Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South Robin Beck Foreword by Charles M

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02213-3 - Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South Robin Beck Foreword by Charles M. Hudson Index More information

Index

Abercrombie site, 241 Arthur, Gabriel, 15, 131, 134 Abhika Indians, 218, 241 Ashley-Cooper, Anthony (Lord Achonechy Town, 172. See also Fredricks Shaftesbury), 139, 146, 147 site, Occaneechi Indians Ayllon,´ Lucas Vasquez´ de, 61 Adair, James, 258 Adamson site, 44, 45, 48, 51, 67 Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 142, 143, 171 Mound A at, 67 and Bacon’s Rebellion, 144, 145, 165, Adini Orata, 88, 155 170 Adshusheer, 174 Bandera, Juan de la, 4, 14, 72, 78 African slave trade, 6, 16, 116, 150, 182 Barker, Thomas, 216 and Yamasee War, 17 Barnwell, John, 181, 198, 202, 206, 211, Ajacan,´ 92 213, 220, 249 Alibamo/Alabama Indians, 218, 241 attack on Hancock’s Fort, 201 Anderson, David G., 40, 49, 50 and Cherokee Indians, 218 Anglo-Powhatan Wars, 102, 113, 117, 143 at Contentnea Creek, 198 Algonquin Indians, 106 and Essaw company, 198 Chowanoke Indians, 186 and Pee Dee company, 198 and epidemic diseases, 108 and Saxapahaws, 245 Altamaha, 69, 207 1715 census by, 215, 216, 238, 241, chief of, 23. See also Yamasee Indians 249, 258 Apalachee Indians, 157, 198, 204, 214, 1721 map by, 226 220 and Yamasee company, 198 and John Barnwell, 198 Bath, North Carolina, 184, 200 as slaves, 182 Battle at Rique, 111 Apalachee province, 117 Battle of Bloody Run, 14, 99, 114, 115 Apalachicola (town), 241 Battle of the Ponds, 229, 249 Appomattox River, 102, 131 Bay of Ochuse, 61 Aracuchi, 83, 90 Bear River Indians, 192 Aranguiz y Cotes, Alonzo de, 117, 130 beaver pelt trade, 106, 116, 156, 183, 214 account of “striped” Chichumecos, 122 Beaver Wars, 107 letters of, 118 Beaverdam Creek site, 43 Archdale, John, 153, 186 Beaverqyck, 106 and Bath County, 186 Belk Farm site, 173

293

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02213-3 - Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South Robin Beck Foreword by Charles M. Hudson Index More information

