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EVALUATION of SILICON and BIOFUNGICIDE PRODUCTS for MANAGING POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED by Podosphaera Fusca in GERBERA DAISY (Gerbera Jamesonii)

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EVALUATION of SILICON and BIOFUNGICIDE PRODUCTS for MANAGING POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED by Podosphaera Fusca in GERBERA DAISY (Gerbera Jamesonii) EVALUATION OF SILICON AND BIOFUNGICIDE PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY Podosphaera fusca IN GERBERA DAISY (Gerbera jamesonii) By CATALINA MOYER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Catalina Moyer 2 To my husband Scott 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Immense appreciation given to Dr. Natalia Peres for her trusts and support. Thanks go out to the staff and faculty at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center for their assistance. Especially thanks offered to Dr. Steve Mackenzie for his statistical wisdom, for caring about my project and for inspire me as a scientist. Thanks left to my friends in Gainesville in particular Linley for sharing her home and Norma for sharing the good and stressful times as graduate students. Thanks go out to all other members of my committee for their contributions to this project. Bountiful gratitude presented to my husband, for supporting me during the last two years. Thanks sent to my family for inspiring my growth. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................13 Powdery Mildew.....................................................................................................................13 Taxonomy and Phylogenetic History ..............................................................................13 Host Range and Symptoms .............................................................................................15 Disease Cycle ..................................................................................................................16 Biology and Epidemiology..............................................................................................17 Genetics and Physiology .................................................................................................19 Detection and Diagnosis..................................................................................................19 Powdery Mildew Control ................................................................................................22 Cultural methods and resistant varieties...................................................................22 Chemical control ......................................................................................................23 Alternative measures ................................................................................................24 Induced resistance ....................................................................................................25 Biological control.....................................................................................................26 Oils ...........................................................................................................................28 Inorganic chemicals: Potassium bicarbonate and phosphorous acid........................29 Silicon.......................................................................................................................31 3 EVALUATION OF SILICON FOR SUPPRESSING POWDERY MILDEW DEVELOPMENT IN GERBERA DAISY.............................................................................37 Introduction.............................................................................................................................37 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................39 Effect of Calcium Silicate in Powdery Mildew Development in Gerbera Plants ...........39 Effects of Silicon in Horticultural Traits of Gerbera Flowers.........................................40 Evaluation of Silicon Accumulation over Time..............................................................40 Silicon Extraction from Gerbera Leaves .........................................................................41 Results.....................................................................................................................................42 Effect of Silicon on Powdery Mildew Development in Gerbera Plants..........................42 Effects of Silicon in Horticultural Traits of Gerbera Flowers.........................................42 Evaluation of Silicon Accumulation 2, 5, 9, 16 and 23 Days after Transplant...............43 5 Discussion...............................................................................................................................44 4 EVALUATION OF BIOFUNGICIDE PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING POWDERY MILDEW IN GERBERA DAISY..........................................................................................54 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................55 Results.....................................................................................................................................56 Discussion...............................................................................................................................58 LIST OF REFERENCES...............................................................................................................69 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .........................................................................................................83 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Effect of amending potting soil with calcium silicate (CaSiO3) on powdery mildew of gerbera daisy..................................................................................................................50 3- 2 Silicon (Si) content in new leaves of gerbera daisy...........................................................51 3-3 Effect of amending potting soil with calcium silicate (CaSiO3) in horticultural traits of gerbera flowers. .............................................................................................................51 3-4 Analysis of covariance for silicon content in gerbera leaves at 2, 5, 9, 16, and 23 days after transplant (DAT). ..............................................................................................52 3-5 Silicon content in gerbera leaves at 2, 5, 9, 16, and 23 days after transplant (DAT) ........52 3-6 Effect of silicon on powdery mildew severity in gerbera leaves. Experiment I................53 3-7 Effect of silicon on powdery mildew severity in gerbera leaves. Experiment II...............53 4-1 Source, rate, active ingredient, and manufacturer of biofungicides used to suppress powdery mildew in gerbera daisy......................................................................................64 4-2 Effect of biofungicides and conventional fungicides on powdery mildew severity in gerbera daisy. .....................................................................................................................65 4-3 Effect of treatments on powdery mildew severity in gerbera cultivars treated with biofungicides and conventional fungicides........................................................................66 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 4-1 Daily average temperature and relative humidity in greenhouse from April to June, 2007....................................................................................................................................67 4-2 Disease progression of powdery mildew for the gerbera cultivars used in the biofungicide experiment. ...................................................................................................67 4-3 Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values for severity of powdery mildew in gerbera daisy treated with biofungicides and conventional fungicides. Bars with the same letter in each cultivar do not differ significantly according to Fisher’s protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05)...................................................................................................68 8 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science EVALUATION OF SILICON AND BIOFUNGICIDE PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY Podosphaera fusca IN GERBERA DAISY (Gerbera jamesonii) By Catalina Moyer August 2007 Chair: Natalia A. Peres Cochair: Lawrence E. Datnoff Major: Plant Pathology Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) is an ornamental plant grown in Florida under greenhouse or shade house conditions as potted plants and for landscape. Gerbera plants are highly susceptible to powdery mildew caused by the fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. or Podosphaera (Syn. Sphaerotheca) fusca (Fr.) S. Blumer. This disease affects all plant parts and reductions in yield and in quality are the main components of economic loss. Environmental
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