Historic Site Management Plan for Newark Earthworks

State Memorial

Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue

Columbus, Ohio 43211

Submitted to the Ohio Historical Society Board of Trustees

July 23, 2003

Historic Site Management Plan for

Newark Earthworks State Memorial

Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43211

Submitted to the Ohio Historical Society Board of Trustees

June 27, 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ii List of Figures iv

Introduction 1 How to Use This Plan 2 Methodology 2 Advisory Panel and Public Input 2 Priorities 4

I. Chronological History of the Newark Earthworks 9 A. Chronology of Prehistory Occupancy and Important Dates 9 B. Historical Chronology of Ownership and Occupancy 9

II. Management Framework 15 A. Management Philosophy 15 Mission Statement 15 Vision 15 Goals 16 B. Strategies for Management 16 Stewardship 16 Mound Builders Country Club Lease 17 Advisory Board 17 Partnerships 18 C. Access 20 Octagon Earthworks Access Agreement 21 Other Types of Access 21 Access for People with Disabilities 21

III. Cultural Resource Preservation and Treatment Plan 23 A. Earthworks 23 B. Subsurface Archaeological Resources 25 C. Standing Structures 26 D. Recommendations for Future Research and Study 28

IV. Interpretation Prospectus and Visitor Facilities 33 A. Goals 33 B. Audiences 33 C. Objectives 34

V. Implementation 37 A. Funding for Implementation 40

ii Newark Earthworks CRMP

Appendix I: A Brief History of the Newark Earthworks A.41

Appendix II: 1. Inventory and Existing Conditions and Analysis A.67 of Significance and Integrity of Resources 2. Analysis of Significance and Integrity of Historic A.93 Resources

Appendix III: OHS Procedures for Dealing with Accidentally Found A.103 Artifacts/Natural Specimens at OHS Sites

Appendix IV: Archaeological Guidelines for Moundbuilders Country Club A.105

Appendix V: Access Agreement with Moundbuilders Country Club, July, 2001 A.107

Appendix VI: Advisory Panel Members/Staff/Consultants A.108

Appendix VII: Recommendations of Advisory Panel Committees A.109

Appendix VIII: Summary of Public and Panel Comments A.119

Appendix XI: Deeds and Leases A.125

Newark Earthworks HSMP iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1: USGS Quadrangle Map of Newark

Fig. 2: Salisbury Map of the Newark Earthworks, 1862

Fig. 3: Mound Builders State Park Master Development Park, 3/10/37

Fig. 4: Octagon State Memorial Plot Plan, 3/19/37

iv Newark Earthworks CRMP

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

This plan has been created to guide decisions concerning the development, use, interpretation, study, and preservation of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial and related resources. It will provide the Society with the means to make informed and comprehensive decisions concerning its stewardship of the site. It has identified strategic objectives and achievable goals for the site.

Because no formal planning has been done for the site in the past and no comprehensive history of the site existed, the scope of this plan is broader and more comprehensive than a cultural resource management plan. For those reasons, it was decided to call the plan a “historic site management plan.” Likewise, public participation in the planning process was broader and more extensive than in many processes because of widespread public interest.

A cultural resource management plan for the Newark Earthworks was proposed during a series of public meetings that were conducted in September 2000. The meetings were held in response to the public concerns that surfaced following the announcement by the Moundbuilders Country Club of its intention to replace its clubhouse at the Octagon Earthworks, a unit of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. The Society successfully sought funds from the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s Favrot Fund and the National Park Service’s Challenge Cost Share Program to fund in part the preparation of this plan.

This plan for Newark Earthworks State Memorial is the first of its type and scope to be developed by the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) to guide the management of any of the 61 sites the Society administers.

Founded in 1885, the Ohio Historical Society is a private non-profit organization that operates under Ohio law to provide a wide variety of historical services for the citizens of Ohio through a public/private partnership with the State of Ohio. In addition to operating a system of state memorials and museums, it operates the state historic preservation program, the state archives, a library and the state museum; publishes historical material; provides assistance to local historical groups; and collects and maintains historical, archaeological, and natural history collections.

The Newark Earthworks State Memorial is a National Historic Landmark and internationally recognized as the largest and best preserved geometric earthworks complex in the world. It is characteristic of the work of Native Americans now known as the Hopewell. The site is comprised of three units: the Octagon Earthworks (which has been used as a golf course since 1901), the Great Circle Earthworks (formerly known as Moundbuilders State Memorial and the location of the Society’s Museum of Native American Art), and the Wright Earthworks, (a pocket park preserving a remnant of a large earthworks feature). These sites were identified as separate state memorials for many years. In 2001 the Society Board of Trustees combined the three into one site to be administered as the Newark Earthworks State Memorial, recognizing that they are parts of a much greater whole.

Newark Earthworks HSMP Introduction 1

HOW TO USE THIS PLAN

This plan is primarily a document which will be used by Society staff in its day-to-day operation of the site and for making long-term decisions and plans for the benefit of the site. However, it also is a public statement which informs those interested in the site of the Society’s plans and aspirations for it. It will serve as a model to be used in the preparation of plans for other sites. It is also a dynamic document which sets the stage for future endeavors at the site. It will need to be revisited as work is accomplished and conditions change. In addition to being a document, the plan embodies a process to connect with the site’s broader community and as such is the beginning of new relationships with members of that community.

The plan is divided into five main sections – an historical chronology of the site, a management framework, a preservation and treatment plan, guidelines for interpretation and visitor facilities, and an implementation schedule, that develops priorities. It also has nine appendices including a brief history of the Newark Earthworks, supporting documentation including an extensive resources inventory, several documents relating to the operational management of the site, recommendations from the advisory panel, public comments, and the deeds and leases for the site.

METHODOLOGY

The National Park Service, Cultural Resource Management Guideline, Release No. 5, 1997, and Robert Page, Gilbert and Dolan, Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques, National Park Service, 1998, were used to prepare this plan. However, much of the plan has been developed in order to suit its use as an internal planning tool for the Ohio Historical Society. One of the intents of the plan was to draw together the existing information about the Newark Earthworks into one location, in a user-friendly format.

The Society retained Gray & Pape, assisted by Meisner and Associates as consultants. They assisted with developing the scope of the plan and with gathering public input.

ADVISORY PANEL AND PUBLIC INPUT

The earthworks mean many different things to different people such as archaeologists, historians, residents of Newark and Native Americans. Thus, a critical part of the planning process was public input. The Society established an advisory panel to provide input and to engage in a constructive dialogue. This panel, which was comprised of 32 leaders representing business, government, Native Americans, archaeologists, preservationists, educators, and other stakeholders, worked with the Society to ensure that public input was broadly based and representative of the community’s aspirations for the site. The complete list of panel members is attached as Appendix VI.

The panel was divided into four committees to consider issues and topics that had been identified by the Society. Each committee was assigned a topic to focus on: access and community context, conservation and maintenance, public interpretation and education, and resource identification and research. Each committee developed recommendations responding to the issues and topics that had been discussed. These recommendations along with the Society’s responses are included in this plan as Appendix VII. The recommendations have been included in the plan whenever possible, and most of the ideas expressed by the panel can be found in the plan. Those recommendations and ideas not included in the plan remain valuable input and will continue to inform the Society as it continues its work in Newark and across the state. The panel also reviewed and commented on the Society’s draft version of this plan.

2 Introduction Newark Earthworks CRMP

Meetings of the panel were open to the public as observers. In addition, two public meetings were held, one to seek input and the other to present the final plan to the public. The schedule for panel meetings and public presentations was as follows:

October 16, 2002 Process orientation and background information November 2, 2002 Committees develop recommendations December 11, 2002 Committees review and finalize their recommendations January 15, 2003 Society presents draft plan to panel January 29, 2003 Society presents draft plan to public May 28, 2003 Society presents final plan to panel Society presents final plan to public

The draft plan was made available to the public during a 30 day comment period which ended June 8, 2003. Comments were received from 14 groups and individuals. Summaries of the comments from the public and the May 28 meeting of the panel are included as Appendix VIII.

Several concerns were raised, which in the end the committees decided could not be resolved at Newark because they have implications to the Society’s statewide activities as well as the entire archaeological community that studies the prehistoric builders of the mounds. These include the following:

S Use of Newark Earthworks as the basis for incorporating more emphasis on Native Americans in school curriculums 26-30 Public Interpretation and Education Committee - S Ending the use of images of burials in interpretation Appendix VII S Ending the exhibition of artifacts from burials or reproductions of them S Artifact collections: how the Society obtained them and by what right does it keep them S Finding an alternative to the use of the term Hopewell

Of particular concern was the use of the term “Hopewell” to identify the unique culture that built earthworks such as those found in Newark. The name “Hopewell” was assigned to the culture based on excavations that were done at the Mordecai Hopewell farm near Chillicothe in 1891-2 by Warren K. Moorehead. This followed the archaeological practice of assigning names based on the excavation that revealed the traits of a unique culture. Unfortunately, we do not know what these people called themselves. Many Native Americans find it objectionable that Anglo- European names are used to describe Native American cultures. While we recognize their desire to discontinue the use of “Hopewell” and other names, there is no consensus on a name to replace “Hopewell.” We have decided that the use of the term “Hopewell” will help the important messages contained in this plan reach as wide an audience as possible. However, OHS is willing to engage in dialogue with Native Americans, archaeologists, the National Park Service and others to find other appropriate names that will be universally recognized and used. In the meantime, OHS will include discussions of the development and use of the name and alternative terminology as part of its interpretation.

Newark Earthworks HSMP Introduction 3

PRIORITIES

This plan has identified many needs, activities, and projects for the Society to pursue to improve Newark Earthworks State Memorial. Because the Society is limited as to what it can accomplish because of budgetary considerations, it has identified short-term priorities. Throughout the plan, these have been identified by italicizing the text and identifying each as a “Short-term priority” in the sidebar. The Society intends to accomplish these items by the end of 2008. These priorities are outlined in Section V: Implementation.

4 Introduction Newark Earthworks CRMP Fig. 1 not to scale NEWARK QUADRANGLE OHIO – LICKING CO. 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)

Newark, Ohio N4000-W8222.5/7.5

Fig. 2: Salisbury Map of the Newark Earthworks, 1862 Master Development Park, 3/10/37 Fig. 3: Mound Builders State Park

rial Plot Plan, 3/19/37 Fig. 4: Octagon State Memo

II. MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

A. MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

MISSION STATEMENT

The functional mission statement of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial, based on the Ohio Historical Society’s functional mission statement for its site system, supports the values and vision of the Society in the following ways: S The Newark Earthworks State Memorial is a public facility that preserves remnants of the largest system of prehistoric geometric earthworks in the world. It also preserves cultural resources related to the subsequent history of the site as well as natural resources. S The Newark Earthworks is of national significance and international recognition. The site has spiritual significance to many Native Americans. The site consists of two major remnants of the earthworks– the Great Circle Earthworks and the Octagon Earthworks, and the much smaller remnant known as the Wright Earthworks – all of which are managed as one unit. S The Newark Earthworks State Memorial provides a venue for the educational efforts of the Society that will encourage our customers to connect with the past and will foster public knowledge of the site and Ohio’s heritage. S The Newark Earthworks State Memorial responds to the needs of the public and provides an opportunity to learn more about the broad range of Society programs and resources. S The Newark Earthworks State Memorial is operated in ways that foster the authenticity of our message and excellence in our customer service. S The Newark Earthworks State Memorial is managed to engage, involve, and partner with the community and stakeholders such as Native Americans, archaeologists and educators in all aspects of the operation of the site.

VISION

The Ohio Historical Society will work to develop programs, facilities, and access at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial that are commensurate with the site’s significance, the needs of the public, and the availability of public and private funding. This includes staffing to provide educational and interpretive programming for a wide range of audiences, to properly preserve and maintain the resources, to increase our knowledge of the site and its users, and to increase the public’s awareness of and access to the site. We will work to ensure that a first class visitor center is available, including exhibits, educational and meeting spaces, and other accommodations. The grounds will be developed to include picnic areas, trails, observation points, and quiet, secluded areas. Programming will include educational, cultural, and scientific events and will include multiple perspectives, including those of Native Americans. These facilities will also be made available to the public for appropriate recreational, spiritual, religious and other community events. To achieve this the Society will develop partnerships and respond to the needs of the diverse communities served by the site. These efforts will be guided by the goals and principles established in this plan.

Section II: Management Newark Earthworks HSMP 15

GOALS

As part of the planning process to complete this plan, the following goals were established. These goals will fundamentally influence planning strategies at the site. To facilitate achieving these goals, the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) will work to build partnerships in Newark, Heath, Licking County and elsewhere with organizations and individuals interested in the Newark Earthworks.

PRESERVATION – OHS will maintain the earthworks as we understand they appeared to the Hopewell builders/users, balancing the need for public access with the need to preserve the earthworks and other cultural and natural resources. OHS will also work to ensure that other significant remnants are preserved.

ACCESS – OHS will employ a wide range of methods and technologies to make the Newark Earthworks more accessible to the public and make it more important to the various communities that the site serves. OHS will work with the Moundbuilders Country Club to increase access to the Octagon Earthworks. OHS realizes that making public access to the Octagon equal to that of the Great Circle and Wright Earthworks would require the eventual relocation of Mound Builders Country Club from the Octagon Earthworks site.

EDUCATION – OHS will inform the public about the Newark Earthworks as a site of national significance and international recognition and the accomplishments of the Hopewell culture that conceived, built, and used this major earthwork complex. OHS will also communicate the importance of preserving the earthworks and related features and will work to foster respect for the builders of the earthworks, for the Native American cultures that preceded and followed them to the present time, and for the spiritual nature of the site for many Native Americans.

RESEARCH – OHS will undertake and foster research at the Newark Earthworks in order to discover and disseminate knowledge about the cultures that have lived in this location, especially and particularly the Hopewell culture that built and lived among the monumental earthworks. Their use of the site, however, is part of a continuum that extends from the Paleoindian pioneers of the Ice Age to today’s society.

B. STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT

In order to fulfil the Society’s mission and goals for the site, the following strategies will be part of the ongoing management of the Newark Earthworks:

STEWARDSHIP

As steward of the Newark Earthworks, OHS is charged with preserving, managing, and interpreting the historic earthworks for the benefit of the citizens of the State of Ohio as well as national and international audiences. The Society will strive to meet the highest standards for preservation, access, interpretation and research established for sites of exceptional significance within the resources available. Ideally the entire site, including the Octagon Earthworks, would be accessible to the public on a regular basis and restored to its original appearance. In the past, funds have not been available to achieve this. The Society’s strategy will be to first improve the programs and facilities at the Great Circle Earthworks to make them first rate, while developing audiences and generating widespread support for expanding facilities at the Octagon Earthworks.

16 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section II: Management OHS will develop estimates of costs and earned revenues for operating the entire site Short-Term as a first class facility and will seek funding to accomplish this as it balances the Priority needs and aspirations for the Newark Earthworks with those of its other sites and programs across the state. It also will determine the cost of restoring and Short-Term maintaining the Octagon in the event that the Mound Builders Country Club vacates Priority the site.

MOUND BUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB LEASE

Since 1910, the Octagon Earthworks have been leased to the Mound Builders Country Club (MCC). The Newark Board of Trade entered into this agreement in order to provide the community with a country club as well as to ensure that the earthworks would be preserved and maintained while remaining accessible to the public. Since the transfer of the Octagon Earthworks to OHS in 1934, the Society has continued the practice and has extended the lease several times, in most cases in response to requests from MCC that anticipated major capital investment by them. The lease was last renegotiated in 1997 and is now subject to renewals that extend the lease to April 1, 2078.

OHS is contractually bound by the terms of the existing lease. Although the long- term or future goals of OHS may include the full utilization of the Octagon Earthworks as part of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial, this plan is written recognizing the obligations of the existing lease. OHS will continue to work with MCC in order that the cultural resources are protected and that reasonable public access is provided.

In the future, should MCC seek to replace, extend or modify the current lease agreement, OHS will seek broad public input before making a decision concerning the proposed change.

OHS will develop a contingency plan in the event that the MCC should seek to Short-Term terminate its lease or be unable to fulfill the terms of the lease prior to April 1, 2078. Priority As part of this plan OHS will:

S develop an interim management plan that will ensure the continued preservation of the cultural resources S develop a process to determine the future of the site which involves the Newark community and others interested in the site to assure their needs and desires are taken into consideration

ADVISORY BOARD

An advisory board will be established to increase public understanding and Short-Term knowledge of and to improve the quality of operations at Newark Earthworks State Priority Memorial. Membership will include individuals who are representative of both the local community and region. Membership also will include individuals who are interested and actively involved in preserving and interpreting aspects of the state's heritage that are preserved and interpreted at the site. The advisory board will consist of members drawn from government, community institutions, business, site volunteers, educational and academic institutions, archaeological organizations, Native American organizations and individuals, and citizens interested in the well- being of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial.

Section II: Management Newark Earthworks HSMP 17 The responsibilities of the advisory board will be to assist OHS by working to:

S further the mission and vision of the site and the Society, especially its educational and interpretive activities. S act as a liaison between the site and the local community and other interested individuals and groups. S increase knowledge of and participation in activities, programs, and projects related to the site for the local community and other interested individuals and groups. S provide input in the planning for programs, facilities and other development, research, and access at the site. S conduct and provide volunteer support for site programs, projects, and special events. S advocate the site's needs to government officials. S develop and implement a fundraising program. S implement this plan.

PARTNERSHIPS

OHS will work to expand and develop new partnerships with other institutions and stakeholders. These associations will allow OHS and its partners to accomplish mutual goals. In addition, OHS will be able to encourage and facilitate better public access to a wider range of resources and programs and wider knowledge and appreciation of the earthworks. OHS will encourage its partners to take the initiative to develop programs such as festivals that celebrate the importance of the earthworks to the community. For example, the Society will collaborate with partners to plan Short-Term events in conjunction with the extreme northern moonrise with which the Octagon Priority axis is aligned. These events might include a “Newark Earthworks Day” and/or an academic conference. This alignment occurs every 18.6 years and will next occur in Fall, 2005. Potential partners include but are not limited to:

S Archaeological Conservancy S Archaeological Society of Ohio – Flint Ridge Chapter S City of Heath S City of Newark S Coalition of Indian Agencies in Ohio S Dawes Arboretum S Federally recognized Indian tribes with historic association with Ohio S Friends of the Mounds S Licking County Archaeological and Landmarks Society S Licking County S Licking County Historical Society S Licking Memorial Hospital S Licking Park District S Moundbuilders Country Club S National Park Service, including Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, its Midwest Regional office, and its Washington office ● Native American Alliance of Ohio ● Native American Indian Center of Central Ohio S Ohio Archaeological Council S Ohio Chapter of the American Indian Movement S Ohio Center for Native American Affairs

18 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section II: Management S The Works, Ohio Center for History, Art, and Technology

Partnerships for Access

The three sites operated by OHS are only a small part of the original Newark Earthworks and do not include all remnants of the complex. Work to expand access to the site will include efforts to increase awareness of and access to other remnants of the earthwork complex. By increasing awareness of the context of the OHS sites 3 Community Context and and the extent of the original earthworks, access to the Newark Earthworks, both in a Access Committee – Appendix VII physical and in a conceptual manner, can be increased. Efforts to interpret and develop an appreciation and understanding of the original extent of the Newark Earthworks should start with the remnant portions that are located on other public land.