294 Index

Berkeley, William, 141, 142 Carteret, Nicholas, 139 Berry site, 53, 66, 69, 72, 92, 247 Cartier, Jacques, 105 Burial 1, 85 Cary, Thomas, 186 excavations at, 73 and Cary’s Rebellion, 186, 197 Fort San Juan at, 74 Cashie phase, 192, 194 as location of Joara, 69, 72–74 Casuie, 226, 245 mound at, 53, 92 Catapa (Catape), 85 radiocarbon dates, 54. See also Joara, headman of, 84 Xualla Orata, 82, 254 Biedma, Luys Hernandez´ de, 64, 69 Catawba Indians, 1, 3, 106, 111, 152, 170, Black Minquas, 110. See also Erie Indians 171, 214, 220, 258, 264 Blair site, 43, 48, 51 and annihilation of Waxhaws, 252–253 Bland, Edward, 112, 122, 131 Cataba Indians, 82, 84, 85, 95, 168, Blanding, William, 44 198, 254 Blount, Tom, 194, 202, 221, 232, 241 Catapaws, 215 Blunt, Tom. See Blount, Tom Iroquois assaults on, 170, 176, 214–215, Boulware, Tyler, 232, 241, 242 256 Boykin site, 44, 48, 51 as nation, 16, 244, 257, 261, 265 Brims Town, 241 political landscape of, 252 Brooks, James, 6 and 1721 deerskin map, 18, 225, 231, Bull, John, 198, 245 244, 259 Bull, Stephen, 139 and 1759 epidemic, 262–263 Bull, William, 249 and trading path, 72, 122, 146 Bureau of Ethnology, 27, 86 Whitmannetaughehee, chief of, 258 Burk, John, 103 Catechna, 189, 200 Burke phase, 52, 53, 56, 72, 127 Catechna Fort. See Hancock’s Fort settlement pattern, 54 Cauchi, 85 Upper Yadkin, 86 Fort San Pablo at, 85 Burroughs, Seymour, 206 Cayuga Indians, 104. See also Iroquois Byrd, William, 126, 170, 249 Indians and Sara Indians, 128 ceramic styles, dating, 38 and Westover Estate, 151 Chalaque, 69, 72, 246 Champlain, Samuel de, 105 cacica of Cofitachequi. See Cofitachequi Chara, 226, 247, 249 Caesar, 240. See also Chota Orata, 88, 155 Cahokia site, 24, 68, 222 relationship with Joara, 155, 251. See calumet ceremonialism, 243. See also ritual also Cheraw Indians adoption Charles Towne, 115, 135, 141, 161, 186, Ç amumo, 69 204, 225, 227 Canete˜ fragment, 65, 66 Charra, 246. See also Cheraw Indians Canizares, Lucas de, 90 Chattoka, 188, 190 cannibalism, 107, 118, 130 Core Tom, 191 Canos, 72, 78, 83, 90, 95, 138, 155, 164 Chauga site, 49 as Cofitachequi, 72 Chechesee, 207. See also Ichisi Fort Santo Tomas´ at, 90 Cheraw Indians, 126, 249, 251. See also and second Pardo expedition, 78, 82, 90, Chara, Charra 254. See Cofitachequi, Mulberry site Cheraw War, 250 Caraway Phase, 52, 89 Cherokee Indians, 18, 148, 153, 212, 218, Carolina (colony), 116, 119, 131, 135, 253 138, 153, 163, 182, 184. See also and clans, 243 North Carolina, South Carolina coalescence of, 240–244

Index 295

Coweeta Creek site, 234 Clark Hill Lake, 40 and deerskin trade, 233 coalescence, 7, 16, 18, 57, 72, 106, 152, language of, 242 178, 241–244, 260 Lower Towns, 219, 240 and clans, 243 Middle Towns, 219, 238 defined, 210, 237 Out Towns, 238 and language, 242 Overhill Towns, 219, 238, 240 Cobb, Charles, 7 Valley Towns, 240 Coe, Joffre, 46, 52 women, 234 coercive expansion, defined, 31 in Yamasee War, 218 Cofaqui, 23 Cherokee-Creek War, 240, 242 Cofitachequi, 13, 15, 44, 63, 66–69, 72, Chestowee, 212 93, 95, 138–140, 141, 154–155, 156, Chiaha, 78 165, 177, 236, 241 and Hernando Moyano, 84 cacica of, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 154 Fort San Pedro at, 85 and Canete˜ fragment, 66 Chichumecos, 117, 118, 119. See emperor of, 138 Richahecrian Indians, Westo Indians Henry Woodward at, 138 Chickahominy, 102 as paramount chiefdom, 67 Chickasaw Indians, 17, 148, 182, 247, 253 and Pedro de Torres, 94 and 1723 deerskin map, 225 “plague” at, 68, 94 Chicken, George, 217, 240, 249 Soto’s arrival at, 66, 93. See also Canos, chiefdom, 3, 12, 14, 27–33, 152–157, 196, Mulberry site 221, 232 Coming, Afra, 160 cycling, 153, 156 community, defined, 33 defined, 30 Congaree Indians, 164, 198, 252 chieftaincy, 17, 195–197, 208–210, 215, congregacion,´ 158 221, 232–238, 259 Conjurer, 220, 240 Abhika Creek Indians as, 241 contagions. See epidemics Alibamo Creek Indians as, 241 control hierarchies, 31 Cherokee Middle Towns as, 238 Core Tom, 191. See also Chattoka Cherokee Out Towns as, 239 Coree Indians, 186 Cherokee Overhill Towns as, 238 in Tuscarora War, 192 Cherokee Valley Towns as, 238 Cowan’s Ford series, 52. See also Low defined, 195 phase Esaw Indians as, 196 Coweeta Creek site, 86, 234 Ochese Creek Indians as, 240 Coweta, 149, 240 Tallapoosa Creek Indians as, 241 Craven, Charles, 204, 213, 249, 250 Tuscaroras, Northern as, 196 Creek Indians, 17, 18, 149, 220, 240 Tuscaroras, Southern as, 196 and clans, 243 Waxhaw Indians as, 252 coalescence of, 241 Yamasees, Lower as, 207 and deerskin trade, 233–234 Yamasees, Upper as, 207 houses of, 234 Chilhowie High School site, 77 language of, 242 Chiscas, 76, 77, 78 Lower (Ochese) Creeks, 182, 219, 220, Choctaw Indians, 253 240, 247 cholera, 151 and trader debt, 213 Chota-Tenasee, 238 Upper Creeks, 218, 240, 247. See also Caesar, 240 Lower Creek Indians, Upper Creek Chowanoke Indians, 186, 194 Indians Claiborne, William, 110, 111 Crow (King), 240. See also Keowee clan vengeance, 244, 256 Crowder’s Creek site, 56

