly from all ranges of ages, skills, and interests My limited purse, on the other a son whose inner clock ran on tele­ can find expression - from occasional hand, led inevitably to the attempt to scope time. diversion up to several lifetimes of build or improvise instruments. And serious activity. there are few who, having done so, I could not help but muse awhile will not put their efforts to practical on the propertks of this optic tube Suppose one takes a hobby point use. Whether simple star gazing or that bends light just so; that shows so of view perhaps best described as op­ attempting to photograph an astral clearly what young and old scarcely portunist, a sort of balance of one's body, holding "telescope night" for a can believe to exist; that, itself a purely resources of age, interest, and skill. In scout troop or taking off on an eclipse physical tool, enlarges man's concepts my own case, I chose early to combine expedition, a substantial reward library resources with an attempt to accrues. Each success carries with it a Irvin H. Schroader, Assistant Supervisor of develop manual skills. My early at­ sense of personal achievement; the the Satellite Design Group, is a member of tempts to read widely in the locally inevitable imperfections only whet the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement available literature on astronomy the appetite for another try, better of Science. soon required supporting study into planned next time if time allows. Eclipse of the moon, September 25-26, 1950. The four views were selected from a series taken as the moon moved through the earth's shadow .. They were photographed by mounting a 3 5-mm camera, with lens removed, at the prime focus of a reflecting, 112-inch-focal-Iength telescope; that is, so that the telescope focused a sharp image directly on the film. The exposure was determined experimentally by considering the moon to be a cbunk of grayish rock illuminated by the sun. 8 APL Technical Digest of a TELESCOPE MAKER I. H. Schroader Grinding the Telescope 'Iirrol' carborundum grains between. The Russell Porter and Albert Ingalls, and upper disk, when stroked back and principally to the sponsorship of To illustrate, I recall standing in­ forth over the lower, tends to wear to Scientific American magazine. side the darkened dome that shelters a smooth concave surface if moved in the IOO-inch telescope on M t. Wilson, all possible directions. The rough Perfecting the ~lirror surface resulting is then made The working of glass is still largely smoother by several hours of grinding empirical- more art than science in with successively finer grades of abra­ its dependence on personal skill. The sive. mounting of the optics to form a com­ At this point, further progress to­ pleted telescope can be kept very ward a smoother surface requires simple unless the amateur decides to polishing by rubbing the upper con­ take a turn at fine machine work. One cave disk over a rouge-saturated layer of my own particular interests has of pitch. Some hours later, the surface been in perfecting the paraboloidal of the glass will become beautifully surface on a mirror and measuring it smooth and free of pits and scratches with high accuracy. This is a project if cleanliness is carefully observed. that consumes large amounts of time So far, work; from here on the em­ and little money-a good combination phasis is on minimum work with for a hobby. Section of the moon at first quarter, taken maximum skill, for the contour of the Surprisingly enough, the mirror by the same technique as that used in the September 25-26, 1950, moon·eclipse se­ surface of the glass must be carefully surface can be measured for deviation ries. The shadows cast by mountain ranges and crater walls cause the surface features modified so that it assumes the form from the desired paraboloid within, to stand out in bold relief. The mountain of a paraboloid of revolution (a dis­ say, 2 millionths of an inch by illumi­ range is the Lunar Apennines, and the larg­ est crater is named for Archimedes. torted pattern of stroking the upper nating it with an artificial star-an disk over its pitch lap is employed, so illuminated pinhole of light aimed to wishing for a look through the giant that more glass is polished away in strike the average center of curvature instrument. However, since the staff the center area of the disk). For the of the mirror surface. The mirror will astronomers themselves seldom ob­ tyro, give or take 5 millionths of an served visually, luck was not with me. inch is near enough to perfection. The With better fortune sometime later, final step requires that an extremely two nights spent at Lick Observatory thin layer of aluminum be evaporated provided opportunity for magnificent over the glass surface to render it observations of Mars, Jupiter, and highly reflective. When assembled in a Saturn that might have ended all tube, the curved mirror surface will satisfaction with smaller instruments then reflect light rays from a star to had not the element of personal form a real image that can be further achievement counted so heavily. enlarged by a magnifying eyepiece. So I made a telescope of my own by The first look through one's own the following process, based mainly on creation is a never-to-be-forgotten simple principles and hard work. Take experience. Thousands of amateurs two round disks of Pyrex glass,' say 6 of all ages have completed successful Comet Ar.end-Roland, taken with a 35-mm inches in diameter by I inch thick, and instruments, thanks in large measure camera attached to a 6-inch telescope. The telescope was mounted so that it could be grind them together with coarse to the guidance of such men as the late moved to follow the motion of the comet. July - August 1963 9 retlect the incident light back to a somewhat distorted image of the pin­ hole. So simple a device as a razor blade can then be used (by slicing the light, so to speak) to locate the point where rays of light from any small selected area on the mirror come to a focus. Eye and mind can soon be educated to "see" the contour of the glass surface, with deviations from a perfect spheroid as small as a fraction of a millionth of an inch standing out in bold relief under test. A combina­ tion of measurement and simple calcu­ lation leads to a knowledge of the actual mirror surface contour, which Illustration of the Foucault test setup for determining precision of mirrors during polishing. can then be corrected toward perfec­ tion by always polishing off the high when compared with precise meas­ cause of some minor imperfection in places. This method of testing bears uring screws. Second, the test instru­ the equipment. ments and methods have been used the name of its inventor, Leon ) lot()graph~ and AstronOlll. Foucault.! repeatedly, with a high degree of By a combination of the mathe­ success, by a number of interested To be continually attractive, a matics that describes in detail how a telescope makers. Third, I completed hobby must offer less demanding goals 2 paraboloid reflects light and an in­ a chapter in Amateur Telescope M aking as well. With little talent for sketching, genious use of fine wire for examining describing the test in detail. I have had only limited success in the reflected image of an illuminated A major undertaking in mirror drawing what is seen through the slit, Enrique Gaviola devised a making is the task of working a disk of eyepiece. On the other hand, photo­ " caustic test" for determining mirror glass to achieve a surface contour so graphing astronomical events and ob­ accuracy. This method depends, for close to that of a perfect paraboloid jects has proved to have very interest­ its high degree of accuracy, upon the that testing errors become important ing possibilities. I have tried a variety uniform diffraction of light around a in stating the accuracy achieved. It is of devices, from very simple lenses up fine wire. The position of the wire evident that glass can only be removed, to those in much more sophisticated must be known accurately as observa­ so the worker must continually think cameras. Perhaps most interesting tions are made to measure surface in­ in terms of an imaginary surface lying have been attempts to photograph the accuracies as small as Hoo of the principally just under the actual glass moon, planets, and comets, using the wavelength of light (about .>-5 of a surface.
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