Partnerships with public institutions that hold portions of the earthwork complex will be created and maintained. Through these partnerships, OHS will encourage and 11 Resource Identification and facilitate better public access to these remnants. OHS will encourage accurate research Committee – Appendix VII reconstruction of those portions of earthworks currently located on public land. Potential public partners include:

S City of Heath John C. Geller Park – Portions of parallel walls crossed through the city park located at 480 Cynthia Avenue. These could be studied and restored. Forry Park – a new 200-acre parkland purchased by the city in 2002 preserves a large enclosure and mound possibly associated with the larger earthwork complex

S City of Newark Wells Park – Located on Wells Avenue near the rear of the Great Circle, this small park preserves a remnant of the basin formerly occupied by the large pond associated with the earthwork complex

S Newark Public and Private Schools McGuffy Elementary School - Portions of parallel walls appear to have crossed the property along Ridgelawn Avenue Newark Catholic High School - Portions of parallel walls appear to have crossed the property along Ridgelawn Avenue at the far rear of the property

In addition, OHS will develop partnerships with local governments and the Ohio 11 Resource Identification and Department of Transportation to ensure that drivers and other visitors can easily find research Committee – Appendix all parts of the site with appropriate, welcoming directional highway and street VII signage.

Partnerships for Preservation

Short-Term OHS will work to develop partnerships with private owners of existing remnants of Priority the earthwork complex. Efforts will focus on educating owners about the importance of the remnant portions of the earthworks and various alternatives for ensuring their preservation, especially preservation easements. OHS will also encourage efforts to work with property owners to determine if there are unknown archaeological

Section II: Management Newark Earthworks HSMP 19 resources located on other property as part of the Society’s research efforts (Section III) and coordinate development of interpretive signs and/or programs as part of the Society’s educational efforts (Section IV).

Partnerships for Education

OHS will also work to develop and maintain new and expanded partnerships with educational and academic institutions and groups to develop educational activities 12 Public Interpretation and Education Committee – and programming specific to the needs of the partner institutions and expand Appendix VII opportunities for research. OHS will encourage and cooperate with partners who seek to hold conferences and publish materials about the earthworks and establish 11 Community Context and centers of study about the earthworks and their builders. Site access and use should Access Committee – Appendix VII be encouraged during winter months with specific programs tailored to take advantage of greater access to the Octagon when the entire site is available. Potential partners include but are not limited to:

S Ohio State University Newark S Denison University S Newark City Schools S Heath City Schools S Granville Public Schools S Licking County Schools S Parochial Schools S Private Schools S Licking County Homeschooling Associations

Partnerships for Promotion

OHS will work to better promote existing programs, operations, and activities to make them more accessible to the public. Partnerships with tourism organizations, the media, and local governments will be developed and maintained in order to create better public awareness of the Newark Earthworks. Efforts will be extended beyond the local community to include statewide, national and international audiences, including using television. These partnerships could include but are not limited to:

S Ohio Department of Tourism and Travel S Ohio Travel Association S Newark Licking County Chamber of Commerce (Convention and Visitors Bureau) S Local and Regional Media S Discovery Channel, Nova, National Geographic, and similar media

C. ACCESS

Access is ability of the public to see and experience the Newark Earthworks. Certainly, the idea of public experience is best served by the first-hand viewing of the earthworks. The best way to appreciate the scale of the earthwork enclosures is to see them and walk through them. To permit this the grounds of Great Circle and the Wright Earthworks are open to the public during daylight hours. The museum at the Great Circle is open during certain hours during certain seasons of the year. Currently, year-round during daylight hours part of Octagon Earthworks is open to the public as well, including an observation platform constructed at the junction of

20 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section II: Management the circle and octagon earthworks and a perimeter trail. The entire site is open all day on Mondays, November 1-March 31, on Monday mornings throughout the balance of the year, and on days when weather and ground conditions do not allow golfing. Additionally, the entire site is open four (4) afternoons each year. These days are determined by OHS in consultation with MCC. OHS will work to coordinate the determination of these days (including the number) with public input from the 2 Community Context and advisory board and will include a review and analysis of the success of the access Access Committee – Appendix dates during the prior year. In addition, groups can visit the Octagon Earthworks and VII the Great Circle Museum at other times by making prior arrangements with OHS staff at Newark Earthworks State Memorial. OHS coordinates the site visits and provides staff to lead groups.

OCTAGON EARTHWORKS ACCESS AGREEMENT

In 1910, Moundbuilders Country Club began to lease the Octagon Earthworks site from the Newark Board of Trade with the stipulation that the site was to be “open to the public at all times”. In 1922, the Mound Builders Country Club entered into a new lease agreement (replacing their 1910 agreement) with the court-appointed trustee of the Octagon Earthworks. The lease provided for “the right of the citizens of Licking County” to visit the grounds and earthworks “subject to reasonable rules as may be agreed upon between the lessor and lessee.” Since accepting ownership of Octagon Earthworks in 1933, OHS has maintained the lease and its provisions, including the requirement for public access. In July 2001, OHS and MCC created an access agreement (Appendix V) that formalized times and conditions for public access. OHS and MCC agreed to work to expand access with the development of Short-Term additional safe trails. This will include evaluating the potential of relocating or Priority redesigning the tenth fairway to increase access to Observatory Mound. Increasing public access will require cooperation with the club to ensure that the existing access agreement is utilized to the fullest extent possible. The Society will review the 2,7,9 Community Context and access agreement with the Country Club, at least annually, to expand access as much Access Committee – Appendix as possible including making the entire site accessible more days during the year and VII in other ways. It will consult with its advisory board while doing this.

OTHER TYPES OF ACCESS

Public experience will not be limited to first-hand experience. Greater access will be achieved through expanded educational programs, alternative media forms, and new technologies, including an expanded web page on the society’s website

Although the primary purposes of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial are preservation, education, and research, OHS will also work to accommodate other appropriate uses of the site. These would include creating quiet areas where visitors 22 Public Interpretation and can read, reflect, pray or experience the site in their own ways, accommodating Education Committee – special events both during visiting hours and after hours, and providing picnicking Appendix VII and other passive recreational facilities.

ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

OHS will make its facilities and programs accessible to people with disabilities as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991.

Section II: Management Newark Earthworks HSMP 21 I. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS

A. CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC OCCUPANCY AND IMPORTANT DATES

160 B.C. Age of soil at the base of the Great Circle (2110 + 80 years BP)

A.D. 105 Date for a shallow basin at Hale's House site. The pit contained mica, Hopewell pottery, and some stone tools (1845 + 60 years BP)

A.D. 180 Date for a gravel-filled pit at Octagon gateway (1770 + 80 years BP)

A.D. 300 Date for a postmold in gravel-filled basin at Octagon gateway (1650 + 60 years BP)

A.D. 310 Date for a small "hour-glass shaped" basin with mica at Hale's House site (1640 + 90 years BP)

Note: Radiocarbon dates are reported as “years BP” meaning “years Before Present” where the “present” is defined as AD 1950, or the year radiocarbon dating was invented.

B. HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY OF OWNERSHIP AND OCCUPANCY

S Changes in ownership are in bold text

1797 Original surveys of Licking County (no reference to earthworks)

1800 First recorded "discovery" of Newark Earthworks by pioneers Isaac and Catherine Stadden

1802 City of Newark founded

1812 Early Newark resident David Duke and his father estimate a minimum age for the Octagon at 600 years by counting tree-rings.

1813 John Poage Campbell, an early antiquarian, draws the earliest known map of Newark Earthworks. It is never published.

1815 Robert Walsh copies a map of Newark Earthworks from an unknown source. It also is never published.

1816 "Burnet & Crane" own much of Newark Earthworks property, including Great Circle and Elliptical Enclosure (Licking County Clerk of Courts records)

1820 Caleb Atwater, postmaster of Circleville, writes A Description of the Antiquities Discovered in Ohio and other Western States. This work includes the first published map of the Newark Earthworks. The book is published by the American Antiquarian Society and is favorably reviewed by Thomas Jefferson.

Section I: History Newark Earthworks HSMP 9 1825-32 Construction of Ohio and Erie canal destroys parts of the Newark Earthworks.

1836 Calliopean Society, of the Granville Literary and Theological Institution (Dennison), excavates the Observatory Mound at the Octagon and also a nearby Early Woodland burial mound; Charles Whittlesey surveys the Newark Earthworks

1848 Publication of Squier and Davis' map of Newark Earthworks in their Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Smithsonian Institution, Contributions to Knowledge, No. 1

1852-55 Central Ohio Railroad built through Newark Earthworks destroying many mounds and earthworks

1853 Great Circle purchased by the Licking County Agricultural Society from Nathan and Martha Seymour, Henry and Catherine Holler, and a "Mr. Woodruff of New Jersey"

1854 First county fair held at Great Circle; Ohio State Fair held at Great Circle

1860 Discovery of first "Holy Stone" at Newark. This was a stone artifact bearing Hebrew inscriptions. It is generally regarded to be a fraud perpetrated by persons unknown ; Antiquarian Committee of Newark formed; David Wyrick, Licking County surveyor, produces a detailed map of Newark Earthworks (published in the 1866 Licking County Atlas)

1861-62 Camp John Sherman at Great Circle (October 1861 – 9 February 1862) Training camp for 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry

1862 Publication of Daniel Wilson's Prehistoric Man with Wyrick's map of Newark Earthworks (unattributed); James H. and Charles B. Salisbury, Newark residents and early archaeologists, complete their survey of the Newark Earthworks

1867 Licking County Pioneer, Historical and Antiquarian Society founded

1878 Grand Re-union of the veteran soldiers and sailors of Ohio held at Great Circle (22 July)

1881 Discovery of "Wray figurine," a stone carving depicting a Hopewellian shaman dressed as a bear, at the site of the old Rolling Mill. Found where the largest of the burial mounds at Newark had been located.

1884 Buffalo Bill's Wild West show comes to Great Circle fair grounds (13 October)

1887 Licking County Pioneer, Historical and Antiquarian Society folds

1888 Cyrus Thomas/James D. Middleton survey of Newark Earthworks. It is published in the monumental "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of American Ethnology," Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (1894).

10 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: History 1891 W. H. Homes/BAE survey of Newark Earthworks: Homes warns: "if the present use of the [Great Circle] as a fair ground is not discontinued, a few generations will witness its practical demolition" (1892:371).

1892 Ohio General Assembly approves the Octagon as camp for State Militia (February); Site is transferred to state. Ohio General Assembly inspects "Camp Buckeye" at the Octagon (18 March); First Regiment of Light Artillery holds their encampment at the Octagon (11-16 August)

1893-96 Octagon restored by State Militia. Fowke (1902:171) believes "the State authorities have a little overdone the matter of restoration."

1896-1924 James Lingafelter establishes Idlewilde Park at Great Circle

1901 Professor R. O. Austin, of the Newark High School establishes a six- hole golf course at Octagon Earthworks. Play begins on 2 November 1901; Encampment grounds named "Camp William McKinley" in honor of the recently assassinated president.

1908 State Militia abandons Camp McKinley

1908 Octagon deeded to Newark Board of Trade by State of Ohio

1910 Country Club leases Octagon from Board of Trade Great Circle park listed as "Rigel Park"

1911 Moundbuilders Country Club begins operation (15 June; 160 members); 9-hole golf course designed by Thomas Bendelow ("one of America's pioneer golf architects")

1918 Common Pleas Court appoints Albert A. Stasel as trustee to hold title to the Octagon. He is later succeeded by Leo T. Davis.

1921 Moundbuilders Association of Licking County organized (Newark Tribune, 11 February)

1923 Golf course expanded to 18 holes at Moundbuilders Country Club

1925 Great Circle/"Idlewilde Park" now listed as "Mound Builders Park" in City Directory

1927 Great Circle deeded to the Board of Commissioners of Licking County by the Licking County Agricultural Society Licking County Conservation League trims and treats trees at Great Circle and erects "an imposing entrance to the grounds"

1928 Eagle Mound at the Great Circle and the nearby Wells Mound Group are excavated by E.F. Greenman for OHS. He discovers the remains of a large wooden structure at the base of Eagle Mound and, in the much- damaged Wells Mound No. 3, he finds the remains of an intrusive historic horse burial.

Section I: History Newark Earthworks HSMP 11

1930 Warren S. Weiant, Jr., a local Newark businessman and pioneer aviator, discovers from the air the Airport Circle (33Li10/3), a small circular enclosure connected to the Great Hopewell Road two miles south of the Octagon.

1932 Licking County Archaeological and Historical Society founded, C. R. Jones, F. A. Woolson, and others; Historical Committee of Newark Chamber of Commerce instituted, headed by C. R. Jones; Great Circle deeded to OHS (December 31). Deed voided owing to technicality

1933 Octagon deeded to OHS (23 January) (recorded 9 March); Restoration of earthworks at Great Circle, supervised by E. F. Greenman (OHS) and undertaken by "City unemployed, paid from the Newark Relief Fund"; Civil Works Administration projects begin at both Octagon and Great Circle. Last County Fair held at Great Circle (September 19-22) Great Circle re-deeded to OHS (11 October) following act of legislature

1934 Civilian Conservation Corps Company #1544 arrives at Camp Licking Moundbuilders with 220 veteran enrollees (July 8) Fairgrounds buildings removed; earthworks restored; superintendent’s dwelling and shop erected Wright Earthworks deeded to OHS by Frances Rees Wright

1936 Great Circle listed in City Directory as "Mound Builders State Park"; Dache Reeves, U.S. Army Air Corps takes aerial photographs of Newark Earthworks; National Park Service in Cooperation with OHS continues CCC "Emergency Conservation Work" at Mound Builders State Park. Robert Goslin hired to "trace the earthwork complex over the city of Newark, and report on possible restorations and markings of locations of mounds and walls."

1937 6.086 acres at the Great Circle Earthworks deeded to OHS by William and Laura Wehrle and Augustine Wehrle (January 16) CCC Company #1544 moved to Fairlawn, Ohio; Camp Licking dismantled

1959 Swimming pool added to Moundbuilders Country Club

1963 Original club house demolished at Moundbuilders Country Club

1964 New club house completed and dedicated at Moundbuilders Country Club; Moundbuilders and Octagon State Memorials Citizens Committee convened by Erwin C. Zepp, Director, Ohio Historical Society to "assist the Society in promoting the use of the Moundbuilders and Octagon State Memorials, to make suggestions as to increasing their attractiveness to visitors, to propose ways and means by which the community can be made more conscious of the sites, and to propose ways and means by which the Society can better enter into community activities through Moundbuilders and Octagon State Memorials";

Newark Earthworks named National Historic Landmark (19 July)

1968-69 Golf course links remodeled at Moundbuilders Country Club

12 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: History

1970 Marie Sunkle, a Newark resident, discovers a deposit of Hopewell artifacts crafted from Flint Ridge flint while digging in her backyard. The Marie Sunkle cache (33Li36) is located less than a mile east of the Great Circle on the eastern side of the South Fork of the Licking River.

1971 Ohio Indian Art Museum opens at Great Circle (20 June)

1977-80 Archaeological explorations are conducted by the Ohio Department of Transportation prior to the construction of the Newark Expressway. Evidence of a small Hopewell habitation is uncovered.

1978 John Eddy, an archaeoastronomer, is the first to speculate that Newark's Octagon is aligned to northernmost rise of the moon.

1982 Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society formed; Archaeoastronomers Hively and Horn publish their definitive study of lunar alignments at Newark Earthworks.

1989 OHS sells residence and garage at Octagon, leases land to new owner

1992 OHS/Bloomsburg University archaeologists excavate an exploratory trench through the Great Circle exposing several layers of construction.

1994 OHS conducts excavations at Octagon State Memorial prior to the expansion of the Moundbuilders Country Club maintenance structure (approved by Board of Trustees, 19 February). They discover the remains of a large pit located at the base of the platform mound, evidence for which had been found on the 1812 Robert Walsh map of the Newark Earthworks.

1997 OHS extends Moundbuilders Country Club lease to 2078

1999 Moundbuilders Country Club proposes to build a new clubhouse

2002 Club house remodeled at Moundbuilders Country Club

Section I: History Newark Earthworks HSMP 13 III. CULTURAL RESOURCE PRESERVATION AND TREATMENT PLAN

GOALS OF MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION

The primary maintenance and preservation goal of this plan is to maintain and present the Newark Earthworks, to the extent possible, as they would have appeared to the Hopewell builders/users, balancing the needs for public access and the preservation of the earthworks and other cultural and natural resources present at the site. How current and future uses of the sites impact the earthworks and associated archaeological deposits is of great concern.

The Ohio Historical Society is also committed to preserving, through a variety of means, as many of the remnants of the Newark Earthworks as possible.

A. EARTHWORKS

MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

OHS will establish a society-wide policy on maintenance practices for earthworks.

OHS will identify any maintenance practices that should be discontinued or modified 4 Conservation and Maintenance for reasons of resource preservation and public safety. Committee – Appendix VII

OHS will establish guidelines for mowing that are consistent with the long-term preservation of the site and short-term interpretation goals. The guidelines will establish, for example, the appropriate equipment for mowing earthworks as well as the appropriate use of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemical applications.

Erosion is the largest single threat to the earthworks at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. Several key treatments have been detailed below as a management guideline for preserving the earthworks.

Condition Assessment

An existing condition assessment will be completed for each earthwork located Short-Term within the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. After problems are identified, a Priority treatment plan for each area will be established. This will include determining the impact on the resources of various users (general public, golfers, group tours, Native Americans, etc.), how to accommodate their needs and mitigate their impacts. Carrying capacity of the sites will be determined to prevent overuse and damage to 11,12 Conservation and the resources. Of special concern are bare patches on vertical surfaces at the Maintenance Committee – Appendix VII Octagon.

The condition assessment will be supplemented every two years with an assessment of current maintenance practices and existing conditions. The assessment of existing conditions will establish a baseline whereby the supplemental condition assessments can be used to evaluate the success or failure of maintenance practices. This will allow the long-term assessment of maintenance practices and the development of the optimal maintenance strategy for preservation.

Section III: Preservation Newark Earthworks HSMP 23 Pedestrian Traffic on Earthworks

OHS will strive to minimize walking on the earthworks. This is primarily a preservation issue as walking on earthworks can lead to erosion and degradation of the resource. However, many other factors are involved including respect for the earthworks and their builders.

At the Great Circle, stone stairs and a bridge allow access to the interior of the earthwork from the picnic area. Constructed in 1935 as part of the Depression-relief era development at Great Circle, this bridge has been evaluated as a significant resource. The original design of the stairs and bridge directed people to the top of the mound to walk along a stone path and down a set of stairs constructed on the north bank near the entrance to the earthwork. Erosion caused by people walking on the mound along this path needs to be mitigated. A plan will be developed and implemented to prevent foot traffic along the top of the earthwork from this point of access as well as others and steps taken to restore the top of the earthwork.