296 Index

crystal mines, 88 militaristic slaving society, 119, 135 cultural evolution, 13 North American shatter zone, 119. See Cuming, Alexander, 240 also shatter zone Cusseta Indians, 148 Etowah site, 24, 222, 243 event, 14, 49, 56, 57, 94, 135, 221 Dan River phase, 48 deﬁned, 12. See also William Sewell Dankers, Jaspar, 170 Dare, Virginia, 60 Ferry’s Landing site, 44, 49 De la Warr, Baron (Thomas West), 102 First Westo War, 140 De Soto map, 35 Florida Keys, 16 deerskin map. See also Catawba Indians Florida mission system, 157–159, deerskin trade, 156, 183, 211, 214, 233, 182–183, 208 261 Fort Christiana, 228, 250, 258 as wealth ﬁnance, 196 Fort Henry, 112, 131 Deganawidah, 104, 164 Fort Nassau, 106 Desert of Ocute, 24, 49, 58, 62, 72, 154 Fort Neoheroka, 202 Dickens, Roy, 55 fall of, 202 Dobyns, Henry, 5, 124 Fort Orange, 106, 107, 170 Doeg Indians, 142 Fort Orista, 91 Dutch West India Company, 106 Fort San Felipe, 59 Dyer site, 50 Fort San Juan, 73, 75, 84, 88, 92, 155, 261. See also Berry site Ecija, Francesco Fernandez´ de, 93, 103 Fort San Pablo, 85 Edens, Charles, 250, 251 Fort San Pedro, 85 Elvas, Gentleman of, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, Fort Santiago, 90 94, 129, 159 Fredricks site, 161, 172, 173, 174 Eno Indians, 123, 133, 250 French and Indian War, 262 Enoe Will, 174 Ensley site, 54 Gale, Christopher, 191, 197 epidemics, 5, 6, 68, 95, 108, 124, 135, Gallay, Alan, 6, 109, 117, 135, 182, 220 151, 152, 157, 158, 159 Gallegos, Baltasar de, 69, 82 1759 epidemic, 262–263 Garden Creek site No. 1, 86 eractasswa, 258, 262. See also Gatford, Lionel, 114, 116 Whitmannetaughehee Gatschet, Albert, 2 Erie Indians, 105, 110, 119, 135. See also Gentaienton, 110 Chichumecos, Richahecrian Indians, Georg Ritter Company, 185 Westo Indians Giddens, Anthony, 6 Eriehronnon, 110. See also Erie Indians and theory of structuration, 8 Esaw, Captain Jack, 198, 203, 216, 232, Glen, James, 262 253, 257 Goose Creek Men, 149, 150, 182 Esaw Indians, 153, 169, 198, 214, 252, Governor Martin site, 66 254, 257, 258, 260 Graffenried, Christoph von, 185, 188, 222 Esaugh Indians, 140 and Georg Ritter Company, 185 Esaw (town), 166, 257 journey with Lawson, 189–192 Nasaw, 223, 225–227, 231, 244–245, as Landgrave of Carolina, 185 258–259 release from Tuscaroras, 203 and slaving, 153. See also Nasaw, Ysa settlement in North Carolina, 185–188 Escamacu,´ 91 Great Southeastern Smallpox Epidemic, Escudero de Villamar, Alberto, 88 159, 161 Estatoe site, 49 Great Tellico, 238, 240 Ethridge, Robbie, 6 Guale Indians, 157, 182

