GeograFF 8 19. Environmental aspects of the planning and development of Belgrade Dejan Filipović, Danijela Obradović-Arsić The state of the environment of the city of Belgrade is defined by its natural conditions, originated from urban structure, transportation, economic and other activities. Presently, the teritorry of the City of Belgrade with its close surroundings is the most devel- oped industrial zone of the country. In this zone, there are three main chemical industry complexes (Pančevo, Šabac and Barič), intensive surface exploitation of lignite (Lazarevac), energy production (Obrenovac, Veliki Crljeni). At the same time, these complexes are the environmentally most jeopardized areas. Great concentration of population and industry caused pollution of air, water and soil, as well as other impacts to the environment. 19.1. Analysis and estimation of the state of the environment 19.1.1. Air quality The quality of environmental air in some parts of the City is influenced by the emissions of polluting substances originated from different energetic and industrial processes, traffic, etc., and so the following problems can be mentioned as the major ones of spoiling the quality of air: • air pollution in the regions where thermal-energetic and industrial plants are situ- ated (Obrenovac, Lazarevac, inner city core) caused by the emission (SO2, NOx, CO, PAH, aero-sediments, black smoke, etc.); 78 • air pollution caused by traffic (NOx, SO2, low O3, lead, benzene, soot, CO, etc.) ; • high concentrations of soot in the air throughout the heating season due to emis- sion from individual boiler rooms and households. Based on data obtained by investigating the samples of air from the local network of ur- ban stations79 in the period from 2003 to 2007, it can be concluded that the mean annual values of SO2, soot and NO2 are mostly within the limits (Figure 71). However, observed according to daily level, at separate measuring places, large excess occurs occasionally. Therefore, the number of days with excessive imission level value (ELV) is taken as the cor- responding index of air pollution (Figure 72). 78 Trend of air pollution, originated from traffic (based on the results of air pollution at the crossroads), pointed to the increase in all examined parameters, which was the consequence of the use of fuels of different quality, the use and import of larger number of old vehicles, donations and imports of vehicles used in city public transportation, traffic congestion, the non existence of underground that would reduce the traffic. 79 Examination is carried out by the City Public-Health Institute Belgrade and Republic Institute for Public-Health »Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut«. 269 Challenges of spatial development of Ljubljana and Belgrade 3 Figure 71: Annual mean black smoke, SO2 and NO2 concentrations (µg/m ) in Belgrade (Imission Level 3 3 3 Value for black smoke per year: 50 µg/m , ILVy SO2 = 50 µg/m , ILVy NO2 = 60 µg/m ). 45 40 35 30 Black smoke 25 SO 20 2 NO 15 2 10 5 Mean Annuall Concentrations Mean Annuall 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source of data: City Public-Health Institute Belgrade. Average number of days with excessive ILV is specific for black smoke, and almost during the hole period 2003 – 2007 is over 36.5 days per year (10 % of the measurement period), which is the recomendation of the World Health Organization for allowable excess. Figure 72: Average number of days with excessive ILVs for black smoke, SO2 and NO2 in Belgrade. 70 60 50 40 Black smoke 30 SO2 NO Excessive ILVs Excessive 20 2 10 Average Number of Days with Number of Days Average 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source of data: City Public-Health Institute Belgrade. 270 GeograFF 8 The maximum daily concentrations throughout the whole period from 2003 to 2007 were far above the limiting imission values, particularly with black smoke for which even eight times higher values were noted (Figure 73). Figure 73: Maximum annual concentrations registered in Belgrade, expressed in µg/m3(ILV for black 3 3 3 smoke per day: 50 µg/m , ILVd SO2 = 150 µg/m , ILVd NO2 = 85 µg/m ). 600 500 400 Black smoke 300 SO2 NO 200 2 100 0 Maximum Annuall Concentrations Maximum Annuall 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source of data: City Public-Health Institute Belgrade. 