Trees and Ground Cover

Existing recommendations for earthwork maintenance (Adropogon Associates 1987; Effigy Mounds National Monument n.d.) indicate that turf grass is the preferred option for ground cover at earthwork sites. This is consistent with interpretation and access needs at the Newark Earthworks. The use of supplemental condition assessments prepared every two years will allow a process where ground cover preference can be re-evaluated in light of new information and erosion assessments.

Trees are a potential threat to the archaeological resources at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. Tree roots penetrate the soil and may thereby disrupt archaeological deposits. Moreover, when a tree falls, it uproots a large quantity of soil potentially containing archaeological materials. Trees growing on earthworks can not only disrupt the earthwork deposits pulled out of context by the eventual toppling of the tree, but the exposed bare soil will erode, further damaging the archaeological resource.

The presence of trees at the Newark Earthworks also has implications for the presentation and interpretation of the site. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Newark Earthworks were built in an extensive (probably human-created) prairie pocket within a mature oak-hickory forest (Lepper 1998). Therefore, since the primary goal on-going maintenance is to present the site as it was during its construction and use, over the long term, trees should be eliminated from the interior of the enclosures.

Balanced with this recommendation, however, is recognition of the importance of the forest to earlier and later cultures and the enjoyment trees currently provide to visitors to the site. Of special interest are the large trees and species which are remnants of the mature forest which developed following the Hopewell use of this site. Therefore, no large trees should be cut down unless they represent an imminent threat to the earthworks (i.e., they are in danger of falling over); or, there is an over-riding need to remove the tree for an interpretation/preservation/access reason, e.g., removing a line of trees at Octagon Earthworks to create a line-of-sight for the northernmost moonrise. Small trees with a diameter of less than six inches on or within the earthworks should be removed and new plantings should be restricted to areas outside the earthworks.

24 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: Preservation A policy will be developed for considering if and where new trees should be planted as well as deciding what trees and other plants would be appropriate for new plantings. This policy could be developed in cooperation with Dawes Arboretum and the Ohio State University at Newark. Native species are preferred, but non- native species may be required for particular preservation/interpretation/access 14 Conservation and reasons. Of particular interest is the use or trees around the perimeter of the sites to Maintenance Committee – create a visual, sound, and smog barrier. Of concern also is the relationship of animal Appendix VII communities and plantings.

A working agreement concerning trees will be developed to accommodate the special needs and concerns of Moundbuilders Country Club at Octagon Earthworks. This agreement will be maintained and periodically reviewed to insure it continues to meet current cultural resource protection standards. In particular, a sight line Short-Term through the axis of the Octagon must be created before the 2005 northernmost Priority moonrise.

PROTECT ADDITIONAL REMNANTS OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS

NOT OWNED BY OHS 6 Community Context and Access Committee – Appendix Preservation of other remnants of the earthworks is discussed in Section 1 under VII Partnerships for Preservation. OHS will identify additional remnants of the 8 Conservation and Maintenance earthworks and explore the feasibility of acquiring preservation or archaeological Committee – Appendix VII easements, fee simple title or other property interests and/or developing partnerships with other public and private landowners to help preserve, maintain, and interpret 11 Resource Identification and those sites. research Committee – Appendix VII ZONING

OHS will work with local governments to insure that zoning and future development 13 Conservation and around the sites are compatible and have no adverse impacts. Maintenance Committee – Appendix VII

B. SUBSURFACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

MANAGING GROUND DISTURBANCE

Intentional Disturbance

In this context, intentional disturbances does not refer to archaeological research but is ground disturbance associated with maintenance or capital improvements. Disturbances which are the result of research will be guided by the research plan and Society research guidelines.

Any intentional disturbance of the ground at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial must be preceded by an evaluation of the potential impact on archaeological resources by an OHS staff archaeologist. If it is determined that the ground disturbance might adversely affect any archaeological resources, then the strategy for mitigating that impact will be developed by the Curator of Archaeology in close cooperation with the Site Manager and the Assistant Director of Buildings and Grounds Maintenance. The development of a mitigation strategy will be based upon the archaeology guidelines promulgated by the Ohio Historic Preservation Office (1994) and will be coordinated with the research plan for the site.

A working agreement has been developed to accommodate the special needs and concerns of Moundbuilders Country Club at Octagon Earthworks (included as

Section III: Preservation Newark Earthworks HSMP 25 Appendix IV). This agreement will be maintained and periodically reviewed to insure it continues to meet current cultural resource protection standards.

Unintentional Disturbance

It is the responsibility of the Site Manager to manage and report any inadvertent discovery of archaeological resources at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. Any accidental discoveries will be treated according to the policy developed and in effect for all OHS sites (see Appendix III).

MANAGING ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

The Ohio Revised Code (Sec. 149.30H) requires the Ohio Historical Society to collect, preserve, and make available “by all appropriate means,” “historical objects, specimens, and artifacts which pertain to the history of Ohio and its people.” This includes the objects collected from archaeological sites as well any documentation that pertains to the context of the objects. To fulfill our responsibilities under the Ohio Revised Code, OHS maintains a curation facility for the storage and preservation of the artifacts and the records relating to them; these materials remain available for research. In addition, many of the especially meaningful or representative artifacts are displayed at OHS museums and exhibit facilities.

OHS collections relating to the Newark Earthworks are curated at the Archaeology Collections Facility in Columbus, or are on display at the Ohio Historical Center or the Newark Earthworks Museum at the Great Circle. The bulk of the collections relate to two projects: the 1928 excavations of Eagle Mound and the Wells Mound group by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and the 1979-81 excavations along the proposed corridor of State Route 79 in Newark, conducted under the supervision of the Ohio Department of Transportation. The Wray figurine and the Marie Sunkle cache are on loan to OHS and are featured in interpretive displays. These collections have been described in various publications intended for scholarly as well as popular audiences.

OHS will explore, with Native Americans and others, concerns relating to the continued management and interpretation of these collections including display of grave goods - both actual objects and replicas - and use of images of burials. These issues will have broader implications for the Society’s exhibit and interpretive programs at all of its facilities across the state.

Permanent Archaeology Collections

A detailed inventory of the permanent archaeological collections is included in Appendix II: Inventory and Analysis. OHS will work to develop an on-line catalog of collections related to the Newark Earthworks and complete its inventory of these artifacts. Collections will be managed according to the OHS collections Management Polciy.

C. STANDING STRUCTURES

It is the policy of the Society to treat any standing structure deemed to be eligible for or listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a significant resource. Planning decisions and routine maintenance must take this significance into account. Structures at the site have been evaluated using National Register criteria. (See Appendix II, Inventory and Analysis.)

26 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: Preservation In the context of the Newark Earthworks State Memorial, significant aboveground resources include the standing structures associated with the Depression-relief work at the sites between 1933 and 1937. At the Great Circle Earthworks, these structures include the caretaker’s house and the shop, as well as several stone structures, including stairs, piers, curbing, and the bridge, all built as part of the 1934 state park master plan. At the Octagon Earthworks, structures include two pair of stone piers at the entry and exit of the MCC. The caretaker’s house constructed at the Octagon Earthworks is no longer owned by OHS.

All of the standing structures that comprise the facilities of Moundbuilders Country Club do not meet criteria of significance and will not be treated as significant cultural resources (See Appendix II: Inventory and Analysis). Additionally, there are standing structures including a shelter house, public restroom building and a museum building at the Great Circle that do not meet the requirements to be considered significant cultural resources.

TREATMENT OF SIGNIFICANT STANDING STRUCTURES

The Depression-relief era standing structures should be maintained in a manner consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Treatment of Historic Properties.

House and Garage

Owing to the nature of the standing structures at Newark Earthworks, the greatest care for preservation treatment will need to be given to the caretaker’s dwelling and shop/garage.

There are two preservation standards most likely to affect operational maintenance. The first is the necessity to avoid the removal of historic materials or the alteration of features and spaces. The second is the need for deteriorated features and materials to be repaired/conserved rather than replaced. These are Standards 2 and 6. Given this, neither the interior nor exterior of the house or shop should be altered by any staff member, occupant, or other OHS divisional personnel without prior investigations and consultation by OHS Facilities Management staff.

Day-to-day maintenance procedures, such as cleaning, routine maintenance of mechanical systems, and even painting should not affect the preservation of the structures and can continue. These day-to-day procedures should be subject to the review of the Assistant Director of Buildings and Grounds Maintenance.

Masonry Piers, Stairs, and other Masonry Features

The masonry structures throughout the landscape need to be treated as significant cultural resources. Periodic or annual inspection should be made of each masonry structure, landscape structure, or other landscape feature to insure that they have proper drainage, there is no standing water, and that mortar joints are intact and not deteriorating. If a problem is noticed, steps to correct the problem should be taken in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and the Facilities Management Division.

Section III: Preservation Newark Earthworks HSMP 27 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS

Before any capital improvement projects are undertaken on any significant structures or features, the scope of work will be evaluated to insure that it meets the preservation goals at the site. This includes painting or re-roofing any of the structures constructed during the Depression-relief era development. All capital improvements will be completed conforming to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Treatment of Historic Properties.

PRESERVATION FOR FUTURE PLANNING

Although the Depression-relief era buildings at the Newark Earthworks are not currently interpreted, they represent a period of significance to both the state and to OHS. Until such time as OHS would make a decision to actively interpret this period at this or any other site, all structures remaining from the 1934 master plan at the Great Circle will be preserved for future planning. No work is to be undertaken that would eliminate the possibility of the structures being restored or interpreted.

D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND STUDY

One of the public functions to be performed by the Ohio Historical Society, according to the Ohio Revised Code, is "engaging in research in history, archaeology, and natural science" [Sec. 149.30 (G)]. This commitment to research by the State of Ohio recognizes the essential role of research in adding to our knowledge of cultural and natural resources and for generating broad interest in preserving and maintaining those resources.

RESEARCH AT THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS

2 Resource Identification and Research (archaeological, astronomical, anthropological and others) is vital for our research Committee – Appendix understanding of the Newark Earthworks. The primary goal of research at the VII Newark Earthworks is to discover and disseminate knowledge about the cultures that 8,9 Public Interpretation and have lived in this location; especially and particularly the Hopewell culture that built Education Committee – Appendix VII and lived among the monumental earthworks. Their use of the site, however, is part of a continuum that extends from the Paleoindian pioneers of the Ice Age to today's multi-cultural society. Understanding elements of the natural history of the site is 3 Conservation and Maintenance also a potential research objective. Committee – Appendix VII

DATABASE

Short-Term One of the first objectives of OHS will be to develop a comprehensive database of Priority existing sources of information about the Newark Earthworks. This database will include summaries and sources of information on the archaeology, history, and natural history of the site. The topics covered in the database will include, but will not necessarily be limited to, the following:

S Archaeological resources --Books, articles, notes, photographs, artifacts, and etc. from surveys and excavations undertaken at the Newark Earthworks. --Books, articles, notes, etc. related to archaeoastronomical research undertaken at the Newark Earthworks.

28 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: Preservation S Historical/archival resources S Ethnohistoric resources S Anthropological resources S Native American oral traditions S Oral histories S Natural history resources

This database will be a dynamic resource. As new research identifies additional documents, previously unrecorded oral traditions and oral histories, or makes new discoveries about the cultural and natural histories of the Newark Earthworks, these will be added to the expanding corpus of data. OHS will explore ways of making this database both publicly accessible, perhaps by posting it on the OHS website, and open to contributions from interested institutions and individuals, perhaps through links to other websites or by adding data entries submitted to the database by interested parties once they have been reviewed by OHS staff

LONG-TERM STRATEGIC RESEARCH PLAN

Building on this database, OHS will develop a strategic long-term plan for future Short-Term research to be undertaken by OHS staff and/or co-operating institutions or Priority individuals. OHS will work with the Ohio Archaeological Council, the Newark

Earthworks Advisory Board, Native Americans, individual scholars recognized for their expertise in Hopewell archaeology, avocational archaeological groups, and others to develop this research plan. The database will help to identify gaps in our 10 Resource Identification and existing knowledge of the site, and the research plan will prioritize the questions and Research Committee – Appendix VII make recommendations as to the allocation of resources for filling these gaps. These resources will include OHS staff time, equipment, and funding as well as grant monies, in-kind services, or other funding secured by OHS staff and/or provided by partnering institutions and individuals.

The following are examples of research questions that should be included in the research plan. This list is not intended to be exhaustive of research possibilities and OHS always will be willing to consider innovative research questions posed by scholars that are not identified in the strategic research plan.

Archaeology S Chronometric dates for all elements of the earthworks as well as other components of the prehistoric occupation are needed. S Information on the structure (building techniques) of the various component earthworks is required for comparative analysis. S The extent of restorations/reconstructions to the earthworks must be determined to evaluate, among other things, the accuracy of historic and modern maps. S Hively and Horn's interpretations of the Newark Earthworks as a lunar observatory need to be subjected to independent verification. S The so-called Great Hopewell Road proposition requires further scrutiny and verification. S The probability of habitation (and other non-earthwork) sites associated with the Newark Earthworks needs to be explored more thoroughly. ● Additional remnants of the earthworks should be identified.

Section III: Preservation Newark Earthworks HSMP 29 Native American oral tradition S Oral traditions relevant to interpreting the earthworks need to be sought in the relevant ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources. S Modern Native American tribal leaders, representing tribes with historic connections to Ohio, need to be consulted for information related to the earthworks.

Oral history S Oral histories of Newark residents and others who attended the county fairs at the Great Circle, or who participated in CCC work at the Newark Earthworks need to be recorded while these people are still living.

Historic/archival S Institutional archives, as well as private collections, need to be examined for early maps, records of excavations, artifacts, photographs, etc. related to the Newark Earthworks.

12 Resource Identification and Research methods should be as non-invasive as possible. Remote sensing should be Research Committee – Appendix employed wherever possible. More invasive methods, including excavation, will be VII appropriate for answering certain questions.

NOMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL RESOURCES

As part of OHS’s continuing recognition of national preservation standards, cultural resources that have been determined to be significant will be nominated to the appropriate national or international heritage program.

OHS will actively pursue the nomination of the Newark Earthworks as a World Short-Term Heritage Site through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Priority Organization (UNESCO). The Society will pursue having the site listed as a World 1 Conservation and Maintenance Heritage Site by researching the process and then taking the steps necessary to Committee – Appendix VII nominate the site. There will be many steps to complete prior to the actual nomination of the site, including additional research and condition assessments.

The Depression-relief era architectural features at Newark Earthworks are part of a much broader relief program that occurred during the 1930s. In order to gain to a complete understanding of the integrity of the resources they need to be compared to existing Depression-relief era facilities at other OHS sites. To accomplish this a Depression-relief era context will be completed, including the inventory of all OHS Depression-relief era resources. Eligible properties will be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places.

OTHER ISSUES

Although beyond the scope of this document, OHS recognizes that research at all 6 Resource Identification and OHS sites must be conducted with sensitivity to all traditions and viewpoints. In Research Committee – Appendix VII order for research to fulfill the potential for generating wide interest in, and appreciation for, cultural and natural resources, public education must be a 5 Resource Identification and component of any research conducted on OHS sites. Moreover, OHS recognizes the Research Committee – Appendix benefits of facilitating research at the Newark Earthworks, as well as other OHS VII

30 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section III: Preservation sites, by outside researchers. In order to achieve this, OHS will take the following steps: S OHS will explore partnerships with local colleges and universities so that students and faculty can pursue their research interests at the Newark Earthworks. S OHS will explore partnerships with Native American tribes and individuals who know and follow their cultures and traditions to 13 Resource Identification and facilitate gathering of oral traditions as well as to involve Native Research Committee – Appendix VII Americans in archaeological and other research efforts. S OHS will review the current process of applying for research permits to see how it could be clarified, formalized and streamlined.

Section III: Preservation Newark Earthworks HSMP 31 IV. INTERPERTATION PROSPECTUS AND VISITOR FACILITIES

A. GOALS

The primary goal of interpretation at the Newark Earthworks is to inform the public about the site and its builders through a wide variety of media and new technologies (exhibits, multimedia presentations, interpretive signs, etc.) and educational programs. Interpretation will present the Newark Earthworks as a site of world, regional, and local significance that was conceived, built, and used by the Hopewell. Audiences will learn about the Hopewell culture and its relationship to other prehistoric and Native American cultures, the nineteenth and twentieth century history of the earthworks, and the importance of preserving the site for future generations. Sources of information for interpretive exhibits and programs will include archaeological and Native American viewpoints.

B. AUDIENCES

This plan for the Newark Earthworks acknowledges the charge of the Ohio Historical Society’s Vision 2000 Plan to provide the widest variety of quality educational experiences to the widest range of audiences. In light of the emphasis in Vision 2000 on primary and secondary school education (K-12), the interpretation/education programs at Newark will pay special attention to the particular needs of these students. At the same time, we acknowledge, and will strive to satisfy, the varied interests and needs of the following groups:

Education Community

In addition to elementary/secondary schools, college and university classes will likely require more extensive and detailed information about the Newark Earthworks. Teachers will benefit from programs showing them how to integrate the Newark Earthworks into their classroom activities.

General Public

The general public includes casual visitors who drop in on the spur of the moment and individuals—from the neighborhood, Licking County, Ohio, other states, other nations—for whom the Newark Earthworks is a specific destination. Family groups, with the varied interests and attention spans of children and adults, may require special activities that engage multiple age groups. Local residents will be especially encouraged to participate in programming which will help them to better appreciate the importance of the earthworks.

Archaeologists

Professional and avocational archaeologists will likely be particularly interested in the results of research projects focused on the Newark Earthworks, as well as on more specialized information about the Hopewell culture

Native Americans

Many Native Americans are connected in deeply spiritual ways to the Newark Earthworks. The interpretive/educational programs will respect these feelings and will include Native American perspectives.

Section IV: Interpretation Newark Earthworks HSMP 33

Researchers

5 Resource Identification and Researchers representing a variety of disciplines (archaeology, anthropology, Research Committee – Appendix astronomy, history, botany/zoology, etc.) may be conducting specific research VII projects at the Newark Earthworks. While they will gain information about the site via interpretive programs, those programs can also be enhanced when the results of the research projects are incorporated into them.

C. OBJECTIVES

INTERPRETIVE CENTER AT THE GREAT CIRCLE

This facility, the Ohio Indian Art Museum, currently houses exhibits focused on the artistic accomplishments of the prehistoric Native Americans, with secondary exhibits dealing with the Newark Earthworks. The exhibits are outdated and inadequately interpret the Newark Earthworks and do not reflect the significance of the earthworks and current understanding of them nor do they reflect multiple perspectives, including those of Native Americans or the recent history of the site. Although the building reflected the long-held aspirations for the site when it was built in 1971, it does not fulfill the needs of visitors nor the goals that have been identified for the site. Its restrooms are not large enough to accommodate a busload of school children, nor are they accessible for the handicapped. There is no classroom or meeting space, no space for hands-on activities, nor any office space. Space for retail sales is not adequate. The hard-finish surfaces, although expensive and durable, will make it difficult to install and use new technologies. The architecture of the building does not respond to the style of the depression era buildings on site. The building is not convenient to either parking lot. Finally, the location of the building, sited in the Beaux Arts tradition on axis with the gateway and center of the Great Circle inappropriately dominates the earthworks. It destroys the relationship between the Great Circle and the parallel walls that led away from the site.

