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The Expedition Against Sandusky

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The Expedition Against Sandusky AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE Expedition Against Sandusky UNDER COL. WILLIAM CRAWFORD IN 1782 WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, PERSONAL REMINISCENCES, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF INTERESTING LOCALITIES INCLUDING, ALSO, DETAILS OF THE DISASTROUS RETREAT, THE BARBARITIES OF THE SAVAGES, AND THE AWFUL DEATH OF CRAWFORD BY TORTURE BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD CINCINNATI ROBERT CLARKE & CO 1873 ii ___________________________________________ Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1873, By C. W. BUTTERFIELD, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ___________________________________________ iii PREFATORY. Crawford’s campaign was one of the most notable of the distinct military enterprises of the Western Border War of the Revolution. Nevertheless, it has heretofore found but little space upon the page of American History. This, however, is not surprising, when we consider that its most striking incidents occurred within a brief space of time, and beyond the bounds of western civilization. On account of the paucity of authoritative published statements relating to the expedition, I have been compelled, from the commencement, to depend, to a considerable extent, upon authorities in manuscript. Nor can this be regretted, as it has caused the pushing of investigations, whenever practicable, to fountain sources. I have relied upon traditions, only when better testimony was wanting; and not even then, without careful consideration and the closest scrutiny. It is believed, therefore, as much reliability has been attained as could well be, concerning events transpiring mostly beyond the extreme western frontier of our country during the turbulent period of its struggle for independence. The melancholy fate of Crawford caused a profound sensation throughout the United States. Washington was greatly affected by it. He made it the subject of a special iv communication to Congress. So prominent a soldier and citizen had not, during the Revolution, met such a cruel death. It took a strong and lasting hold upon the sympathies of the people. Pennsylvania and Ohio — each, in naming a county in honor of him — have done signal justice to his memory. “The fate of this unfortunate officer has excited, and will continue to excite, so long as the history of the West shall be read, the most painful interest and the liveliest sympathy.” I have attempted faithfully to record the leading incidents of his life, and to narrate, with particularity, the circumstances attending its close. To James Veech, Esq., of Allegheny, Pennsylvania; Hon. William Walker, of Wyandotte City, Kansas.; Dr. William A. Irvine, of Irvine, Warren county, Pennsylvania; John D. Sears, Esq., of Upper Sandusky, Ohio; and Robert A. Sherrard, Esq., of Steubenville, Ohio, I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments for their unremitting endeavors to aid me. To the many friends who have in various ways kindly assisted me, I take pleasure in tendering my warmest thanks. The custodians of the public archives at Washington and Harrisburg have furnished valuable materials; as also have the officers of the Western Reserve Historical Society at Cleveland, and the Librarian of the State Library at Columbus. In the preparation of this work I have sought to give the real motives which actuated the patriotic borderers in marching into the wilderness; and have endeavored, by v untiring effort, to bring before the public such particulars of the campaign as seemed worthy of perpetuation. It will be seen that it was not an unauthorized expedition — a sudden and wild maraud; but was set on foot by the proper authority, and carefully and considerately planned; that, instead of unfurling the black flag and marching with an intention to massacre inoffensive Indians, as has been so frequently charged, it moved under the banner of the United States, and for the sole purpose of destroying enemies, not only of the western frontier, but of our common country, thereby to give ease and security to the border. C. W. B. Bucyrus, Crawford County, Ohio, May, 1873. vi vii PORTRAIT OF IRVINE AND THE IRVINE PAPERS. The portrait of Brigadier-General William Irvine, facing the title-page of this work, is from an oil painting by B. Otis, a celebrated portrait painter of Philadelphia, after one by Robert Edge Pine, an eminent English artist, who came to America in 1784. The original was taken in New York, when Irvine was a member of Congress, — aged forty-eight. Brigadier-General William Irvine Extracts from letters of Irvine, in the following pages, are from originals, or from copies in his own handwriting or that of Lieut. John Rose, his aid-de-camp— with few exceptions, which are noted. Quotations from letters to Irvine are from originals, unless otherwise stated. Most of these letters are in the collection of Dr. William A. Irvine, grandson of the General. viii ix CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. — War upon the Western Border of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 1777 — 1781, ...1 CHAPTER II. — Brigadier-General William Irvine in Command at Fort Pitt — Affairs in the Western Department. October, 1781 — April, 1782, ...6 CHAPTER III. — An Expedition Projected in Western Pennsylvania against Sandusky. April 4 — May 7, 1782, ...49 CHAPTER IV. — Rendezvousing and Organization of the Sandusky Expedition. 