Verizon's 2012 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR)
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
VGhhbmsgeW91IGZvciBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0aW5nIGluIHRoZSAyMDEyIFZlcml6b24gREJJUiBDb3Zl ciBDaGFsbGVuZ2UuCldlIGhvcGUgeW91IGVuam95IHRoaXMgY2hhbGxlbmdlIGFzIG11Y2ggYXMg d2UgaGF2ZSBlbmpveWVkIGNyZWF0aW5nIGl0LiAgCgoKVGhlcmUgb25jZSB3YXMgYSBsYWR5IGZy b20gTmFudHVja2V0LApXaXRoIHRleHQgc28gd2lkZSB3ZSBjb3VsZCBncm9rIGl0Lgp3ZSBjaG9w cGVkIGFuZCBzbGljZWQgaXQgYWxsIGRheSBsb25nLApPbmx5IHRvIGZpbmQgc2hlIHdhc27igJl0 IGFsbCB3cm9uZy4KCldpdGggc2tpbGwgYW5kIGVhc2Ugd2UgYmF0dGxlZCB0aGlzIGZpZ2h0LApF eGNlcHQgc2hlIHdhcyBub3QgdG90YWxseSByaWdodC4KVHdpc3RpbmcgYW5kIHR1cm5pbmcgd2Ug a2VwdCBvbiBzdHJvbmcsCldlIHNob3VsZCBoYXZlIGJlZW4gc2luZ2luZyBhbGwgYWxvbmc6CgpN YXJ5IGhhZCBhIGxpdHRsZSBsYW1iLApsaXR0bGUgbGFtYiwgbGl0dGxlIGxhbWIsCk1hcnkgaGFk IGEgbGl0dGxlIGxhbWIsCndob3NlIGZsZWVjZSB3YXMgd2hpdGUgYXMgc25vdy4KCkFuZCBldmVy eXdoZXJlIHRoYXQgTWFyeSB3ZW50LApNYXJ5IHdlbnQsIE1hcnkgd2VudCwKYW5kIGV2ZXJ5d2hl cmUgdGhhdCBNYXJ5IHdlbnQsCnRoZSBsYW1iIHdhcyBzdXJlIHRvIGdvLgoKSXQgZm9sbG93ZWQg aGVyIHRvIHNjaG9vbCBvbmUgZGF5CnNjaG9vbCBvbmUgZGF5LCBzY2hvb2wgb25lIGRheSwKSXQg Zm9sbG93ZWQgaGVyIHRvIHNjaG9vbCBvbmUgZGF5LAp3aGljaCB3YXMgYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUgcnVs ZXMuCgpJdCBtYWRlIHRoZSBjaGlsZHJlbiBsYXVnaCBhbmQgcGxheSwKbGF1Z2ggYW5kIHBsYXks IGxhdWdoIGFuZCBwbGF5LAppdCBtYWRlIHRoZSBjaGlsZHJlbiBsYXVnaCBhbmQgcGxheQp0byBz ZWUgYSBsYW1iIGF0IHNjaG9vbC4KCkFuZCBzbyB0aGUgdGVhY2hlciB0dXJuZWQgaXQgb3V0LAp0 dXJuZWQgaXQgb3V0LCB0dXJuZWQgaXQgb3V0LApBbmQgc28gdGhlIHRlYWNoZXIgdHVybmVkIGl0 IG91dCwKYnV0IHN0aWxsIGl0IGxpbmdlcmVkIG5lYXIsCgpBbmQgd2FpdGVkIHBhdGllbnRseSBh Ym91dCwKcGF0aWVudGx5IGFib3V0LCBwYXRpZW50bHkgYWJvdXQsCkFuZCB3OGVkIHBhdGllbnRs eSBhYm91dAp0aWxsIE1hcnkgZGlkIGFwcGVhci4KCiJXaHkgZG9lcyB0aGUgbGFtYiBsb3ZlIE1h cnkgc28/IgpMb3ZlIE1hcnkgc28/IExvdmUgTWFyeSBzbz8KIldoeSBkb2VzIHRoZSBsYW1iIGxv dmUgTWFyeSBzbywiCnRoZSBlYWdlciBjaGlsZHJlbiBjcnkuCgoiV2h5LCBNYXJ5IGxvdmVzIHRo ZSBsYW1iLCB5b3Uga25vdy4iClRoZSBsYW1iLCB5b3Uga25vdywgdGhlIGxhbWIsIHlvdSBrbm93 LAoiV2h5LCBNYXJ5IGxvdmVzIHRoZSBsYW1iLCB5b3Uga25vdywiCnRoZSB0ZWFjaGVyIGRpZCBy ZXBseS4KJHAK 2012 DATA BREACH INVESTIGATIONS REPORT A study conducted by the Verizon RISK Team with cooperation from the Australian Federal Police, Dutch National High Tech Crime Unit, Irish Reporting and Information Security Service, Police Central e-Crime Unit, and United States Secret Service. 2012 DATA BREACH INVESTIGATIONS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................2 Methodology ........................................................................................................5 Classifying Incidents Using VERIS ...............................................................................6 A Word on Sample Bias ...........................................................................................8 Results and Analysis.................................................................................................9 Demographics ...................................................................................................10 2011 DBIR: Threat Event Overview .............................................................................13 Threat Agents ...................................................................................................16 Breach Size by Threat Agents...............................................................................18 External Agents (98% of breaches, 99+% of records) .....................................................19 Internal Agents (4% of breaches, <1% of records) .........................................................21 Partner Agents (<1% of breaches, <1% of records) ........................................................22 Threat Actions ...................................................................................................23 Malware (69% of breaches, 95% of records) ..............................................................26 Hacking (81% of breaches, 99% of records) ...............................................................30 Social (7% of breaches, 37% of records)...................................................................33 Misuse (5% of breaches, <1% of records) ..................................................................35 Physical (10% of breaches, <1% of records) ...............................................................36 Error (<1% of breaches, <1% of records) ...................................................................37 Environmental (0% of breaches, 0% of records)...........................................................38 Compromised Assets............................................................................................38 Compromised Data ..............................................................................................41 Attack