Accommodation for new interpretive technologies needs to be provided. For 7 Public Interpretation and example, installation of hardware and software for an expanded website and distance Education Committee – learning, and training staff to use them effectively, is needed. Use of the software Appendix VII 12 Community Context and and video developed by John Hancock at the Center for the Electronic Access Committee – Appendix Reconstruction of Historic and Archaeological Sites (CERHAS) at the University of VII Cincinnati needs to be accommodated.

Developing links (electronic and programmatic) to other museums and centers focused on indigenous cultures throughout the world will strengthen programming.

INTERPRETIVE FACILITY AT THE OCTAGON

Short-Term An exhibit pavilion with graphics and text, coordinated with the interpretation Priority presented at the Great Circle and Wright Earthworks will be developed.

34 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section IV: Interpretation

INTERPRETIVE SIGNS/TRAILS

OHS will erect interpretive signs at significant locations at all three components Short-Term (Great Circle, Octagon, Wright). Locations for the signs that will not be overly Priority obtrusive, disrupt maintenance or adversely affect cultural resources

Walking trails linking the interpretive signs will be developed. Among other things, the signs—and the location of the trails—should encourage respect for the special significance of the earthworks for Native Americans and convey how the public can help preserve the earthworks for future generations, most notably by not walking on or over them.

PROGRAMS/ACTIVITIES

Staff will continue to develop a variety of programs tailored to the interests and Short-Term needs of particular audiences. These programs can include hands-on activities, Priority presentations of oral histories and oral traditions, traditional storytelling and web- based activities. Educational programs and activities will be developed and 17, 20 Public Interpretation and presented by personnel qualified to present archaeological interpretations and Native Education Committee – American traditions and culture. Appendix VII

Exhibits/programs focused on the Newark Earthworks will incorporate information both about the original Hopewell builders and on the more recent history of the site. 6, 9 Public Interpretation and They will put the site into a regional context, comparing it to other sites in the Ohio Education Committee – Appendix VII Valley and Eastern United States, and into a cultural context, identifying the societies that preceded and followed the Hopewell. Connections between the Hopewells and modern Native Americans will be explored and acknowledged. Programs will explore what is known about the Hopewell and how they lived as well 8 Public Interpretation and as the environmental conditions that existed while the Newark Earthworks were in Education Committee – Appendix VII use.

The history of the Newark Earthworks during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries will demonstrate the tensions between development and preservation. Public interpretation in this area can highlight the need for continued preservation of all the remnants of the earthworks complex.

Staff developing exhibits and programs will respect both archaeology and Native 10 Public Interpretation and American interpretations and oral traditions as the means of learning about the past Education Committee – and as sources of information to be presented to the public. Appendix VII

Staff developing exhibits and programs will remain sensitive to Native American 27 Public Interpretation and concerns about human remains by avoiding display of human burials or photographs Education Committee – of burials; the staff will also remain sensitive to concerns about displaying objects Appendix VII originally found with burials, which is a cultural value issue involving Native American spirituality. These issues will need to be resolved on a Society-wide basis, 30 Public Interpretation and but discussions at Newark can lead into statewide examination of them. Education Committee – Appendix VII

Staff will work with college and university educators to develop a program using the Newark Earthworks as a laboratory for training university students in archaeology, 17 Community Context and Access Committee – Appendix education, museums studies, history, or oral history. An integral part of the program VII will be establishment of internships for student support.

Staff will enhance the Newark Earthworks page of the Society’s website 19 Public Interpretation and Education Committee – (www.ohiohistory.org) to include more detailed information about archaeology, Appendix VII Native American tribes/groups, and other topics relevant to the Newark Earthworks.

Section IV: Interpretation Newark Earthworks HSMP 35

25 Public Interpretation and With the advice and assistance of Native American tribes/groups, the staff will Education Committee – organize Native American craft and art shows and other events. Appendix VII

Cooperation Within OHS

Short-Term The education/interpretation staff will work with OHS staff responsible for Priority research/preservation and for maintenance to: S Identify different areas of the Newark Earthworks where interpretive activities can occur and determine what activities might appropriately occur within the earthworks. S Identify certain locations—“quiet areas”—at the earthworks where 22 Public Interpretation and visitors can experience the site in their own way. Education Committee – S Try to accommodate requests for special events both during normal Appendix VII visiting hours and after hours S Make provision for picnicking and “passive” recreation

Education staff will also work closely with OHS communications staff to increase public awareness of the Newark Earthworks generally and of specific programs and educational events occurring at the site.

Education staff will cooperate with OHS research/preservation and OHS maintenance staff in installation of additional interpretive signs, walking trails, and the exhibit pavilion at Octagon.

Education staff will work with other OHS educators to develop materials focused on the Newark Earthworks and on Native Americans that will support curriculum standards and objectives.

Partnerships Beyond OHS 5 Resource Identification and Research Committee – Appendix Education/Interpretation staff will work with researchers, both from OHS and from VII other institutions, to incorporate new information derived from their projects into the programs and activities. When possible, the staff will also provide on-site interpretation for research projects while they are in progress. 11 Community Context and Access Committee – Appendix Education staff will encourage local school boards and teacher organizations to take VII 12 Resource Identification and advantage of the unique educational potential of the Newark Earthworks. Use of the Research Committee – Appendix site, especially in winter months, will be encouraged so that students can take VII advantage of complete access to the Octagon.

OHS staff will work with the owners of remnants of the Newark Earthworks outside OHS property to explore development of interpretive signs and/or educational programs focused on their portion(s) of the earthworks.

Staff will partner with local organizations to develop walking and driving tours and related educational materials, that will allow visitors to experience the actual extent and complexity of the Newark Earthworks.

Planning

To comprehensively study and evaluate the interpretive needs that have been Short-Term identified for the site the Society will work to create a site master plan and an Priority interpretive plan. These documents will allow the Society to implement the short- term priorities identified in a logical, consistent manner while anticipating further development of the site.

36 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section IV: Interpretation V. IMPLEMENTATION

This plan has identified many needs, activities, and projects for the Society to pursue to improve the Newark Earthworks State Memorial. Because the Society is limited by budgetary considerations, it has identified short-term priorities that can be accomplished by the end of 2008. These have been identified in the plan by italicizing the text and by the notation “Short-term priority” in the sidebar. How these priorities can be accomplished is outlined here. The implementation of each of these priorities will be guided by the broad themes and goals identified in this plan.

1. Establish an Advisory Board to work with OHS to increase public understanding and knowledge of the site and to improve the quality of operations.

Target establishment date: January 2004 Staff responsible: Senior management team. Board approval required. First step: Create founding committee to work with OHS staff

2. Create a site master plan to guide short, mid and long-term development of the Newark Earthworks as a first-class historic site. The plan will:

Survey existing conditions Plan areas for various uses, coordinating with interpretive plan Locate facilities to accommodate them Locate trails to link the facilities and to provide access and viewing points Determine the costs and priorities for implementing the site master plan Determine cost of restoring the Octagon Determine cost of maintaining the Octagon Determine potential revenues and costs for operating the site

Target completion date: April 2005 Staff responsible: Facilities Management Division(Architectural Services) working with Museums and Archaeology staff First steps: Seek and obtain matching funds Have comprehensive surveys of each component (Great Circle, Octagon, and Wright) completed. Retain services of a landscape architect Include public input in process

3. Create an interpretive plan for the Newark Earthworks. The plan will:

Identify major themes and messages Determine appropriate means to deliver them Develop concepts for new interpretive and educational programs Develop concepts for new exhibits Determine costs and priorities for implementation Incorporate diverse viewpoints

Target completion date: April 2005 Staff responsible: Museums Division (Interpretive Services) working with Facilities Management and Archaeology staff

Section V. Implementation Newark Earthworks HSMP 37

First Steps: Seek and obtain matching funds Create process for public involvement Benchmark interpretive plans/exhibits of other significant programs such as those at Cahokia, Poverty Point, and Ocmulgee. Include public input in process

4. Prepare for the northernmost moonrise which will occur in Fall, 2005

a. Create sight-line through the Octagon working with Mound Builders Country Club

Required completion date: August 2005 Staff responsible: Facilities Management First step: Evaluate existing sight line to determine trees to be removed

b. Create partnerships with the Newark/Heath community including educational institutions, local governments, Native Americans and others to plan and implement events

Start Date: Fall 2003 Staff responsible: Assigned OHS liaison working with the Museums and Archaeology staff First step: Identify local partners and work with them to establish steering committee

5. Develop a comprehensive database of existing sources of information about the Newark Earthworks and prepare a strategic, long-term research plan

Database Implementation Date: Ongoing with majority of database completed for use during the interpretive planning process. Research Plan Completion Date: April 2007 Staff responsible: Archaeology staff First step: Establish working committee of OHS staff and others to create a broad-based working group.

6. Complete an assessment of the existing condition of each earthwork. Establish a treatment plan for restoration and maintenance of each identified area to correct and prevent problems.

Completion Dates: Assessment of Great Circle and Wright –April 2004 Treatment Plan for Great Circle and Wright – April 2005 Assessment of Octagon – April 2006 Treatment Plan for Octagon – April 2007 Staff Responsible: Facilities Management and site staff working with Archaeology staff First Steps: Develop format and guidelines for assessment Consult with others experienced in problems identified

38 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section V. Implementation 7. Work to identify and preserve other remnants of the earthworks.

Completion Date: Ongoing Staff Responsible: Archaeology staff working with site and Facilities Management staff First Steps: Inventory known remnants and determine owners Develop methodology for identifying other remnants Identify appropriate preservation means

8. Investigate the process for nominating the earthworks as a World Heritage Site, develop a plan to prepare the nomination and seek funding for its preparation.

Completion Date: June, 2004 Staff responsible:Archaeology staff working with Historic Preservation staff First Step:Contact United States coordinating office at the National Park Service 9. Develop a contingency plan for the operation of the Octagon in the event that Mound Builders Country Club should seek to terminate its lease or be unable to fulfill the terms of its lease.

a. Develop an interim management plan that will ensure the continued preservation of the resources

Completion Date: June 2004 Staff responsible: Facilities Management working with Museums and Archaeology staff First steps: Develop list of issues and priorities Provide for public input while developing plan

b. Develop a process involving the community and others interested in the site to determine the future of the site to insure their needs and desires are taken into consideration and their support is obtained.

Completion Date: June, 2005 Staff responsible: Facilities Management working with Museums and Archaeology staff First Steps: Meet with advisory board Provide for public input into the development of the process

Section V. Implementation Newark Earthworks HSMP 39 FUNDING FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The Ohio Historical Society is currently under severe financial constraints due to the poor economy and competing priorities for the State of Ohio which provides 70-75% of the Society’s funding. However, resources that are available will be directed to the extent possible to achieve these priorities.

Staff time will be a critical element, especially with recent and anticipated staffing cutbacks. Redefining and shifting responsibilities may allow some time to be freed to pursue these projects. Capital funds appropriated several years ago for the benefit of the Great Circle are still available and can be used to accomplish the planning for the Great Circle and can be used to match and leverage grants and other funding in order that the projects can include the Octagon and Wright Earthworks. Continuation of the process beyond available funding will require continued state capital and operating funding as well as community support.

40 Newark Earthworks HSMP Section V. Implementation

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 41 A .42 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History APPENDIX I: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS

A. PREHISTORIC OCCUPANCY AND DEVELOPMENT (to 1797)

INTRODUCTION

"These works are so complicated, that it is impossible to give anything like a comprehensible description of them." Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis (1848)

The Newark Earthworks State Memorial preserves significant remnants of the largest set of geometric earthworks ever built. Originally there was a circular enclosure 1200 feet in diameter, another slightly smaller circle, a huge octagon, an oval earthwork surrounding between 12 and 13 mounds of varying size and shape, and a square enclosure 950 feet on a side, all interconnected by a series of parallel walls. In addition, there were many small circular enclosures ranging from 50 to 250 feet in diameter, a scattering of other mounds and pits and, across the South Fork of the Licking River, yet another square enclosure about 750 feet on a side and a semi-circular earthwork surrounding the top of a hill overlooking, what Squier and Davis referred to as, this "remarkable plain." The main part of the site, not including the additional square and the hilltop enclosure, covered more than four square miles and more than 7,000,000 cubic feet of earth were used in its construction. A people we now call the Hopewell culture built these monumental enclosures nearly 2000 years ago. The term “Hopewell” is used to identify the unique culture that built earthworks such as those at Newark during the Middle Woodland period (100 BC to AD 400). The name “Hopewell” was assigned to the culture based on excavations that were done at the Mordecai Hopewell farm near Chillicothe, Ohio in 1891-2 by Warren K. Moorehead. This follows the archaeological convention of assigning names based on the excavation that best revealed the traits of a unique culture. Unfortunately, we do not know what these people called themselves. Many Native Americans find it objectionable that European-American names are used to label Native American cultures. While we recognize their desire to discontinue the use of “Hopewell” and other such names, there currently is no consensus on a name to replace “Hopewell.” As a result, the term “Hopewell” is used in this document for the purposes of clarity and consistency. Archaeologists refer to Newark and similar sites as "ceremonial centers," but we do not know the full range of activities engaged in by the Hopewell culture at such places. Hopewell religious specialists undoubtedly performed ceremonies here, including mortuary rituals at particular locations. The earthworks at Newark and other centers were, however, not just centers for the dead – they were centers for the living. They were social gathering places, religious shrines, pilgrimage centers, and even astronomical observatories. Much of the Newark Earthworks has been destroyed by the growth of the modern cities of Newark and Heath, but the elements that remain are a monumental testimony to the achievements of the Hopewell culture. The Oxford archaeologist Chris Scarre (1999), in his book Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World, lists the Newark Earthworks as one of only three sites in North America north of Mexico that qualify as a "wonder of the world." Due to its impressive scale and the complexity of its plan, the site often has been featured as an illustration of the epitome of Hopewell earthwork construction (e.g., Fagan 2000:431; Jennings 1974:231; Prufer 1974:224; Thomas 2000:91). According to Samuel Haven, Daniel Webster was so impressed with the Newark Earthworks that he "desired to have [them] preserved in perpetuity at the national charge" (Haven 1870:41). If his desire had been achieved, the Newark Earthworks would have become the first of America's National Parks and they would have been preserved nearly in their original grandeur.

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 43 Unfortunately, this did not occur and today, only three major components of the earthwork complex are preserved and interpreted as parts of the larger whole: Great Circle Earthworks, Octagon Earthworks, and Wright Earthworks.

GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

The Great Circle is a gigantic circular enclosure approximately 1200 feet across from the crest of the wall to the opposite crest. The walls enclose an area of about thirty acres. The circular wall varies in height from five to 14 feet with a ditch at the base of the wall inside the enclosure. The ditch varies in depth from eight to thirteen feet and is deepest at the entrance to the circle. The walls are at their highest here as well making this a dramatic gateway to the Great Circle. According to Atwater, who observed the site in the early 1800s, the ditch held water, but later scholars have been skeptical of this claim. The fact that the ditch is inside the wall rather than outside indicates it was not a defensive moat. If the ditch was intended to hold water, then perhaps the circle of water had a ritual or symbolic significance. The earth removed from the ditch formed part of the wall, but the walls are more than just the ring of soil thrown up from the excavation of the ditch. In 1992, Dee Anne Wymer from Bloomsburg University and Bradley Lepper from the Ohio Historical Society directed the excavation of a trench through the embankment revealing a series of construction episodes. Initially, the Hopewell builders may have constructed a circular arrangement of low mounds in order to provide the framework for the Great Circle. Then they dug the ditch inside the ring of mounds and placed the dark brown earth from their excavations over the small mounds forming a circular embankment separated from the ditch by about fourteen feet. Finally, the Hopewell excavated deep pits, still visible alongside the Ohio Historical Society’s main parking area at the site on S.R. 79. These borrow pits were the source for a yellowish brown gravelly subsoil. They used this distinctive earth to fill the gap between the ditch and the top of the dark brown earthwork. The finished enclosure would have been dark brown on the outside but yellow brown on the inside surface reflecting the different soils used in the construction of the embankment. We cannot be certain that these colors played a role in how the earthwork was supposed to have been seen by Hopewell visitors. Grass and other vegetation would have grown rapidly over the earthen embankment obscuring the colors of the underlying soils. So, unless Hopewell caretakers periodically cleared off the vegetation, it may be that it was only important that the different colored soils were in place, beneath the covering of vegetation. An unanticipated result of the 1992 excavations was the discovery of the original AD 160 ground surface. Lepper and Wymer recovered samples of this soil and these yielded pollen and phytoliths (tiny mineral deposits from grasses) indicative of the presence of prairie plants. This means that, when the earthworks were being laid out and built, the surrounding landscape was a prairie, not a forest. People all over the world, whose livelihoods depended upon the hunting of game and the gathering of wild plant foods, such as the predecessors of the Hopewell, are known to have burned off sections of forest to improve the quality of the habitat for game animals. It is likely that this area had been maintained as an artificial prairie within the surrounding forest for hundreds or even thousands of years. When the Hopewell people were selecting sites for earthwork construction, they naturally would have been attracted to openings in the forest canopy so they wouldn't have had to chop down huge oak and hickory trees with their stone axes. At the center of the Great Circle is a large mound – or set of conjoined mounds. Although it has been called “Eagle Mound” and many people seem to think it represents a bird in flight, it does not actually bear much resemblance to a bird or any other animal for that matter. Its three lobes have been compared to a bird's footprint, a bear paw print, or an arrow pointing towards the gateway. Whatever the Hopewell may have intended it to represent, the mound covers the site of a similarly-shaped wooden frame structure. Emerson Greenman, an archaeologist with the Ohio Historical Society, investigated Eagle Mound in 1928. He uncovered a rectangular pattern of postmolds, or stains in the soil marking the former location of wooden posts. These stains were all that remained of a log structure that would have been about 100 feet long by about 23 feet wide. At the center of this lodge there was a large rectangular basin lined with fire- hardened clay. It is similar to so-called crematory basins found in other Hopewell mounds, but Greenman found no traces of human bones in the sand that filled the shallow pit. Smucker had found burned bones in a previous excavation into Eagle Mound, but it is not known whether or not these were human remains. This wooden structure must have been a special place. It was the focus of ritual activities performed at the Great Circle until the Hopewell occupants decided that it had served its function. They then dismantled it and erected a mound over its remains.