Index 297

Guale province, 117, 208 banontrade,211 Guanaytique, 76 and Carolina trade, 211 Guaquili, 69, 75, 84, 85 in Florida Keys, 183 Guatari, 14, 75, 88, 89, 91, 95, 100, 134, during Mississippian period, 6 155, 210 as wealth finance, 196 collapse of, 123–124, 134–135, 168 and Yamasee War, 17, 211. See also Fort Santiago at, 90 Occaneechi Indians, Savannah Indians, Mico, 79, 83, 89, 93, 249 Westo Indians, and Yamasee Indians as victim of slave raiding, 168. See also influenza, 5, 151 Wateree Indians Iredell phase, 84 Gueça, 83, 129. See also Waxhaw Indians Irene site, 41, 48, 86 Guiomae. See Hymahi Iroquois Indians, 15, 104–111, 128, 147, 170, 171, 203, 214, 230, 249 Haigler (King), 262, 263 assault on Erie Indians, 110 Hancock (King), 189, 194, 197, 202, 221, attack on Fort Christiana, 258 232, 241 epidemics among, 108 death of, 202 and guns, 109 Hancock’s Fort, 201 mourning wars of, 108 Hardins site, 56 and Tuscarora Indians, 203, 214, 229 as location of Ysa, 72 Hardins II site, 56 Jamestown, 14, 60, 100, 111, 145 Hasecoll (Indian John), 132 Jau, Francis Le, 217, 219 Haudenosaunee. See Iroquois Indians Jefferson County Iroquois, 105 Haw River Phase, 48 Jenrette site, 172 Herbert, John as location of Shakory, 123, 172 1725 map by, 226 Joara, 14, 15, 72, 73, 85, 89, 93, 95, 100, Hiawatha, 104, 164 124, 127, 129, 134, 155, 168, 210, Hickauhaugau, 116, 141, 146, 214 247 Hightower Village, 241 collapse of, 127, 134–135, 168 Hill, Edward, 99, 103, 111, 113, 114, 142 Hoada, 93 Hillsboro Phase, 48 Mico, 79, 83, 85, 93, 155, 177 Hiwassee, 240 Pardo and visiting orata at, 80–81, 85 Hoada, 93. See also Joara and relationship with Chara, 155, 251 Hogue site, 48 Sualy, 124. See also Berry site, Fort San Hollywood site, 40, 42 Juan, Saraw Indians, Xualla Holmes, William H., 27 Johnson, Nathaniel, 182 Hudson, Charles, 4, 7, 10, 232, 246, 254 Jones, Charles C., Jr., 40 and routes of Spanish exploration, 4, 85 Jones, Hugh, 229, 258 Huron Indians, 105, 106, 108, 109 Jordan’s Landing site, 194 Huspah (Oapa), 213 Huspah king, 213 Kadapau, 166, 168, 255 Hyde, Edward, 188, 197 Kadapau king, 170, 255. See also Hymahi, 62, 72. See also Guiomae Catawba Indians Kaskaskia, 220 Ichisi, 208. See also Chechesee Kaskufara/Kaskois, 131. See also Kateras Ilapi, 69, 154, 155, 236, 245. See also Ylasi Kateras, 131, 189 imagined community, 33 Kecoughtan, 102 indentured servitude, 116 Kelton, Paul, 5, 119, 124, 152, 159 Indian slave trade, 14, 16, 130, 135, 141, Keowee, 240. See also Crow (King) 144, 152, 156, 160, 182, 184, 202, Keyauwee Indians, 171, 249, 250, 251 221, 233, 235 queen of, 171