Difficulty.................................................................................................45 Attack Targeting.................................................................................................47 Timespan of Events..............................................................................................48 Breach Discovery Methods......................................................................................51 Anti-Forensics . .55 PCI DSS ..........................................................................................................56 The Impact of Data Breaches....................................................................................58 2012 DBIR: Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................................61 Appendix A: Examining relationships among threat actions.......................................................67 Appendix B: A USSS case study of large-scale “industrialized” cybercrime.......................................72 About the 2012 DBIR Contributors ................................................................................74 Verizon RISK Team...............................................................................................74 Australian Federal Police........................................................................................74 Dutch National High Tech Crime Unit............................................................................74 Irish Reporting & Information Security Service.................................................................75 Police Central e-Crime Unit......................................................................................75 United States Secret Service ...................................................................................76 For additional updates and commentary, please visit verizon.com/enterprise/securityblog EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2011 will almost certainly go down as a year of civil and cultural uprising. Citizens revolted, challenged, and even overthrew their governments in a domino effect that has since been coined the “Arab Spring,” though it stretched beyond a single season. Those disgruntled by what they perceived as the wealth-mongering “1%” occupied Wall Street along with other cities and venues across the globe. There is no shortage of other examples. This unrest that so typified 2011 was not, however, constrained to the physical world. The online world was rife with the clashing of ideals, taking the form of activism, protests, retaliation, and pranks. While these activities encompassed more than data breaches (e.g., DDoS attacks), the theft of corporate and personal information was This re-imagined and re-invigorated certainly a core tactic. This re-imagined and re-invigorated specter of “hacktivism” rose to haunt specter of “hacktivism” rose to haunt organizations around organizations around the world. the world. Many, troubled by the shadowy nature of its origins and proclivity to embarrass victims, found this trend more frightening than other threats, whether real or imagined. Doubly concerning for many organizations and executives was that target selection by these groups didn’t follow the logical lines of who has money and/or valuable information. Enemies are even scarier when you can’t predict their behavior. It wasn’t all protest and lulz, however. Mainline cybercriminals continued to automate and streamline their method du jour of high-volume, low-risk attacks against weaker targets. Much less frequent, but arguably more damaging, were continued attacks targeting trade secrets, classified information, and other intellectual property. We certainly encountered many faces, varied tactics, and diverse motives in the past year, and in many ways, the 2012 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) is a recounting of the many facets of corporate data theft. 855 incidents, 174 million compromised records. This year our DBIR includes more incidents, derived from more contributors, and represents a broader and more diverse geographical scope. The number of compromised records across these incidents skyrocketed back up to 174 million after reaching an all-time low (or high, depending on your point of view) in last year’s report of four million. In fact, 2011 boasts the second-highest data loss total since we started keeping track in 2004. Once again, we are proud to announce that the United States Secret Service (USSS) and the Dutch National High Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU) have joined us for this year’s report. We also It wasn’t all protest and welcome the Australian Federal Police (AFP), the Irish Reporting & lulz, however. Mainline Information Security Service (IRISSCERT), and the Police Central cybercriminals continued to e-Crime Unit (PCeU) of the London Metropolitan