A .44 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History

OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Octagon Earthworks are one of the most fascinating components of the Newark Earthworks. It consists of a circular enclosure connected to an octagon by a short section of parallel walls. The circular enclosure forms a nearly perfect circle 1,054 feet in diameter. It only deviates from a perfect circle of that diameter by less than four feet. It encloses an area of about 20 acres. The most interesting feature of the circle is the so- called "Observatory Mound" located along the southwestern rim opposite the opening to the octagonal earthwork. The Observatory is an elongated platform mound 170 feet long and about twelve feet in height. It appears to have been built across another opening into the circle consisting of a short segment of parallel walls. The walls of the octagonal enclosure were each about 550 feet long and from five to six feet in height. There were gateways or openings at each corner of the octagon varying from about fifty to ninety feet in width. Each opening of the octagon is partially blocked by a rectangular or oblong platform mound about 100 feet long by eighty feet wide at the base and between five and six feet high. The octagon itself encloses nearly fifty acres.

WRIGHT EARTHWORKS

Wright Earthworks preserve a fragment of a geometrically near-perfect square enclosure, known as the Newark Square, and part of one wall that originally formed a set of parallel embankments. The sides of the Newark Square ranged in length from about 940 to 950 feet and they enclosed about twenty acres. The remaining segment of wall at Wright Earthworks is less than 200 feet long. The parallel embankments framed a passage leading from the square to a huge oval enclosure that surrounded between 12 and 13 burial mounds. Another set of parallel walls led from the Newark Square to the Great Circle. It is interesting to note that the perimeter of the square earthwork is precisely equal to the circumference of the circle. This is yet another indication of the remarkable sophistication of the geometry and engineering of the Newark Earthworks.

EARLY INTERPRETATIONS OF THE EARTHWORKS

The Native American peoples living in Ohio during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when asked by interested European and European-American explorers, missionaries, and traders, revealed no particular knowledge or certain traditions relating to the earthworks. Most of the answers given to questions concerning the ancient monuments suggest the Native peoples knew little about them. A few individuals claimed the earthen walls were ancient forts built by their ancestors. Some said the earthworks had been "theaters of blood" and were places that it would be best to avoid. It is certainly possible that information regarding the origin and purpose of the earthworks was considered sacred and not to be shared with outsiders. On the other hand, many of the Native American informants recently had converted to Christianity and would have had no reason to withhold information about traditions they previously might have regarded as sacred. Based in part on the traditions that some Native Americans did share, and partly on the fact that the indigenous inhabitants of the Ohio valley in the 18th and early 19th centuries did not build earthworks such as those found at Newark, some writers believed the earthworks had been built by a "lost race" of people from the Old World – Egyptians, Romans, Hebrews, or Hindus. Arm-chair historians and antiquarians called these unknown people the “Mound Builders,” since all that was known about them was that they had built mounds. In their efforts to come up with an explanation for why the Mound Builders had seemingly abandoned their earthwork centers, they proposed the racist myth that the Indians, whom they regarded as savages, had wiped them out – much as European barbarians had brought down the Roman empire. In this interpretation, the

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 45 earthworks were the fortifications of the Mound Builders. This myth not only denied Native Americans their rightful heritage, it also seemed to offer a rationalization for displacing them from their lands. The European-Americans could delude themselves into believing that they were simply re-claiming the land for European “civilization.” The idea that the earthworks served as fortifications is a fundamental component of the Mound Builder myth, but regardless of whether one believed the Mound Builders were a “lost tribe” of Israelites or the ancestors of the historically-known Native Americans, the purpose of the earthworks can be considered as a separate question. Some authors recognized that, at least the Great Circle at Newark, with its interior ditch, was not an ancient fort; others stubbornly insisted it was. One author, for example, suggested it had been "constructed on principles of military science now lost or inexplicable" (Matthews 1839:6). On the other hand, professional soldiers, who knew something about building real forts, recognized that the ancient earthworks could not have served as defensive structures. General William Henry Harrison, the commander of the United States forces who fought at Tippecanoe and a future president, understood that the great geometric earthworks, "particularly those of Circleville and Newark… were never intended for military defenses" (Harrison 1839:225). Regardless of whether some earthworks might have had a defensive or military purpose, no evidence had been found to support the idea that the Mound Builders were a people unrelated to Native Americans. So, some people took it upon themselves to fabricate such evidence. David Wyrick, an early Licking County surveyor who made one of the best maps of the Newark Earthworks, believed the so-called "Lost Tribes of Israel" had built Ohio's great mounds and enclosures. He dug into the mounds in search of evidence to prove this idea. In 1860, while digging inside one of Newark's small circular earthworks, Wyrick found a carved and polished "Keystone" engraved with Hebrew letters. A local minister who could read Hebrew translated the inscriptions. They were phrases from the Bible such as the "Holy of Holies." Wyrick at first believed this "Holy Stone" was the proof for which he had been searching. Later, however, he came to fear that someone had hoaxed him. The "Keystone," and other stones with Hebrew writing found in nearby mounds, were “discovered” only during this period when many believed the Mound Builders were some group of mysterious people from the so-called Old World. As the early Ohio archaeologist Matthew C. Read concluded, such frauds "will always in some way represent the ideas of the time of the forgery." During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European-American ideas about the earthworks of eastern North America came from fragments of Native American oral traditions, racist interpretations of the ancient architecture and the artifacts found in mounds, and frauds and hoaxes crafted to appeal to popular prejudices. A few serious scholars, such as Thomas Jefferson, had begun to develop the discipline of archaeology, which, in conjunction with thoughtful attention to Native American oral traditions, could achieve a more comprehensive interpretation of the earthworks and the ancient peoples who built them.

THE HOPEWELL CULTURE

The Hopewell culture thrived in the region of eastern North America we now identify as southern and central Ohio, from about 100 BC to AD 400. They were farmers, fishers, hunters, and gatherers of wild plant foods. They lived in small villages scattered along the major tributaries of the Ohio River – especially the Great and Little Miami, the Scioto and Muskingum rivers. They cleared patches of forest in which to Who Built the plant their gardens of maygrass, knotweed, goosefoot, sumpweed, sunflower, and squash. Newark Earthworks? When the soil became less productive they abandoned the garden and cleared a neighboring section of forest to plant their crops. The abandoned plots were soon overgrown with berry bushes. The Hopewell picked the berries and hunted the deer that also were attracted by the fruit. Dee Anne Wymer, an archaeologist who specializes in

A .46 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History studying the plant foods used by the Hopewell, thinks they were "sophisticated farmers and managers of their environment." The Hopewell culture is best known for their gigantic earthen mounds and enclosures and for the objects they crafted from materials gathered from the ends of their world: copper from the upper Great Lakes, mica from the Carolinas, shells from the Gulf of Mexico, and obsidian -- a black volcanic glass -- from the Rocky Mountains. These materials may have come as valued commodities in a network of trade, although we have little evidence for what the Hopewell traders in this region might have given in exchange. Knives and bladelets made from Flint Ridge flint are found scattered throughout eastern North America, but not in the quantities that would suggest a fair trade for the bushels of mica and copper found at Hopewell sites in the Ohio River valley. The Hopewell culture built many monumental ceremonial centers. There were, for example, major earthwork complexes at Marietta, Portsmouth, and near Cincinnati; and nowhere was there a greater abundance and diversity of mounds and enclosures than along the Scioto River and Paint Creek valleys near Chillicothe. But the Newark Earthworks represent the grandest architectural achievement of the Hopewell.

THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS: A HOPEWELLIAN CEREMONIAL CENTER

A full understanding of the nature and purpose of the Newark Earthworks may never be possible because so much of the site has been destroyed. Also, many Native American oral traditions relating to the earthworks may have been lost during the two thousand years of sometimes tumultuous history separating the building of this site with the period when oral traditions were recorded by interested European-American observers. Those oral traditions that have survived have not always been shared by those who carried them. Much of what we know about the Newark Earthworks is due to the efforts of scholars and surveyors who recorded the details of the site before the growth of the city of Newark destroyed much of it. Only a few archaeological excavations have been undertaken at Newark. The information derived from these investigations, combined with the several early maps and the observations made by antiquarians incidental to the destruction of the mounds and enclosures, yield important insights into how the Hopewell people used this monumental set of earthworks. Many people assume that all Native American mounds are ancient cemeteries. Burials at the Newark Earthworks, however, seem largely to have been concentrated in one area, a group of conical mounds surrounding a large, irregularly shaped mound at the Burial Mounds at center of an oval enclosure. This part of the site has been called the Cherry Valley Newark Earthworks Mound group. Canal excavators destroyed one of the peripheral mounds while building a lock. A contemporary newspaper account describes what the diggers turned up:

"In excavating the earth for a lock pit, west of the Raccoon Creek, a large number of human bones were disturbed by the plough, deposited in a manner, I believe, altogether peculiar to this cemetry [sic]. The bones were deposited, or at least found not more than two feet below the surface of the earth, in a place where there was a slight elevation of the ground, of about thirty inches, but not sufficient to entitle it to the name of a Mound. They were all carbonized, or burnt, were of different sizes, and amounted to the number of ten or fifteen. What was peculiar in their mode of burial, was, they were all covered with a greater or less quantity of very beautiful transparent mica. One of the skeletons was completely covered with the mica, and was, it seems by way of distinction, buried a short distance from the remainder. This was a large frame, and like the rest, was carbonized. The quantity of mica would amount, according to the statement of a gentleman who present at the time of the discovery, to eight or ten bushels. The pieces were of various sizes and shapes, tho' generally triangular; the bases of some were four or five inches in length. Several specimens of this

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 47 beautiful mineral substance may be seen in this town. To what race did this people belong. When did they exist? And why were the tenants of this cemetry [sic] buried with such marked distinction?" (The Advocate, Newark 1827)

The large, central mound of this group of burial mounds was curiously shaped and resembled a group of conjoined mounds. It resembled in some respects and was about the same size as the large mounds at the Tremper and Harness sites. It was about 140 feet long, 40 feet wide and about 20 feet high at its highest point. It was surrounded by a "cobblestone way." This mound was largely destroyed between 1852 and 1855, when the Central Ohio Railroad was built through it, although part of the largest portion was not flattened until a rolling mill was built on the site. A general idea of what this mound contained can be drawn from a newspaper article by local antiquarian J. N. Wilson (1868) along with supplementary information collected by James and Charles Salisbury (1862). At the base of the tallest section of the mound, there was a "tier of skeletons" – their heads placed together with their feet radiating outward (Salisbury and Salisbury 1862:12). Wilson observed several postmolds suggesting the former presence of some sort of substantial structure, or structures possibly similar to the "Great Houses" uncovered at the bases of Tremper and Harness mounds. It is now impossible to determine how these various discoveries were associated, but it is possible that the burials were interred inside the wooden structure. The mound itself was composed of alternating layers of black loam, blue clay, sand, and cobblestones punctuated by periodic episodes of burning and burial. Artifacts found in association with numerous fragmentary burials included mica sheets, a copper "hatchet" and "quivers," large shells, beads and "other trinkets" (Wilson 1868:69). Charles Whittlesey viewed Wilson's collection of artifacts in 1868 and described additional artifacts from the "mound at rolling mill" (1868:41-43). Whittlesey sketched a "copper axe," one of "3 copper fluted ornaments," and a drilled bear canine (1868:41-42). When the rolling mill was torn down and workers began to dig the foundation for a new building in this area, they encountered another burial. This burial included a remarkable "stone image" initially identified as a carving of a pig by the excavators (Dragoo and Wray 1964; Mason 1882). This statuette has become known as the Wray figurine for Charles F. Wray, a former owner and co-author of the report announcing its rediscovery in 1962 (Dragoo and Wray 1964), and is likely a portrait of a Hopewell leader of special importance. The figurine is a unique naturalistic rendering of a Hopewell shaman, or medicine man, wearing a costume made from a bear's head and hide.

Great Circle Earthworks

In 1928, Emerson Greenman excavated the Eagle Mound as well as the nearby Excavation of Eagle Wells Mound group. Greenman's unpublished field notes indicate that the bulk of the Mound at Great Circle mound was removed with shovels and mattocks. He and his crew used trowels once they had dug to within six inches of the base of the mound. The final work of clearing the floor was accomplished

"…with whisk brooms and the sand, which occupies the space between the clay and the surface of the floor was dugout whatever depressions were found in the surface of the floor, with the hope of uncovering significant markings… (Greeman 1928:7).

In this manner, Greenman identified a pattern of fifty-nine postmolds along with nine pit features. Greenman also noted "unmistakable evidence" for previous excavations that had penetrated the mound floor. Smucker had written that, many years prior to 1881, excavations conducted "…into the center of [Eagle Mound], where the elevation is greatest, developed an altar built of stone, upon which were found ashes, charcoal, and calcined bones " (Smucker 1881:266). It cannot now be determined whether these bones

A .48 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History represented cremated human remains or animal bones roasted in a cooking fire, but the context of the discovery suggests it was a crematorium. The postmold pattern Greenman uncovered is the remains of a large rectangular structure almost 100 feet long by about 23 feet wide with walls like wings extending outward on each side at a forty-degree angle from the main axis. In the center of this structure there was a large, rectangular, prepared clay basin, similar to crematory basins excavated at Mound City and other Hopewell sites. The Eagle Mound basin, however, contained no cremated human remains. Greenman documented more than fifty artifacts from these excavations, but only a handful were collected and curated. The most intriguing discoveries were two copper artifacts: a copper crescent and a stylized copper beaver effigy. If this was a "charnel house" with a crematory pit, the Hopewell religious specialists had removed the human remains and buried them elsewhere. Alternatively, the activities undertaken at the Eagle Mound structure may not have been related to mortuary ceremonialism and instead focused on other religious rituals or some other activity. The three mounds formally comprising the Wells Mound group located on private land west of the Great Circle had been disturbed extensively prior to Greenman's explorations. They all had been plowed over and dug into on several occasions. Some early historic residents of Newark had even buried a horse in Wells Mound No. 3. Nevertheless, Greenman recovered some material of interest. In addition to some poorly preserved human skeletal remains, he found a gorget, a large projectile point made from Flint Ridge flint, and a large mica slab. This was one of the few sites of burial at the Newark Earthworks not associated with the Cherry Mound Group.

Octagon Earthworks

Some early antiquarians thought that the Observatory Mound once had formed an archway opening into the circle that had collapsed over the ages. In fact, one of the Excavations at earliest documented archaeological excavations conducted at the Newark Earthworks was Observatory Mound undertaken to test this hypothesis. On the 4th of July in 1836 the Calliopean Society of the Granville Literary and Theological Institution (now Denison University) celebrated Independence Day by digging into the southwest side of the Observatory. They discovered no evidence of a collapsed arch, but the Calliopean Society excavators found that the outer surface of the Observatory originally was faced with limestone slabs. The Octagon Earthworks are a remarkable testament to the architectural and engineering genius of the Hopewell culture. Recently, astronomers have come to realize that the achievements of the Hopewell culture are even more fascinating. The Hopewell builders apparently aligned these earthworks to the complicated 18.6-year-long cycle of moon rises and moon sets. If you stand atop the Observatory Mound and look across the circle through the parallel-walled passage leading into the octagon and out through the octagon's northeastern gateway, the point on the horizon at which you are sighting is where the moon rises at its most northerly extreme. The intricate cycle of the moon can be encompassed by four points on the eastern horizon marking a maximum northern moonrise, a minimum northern moonrise, maximum and minimum southern moonrises, and four points on the western horizon marking the corresponding moonsets. The Hopewell builders encoded all of these astronomical landmarks into the architecture of the Octagon. Whether or not they ever intended to use this site as an astronomical observatory, the Hopewell architects certainly succeeded in bringing some of the moon's magic down to earth.

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 49 A Great Hopewell Road?

The Ohio Hopewell people built at least one other circle and octagon earthwork. Great Hopewell Road High Bank Works near Chillicothe, part of the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, is a circular enclosure, with the same diameter as the corresponding circle at Newark, connected to a much smaller octagonal earthwork. The High Bank Works' circle and octagon also incorporate alignments to the eight lunar rise and set points. Moreover, the main axis of High Bank Works – that is, a line projected through the center of the circle and the octagon – bears a direct relationship to the axis of Newark's circle and octagon. Although built more than sixty miles apart, the axis of High Bank Works is oriented at precisely 90 degrees to that of Octagon Earthworks. These connections of architecture, geometry, and astronomy suggest the Hopewell people of Newark and Chillicothe had a close relationship. In this regard, it is interesting to note that the parallel walls that extended from Newark's Octagon to the southwest -- and off the margins of every map of the Newark Earthworks -- are on a course that would lead straight to Chillicothe. There is evidence to suggest this was a ceremonial highway linking these two great centers of Hopewell culture. Atwater speculated in 1820 that this road went at least thirty miles citing reports of "walls having been discovered at different places, probably belonging to these works", between Newark and Lancaster. In 1862 James and Charles Salisbury traced the walls from Newark for six miles "over fertile fields, through tangled swamps and across streams, still keeping their undeviating course"; and they wrote that the road continued onward an undetermined distance. Unfortunately, within eight years of the Salisbury's survey, this fertile region had been so extensively cleared and plowed that Samuel Park was unable to track the road any further. Perhaps this Great Hopewell Road was a pilgrim's path like similarly long and straight roads built by the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica. Hopewell people may have followed such roads to the great earthwork centers bearing gifts of copper or mica to the caretakers of the earthworks.

Salisbury Square

Sometime prior to 1862, the square enclosure located on the high glacial terrace east of the South Fork of the Licking River was destroyed. A brickyard had been established on the site to make use of the fine clay that the Hopewell used to build the walls. During these excavations, the workers discovered "a stack of flint spears, numbering 194, about two feet below the surface" beneath one of the walls of the square. James and Charles Salisbury (1862:27) reported that the leaf-shaped bifaces had been "placed points upwards in a conical pile like stacked arms, resting upon a large flat stone." The careful arrangement of these artifacts and their placement beneath the corner of an earthen enclosure, suggest that they represent a ceremonial deposit. In 1970, Marie Sunkle discovered another cache of flint artifacts in the same general vicinity. While out digging for worms in her backyard, Mrs. Sunkle uncovered a pit feature containing more than 500 artifacts, including 121 Hopewell cores, 150 bladelets and bladelet fragments, 26 projectile points (including several Adena and Archaic types), five ground stone artifacts (including an unfinished Adena gorget), three pieces of fossil coral, and other flakes and bifaces. According to Mrs. Sunkle, these artifacts had been deposited in the pit systematically with projectile points at the bottom, followed by bladelets, and then cores at the top. Barbara Harkness (1982) studied the artifacts from the Marie Sunkle cache for her dissertation research. She concluded that the material in the "cache" was mostly broken and used-up tools. Nevertheless, the care evident in their placement in a pit feature not associated with a habitation or manufacturing site, and the proximity of the pit to an earthen enclosure and another ceremonial deposit of flint tools, suggests that the Marie Sunkle cache had special significance and was not simply a haphazard collection of discarded flint objects disposed of in a handy pit.