298 Index

Keyauwee Jack, 171 Lumbee Indians, 253 King site, 85 Luna y Arellano, Tristan´ de, 4, 61 Kituhwa, 239, 243 Knight, Vernon J., Jr., 241, 242, 243 Mabila, 78, 93 Krieckenbeeck, Daniel van, 107 Machipunga Indians, 186, 192 Mackay, Alexander, 213 La Place Royale, 106 Madison Cemetery site, 161 Lake Hartwell, 39 Mahican Indians, 105, 107 Lamar culture, 4, 43, 52, 90, 128 maize, 47, 83, 196 Lamar site, 208 agriculture, 32–33 Lamhatty Indian map, 225 and Late Woodland period, 32 Late Saratown phase, 127 production cycle of, 233 Lawson, John, 5, 16, 121, 137, 140, 146, and Spanish expeditions, 66 161, 176, 184–185, 192, 215, 231, surplus, 153, 178, 196, 221. See also 249, 254 political economy, staple finance at Achonechy Town, 172 malaria, 152 and Bath, North Carolina, 184 Maniatique, 76–77. See also Chiscas, and clan vengeance, 256 Guanaytique death of, 17, 191 Martın´ de Badajoz, Juan, 90, 91 describes smallpox, 161 Martın,´ Teresa, 91 describes “state houses,” 166 Martinez, Francisco, 76, 78 and Esaw Indians, 168 Mason’s Plantation site, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50 and Franz Louis Michel, 185 Matthews, Maurice, 149, 161 journey with Graffenried, 189–192 McCollum site, 43, 48, 51 and New Bern, North Carolina, 187 McDowell site, 54 and rum, 174 measles, 108, 151, 158 and trading girls, 167, 235 Mendez,´ Luisa, 76 Lawton site, 43 Menendez´ de Aviles,´ Pedro, 70, 100 Leak phase, 46 Merrell, James, 2, 6, 18, 79, 89, 253, 256, Leak site, 46, 49 263 Lederer, John, 5, 15, 103, 156, 171, 172, Michel, Franz Louis, 185 249, 254 mico, 14, 138, 155, 236 and death of Tottopottomoy, 114 defined by Bandera, 79 identifies Oustack Indians, 130 female micos, 89 and the interior Indian trade, 174 Middle Saratown phase, 127 at Occaneechi Island, 122–123 Minuet, Peter, 110 and Sara Indians, 128 Mission San Joseph de Sapala, 117 second journey of, 119, 131 Mississippian period, 3 Leon,´ Domingo de, 76 definition of, 27 Leon,´ Juan Ponce de, 60, 61 migration during, 53 local competition, defined, 31 and political economy, 32–33, 153–156, Long, Alexander, 212 236–237 Los Diamantes, 89 and slavery, 130 Low phase, 52, 56, 84 Mocama Indians, 182 Lower Creek (Ochese) Indians, 182, 220, Mohawk Indians, 104, 107, 109 240, 247 epidemics among, 108. See also Iroquois and trader debt, 213. See also Creek Indians Indians Monacan Indians, 144 Lower Quarter, 174 Montero, Sebastian, 75 Lower Saratown site, 48, 127 Mooney, James, 2, 261 Ludwell, Phillip, 144 Moore, James, 182, 198, 202, 214, 219