15-24 May, 1782, ...62 CHAPTER V. — Biographical Sketch of William Crawford. 1732 — 1782, ...81 CHAPTER VI. — Sketches of the Officers under Crawford, ...121 CHAPTER VII. — March of the Army from Mingo Bottom to Sandusky. 25th May — 4th June, 1782, ...136 CHAPTER VIII. — Preparations by the Enemy to Repel the Americans, ...157 CHAPTER IX. — Sketches of Simon Girty, the White Savage, ...182 CHAPTER X. — Battle of Sandusky — June 4, 1782, ...202 CHAPTER XI. — Retreat of the American Army. June 5-6, 1782, ...214 CHAPTER XII. — Battle of Olentangy — Return of the Americans. June 6-14, 1782, ... 233 CHAPTER XIII. — Alarm of the Border — Determined Spirit of the Bordermen, ...258 x CHAPTER XIV. — Personal Incidents and Sketches, ...281 CHAPTER XV. — Stragglers Captured by the Savages, ...311 CHAPTER XVI. — Captives in the Wilderness — Indian Barbarities, ...327 CHAPTER XVII. — James Paull — His Escape from Death — His Subsequent Career, ... 362 CHAPTER XVIII. — Dr. John Knight’s Escape through the Ohio Wilderness. 13th June — 4th July, 1782, ...369 CHAPTER XIX. — A Race for Life— Escape of John Slover from Mac-a-Chack, ...375 CHAPTER XX. — Awful Death of Crawford by Torture, 11th June, 1782, ...379 1 CHAPTER I. WAR UPON THE WESTERN BORDER OF PENNSYLVANIA AND VIRGINIA. 1777 — 1781. AT the commencement of the struggle of the American colonies for independence, the scattered settlements west of the Allegheny mountains had little to fear from the hostile armies of Great Britain. Their dread was of a more merciless foe. Nor were their fears groundless; for the Indians of the Northwest, influenced by British gold and the machinations of English traders and emissaries, soon gave evidence of hostile intentions. Explanations by the Americans that the questions in dispute could not affect their interests, were made in vain. It was to no purpose that they were exhorted to take part on neither side. Painted and plumed warriors were early upon the war-path, carrying death and destruction to the dismayed borderers— the direct result of a most ferocious policy inaugurated by 2 England — “letting loose,” in the language of Chatham, “the horrible hell-hounds of savage war,” upon the exposed settlements. The warfare thus begun was made up, on the side of the savages, of predatory incursions of scalping parties; the tomahawk and scalping-knife sparing neither age nor sex, while the torch laid waste the homes of the unfortunate bordermen. As a natural consequence, retaliatory expeditions followed. These were not always successful. At times, they were highly disastrous. Occasionally, however, the foe received a merited chastisement. At this day, it is difficult fully to appreciate the appalling dangers which then beset the frontiers; for, to the natural ferocity of the savages, was added the powerful support of a civilized nation, great in her resources, whose western agents, especially at the beginning of the war, were noted for their brutality. The center of British power and influence, in the Northwest, was at Detroit, where Henry Hamilton, “a vulgar ruffian,” was in command; succeeded, however, before the close of the war, by Arentz Schuyler de Peyster, who, although carrying out the policy of the British government, did so in the spirit of a “high-toned gentleman.” Indian depredations received their inspiration and direction from this point. It was here the Wyandots from the Sandusky — a river flowing north through Sandusky Bay into Lake Erie — were enlisted in the interests of Great Britain. It was here these Indians and 3 the Shawanese from the Scioto and Miami rivers — northern tributaries of the Ohio — received aid to murder, pillage, and destroy on the border settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia. It was here other tribes were made close allies of Great Britain, for the express purpose of turning them loose upon peaceable settlers — upon unarmed men, and helpless women and children. The important post, however, of Fort Pitt — Pittsburg — was, from the commencement of hostilities, in the possession of the Americans, and the center of government influence and interest west of the Alleghenies. At the very beginning of the war of the Revolution, John Neville — afterward famous as a victim of the “Whisky Insurrection” — took possession of the dilapidated fort, at the head of a body of Virginia militia, and held it until superseded by a Continental command. His Indian policy was one of strict neutrality; powerless, it is true, with all the western tribes except the Delawares, who were located upon the Muskingum, 1 a northern affluent of the Ohio. In holding this tribe in check, he was aided by George Morgan, congressional agent of Indian affairs in the West, and by Moravian missionaries who had gathered together many of these Indians in establishments upon that ______ 1 So called, at that period, below the mouth of Sandy creek; afterward, however, known as the Tuscarawas, above the confluence of the Walhonding.
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