A .50 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History

ROLE OF FLINT RIDGE FLINT QUARRIES

The two ceremonial deposits of artifacts crafted from Flint Ridge flint found at the Newark Earthworks highlights the importance of this quarry to the Hopewell people in general, but also to its relationship to the Newark Earthworks. The Newark Earthworks are not only the largest set of geometric earthworks the Hopewell culture ever built, they are also the farthest north of any of the great ceremonial centers. The earthworks appear to have been located on a site as close to the Flint Ridge quarries as possible with a landform large and flat enough to allow the construction of such a huge complex. In other words, the Newark Earthworks complex is where it is, because the Flint Ridge quarries are where they are. The sites are intimately associated in ways that have not been fully ascertained. It is likely that Hopewell artisans quarried Flint Ridge flint and shaped it into a few basic forms for Hopewell people around Ohio (and beyond) to use in rituals at ceremonial sites – as well as in daily tasks at habitations.

B. RE-DISCOVERY AND DOCUMENTATION OF EARTHWORKS 1797-1853

The Newark Earthworks were first explored by European Americans in 1797 during the initial land surveys of Newark Township. Although the surveyors ran transects along lines that would have crossed the monumental earthworks at several points, they made no mention of them in their narrowly utilitarian notebooks. We can, however, determine from these notes that the forest that had overgrown the earthworks Earliest Record of was dominated by elm, beech, buckeye, white oak, cherry and hickory trees. Newark Earthworks The earliest recorded mention of the earthworks comes from the recollections of Catherine Stadden. She and her husband, Isaac, had settled in the Licking Valley in May of 1800 and, late in October, Isaac went deer hunting upstream in Cherry Valley. He came upon the Great Circle "and came home greatly excited about it" (Stadden 1870). The following morning Isaac and Catherine "mounted their horses and took a ride and visited this curiosity; they rode round it on the embankment" (Stadden 1870). When you compare the various historic maps of the Newark Earthworks you can see, not just the refinements in our understanding of the scale and form of the site, but the increasingly destructive impacts of the growth of the city of Newark. In 1820, the American Antiquarian Society published a work by Circleville postmaster Caleb Atwater entitled, A Description of the Antiquities Discovered in Ohio and other Western States. This work brought the monuments of the Hopewell to the attention of the world and Atwater's map of the Newark Earthworks was featured in Plate 1. Thomas Jefferson read Atwater's book and wrote to the president of the American Antiquarian Society congratulating the society on this important publication and expressing his hope that "…the monuments of the character and condition of the people who preceded us in the occupation of this great country will be rescued from oblivion before they will have entirely disappeared." The next major investigation into Ohio's earthworks determined that the monuments still needed rescuing. In 1848, the earthworks of eastern North America, including Newark, became the subject of the historic first volume of the Smithsonian Institution's Contributions to Knowledge series -- Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis. The map of the Newark Earthworks contained in this volume was based on a survey by Charles Whittlesey initiated in 1836. The map shows the Ohio and Erie Canal's path through the earthworks as well as the road (modern Newark's West Main

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 51 Street) running between the major enclosures and cutting through two sets of parallel walls. The canal diggers breached the square enclosure and the oval embankment surrounding the cluster of burial mounds. At least one of the burial mounds was destroyed when they dug a canal lock. When Squier and Davis finally published their map of Newark, they noted that the "… ancient lines can now be traced only at intervals, among gardens and outhouses. … A few years hence, the residents upon the spot will be compelled to resort to this map, to ascertain the character of the works which occupied the very ground upon which they stand" (Squier and Davis 1848:71) David Wyrick's 1860 map shows more of the site under cultivation and the Central Ohio Railroad slicing through the middle of the cluster of burial mounds. Indeed, the largest and most central of the mounds was cut in half and other mounds were used to provide fill dirt for building up the railroad embankment. James and Charles Salisbury surveyed the Newark Earthworks in 1862. Much of what they were able to document was based on flattened remnants of mounds and careful mapping of scattered traces of the enclosure walls. Only the Great Circle Earthworks and the Octagon Earthworks remained largely intact. When these old maps are compared to more recent aerial photographs it is clear that, for large parts of the Newark Earthworks, it is just as Squier and Davis feared. Nevertheless, although Squier and Davis correctly predicted what would happen to much of the Newark Earthworks, they were overly pessimistic. A few far-sighted citizens of Newark worked to preserve parts of this earthworks complex. They found surprising ways to make the prehistoric monuments a part of the contemporary landscape.

C. HISTORY OF OCCUPANCY AND DEVELOPMENT 1853-2000

In 1947, Richard Fatig, Curator of Parks for the Ohio Historical Society, stated of the Newark Earthworks: “If there is any one place in Ohio where local citizens were responsible for the existence of an area, it is in Newark.” To a large part, the people of Newark and Licking County have driven the preservation and use of the Newark Earthworks. They have sought to ensure the long-term preservation of the remaining sites through the use of public/private institutions at the city, county and state levels. These efforts have been extremely successful and have historically been moved and shaped by the cultural forces around them. Although fairly dramatic changes have occurred at some of the properties comprising the Newark Earthworks, the length of time over which change has occurred at any of the sites is so long that it can only be seen in historical perspective. What can be shown is that though the institutions and occupancy at the Great Circle Earthworks and at the Octagon Earthworks have differed, the sites have always been regarded as one entity through the desire to preserve them for the benefit, primarily economic but also cultural, of the citizens of Licking County.

EARTHWORKS ARE PRESERVED THROUGH PUBLIC/PRIVATE OWNERSHIP: 1853-1927

Great Circle Earthworks (Moundbuilders Park)

During the historic period of occupancy, both the Great Circle and Octagon were owned by private individuals as parts of larger tracts of farmland. But from the earliest acquisition of these sites by public entities, the community understood the value of the earthworks and sought to preserve them through public/private use. The first movement to preserve the Great Circle, also known as Moundbuilders Park, was through a community effort initiated by the Licking County Agricultural Society. These efforts began as early as the fall of 1853. On December 10 of that year, a public meeting was held in Newark for “the adoption of measures for the purchase of grounds for holding County Fairs.” At this meeting a series of resolutions was passed calling for the purchase “of the grounds west of town of Newark, known as the ‘circular fort.’” Another resolution authorized the Agricultural Society to raise “a fund of not less than eight thousand dollars” for the purchase of the property. In order to acquire the property, the Agricultural Society had been authorized to “solicit subscriptions and donations” throughout the county. Within a month after the December meeting the Agricultural Society had purchased the Great Circle from Nathan and Martha Seymour, Henry and Catherine Holler, and a "Mr. Woodruff of New Jersey" for a total of $3833.90 raised mainly from the

A .52 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History county at large. The Agricultural Society purchased a third parcel of 3.99 acres in 1854 from William S. Wright. Additionally, in 1870 they purchased a 5.25 acre addition and in 1894 a 1.46 acre addition. After the purchase of the new fairgrounds property, the Licking County Agricultural Society began working with the Ohio State Agricultural Society to bring the annual state fair to Newark. The state Society quickly recognized the opportunity and in February, 1854, announced that the 5th annual Ohio State Fair would be held at the Great Circle. Within a few months improvements had been made to the new fairgrounds. During October 11-13 the Licking County Agricultural Society held the Licking County Fair at the site, the first fair to use the new grounds. The State Fair followed the next week. Owing to the open areas within the enclosure and the various amenities of the fairgounds, from October 1861 to February 1862 the property served as a training camp for the 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, known as Camp John Sherman. This may have contributed to the identification of the Great Circle in the popular imagination as the "Old Fort." By 1875, the fairgrounds had been improved with several buildings including a cinder horseracing track, a cinder path system, ticket and entry area, a grandstand, toilet facilities, display buildings, and a hotel. The Agricultural Society did not limit the use of the Great Circle to the county fair. Multiple activities occurred at the grounds including weekend dancing at the new Dance Pavilion. In October of 1884, Buffalo Bill's Wild West show came to Great Circle fairgrounds. Additionally, horses and their trainers had permanent residence within the livestock buildings and evidently used the track often. In spite of the expressed intention to preserve the prehistoric earthworks the construction of the various facilities at the fairgrounds and the heavy utilization by the public was degrading the site. Robert Fulton, writing in the 3 January 1868 Newark American and Wool Grower, observed that Eagle Mound, at the center of the Great Circle, had become "head-quarters for jockeys of the horse ring" and the race track was "wearing it away at the base… despoiling it of form and beauty." W. H. Homes reported in 1891 that "if the present use of the [Great Circle] as a fair ground is not discontinued, a few generations will witness its practical demolition. The crest and many of the more accessible slopes are already modified by roads and footpaths. The construction of a race-track has also served to destroy the inner margin of the trench around the western border" (1892:371). Such concerns were not heeded. In fact, at the turn of the century, as a general movement toward leisure activities began to pre-occupy most of the working class in the United States, recreational activities at the Great Circle increased dramatically. In 1898, a local banker named James Lingafelter used the fairgrounds site to construct and operate a summer resort called Idlewilde Park. The park became central Ohio's premiere amusement park throughout the next decade. The attractions included a Ferris wheel, a "Switchback Railroad" (what we now call a roller coaster), casino, theater, bowling alleys, shooting galleries, dancing pavilion, billiard hall, four ponds with boating and swimming, and a "European" hotel and restaurant, many of these activities utilizing existing fairgrounds buildings. The racetrack, built for sulky racing, also was used for horse racing and, after World War I, bicycle, motorcycle, and even automobile racing. Nevertheless, in spite of these many and varied attractions, the promoters of Idlewilde Park declared that its "crowning glory" was the "mysterious 'Old Fort.'" The first decades of the twentieth century did not prove to be as successful as the owners of the park had hoped. In 1902, Buckeye Lake Park opened south of Newark draining much of the enthusiasm for new amusements in another direction. In 1903, Idlewilde Park opened under new management. Shortly after this, Lingafelter ran into legal difficulties, eventually involving some 128 counts of forgery, embezzlement, making false reports, and stealing. Things were never the same for Idlewilde Park and 1924 is the last time that name appears in the Newark City Directory. After 1925, the park became known as Moundbuilders Park, and evidently the site began to be seen as more of a community amenity than a recreational spot.

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 53 Octagon Earthworks

Within the last half of the 19th century, subsequent to the successful movement to preserve the Great Circle through public/private means, efforts were underway to do the same at Octagon. Throughout the early 19th century, Octagon had been in private hands and portions had been extensively farmed. In January, 1892, a debate began in Newark about the value of purchasing the Octagon grounds for use by the state militia. Like communities all around Ohio, Newark citizens knew that the State was looking to acquire grounds for a permanent encampment. The citizens of Licking County saw this as an economic opportunity, and leading businessmen in Newark advocated the purchase of the grounds in order to attract the state to the site. Many farmers in the county did not initially support the effort. People’s objections stemmed from the reluctance to pay a tax for the purchase of the property. Boosters created a dual argument for the public purchase of the lands; an economic argument coupled with a preservation argument. The most influential argument for public purchase, exactly like thirty-nine years before at the Great Circle, focused on the economic benefit of preserving the mounds without consideration of public use or access. One local “farmer” addressed his peers arguing that “there will be not less than 7000 soldiers to be fed during the fall and summer seasons of the year, which will take not less than 160 head of cattle, thousands of bushels of potatoes, thousands of loaves of bread made from farmers wheat, thousands of pounds of butter and other produce to feed these men.” This author clearly perceived the issue to be an economic one where “thousands of people will visit the these encampments annually, who must and will be fed from the produce of the farmers of this county.” However, he goes on to give “another reason” for the acquisition of the grounds arguing that “every farmer has every reason to have great pride in our fair grounds, especially in the earth works.” In order to re-establish the public memory he goes on to say that he does not believe anyone would “begrudge the payment for them by the public.” This established the link that both sites were community investments. In order to protect this investment he argued that “no person in Licking county should be against paying the small amount that it will cost in raising the money…to put these grounds in the care of the State to be beautified and Octagon Earthworks preserved.” The author suggested that the payment for the grounds would come from a Purchased from Private tax on property holders in Licking county at the sum of 90 cents on every $1000 of Owners Using Public taxable property. As the final compromise was worked out in the community and written Funds into the State legislation concerning the encampment grounds, the city of Newark paid $10,000 and the county paid $13,000 for the property. On March 8, 1892, the referendum for “issuing bonds for the payment of the grounds for the permanent encampment” was placed at the hands of voters. Again, boosters argued that the purchase of the property was “one of the most important questions” ever submitted to the people of Licking County involving “the future welfare and prosperity of all her people.” They also wrote that the coming vote would act “to preserve these ancient earthworks, which are veiled in mystery.” When purchased in February 1892, the property was deeded to the Board of Trade, which deeded the property to the State with the provision that if the State stopped using the land the deed would revert back to the Board of Trade. The National Guard Encampment ground required some new development. Construction crews installed a 1000-foot railroad spur as well as electric lights, a power station, and a few buildings. One building was a large rectangular stable outside of the Octagon near present day 30th Street. In October of 1901, evidently at the close of the encampment season, Professor First Golf Club at R. O. Austin, of the Newark High School established a six-hole golf course at Octagon. Octagon 1901 Earlier he had “visited the permanent encampment grounds and at once fell in love with them, pronouncing the grounds as an ideal place for links.” Austin established a “golf club” with approximately twenty-five members signing up to play. The members included women. Golf clubs had already been established at courses in Mt. Vernon,

A .54 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History Gambier, Delaware, and Zanesville, but this was the first in Newark. Play began on November 5, 1901. It is unknown how long this course continued to be played, but two of the initial members, James R. Fitzgibbon and Edward Kibler, were instrumental in establishing a second golf course on the site a few years later. By 1908, the Ohio National Guard had outgrown the Octagon site and had moved to a better location in the northern part of the state. This created a void where the State did not utilize the property, and, more likely than not, did not provide maintenance. At the end of 1909, the Newark Board of Trade began to campaign for the property to revert back to the city and county. During December 1909, several editorials ran in the Newark Advocate, after the State Legislature released the property, where people expressed views about what the earthworks should become. Eli Hull wrote the first editorial, suggesting that the Advocate had asked for his view. Hull stated in bold letters that he thought that “this land be converted INTO A PARK, to be owned, improved and controlled by the city and county, it being now owned by them in substantially equal proportion.” Hull, a successful developer, built a house in the center of one of the crescent mounds on the west side of Newark, an area he thought were “grounds that may have been the residence of [the moundbuilders] governor or chief ruler.” Eli suggested that the grounds were left to Newark and Licking County “to make the spot a thing of joy and beauty and a joy forever,” something he hoped to see in his lifetime. (Eli Hull, “ Would Beautify OLD Encampment Grounds Near City,” Newark Advocate, Friday, December 10, 1909.) An alternate view for the use of the encampment grounds was suggested by Carey W. Montgomery a few days later. Montgomery argued that a "Congressional School or Experimental Station" should be set up on the property. If these did not work out he stated that "certainly some great public institution should be located there." (Carey W. Montgomery, "Camp Ground," Newark Advocate, Tuesday Dec. 14, 1909) A few days after the Advocate published Montgomery's suggestion Judge E. M. Brister sent a letter to the editor expressing his views. Judge Brister agreed with the "motion made by Mr. Eli Hull." Brister agreed that the encampment grounds should be "converted into a permanent public park, for the use and enjoyment of all the citizens of Newark and Licking county." The park, suggested Brister, could be a place "where all citizens [could] meet upon the common level, the rich and the poor all classes of people, and enjoy the pure air, the open sky, and all the natural and artificial beauties that distinguish the place." To accomplish the goals of this park, Brister recommended the "liberal use of water works, planting of more trees and shrubbery and flowers, [and] the Discussion in the erection of fountains and suitable buildings." In many ways, Brister envisioned a park Newark Advocate of very similar to the fairgrounds at the Great Circle.(E.M.P.Brister, "Judge Brister Favors turning Octagon Idea of a Public Park," Newark Advocate, Friday, Dec. 17, 1909) Earthworks into a city On December 23, M.R. Scott weighed into the argument on behalf of a public park in 1910 park as well. Scott argued that the grounds should be turned into "a park for the benefit of the people of Licking county distinction of party, or church, or sex, or age." He specifically argued against using the property for institutional purposes and argued at length how a public park will benefit the children of Licking county. Toward the end of his comments, Scott states that he was "pleased to learn that a "Business Men's club" [had] been recently organized for the service of the city." Scott suggested that the members of this club should consider what to do with the encampment grounds. (M.R. Scott, "Grounds should be Converted into Fine Public Park, Newark Advocate, Dec. 23, 1909) In January, another letter to the editor simply addressed as "Citizen" suggested that the Board of Trade was to receive the deed to the encampment grounds. The author of this letter argues that the property should not be sold to developers, leased for agricultural purposes, or be left to grow "weeds and sprouts." The author suggests that the Board of Trade should be willing to "adorn the city by preservation of the unique grounds for the benefit of the people of Newark." (Citizen, "Should Convert Encampment Ground Into Public Park," Newark Advocate, Jan. 20, 1910)

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 55 The Board of Trade eventually received the deed to the old encampment grounds, now Octagon Earthworks, by early 1910. Although a park seemed appropriate, the Advocate reported that "while the grounds would make a beautiful city park, the city [was] not wealthy enough to support one." Although advocating for a public park, two of the authors above also had ties to the Board of Trade and the newly formed Business Men's club; Eli Hull was a member of both, and M.R. Scott was the father of Harry Scott, a club member. Evidently, this is how M.R. Scott knew of the creation of the Business Men's club. As Scott suggested, the decision about what to do with the property was left largely to men who were members of both the Business Men's club and the Board of Trade. ("Handsome New Home of Country Club Will Be Opened June 15," Newark Advocate, June 5, 1911; United States Census, 1920) Within two months, the Board of Trade merged with the Business Men's Club, which had been largely an auxiliary organization. After the merger, members desired to create a new organization "where businessmen could take their cares, to have them dispelled by recreation and entertainment." Owing to this desire, key leaders within the Board of Trade pursued the organization of a country club. Several of the influential members involved, including William C. Wells, Judge Charles W. Seward, and Frederick S. Wright, had also been influential in getting the state to locate the permanent encampment grounds at the Octagon, and at least two, Edward Kibler and J. R. Fitzgibbon, had been involved with the first golf club in 1901. ("Handsome New Home of Country Club Will Be Opened June 15," Newark Advocate June 5, 1911; "A Correspondent," Newark Advocate, Jan. 28, 1872;"Golf Club," Newark Advocate, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1901) On April 6, 1910, the Board of Trade convened a meeting, chaired by Charles H. Spencer, President of the Board, in order to propose a lease agreement between the Board of Trade and the new country club. Edward Kibler presented the motion. The motion evoked "lively discussion." As the discussion went, "it was conceded all around that it was the duty of the Board of Trade to preserve the earthworks and give the public an opportunity to enjoy and visit them, and the only difference seemed to be as to how this could be best accomplished." After an amendment allowing the Board of Trade to terminate the lease with one year's notice, the motion passed with only two dissenting votes. Out of the seventeen men listed as being at the meeting, all but four were original members of the country club. Additionally, out of the letters written to the editor of the advocate, Eli Hull, M.R. Scott's son Harry, and Carey Montgomery (who did not want the grounds to become a park) all became original members of the country club. Within fifteen months a country club building had been built and the golf links had been professionally designed and constructed. ("Country Club Leases Encampment Grounds," Newark Advocate, Thursday, April 7, 1910) According to articles published in the Newark Advocate at the time, the decision to lease the earthwork grounds to the country club was a benevolent act. On April 7, 1910, the Advocate reported that it was "the intention and purpose of the club to carry out the spirit of the original investment by making these grounds attractive to the public and to encourage the public to regard the property as belonging to them and to feel that they have the right to use them.” Again in April, the Advocate reported on the progress of the improvements to the earthworks property and stated that "the Country Club will at all times be glad to have the public enjoy these grounds, visit them at all times, and they expect to keep them always in a condition that will make them pleasing to look at." They suggested that the city and county had no funds to care for the grounds and the Country Club lease seemed to be “the only means at hand to carry out the original intention” to preserve the mounds and “the history of the people who built them.”(“Country Club Leases Encampment Grounds,” Newark Advocate, Thursday, April 7, 1910; “Country Club Will Erect Fine $10,000 Club House,” Newark Advocate, May 26, 1910)