Index 299

Moore, Maurice, 219, 220, 240 Onondaga Indians, 104, 110. See also Morgan, Lewis Henry, 28 Iroquois Indians Moundville site, 24, 68, 222 Opechancanough, 102, 117 mourning war, 108, 170. See also Iroquois death of, 102 Indians orata, 79, 155, 236, 257 Moyano, Hernando, 73, 75–76, 78, 84, defined by Bandera, 79 88, 94 Orista, 90, 91 Moytoy, 240. See also Great Tellico Otari, 83 mumps, 151 Oustack Indians, 130. See also Westo Mulberry site, 44–46, 48, 51 Indians as location of Canos and Cofitachequi, Oviedo y Valdes,´ Gonzalo Fernandez,´ 64 44, 67. See also Canos, Cofitachequi Palatine colonists, 185 Nairne, Thomas, 183, 204, 212–213 Pamlico Indians, 186, 192 death of, 206 Pamunkey Indians, 100, 111. See also Narvaez,´ Panfilo´ de, 61 Powhatan Indians Nasaw, 225, 227, 244, 259, 263. See also pandemic. See epidemics Esaw Indians paramount chiefdom, 67 Natchez Indians, 123, 243 Pardo, Juan, 4, 60, 62, 71, 93, 154–155, nation, 230–232, 244 246, 254 defined, 232 account of first expedition, 71 natural community, defined, 33 builds Fort San Juan at Joara, 73 Needham, James, 131, 133 builds Fort Santiago at Guatari, 90 Nelson Triangle site, 88 builds Fort Santo Tomas´ at Canos, 90 Neusiok Indians, 186 at Canos/Cofitachequi, 78, 82 Neutral Indians, 105, 108 at Cauchi, 85 New Bern, North Carolina, 187 destruction of forts, 90, 91 New Sweden, 110 at Guatari, 75, 89 New Town, 263 at Joara, 72 Nicholson, Francis, 223, 252, 259 meager provisions for forts, 90 Nikwasi, 239 reasons for expedition, 93 North Carolina (colony), 184–186, 190, returns to Santa Elena, 75 194, 197, 201, 227, 239, 251. See also at Satapo, 84 Carolina (colony) Paspahegh, 102 Nottoway Indians, 228 Pauketat, Timothy, 28 Nustie, 226, 245 Peachtree site, 86 Pee Dee culture, 46, 52 Oapa, 213. See also Huspah Pee Dee Indians, 249, 251, 262. See also Oberg, Kalervo, 28, 29 Vehidi Occaneechi Indians, 16, 112, 141, 146 Pequot War, 118 and Indian slave trade, 135, 150, 152, Perdue, Theda, 233 156, 168. See also Achonechy Town Perico, 23, 68, 154 as middlemen, 145 persuasive aggregation, defined, 31, 238 Occaneechi Island, 122, 132, 143 Petiver, James, 184 Oconee Province. See Ocute Petun Indians, 105, 109 Ocute, 23, 50, 62, 69, 207, 208 Piedmont Siouan Indians, 112, 114 Ohio Hopewell, 32, 243 Pisgah phase, 55 Olamico, 79, 84. See also Chiaha Pitts phase, 53 Oldtown ceramic series, 128 Pitts site, 53 Oneida Indians, 104. See also Iroquois Pizarro, Francisco, 63 Indians Pocataligo, 204, 206, 213

