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Genehmigte Dissertation Entwicklung einer PCR basierten Methode zur Quantifizierung der Erreger des Echten Gurkenmehltaus, Podosphaera xanthii und Golovinomyces orontii, in Mischinfektionen Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Gartenbauwissenschaften - Dr. rer. hort. - genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Ing. agr. Alexandra Wichura geboren am 12.12.1972 in Kassel 2007 Diese Arbeit wurde angefertigt am Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover. Referent: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hau Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Petr Karlovsky Fachgebiet Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz, Department für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften, Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen Tag der Promotion: 20. Juli 2007 „… Arthur fühlte sich glücklich. Er war irrsinnig erfreut darüber, dass der Tag endlich mal so ganz nach Plan verlief. Erst vor zwanzig Minuten hatte er beschlossen verrückt zu werden, und nun jagte er bereits ein Chesterfield-Sofa über die Felder der prähistorischen Erde. Das Sofa hopste mal hierhin, mal dorthin und schien gleichzeitig so fest wie die Bäume zu sein, an denen es vorüberschwebte, und so nebelhaft wie ein wallender Traum, wenn es wie ein Gespenst durch sie hindurchwehte. Ford und Arthur trampelten planlos hinter ihm her, aber es wich aus und schlug Haken, als folge es seiner eigenen komplizierten mathematischen Topografie, und das tat es auch. Immer noch rannten sie hinterher, immer noch tanzte und wirbelte es dahin, und plötzlich kehrte es um und duckte sich, als schösse es über den Rand eines Katastrophendiagramms hinweg, und da saßen sie auch schon so gut wie auf ihm. Mit einem Sprung und einem Schrei hüpften sie drauf, …“ aus Douglas Adams Das Leben, das Universum, und der ganze Rest IV DANKSAGUNG DANKSAGUNG Vielen Dank Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hau, für die Gewährung der Freiräume beim Bearbeiten des Themas, die Aufgeschlossenheit neuen Ideen gegenüber, die immerwährende Bereitschaft zu Diskussionen und das große in mich gesetzte Vertrauen. Prof. Dr. Petr Karlovsky, für das gezeigte große Interesse an dieser Arbeit, die hilfreichen Anregungen und Kommentare, sowie das Ermöglichen der Datenüberprüfung mit der Real-Time PCR. Prof. Dr. Edgar Maiß, für die offene Tür und die wertvollen Tipps. Dr. Christof Dietrich, für die Einweisung in die Laborarbeit und die Gesprächsbereitschaft auch zu später Stunde. Ich bedanke mich für deine Geduld, deine Motivation und unglaubliche Unterstützung. Dr. Jürgen Serth, für die Bereitschaft mir das Prinzip der kompetitiven PCR näher zu bringen. Dr. Gisela Grunewaldt-Stöcker, für die Hilfestellungen und die Unterweisung in Mikroskopier- und Diagnosetechniken von Pilzen. Dr. Volker Garbe, für die einjährige Beleitung während meiner Promotionszeit im Rahmen des Mentoringprogramms der Leibniz Universität Hannover. Dipl.-Ing. agr. Lars Burmeister, Dr. Andrea Denecke, PhD Turoop Losenge und MSc. Zelalem Mersha, meinen Arbeitskollegen aus der AG Epidemiologie, die zu einer schönen Arbeitsatmosphäre beitrugen und ohne die alles nur halb so schön gewesen wäre. Dipl. Biol. Christiane Pech, die das Büro als „Nicht-Epidemiologin“ bereichert hat, sowie MSc. Buyung Ratna-Hadi und BSc. Philipp Pohlmann, „meine“ Master- und Bachelorstudenten, die mein Doktorandendasein um Vieles verschönert haben. MSc. Rosana Blawid, Dipl.-Ing. agr. Ilona Möller und Dipl. Biol. hum. Angelika Waltermann, sowie allen Mitgliedern der AG Pflanzenvirologie, für die nette Zusammenarbeit im Labor und die vielen kleinen Labortipps und -tricks. Natalie Röder und Ute Meisel, für die technische Unterstützung und Jutta Zimmermann, für die Übernahme so mancher Transformation. Joachim Seelbinder und Willi Arndt, für die Regelung des Gewächshausbereiches, sowie die Hilfe beim Aufbau der Versuchsapparatur und allen Institutsmitgliedern, die den Arbeitsalltag so vielfältig und erlebenswert gestaltet haben. Patricia Bartoschek aus der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Karlovsky, für die Durchführung der Real-Time PCR. Merret und Hauke Wichura, für eure unglaubliche Geduld, euer Lob, euren Zuspruch und die vielen kleinen selbst gemachten Glücksbringer. Und dafür, dass ihr mich immer mal wieder darauf aufmerksam gemacht habt, dass es neben einer Doktorarbeit auch andere wichtige Dinge gibt. Annegret Wichura und Helmut Schulz, Monika Dietrich-Ostertag und Alfons Dietrich, und dem Rest meiner Familie für das lebhafte Interesse an meiner Arbeit, das große Verständnis und die tatkräftige Unterstützung in turbulenten Zeiten. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Podosphaera xanthii und Golovinomyces orontii sind endemische Erreger des Echten Mehltaus an Cucurbitaceae in Deutschland, die auch gemeinsam auf demselben Wirt/Blatt auftreten können. Die Befallsstärke der beiden Pilze wird durch unterschiedliche Klimaoptima beeinflusst, aber vermutlich auch durch weitere Faktoren. Um diese Faktoren benennen zu können, müssen die Dynamiken beider Pilze unter anderem auch in Mischinfektionen untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine quantitative kompetitive PCR entwickelt, durch die ein spezifischer Nachweis und eine Quantifizierung der Pathogene auf DNA-Ebene möglich ist. Mit einer getrennten Analyse von Myzel und Konidien sollten die epidemiologisch relevanten Parameter Befallsstärke und Sporulation erfasst werden. Für die Kultivierung verschiedener in Hannover gesammelter Isolate wurde eine in vitro Erhaltungsmethode modifiziert und etabliert. Die Gattungen wurden auf Grund der Konidienmorphologie und mit PCR-RFLP bestimmt. Eine Sequenzanalyse der rDNA-ITS- Region zeigte genug Heterogenität zwischen und Homogenität innerhalb der beiden Pilzarten, so dass diese Region zur Ableitung spezifischer Primer herangezogen werden konnte. Primerpaare für die spezifische Amplifikation jedes Pilzes wurden entwickelt und die PCR-Bedingungen optimiert. Die Spezifität der Primer wurde gegen genomische DNA von Cucumis sativus und verschiedener Pilztaxa überprüft. Für die Quantifizierung wurden heterologe Kompetitoren entwickelt. Da sich die Amplifikationseffizienzen zur Zielsequenz unterschieden und nicht angeglichen werden konnten, waren sie zur Quantifizierung allerdings nicht geeignet. Die Quantifizierung jedes Pilzes gelang durch die Verwendung eines homologen Kompetitors unter Einbeziehung der gebildeten Heteroduplizes. Beide Kompetitorfragmente wurden in ein Plasmid kloniert. Auf diese Weise konnte eine genaue vergleichende Quantifizierung der beiden Pilze erfolgen. Das Detektionslimit des Essays lag für beide Pilze bei 10 pg genomischer DNA. Zur experimentellen Überprüfung der entwickelten Methode wurde ein Klimakammerversuch durchgeführt, bei dem die Pilze jeweils getrennt und in einer Mischung auf Gurkenpflanzen inokuliert wurden. Die getrennte Analyse von Sporulation und Befallsstärke gelang durch das Absaugen der Konidien. In den beiden Einzelinokulationsvarianten konnte unter den getesteten Bedingungen ein konstantes Verhältnis zwischen dem jeweiligem Pilz-DNA-Gehalt und der Befallsstärke ermittelt werden. Mittels dieses Faktors war es möglich, die Befallsstärke jedes Pilzes in der Mischvariante zu bestimmen. Es konnte keinerlei gegenseitige Beeinflussung der beiden VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Pilze beim Koloniewachstum nachgewiesen werden. Unter Einbeziehung eines Korrekturfaktors für den unterschiedlichen DNA-Gehalt der beiden Pilze pro Befallsstärkeeinheit ist somit ein Rückschluss von dem quantifizierten Pilz-DNA-Gehalt auf die Befallsstärke des Pilzes in einer Mischinfektion möglich. Eine Quantifizierung der Konidien durch den direkten Einsatz der Konidiensuspension in den PCR-Ansatz gelang nur für G. orontii. Die Konidien von P. xanthii enthielten Inhibitoren, die allerdings durch eine einfache Chelex-Extraktion entfernt werden konnten. Der Vergleich der Konidienmengen erfolgte relativ zueinander, da sich das Absaugverfahren für die Angabe der absoluten Konidienmenge als zu variabel erwies. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Normierung des Quantifizierungsergebnisses über die jeweilige Probenkonzentration keinen Vorteil in der Genauigkeit bringt, wenn sichergestellt werden kann, dass die DNA-Extraktion über alle Versuchsproben mit derselben Effizienz erfolgt. Ein durchgeführter Vergleich der quantitativen kompetitiven PCR-Methodik mit einem Real-Time PCR Essay mit externer Standardkurve zeigte eine hohe Korrelation zwischen den beiden Quantifizierungsstrategien. Die Real-Time PCR hatte hierbei eine erhöhte Sensitivität. Schlagworte: Echter Mehltau, Gurke, kompetitive PCR, Cucurbitaceae ABSTRACT VII ABSTRACT Podosphaera xanthii and Golovinomyces orontii are endemic pathogens in Germany causing cucurbit powdery mildew, also in mixed infections. Their occurance can be explained partly by their different climatic preferences, partly by other factors still to be elucidated. To detect such factors, the dynamics of both pathogens in mixed infections have to be investigated. The aim of this work was to develop a quantitative competitive PCR assay allowing the specific quantitative detection of each fungus in a mixed infection at the DNA level. To investigate the epidemiological important parameters disease severity and sporulation, the mycelium on the leaf and the conidia should be analysed separately. For the simultaneous
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