A .56 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History MOVEMENT IN NEWARK TO ACTIVELY PROMOTE THE EARTHWORKS: 1927-1933

In 1932, the Newark Advocate reported that during the few years prior “the number of people attending the Licking county fair [had] been materially lessened, owing to the frequent bad weather, the general depression, and competition offered by the state fair at a nominal price for admission.” The paper also reported that historically the fair had been a meeting place “of old friends from various parts of the county,” but “since the coming of the automobile” this had “unfortunately, been largely eliminated.” Owing to these conditions, as well as others, by 1927 the Licking County Agricultural Society was over $25,000 in debt. In December, 1927, the Licking County Agricultural Society conveyed the deed of the Moundbuilders Park land to the Board of County Commissioners of Licking County who agreed to pay their debt of $25,339.90. The sale was contingent upon a resolution passed by the Agricultural Society stating that “the Board of County Commissioners of Licking County, Ohio, has signified its willingness to assume and pay said indebtedness, and permit the holding of a Fair upon the real estate now belonging to this Society, each and every year, so long as the holdings of such Fair shall, in the judgement of the officers of this society be profitable and desirable.” Within the Newark community, “active interest” in putting the property into public hands began “shortly after the Agricultural Society deeded the land.” During 1927 through 1929, a movement in Newark to actively promote the earthworks as a tourist destination began through the organization of local institutions and through the cooperative efforts of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, (later to become the Ohio Historical Society) and members of the local community. In 1927, the Licking County Conservation League formed. The goals of this organization involved the preservation and beautification of the earthworks at the Great Circle. It would appear that lack of maintenance had put strains on the natural resources of the park. The first project completed by the Conservation League involved “trimming and treating the fine trees at the fair grounds.” Though mainly concerned with “making Moundbuilders park a more attractive place and toward conserving the trees and mounds in this historic spot,” the League envisioned projects such as building a “caretaker’s house on northeast corner of the grounds,” building “bridges to get to the top of the mounds,” restoring mounds to “original size and shape,” removing “all unsightly buildings,” and establishing “accommodations to make the grounds desirable as a tourist camp.” The Conservation League continued to pursue avenues to promote the mounds. On April 12, 1928, the League invited Henry C. Shetrone, Director of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, to visit with them. Shetrone visited Moundbuilders Park with representatives from the Licking County Commissioners and the Licking County Conservation League. Shetrone “emphasized the necessity of taking measures to preserve the mounds where they [were] being worn away by pedestrians.” A conference of county officials and interested citizens was arranged sometime after this to discuss the options. In February, 1929, the League began a campaign to seek state aid in preserving Moundbuilders Park by meeting with State Senator J. S. Edwards and initiating letter writing to other political leaders. County Commissioners were in attendance and supported the effort. The League held this meeting at the Moundbuilders Inn at the Great Circle. It must be assumed that one of the things to come out of this meeting was an agreement that archaeological investigation went hand-in-hand with education and visitation, something that evidently could not be completed while the site was owned by the Agricultural Society. Within five months of this meeting, the county commissioners granted permission to conduct excavations on the Eagle Mound under the direction of E.F. Greenman, Curator of Archaeology at the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The county commissioners discussed charging visitors to look at the excavations, evidently anticipating much public interest.

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 57 Though now in the midst of a national depression, citizens of Newark continued to organize themselves into institutions focused on preserving the mounds while at the same time promoting the mounds with the assistance of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The Licking County Historical Society organized in November 1931, under the leadership of F. A. Woolson, city editor of the Advocate. This society formed with the intent “ to preserve the mounds of the county” and “foster a movement to have the group of mound enclosures incorporated into a State Park under the State [Archaeological and Historical] Society.” During the same period, Clarence R. Jones, a local booster, began to promote the mounds as chairman of the historical committee of the Newark Chamber of Commerce. During the 1930s, Jones, who published historical information and regularly gave lectures on the mounds, became the dominant figure in advocating the importance of the Newark Earthworks. On August 7, 1932, Jones wrote a lengthy article for the Columbus Journal Dispatch about the mounds and stated: “While the Newark earthworks are in local public ownership, the fact that they are the only mounds of the large geometric enclosure type left in the United States, demands that they be properly maintained and preserved for all time. This can only be done by the State of Ohio or by the federal government.” A big push locally occurred in the fall of 1932. On Aug 31, 1932, through the “instigation of Clarence R. Jones, who was the chairman of the historical committee of the Chamber of Commerce and F.A. Woolson, president of the Licking County Historical Society” a campaign to raise interest in the mounds of Newark began. This campaign culminated with the design and erection of billboards along the roads leading into Newark. The signs read “See Newarks Mystery Mounds” and were specifically aimed at attracting motoring tourists, one of the goals of local boosters since 1927. On September 13, Jones gave a lecture and hosted visitors to the mounds as part the National Tax Association annual convention going on in Columbus. This group consisted of the wives of delegates, who were hosted and welcomed by the wives of prominent Country Club members. All of these efforts culminated during December 1932 with the community decision to turn over both the Great Circle property and the Octagon property to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. On December 14, 1932, the Board of County Commissioners adopted a resolution to transfer their 13/23rds ownership of Octagon to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. On December 19, 1932, the Council of the City of Newark adopted a resolution to transfer their 10/23rds ownership of Octagon to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. In mid- Great Circle December 1932, the Board of County Commissioners of Licking County adopted a Earthworks and resolution to execute a “deed in fee simple to the Ohio State Archaeological and Octagon Earthworks Historical Society for all the real estate known as Moundbuilders State Park...said Deeded to OHS, transfer to be subject to the restrictions and conditions in the aforementioned deed from 1932-1933 the said Licking County Agricultural Society to the Board of County Commissioners.” Though the community relinquished control of the sites by December 1932, technical problems postponed the legal dates of the transfers. On December 31, 1932, the Board of County Commissioners transferred the Moudbuilders park deed to the Society. Subsequently, state officials determined that the commissioners did not have the authority to transfer the title to the Society, so the state legislature enacted a bill authorizing the transfer. The original deed was voided and a new deed written and entered in October 1933. Likewise, in January 1933, OHS took possession of the Octagon park property. The deed for the Octagon earthworks was written and signed on January 23, 1933. It should be noted that both Clarence R. Jones and Frank A. Woolson signed the deed as witnesses. Because of other legal questions, the deed was not recorded until March 1933. At the end of 1933, Henry R. McPherson, Curator of Parks for the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, stated of the year that: “Culminating an active campaign of three years or more on the part of the citizens of Newark and Licking County the final chapter has recently been written in the transfer of Moundbuilders State Park and Octagon State Park, both at Newark, to the custody of this Society.” Although it took most of the year to complete the property transfers because of legal technicalities,

A .58 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History it is clear that the Newark community intended for OHS to assume responsibility for both the Great Circle Earthworks and Octagon Earthworks by January 1933. These transfers were the specific result of campaigns initiated by Frank Woolson and Clarence Jones. For a large part, these two men were responsible for the preservation of the Newark Earthworks as historic sites.

DEPRESSION-RELIEF WORK AND THE CREATION OF MOUNDBUILDERS STATE MEMORIAL

By 1933, the country was experiencing the worst of the Depression and massive unemployment. New programs and agencies established in Washington aimed at using federal dollars to relieve those hit the hardest. In early 1933, the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society operated several parks and historic sites that utilized relief agency funds to complete improvements. This was typical as early relief agencies of the New Deal sought to put people back to work through conservation efforts at existing state and federally owned parks and properties. The massive injection of money also created park amenities that were needed now that average people began sightseeing by automobile. By the end of 1933, the Historical Society operated 33 sites, called state parks, and had employees overseeing the work of 30 Civil Work Administration (CWA) projects and three Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps. As early as May, 1933, CWA workers, unemployed men from Newark, began restoration work on the Great Circle under the direction of Emerson Greenman of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. This work entailed building up the walls of the circular earthwork and the Eagle Mound, as well as the preparation for removing fairgrounds buildings. The work was completed under State Project No. 91. On September 7, 1933, Henry R. McPhearson wrote a letter to Roy Stump of the Licking County Agricultural Society to tell him that “According to the terms of the conveyance of Moundbuilders State Park to the State of Ohio, the Ohio Archaeology and Historical Society, acting as custodian therefore, is authorized to grant the use of what is known as “the county fair grounds” to the Licking County Agricultural Society for a period of two weeks each year for the purpose of holding a county fair. As we understand it the fair will be held later this month.” From this letter, it appears that the Historical Society understood that the Agricultural Society still intended to use Moundbuilders park each year for the county fair. However, this letter goes on to say that the Historical Society believed the water wells to be unsafe and that Stump should contact the resident superintendent at the site, Oscar Orr. Owing to the lack of upkeep, many things evidently had changed at the fairgrounds since the early 1920s and the community of Newark had begun to see the fairgrounds at the Great Circle as a liability instead of a benefit. It is unclear whether the Historical Society intended to remove the fair upon possession of Moundbuilders park, but as federal relief funds became available to work at state parks both the Newark community and the Historical Society embraced the opportunity and this evidently became the plan. The week of September 19-22, 1933, was the last county fair held at Great Circle, and after this date work to improve the park began quickly. As early as February 1934, surveyors documented the earthworks. In April, an architect designed a pump house and barn for Octagon state park as part of CWA State Project No. 90. In March, Richard S. Fatig surveyed the Great Circle, annotated the fair grounds buildings and began to work on estimates for future work. During 1934, turmoil in Washington caused changes to the structure of relief agencies and the Historical Society was notified that all CWA projects had to be terminated as of March 31, with the exception of a few projects that were deemed essential and continued under Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) funds. During May, Clarence R. Jones initiated discussion to bring a CCC camp to Moundbuilders. On May 16, Gabriel Harman, Inspector Second District, returned a letter to him stating that old fairgrounds buildings should be removed “legally and expeditiously” so that a CCC camp could be established at Moundbuilders Park in the

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 59 fall. He goes on to say that no work should be done in the park if removal of all of the fair buildings is not part of the plan. The park authority at the Historical Society, E. C. Zepp in particular, submitted a formal request to the District Officer of the State Park Emergency Conservation Work for the erection of Camp Licking, a CCC camp to be located at Moundbuilders. The request covered the completion of emergency conservation work at Moundbuilders, Octagon, and Flint Ridge. On May 29, 1934, H. R. McPherson drafted a notice “To Owners, Trainers or Attendants of Horses, Cattle and all other Live Stock quartered within Moundbuilders State Park.” The notice had four points; 1. It served as official notice that the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society was taking “full possession of all buildings and the race track” and that “All persons quartered in any such buildings will likewise vacate not later than June 15, 1934;” 2. Rental for quartering livestock was due and payable to Oscar Orr, Resident Superintendent; 3. Any occupants who failed to vacate would be charged $1.00 a day per for each head of livestock and for each person; 4. “Prompt and full compliance with the provisions of this notice will be appreciated and will aid our efforts to develop a state park which will command the respect of the entire country.” Work at Moundbuilders Park was halted temporarily due to a lawsuit and restraining order brought by the Licking County Agricultural Society in mid-May. Due to appeals, the courts did not resolve this legal action until July 5, 1934. On July 24, 1934, “Upon the suggestion of Director Shetrone, Mr. Keith Lowery, secretary of the Licking County Agricultural Society, appeared before the Board and presented a formal request from the Agricultural Society asking permission to hold the Licking County Fair in the Moundbuilders State Park.” After his presentation “Mr. Frank A. Woolson and Mr. E. L. Bearshear, representing various Newark and Licking County organizations, appeared before the Board and presented reasons why the Fair should not be held.” Additionally, Shetrone “presented facts concerning the transfer of the property to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society and difficulties which had arisen occasioned by the Licking County Agricultural Society.” Shetrone also discussed that if the request to hold the fair was granted “that federal aid to further develop the park would not be granted.” After carefully considering both sides of the issue, the Board denied the request “and the secretary was instructed so to notify Mr. Lowery.” The fair occurred in September 1934 at a new location. Work continued at Moundbuilders during the rest of 1934, with relief crews completing “restoration work” and “wrecking old buildings.” At the beginning of March 1, 1935, an advance CCC party of two senior foremen came to Moundbuilders to prepare plans for the future conservation work. Richard Fatig, who had been working on the project as a CWA and FERA employee, was hired by the National Park Service to fill one of the foremen positions. By March 15, Moundbuilders had been re-surveyed and Fatig indicated that the dance hall, grandstand, and barns and stables had been removed. In May 1935, an advance detail of 20 men arrived at Moundbuilders to assist the camp construction superintendent in constructing buildings to house the CCC camp. On July 8, 1935, CCC Company #1544 arrived at Camp Licking with 220 veteran enrollees, officers, and National Park Service technical services staff. Over the next two years the CCC worked at both Moundbuilders and Octagon as State Park No. CCC Camp Licking 18, with both sites combined and work proceeding under the direction of the “National Established at Great Park Service and State of Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Cooperating.” Circle Work completed at Moundbuilders included removal of fairgrounds buildings, removal of the racetrack, restoration of earthworks, erection of a superintendent’s dwelling and shop, construction of parking areas, and fencing the entire grounds. Work completed at Octagon included construction of parking areas, fencing the entire property, and the erection of a superintendent’s dwelling. On April 1, 1936, the Newark Advocate reported that funds from the ECW, the federal agency that funded the CCC, were cut by 20 percent meaning that “the program of work scheduled for the CCC camp will of necessity be reduced.” Over the summer of 1936, work at Moundbuilders became the priority and by October, all construction projects had been completed and landscape architects were working on a planting plan. In

A .60 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History December, Richard Fatig completed a master plan for Octagon. This plan showed the Mound Builders Country Club removed with a public trail running from a new parking area back to the Observatory Mound. As had been constructed at the Great Circle, the plan called for a “service group” with a house and shop along 33rd Street. Park Service staff completed this master plan as part of a “Future Work Program as per request of the Regional office, 8/12/36.” In October 1936, the perimeter fence drawings had been completed for Octagon. By November, Fatig had completed drawings for the restoration of the parallel wall segments along 30th Street. In January, staff architects completed drawings for the Octagon superintendent’s dwelling. All of the above projects progressed at the Octagon through the end of spring 1937. On July 7, 1937, CCC Company #1544 moved to Fairlawn, Ohio and construction crews began to dismantle Camp Licking. The departure of the CCC camp and associated federal relief funds happened quickly. So quickly, in fact, that crews left the dwelling house at Octagon unfinished. As late as late 1938, the Historical Society sought funding to complete the interior of the house. Additionally, in 1938 the Historical Society hired Richard Fatig and Ross Shoemaker, who had been the NPS supervisor at Moundbuilders.

THE COUNTRY CLUB LEASE IS RENEWED

In June 1938, the issue of the Mound Builders Country Club came before the Board of Trustees at the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. During this meeting “the director reviewed the history of the Society’s connection with Octagon State Park of Newark, Oh, and the Country Club which has been occupying the site. He stated that the present lease would expire the first of April, 1940 and that the club was anxious to have an extension of the lease so that they could make more definite plans for developing the park.” At this point in the meeting Charles H. Spencer “explained that although the short extension might be acceptable to the Club, he thought that they would be very happy to receive five years’ extension from the date of expiration of the present lease. He spoke briefly of the improvements which had been made on the grounds by the Club and assured the Board that the citizens of Newark who were well represented in the Club, have a very friendly attitude towards the Society and suggested that that friendly attitude was worth cultivating.” Mr. Spencer, a member of the board of trustees of the Country Club, and the president of the Newark Board of Trade when the first lease agreement was made with the Club, had been appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Historical Society in 1936 by the Governor. After this discussion the trustees voted to extend the Country Club lease through 1945. Though very little documentation exists, the decision to keep the country club at Octagon Park does not appear complicated. On Jan 27, 1939. ”Mr. Zepp…reviewed the history of the appropriations made to the society for the past ten years, stressing the fact that while the amounts of the appropriations have been steadily decreasing, the demands made upon the society for services to the citizens of Ohio have been constantly increasing.” Faced with further budget curtailments owing to the coming war and with federal relief funds no longer supporting site work, the Historical Society had no fiscal options. The society could not even afford to finish the interior of the house at Octagon. Additionally, visitation records for January through September 1938, the only surviving records, list total visitors at Moundbuilders as 68,000 and total visitors at Octagon as 32,050. The records state that “during the latter part of May and all of the month of June, numerous school pupils come by bus.” School groups represented 18,000 visitors between those two months. Likewise, July, August and September were “family reunion and picnic months” with a total of 44,000 visitors those months. These numbers existed as estimates, but they serve to show that according to the Historical Society, less than half as many visitors accessed Octagon as accessed Moundbuilders. No picnic facilities had been constructed at Octagon either. During the 1930s, 32,050 visitors would have been respectable at other Historical Society sites with no additional use, such as the country

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 61 club. It is possible to speculate that neither the Newark community nor the Historical Society saw any conflict between the country club and issues of access.

COUNTRY CLUB DEVELOPMENT 1940-1960

Throughout the Second World War and through the 1950s, very little changed concerning both Moundbuilders State Memorial and Octagon State Memorial. During this period the Historical Society prepared plans for a museum at Moundbuilders and sought funding on several occasions. In 1952, the Mound Builders Country Club, under the direction of Andy Turner and Tim Norpell, started a reorganization program buying up old stocks from estates and out-of-town heirs. Given the time, the intent of this reorganization must have been to bring the club up to the standards of current development around Newark and to attract new members to a more family-friendly club. During the summer of 1955, the Board of Governors of the Moundbuilders Country Club had been “considering making various capital improvements to the club house and surrounding area.” The club estimated this work to cost $75,000. By the next year, the club had come to the decision that the original clubhouse had become “grossly inadequate both from the standpoint of size and age.” The new building campaign called for $300,000 worth of improvements. As the club moved into a new era, new facilities were needed. The club completed the first phase of the rebuilding plan in July 1959 with the construction of a swimming pool. In the summer of 1962, Orville Varraso completed preliminary sketches for the new clubhouse. The country club asked if they could purchase the land “south of the present club” so they could get financing for the new clubhouse. They suggested that “the Ohio Historical Society might be interested in acquiring the present clubhouse for a museum or shelter of some other useful purpose.” In January 1963, the Country Club board worked out the finances and resolved to raise $300,000 for a new clubhouse to be located on the site of the present clubhouse. On August 13, 1963, the original clubhouse was razed and during the fall the Walter Chaney Construction Co. built the new clubhouse. The club completed the last part of the improvement plan in 1968 and 1969 with the re-design and construction of holes 1,3,4,5,6, and 11.