300 Index

Pocosabo, 208, 213 Sadketchie Fight, 213 political economy, 12, 13, 30–33, 130, Sahlins, Marshall, 10 140, 153–156, 158, 192, 195–197, St. Augustine (San Agustın),´ 60, 70, 76, 207, 232–233, 235–237, 241, 261 100, 157, 182, 218 based on staple finance, 196 St. Bartholomew’s Parish, 206 based on wealth finance, 196, 210 St. Giles Plantation, 147. See also Lord defined, 7 Shaftesbury political landscape, defined, 35 St. Lawrence Iroquois, 105, 108, 109 Pollack, Thomas, 186, 188 Saltville, Virginia, 76 Poole site, 52, 127 San Miguel de Gualdape, 61 Port Royal Island, 206 Santa Catalina de Afuica, 210 Porter, John, 189, 197 Santa Elena, 60, 70, 75, 92, 157 Poverty Point site, 24 Santee Indians, 162, 163, 198 Powhatan Indians, 100, 194. See also Santo Domingo de Talaje, 117 Pamunkey Indians Sapona Indians, 166, 171 Pratz, Le Page du, 123 Sarati, 163 Saraw Indians, 126, 128, 245, 247–249, Quebec City, 106 250, 251 Queen Anne’s War, 16, 185, 210. See also distinguished from Cheraw Indians, 247 War of Spanish Succession Sara Indians, 124, 126–128, 134, 170 Quinahaqui, 72, 84, 85, 155, 246, 254 Saraw king, 215, 218, 229 Sarrah, 133. See also Joara, Xualla Raccoon Nation, 110. See also Erie Indians Satapo, 84 Ramsey, William, 183, 211, 212 Savannah Indians, 149, 150 Rangel, Rodrigo, 64, 66, 69, 70, 78, 236 Savannah River, 24, 34, 42, 49, 51, 57 Red Lake site, 43 Savano Town, 151, 214 Redmond, Elsa, 195 Saxapahaw Indians, 245–249 regional consolidation, defined, 30, 232 scalar hierarchy, defined, 31 regional integration, defined, 210, 244 Schenckingh’s Fort, 216 Rembert phase, 52 Scott’s Lake site, 48 Rembert site, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50 Second Westo War, 149 Rensselaerswyck, 106 Seneca Indians, 104, 110, 126, 149, 170, Requickening ceremony. See also Iroquois 229. See also Iroquois Indians Indians Seretee Indians, 162. See also Sarati Ribas, Juan de, 76, 89 Service, Elman, 28, 29 Ricahokene, 113. See also John White Sewell, William, Jr., 8–12, 93, 154, 155, Richahecrian Indians, 103, 111, 112–115, 168 117, 119. See also Chichumecos, Erie agency, defined, 9 Indians, Westo Indians event, defined, Richter, Daniel, 109 resources, 8, 154, 196 Righkahauke, 113. See also John Smith schemas, 8, 154, 156, 196 Rique (Rigue),´ 110, 111, 119. See also Erie Shakory. See also Jenrette site Indians shatter zone, 119, 135, 151, 177, 181. See ritual adoption, 243 also Ethridge, Robbie Roanoke Colony, 60 Shawnee Indians, 263 Roanoke Island, 172 Sherwood, William, 144, 145 Rodd, Charles, 204, 217 Shoulderbone site, 50 Rogel, Juan, 91 Sidney-Mackay site, 105 Rucker’s Bottom site, 42, 49 Silliman, Stephen, 62 Rudes, Blair A., 247, 251, 257 Silvestre, Gonzalo, 65 Simpson’s Field site, 42 Sadketchie, 208 Sitteree (Suteree), 132, 245, 256

Index 301

Sluyter, Peter, 170 Tecumseh, 164 smallpox, 5, 108, 124, 151, 158, 159, 170, Tenskwatawa, 164 174, 262 Thomas, Cyrus, 53, 86, 87, 92 symptoms of, 159. See also epidemic, Timucua Indians, 157, 182, 210, 243 Great Southeastern Smallpox Tomahitan Indians, 132, 141 Epidemic Tomately, 208 Smith, Adam T., 35 Toqua site, 85 Smith, John, 60, 113, 122 Torhunta, 199, 249 Soto, Hernando de, 4, 61, 62, 83, 154, 207 Torres, Pedro de, 94 arrives at Cofitachequi, 93 Totero Indians, 171 expedition of, 23, 62, 70 Tottopottomoy, 114 expedition outfitted in Havana, 64 Town Creek site, 46, 48, 51, 52 life of, 63–64 trading girls, 167, 177, 235 in Nicaragua, 63 Treaty of Nations Ford, 263 at Xualla, 70 Trent site, 105 South Appalachian Mississippian tradition, Tugaloo, 219, 240, 242 89 Conjurer, 220 South Carolina (colony), 198, 200, 204, Tugalo phase, 52 211, 212, 221, 223, 227, 231, 242, Tugalo site, 38, 42, 48, 52, 77 252. See also Carolina (colony) Tukabatchee site, 241 Speck, Frank, 2 Tulafina, 208 Spencer, Herbert, 28 Tuscarora Indians, 17, 112, 176, 186, Spotswood, Alexander, 218, 228, 192–197, 202, 216, 220, 241 247, 251 attack on Fort Christiana, 258 ultimatum of, 229, 250 and Cashie phase, 192 Stadacona, 105 defense of Fort Neoheroka, 202 staple finance. See political economy defense of Hancock’s Fort, 201 Stewart, John, 171 joined with Iroquois Indians, 203, 214 structuration, 8. See also Anthony Giddens Kaskufara/Kaskois, 131 Stuart Town, 208 King Hancock, 189. See also Hancock Suala (Sualy). See also Joara, Xualla (King), John Lawson, Tuscarora War Suarez, Andres,´ 88 Tuscarora War, 184, 197–203, 211, 221, Sugeree Indians, 84, 168, 196, 245, 255, 245 257 Piedmont Indians in, 198–199, 214 Succa, 245 typhus, 151 Suhere, 95, 168 Suhere Orata, 83, 255 Uauenee, 252 Susquehannock Indians, 105, 110, 142, Uchiri, 84, 95, 129, 134, 226, 246, 254. 143, 170 See also Ushery, Youchine Swannanoa Gap, 261 Upper Creek Indians, 218, 240, 247. See Swanton, John, 2 also Creek Indians and route of Hernando de Soto, 4 Upper Saratown site, 127, 161, 172, 173 Swimmer, 2 Ushery, 84, 129, 134, 140, 156, 226, 241, syphilis, 164 246. See also Uchiri, Youchine Uwharrie Mountains, 126 Tagaya, 83 Talimeco, 66–67. See also Cofitachequi Van den Bosh/French Indian map, 225 Tallapoosa Indians, 218, 241 Vega, Garcilaso de la, 65 Tate site, 43 Vehidi. See also Pee Dee Indians Tattooed Serpent, 123. See also Natchez Virginia (colony), 99–103, 111–114, 119, Indians 135, 141, 146, 153, 188, 228–230, Teal site, 47 249–251