19.1.2. Water quality The following rivers are included in the monitoring of the quality of surface waters, which is carried out by City Public-Health Institute of Belgrade on the territory of Belgrade: the Sava, the Danube, the Kolubara, the Galovica, the Topciderska River, the Zeleznicka, the Baricka River, the Pestan, the Turija, the Beljanica, the Lukavica, the Bolecica, the Grocica, the Veliki Lug, the Ralja, as well as the canals of the Pancevacki rit (the Kalovita, the Sib- nica, the Vizelj). The control of the quality of surface waters is carried out on the territory of Belgrade for estimating the classes of river waters, following the trend of water pollu- tion, estimating the qualities necessary to self-purification and water supply of Belgrade, Obrenovac, Baric and Vinca, the possibilities of irrigation, as well as for health protection of citizens who use these rivers for recreation. The obtained results served as the basis for the estimation of the efficiency of measures that have been overtaken in reducing the pollution, but also for suggesting new measures of protection. Surface Waters The largest number of profiles for measuring the quality of surface waters is on the Sava and the Danube80, where the dynamics of sampling is the most frequent. “Makis” on the Sava and “Vinca” on the Danube are the most significant profiles because they are lo- cated at the very spring of water supplying. 80 Profile on the Sava: village of Usce (62 km), Zabran (30 km), Duboko (24 km), Makis (10 km) and Kapetanija (1 km), on the Danube: Stari Banovci (1193 km), Zemun (1173 km), Bela Stena (1160 km), Vinca (1145 km) and Brestovik (1124 km). 271 Challenges of spatial development of Ljubljana and Belgrade Based on the examinations, carried out in the period from 1998 to 2007, it can be con- cluded that the water quality of the Sava is little better than the water quality of the Danube, but the difference in the quality between these watercourses is gradually re- ducing. Generally observed, the water quality of the Sava was the worst in 2007 in the last de- cade (Table 57). Since the population number and the inflow of sanitary and industrial waste waters did not change significantly in relation to the previous years, the worsen- ing of the situation can be explained by the phenomenon of new polluters in the basin and the intensive washing filth off the banks after more abundant precipitation. It is significant to mention that the deviations from regulated quality (II class) were mainly towards the III class of river waters81, as well as that in the Sava river basin, upstream from the spring of Belgrade water supply, there were no damaging pollutions by oil, oil derivatives, hard and toxic metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Table 57: Results of the water quality control for the Sava on the territory of Belgrade, 1998 – 2007. II class river Beyond class II, due to changed parameters (%) waters82 Total number Bact. and phys./ Only physical/ Only bacterio- Year of examined No. of chemical chemical logical samples % samples No. of No. of No. of % % % samples samples samples 1998 53 21 39.6 15 28.3 13 24.5 4 7.5 1999 50 20 40.0 10 20.0 10 20.0 10 20.0 2000 53 26 49.0 9 17.0 7 13.2 11 20.8 2001 64 40 62.5 5 7.8 14 21.9 5 7.8 2002 66 35 53.0 5 7.6 15 22.7 11 16.7 2003 68 24 35.3 11 16.2 7 10.3 26 38.2 2004 68 34 50.0 11 16.2 4 5.9 19 27.9 2005 68 19 27.9 22 32.4 13 19.1 14 20.6 2006 68 22 32.4 20 29.3 4 5.9 22 32.4 2007 60 18 26.5 15 22.1 6 8.8 29 42.6 Source: Environment in the City of Belgrade, 2008. 81 The III class of river waters-waters that can be used for irrigation and in industry, except food-processing industry. 82 The II class of river waters (according to Regulation on the classification of waters, »Serbian Official Register«, no. 5/68) are waters suitable for bathing, recreation and water sports, for the breeding of less pure fish, as well as waters that can regularly be used for water supply to settlements and in food-processing industry. 272 GeograFF 8 Table 58: Results of the water quality control for the Danube on the territory of Belgrade, 1998 – 2007. II class river Beyond class II, due to changed parameters (%) waters5 Total number Bact. and phys./ Only physical/ Only bacterio- Year of examined No. of chemical chemical logical samples % samples No. of No. of No. of % % % samples samples samples 1998 62 12 19.4 31 50.0 16 25.8 3 4.8 1999 58 14 24.1 29 50.0 8 13.8 7 12.1 2000 62 22 35.5 24 38.7 9 14.5 7 11.3 2001 64 21 32.8 17 26.6 19 29.7 7 10.9 2002 66 26 39.4 14 21.2 10 15.2 16 24.2 2003 67 19 28.4 24 35.8 6 9.0 18 26.8 2004 68 27 39.7 10 14.7 5 7.4 26 38.2 2005 68 13 19.2 26 38.2 9 13.2 20 29.4 2006 68 11 16.2 23 33.8 9 13.2 25 36.8 2007 68 20 29.4 17 25.0 8 11.8 23 33.8 Source: Environment in the City of Belgrade, 2008.