302 Index

Waccamaw Indians, 246, 251 Woodward, Henry, 115, 138, 141, 146, Wall site, 48 149, 161 Waniah Indians, 150 journey to Chufytachyqui, 138 War of Spanish Succession, 182, 185. See journey to Westo Indians, 116, 146–148 also Queen Anne’s War Worth, John, 76, 118, 157–158 Warepere Indians, 245. See also Wiapie Wright, John, 204, 212–213 Warraskoyak, 102 Wasmisa, 226, 246 Xualla, 69, 72, 124, 247 Wateree Chickanees, 165 Berry site as location of, 69. See also Wateree (Watery) Indians, 123, 226, 246 Berry Site, Joara, Saraw Indians Watery king, 123. See also Guatari Wateree Jack, 216 Yadkin Trading Ford, 133 Waterhouse, Edward, 117 Yamasee Indians, 206–213, 220, 241 Waxhaw (Wisacky) Indians, 83, 129, 137, Altamaha, 207 138, 155, 166, 176, 196, 220 Lower Yamasees, 207 annihilation of, 250, 252, 253 and “Northern” (Piedmont) Indians, Flatheads, 166. See also Guec¸a 214, 216 Waxhaw War, 250 Pocataligo, 208 Wenro Indians, 105, 108 at St. Augustine, 213 West, Thomas. See De la Warr, Baron as slavers, 210 Westo Indians, 12, 116, 119, 139, 141, as “Southern” Indians, 214 146–151 trade debt, 213 houses of, 116 Upper Yamasees, 204. See also Huspah, and Indian slave trade, 116, 135, 150, Yamasee War 152, 156, 168 Yamasee War, 17, 184, 203, 213–221, Oustack Indians, 130. See also 227, 241 Chichumecos, Erie Indians, Cherokee Indians in, 218 Richahecrian Indians end of, 220 and rumors of cannibalism, 130, 139 Piedmont Indians in, 214–218 Westover Estate, 151. See also William reasons for, 206, 210–213 Byrd Sadkechie Fight, 213 White, John, 60, 113, 122 Schenckingh’s Fort, 216. See also Battle White, Richard, 119 of the Ponds, Yamasee Indians White Minquas, 110. See also Yattkin, 133 Susquehannock Indians yellow fever, 151, 158 Whitmannetaughehee, 258 Ylasi, 82, 90, 155. See also Ilapi whooping cough, 151 Youchine, 246. See also Uchiri, Ushery Wiapie, 245. See also Warepere Indians Ysa, 72, 84, 95, 140, 254, 259. See also William Kluttz site, 128, 161, 172 Esaw Indians, Hardin site Wolf, Eric, 119, 129 Ysa Chiquito, 85 Wood, Abraham, 112, 121, 131 Yuchi Indians, 212. See also Chestowee