CONTINUED IMPROVEMENTS AT THE GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

In 1971, the Historical Society finally received funding for the Ohio Indian Art Museum at the Great Circle. The museum was designed by Everett A. Glendening, A.I.A. of Cincinnati, for the Ohio Department of Public Works. Plans for the building were completed in April 1970, and the building opened in June, 1971. The previous designs, in both 1946 and 1954, for a museum at the Great Circle sited the building at the northeast corner of the property located off the parking lot to the east of the service buildings. In 1970, architects sited the new museum directly in front of the opening to the Great Circle, between the existing parallel walls. The site remained unchanged until the late 1970s when improvements to SR 79 caused OHS to alter the site entry that had been developed according to the 1934 state park plan. The widening of SR 79 had been discussed for several years. In 1979, OHS signed a Cooperative Agreement with the Ohio Department of Transportation(ODOT) for “the acquisition of right of way and the adjustment and construction of certain park facilities” in connection with improvements. During 1985-1986, construction crews widened SR 79 requiring a new entry. In keeping with the cooperative agreement, ODOT designed and had constructed new access with a new parking area off of SR79 near the borrow pits to the southeast of the Great Circle. Additionally, a new entry on Cooper Avenue was constructed at the northeast corner of the property.

A .62 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

No additional significant capital improvements have been completed at any of the Newark Earthwork sites since the 1980s. However, significant research has been conducted during this period. The excavation of a trench through the Great Circle in 1992 revealed the stages of construction as well as a soil layer at the base of the earthwork showing that the earthworks had been built in a prairie rather than a forested environment. Also, excavations at the Octagon confirmed the presence of a large pit at the base of one of the interior platform mounds. Such pits had been indicated on the 1812 Robert Walsh map of the Newark Earthworks, but since no other map or commentator had noted them, it was not known whether they actually existed. During the 1980s and early 1990s, archaeoastronomers Ray Hively and Robert Horn studied the site and determined that the earthen walls and gateways were aligned to the rising and setting of the moon. These alignments encode a complicated cycle of risings and settings that span 18.6 years. The principal alignment at Newark is the main axis of the Octagon Earthworks -- a line that extends from Observatory Mound through the parallel walls that connect the circle to the octagon and through the northeastern opening in the octagon. This alignment aims at the point on the horizon where the moon rises at its northernmost point in that 18.6 year long cycle. The next time the full moon rises along this axis will be in November of 2005.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Advocate [Newark] 1827 Antiquities of Ohio. The Advocate [Newark, Ohio], 29 March 1827. Dragoo, D. W. and C. F. Wray 1964 Hopewell figurine rediscovered. American Antiquity 30:195-199. Fagan, B. M. 2000 Ancient North America: the archaeology of a continent, third edition. Thames and Hudson, New York. Harrison, W. H. 1805 A discourse on the aborigines of the valley of the Ohio. Transactions of the Historical And Philosophical Society of Ohio 1:217-267. Haven, S. F. 1870 Report of the librarian. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 27 April 1870, pp. 39-41. Jennings, J. D. 1974 Prehistory of North America, second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Lepper, B. T. 1989 An historical review of archaeological research at the Newark Earthworks. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 18(1&2):118-140.

1995 Tracking Ohio's Great Hopewell Road. Archaeology 48(6):52-56.

1996 The Newark Earthworks and the geometric enclosures of the Scioto valley: connections and conjectures. In A View from the Core: a synthesis of Ohio Hopewell archaeology, edited by P. J. Pacheco, pp. 224-241. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio.

1998 The archaeology of the Newark Earthworks. In Ancient earthen enclosures of the eastern Woodlands, edited by R. C. Mainfort, Jr. and L. P. Sullivan, pp. 114-134. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Appendix I: Brief History Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 63 1998 Ancient astronomers of the Ohio valley. Timeline 15(1):2-11.

1999 People of the Mounds: Ohio's Hopewell culture. Eastern National, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania. Lepper, B. T. and J. Gill 2000 The Newark Holy Stones. Timeline 17(3):16-25. Lepper, B. T. and R. W. Yerkes 1997 Hopewellian occupations at the northern periphery of the Newark Earthworks. In Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by W. S. Dancey and P. J. Pacheco, pp. 175-205. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Licking County Engineers Office 1797 Original surveys of Licking County, Ohio. Notebooks on file, Licking County Engineers Office, Newark, Ohio. Mason, O. T. 1882 Stone image found in Ohio. American Naturalist 16(2):154. Matthews, C. 1839 Behemoth: a legend of the Mound-Builders. J. & H. G. Langley, New York. Moundbuilders Country Club 1986 Moundbuilders Country Club 75th Anniversary Book. Moundbuilders Country Club, Newark, Ohio. Pacheco, P. J., editor 1995 A View from the Core: a synthesis of Ohio Hopewell archaeology. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. Prufer, O. H. 1974 The Hopewell cult. In New World Archaeology, edited by E. B. W. Zubrow, M. C. Fritz, and J. M. Fritz, pp. 222-230. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. Romain, W. F. 2000 Mysteries of the Hopewell: astronomers, geometers, and magicians of the eastern Woodlands. University of Akron Press, Akron. Salisbury, James H. and C. B. Salisbury 1862 Accurate surveys and descriptions of the ancient earthworks at Newark, Ohio. Manuscript on file, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Scarre, Chris 1999 Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Thames & Hudson, New York. Silverberg, R. 1986 The Mound Builders. Ohio University Press, Columbus. Smucker, I. 1873 The Mound-builders' works in Licking County, Ohio. American Historical Record 2(23):481-485. Squier, E. G. and E. H. Davis 1998 [1848] Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi valley. Edited and with an introduction by D. J. Meltzer, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Stadden, Catherine 1870 A relation of incidents and events in the Licking Valley, during the year 1800, made at the meeting of the Pioneer Society, May 18, 1870. Licking County Pioneer, Historical and Antiquarian Society, Pioneer Paper No. 69. Thomas, D. H. 2000 Exploring Native North America. Oxford University Press, New York. Wilson, J. N. 1868 Mounds near Newark. In Isaac Smucker Scrap Book, pp. 69-71. Manuscript on file, Granville Public Library, Granville.

A .64 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix I: Brief History APPENDIX II: INVENTORY AND EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEGRITY OF HISTORIC RESOURCES

1. INVENTORY AND EXISTING CONDITIONS

This section contains a brief description and history of individual cultural resources located within the Newark Earthworks. This inventory provides the background information necessary for the analysis section, which follows. Additionally, the inventory should be used as a reference to guide both maintenance and interpretation. The section is broken into parts detailing earthworks, archeological resources, and standing structures. The Great Circle Earthworks and Octagon Earthworks sections below contain additional descriptions of individual earthwork features within the sites that are notable and for various reasons should receive special attention.

A. EXISTING CONDITIONS OF EARTHWORKS

OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Aerial Photograph of Octagon Earthworks ca1980

Description: The Octagon Earthworks include a large circular enclosure 1,054 feet in diameter connected by a set of parallel walls to an octagonal enclosure that encompasses nearly fifty acres. The walls of the octagon vary from five to six feet in height and are each about 550 feet long. There is a platform or loaf-shaped mound at each opening to the octagon. The circular earthwork encloses an area of about 20 acres. A large platform mound, referred to as Observatory Mound, is located along the southwestern perimeter of the circle opposite the gateway to the octagon. The form of Observatory Mound suggests it was built across a former entrance to the circular earthwork.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.67 The archaeological resources at the Octagon Earthworks are not limited to the surviving intact or restored earthworks. Beneath the surface of even partially disturbed areas of the site, it is possible for significant archaeological resources to be preserved. Traces of degraded earthworks, borrow pits, traces of wooden structures, features, and artifacts all could be expected to be present inside the existing enclosures and/or outside the walls. The entire property (as well as surrounding properties) should be regarded as sensitive areas with the potential for yielding significant archaeological resources until and unless archaeological testing demonstrates the absence of features in particular locations.

History: Octagon Earthworks were built by the Hopewell culture between 100 B.C. and A.D. 400. Excavations conducted in 1836 determined that Observatory Mound did not contain burials. It was built with earth and stone and may have been a high point from which Hopewell shamans viewed the moonrise through the gateway into the Octagon, which occurs only once every 18.6 years. One or more of the platform mounds at the octagon's openings were excavated around 1862. They also yielded no burials. In the 19th century, much of the site was cultivated until it was acquired for the Ohio National Guard in 1892. In 1911 Moundbuilders Country Club established a golf course on the site. Ownership of the site was transferred to the Ohio Historical Society in 1933.

Significance: The Octagon Earthworks is part of the Newark Earthworks National Historic Landmark and is highly significant.

INDIVIDUALLY NOTABLE EARTHWORK FEATURES AT OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Introduction: A number of features and/or specific locations at the Octagon Earthworks are known to be of special significance either because of their prominence as architectural features, their degree of preservation, or because of the actual or potential contributions they could make to our understanding of the site, or to our interpretation of the site's history. The list is intended to provide documentation of features and locations known to be significant in order to ensure that they receive commensurately higher levels of attention and protection.

The list is not intended to be complete. It is expected that other features or localities will be identified at Octagon Earthworks that warrant an equal or even greater level of sensitivity and protection. Indeed, the working assumption should be that the entire site is a sensitive area until and unless particular areas can be determined to have diminished significance due to a demonstrated absence of archaeological and historical resources. Nevertheless, future managers of the cultural resources at Octagon Earthworks will benefit from an awareness of the known special significance of the following locations.

Notable features at Octagon Earthworks detailed below

A .68 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory Observatory Mound

Description: The Observatory Mound is a large platform mound located at the southwestern extremity of the Observatory Circle, so named because of its connection with this unique feature. Squier and Davis (1848:69) described the "Observatory" Mound as a "crown work" built across a short segment of parallel walls that framed a former entrance into the Drawing of Observatory Mound ca1880 Observatory Circle. They reported that Observatory Mound was 170 feet long and eight feet higher than the circular enclosure, which at that point is between five and six feet in height. Excavations determined that the structure originally had been faced with limestone slabs, but that the body of the mound was composed of fine clay.

History: Atwater (1820:26) conjectured that there had been a passage under the Observatory leading "to the water course which once run [sic] near this spot." In 1836, the Calliopean Society conducted excavations to test this notion and determined that no such passage had existed (Lepper 1990). In 1881, Smucker reported that the Observatory had been "greatly mutiliated and despoiled by excavations into it and by the removal of the stone and earth that composed it" but that, "although in ruins," it was still twenty feet "or more in height" (1881:264).

Between the years of 1893 and 1896 the Ohio National Guard restored Observatory Mound to match the appearance depicted in the illustrations accompanying the text of Squier and Davis (1848).

Hively and Horn (1982) determined that Observatory Mound played a key role in the astronomical alignments built into the Newark Earthworks. From this platform, an observer sighting through the parallel walls connecting the circle to the octagon would see the moon rise at its northernmost rise point on the eastern horizon (Lepper 1998).

Byers (1987, 1998) regards the Observatory Mound as a uniquely important and revealing aspect of Hopewellian earthwork architecture. He interprets the intentional blocking of a former passage as evidence of a "sacred-earth principle."

Notable Information: In spite of the depredations suffered by the mound, and the fact that is has been heavily restored, it is clear that some intact deposits are preserved within the modern mound and important archaeological data may be preserved in the surrounding soil. Observatory Mound is a major focus for interpretation and research.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.69

Observatory Circle – Southeastern Arc Description: The Observatory Circle – Southeastern Arc consists of that portion of the Observatory Circle mapped by Holmes (1892) as part of a "wooded pasture."

History: Nearly all of the Octagon Earthworks have been subjected to cultivation for some period of time. An analysis of historic maps and early aerial photographs indicates that a major portion of the southeastern arc of the Observatory Circle was never plowed and may preserve nearly intact earthworks. A portion of this arc was destroyed and reconstructed during the demolition of the old Country Club clubhouse and the construction of the current facility. A gap in the embankment was left to allow the passage of golf carts into the interior of the circle. Excavations undertaken in 1990, in conjunction with a plan to widen the golf cart entrance, revealed bricks, glass bottles, and golf tees in the profile of the wall. The 1990 construction activity also included the widening of an asphalt covered cart path over the Observatory Circle embankment southwest of the clubhouse. Here relatively shallow excavations uncovered apparent evidence for intact mound structure. Notable Information: This portion of the Observatory Circle, the southwestern wall of the Octagon, and the southeastern parallel wall connecting the two, is a highly sensitive area and should be managed accordingly.

Small Circular Enclosure

Description: Drawing of southeast The Small Circular Enclosure is a section of Circle with circular earthwork three feet in limit of fenced agricultural land height and 155 feet in diameter. There is an opening in the circle, about 36 feet wide, facing east- northeast. The circle is located at the northern terminus of the parallel walls that extend from the Octagon to the southwest (the Great Hopewell Road).

Ariel view of enclosure

History: The purpose of the many small circular enclosures at the Newark Earthworks is not known, although they appear to be closely associated with the parallel-walled roads connecting the disparate elements of the earthwork complex. Howe (1894:30) reported that the Small Circular Enclosure had been "entirely restored" by the Ohio National Guard in 1893.

Notable Information: Even if it has been heavily restored, if the earthwork is correctly located, it may preserve remnants of the embankment beneath the restorations and significant archaeological remains inside the enclosure. Since it is the only extant example of the small circular enclosures, it should be regarded as a sensitive area and managed accordingly.

A .70 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory Beginning of Parallel Walls

Description: Two short V-shaped segments of earthen embankments are preserved along the southeastern boundary of Octagon Earthworks. These walls are the remnants of three parallel-walled roads that led from the octagonal enclosure to other parts of the Newark Earthworks. The northern Detail of 1936 construction drawing passage extended for 4,500 feet to Raccoon Creek. The middle set of walls was 5,000 feet long and it led to the square enclosure (Wright Earthworks). The southern walls have been referred to as the Great Hopewell Road and they may have extended as much as sixty miles to the southwest connecting the Newark Earthworks with the great center of Hopewell earthwork construction around Chillicothe.

History: The network of parallel-walled roads was built by the Hopewell culture between 100 B.C. and A.D. 400. They were rapidly plowed down and built over by the residents of early Newark and Heath. The remnants at Octagon Earthworks have been heavily restored. This section of the wall was designed and reconstructed by the C.C.C. in November 1936. The only surviving, unrestored and visible sections of the walls are preserved on privately owned land north of the Licking County airport.

Notable Information: The Parallel Walls are part of the National Historic Landmark and, although they are heavily restored, if they have been located accurately, may preserve significant evidence beneath the recent fill and in the surrounding soils.

The Outer Wall at Octagon Earthworks

Description: There is evidence for a low outer embankment wall that totally surrounded the circular and octagonal enclosures. In 1862, the height of the wall was between one and two feet and it was about twenty feet wide. It is not visible on the surface today. Already in 1862, there were places where only small patches could be recognized "…such has been the leveling influences of the plow" (Salisbury and Salisbury 1862). The embankment was circular where it surrounded the circular enclosure (also called the Observatory Circle) and polygonal where it surrounded the Octagon. The outer circular wall was about 380 feet beyond the perimeter of the Observatory Circle and, based on measurements from the Salisbury map, had a diameter of about 1,825 feet. The polygonal outer wall surrounding the Octagon varied between 200 and 300 feet from the walls of the Octagon.

History: The outer wall of the Octagon Earthworks was documented by three surveys. David Wyrick, a former Licking County surveyor, mapped the Newark Earthworks in 1860 and his map shows the outer wall (Wyrick 1866). Jacob Unzicker, an antiquarian who worked with Wyrick, produced a map of the Newark Earthworks that was not

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.71 published until 2000 (Lepper and Gill 2000). Both the Wyrick and Unzicker maps show the outer wall extending around the perimeter of the site to the west, south, and east, but not the north. James and Charles Salisbury mapped the site in 1862, although their map was not published until the 20th century (Lepper 1996). The Salisburys show the outer wall extending around the entire perimeter of the site.

Significance: The Octagon Earthworks is part of the National Historic Landmark and is highly significant.

GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

Description: The Great Circle is a circular enclosure with a diameter of 1200 feet. The walls of the earthwork vary from five to fourteen feet in height and encompass an area of about thirty acres. A ditch or moat that may have held water at one time follows the interior curve of the embankment. An arrow-shaped mound, known as Eagle Mound, occurs at the center of the enclosure. It is doubtful that it was ever intended to represent an eagle.

The archaeological resources at the Great Circle Earthworks are not limited to the surviving intact or restored earthworks. Beneath the surface of even partially disturbed areas of the site, it is possible for significant archaeological resources to be preserved. Traces of degraded earthworks, borrow pits, traces of wooden structures, features, and artifacts all could be expected to be present inside the existing enclosures and/or outside the walls. The entire property as well as surrounding properties, if they can be accessed or acquired, should be regarded as sensitive areas with the potential for yielding significant archaeological resources until and unless archaeological testing demonstrates the absence of features in particular locations.

History: The Great Circle was built by the Hopewell culture between 100 B.C. and A.D. 400. Excavations through the embankment of the Great Circle in 1992 determined it was built using dark brown soil on the inside and yellow-brown, gravelly soil for the outside portions of the wall. A radiocarbon date was obtained on the soil at the base of the earthwork indicating the enclosure was built sometime after 160 B.C. Eagle Mound was excavated in 1928 by the Ohio Historical Society. The remnants of a large house were discovered at the base of the mound, but no human remains were recovered. The Great Circle was preserved as part of

A .72 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory the Licking County Fairgrounds beginning in 1853. Ownership of the Great Circle was transferred to the Ohio Historical Society in 1933.

Significance: The Great Circle is part of the Newark Earthworks National Historic Landmark and is highly significant.

INDIVIDUALLY NOTABLE EARTHWORK FEATURES AT GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

Introduction A number of features and/or specific locations at the Great Circle Earthworks are known to be of special significance either because of their prominence as architectural features, their degree of preservation, or because of the actual or potential contributions they could make to our understanding of the site, or to our interpretation of the site's history. The list is intended to provide documentation of features and locations known to be significant in order to ensure that they receive commensurately higher levels of attention and protection. Notable features at the Great Circle detailed below

The list is not intended to be complete. It is expected that other features or localities will be identified at the Great Circle Earthworks that warrant an equal or even greater level of sensitivity and protection. Indeed, the working assumption should be that the entire site is a sensitive area until and unless particular areas can be determined to have diminished significance due to a demonstrated absence of archaeological and/or historic resources. Nevertheless, future managers of the cultural resources at the Great Circle Earthworks will benefit from an awareness of the known special significance of the following locations.

Eagle Mound

Description: Eagle Mound is a three-lobed mound located at the center of the Great Circle. The central lobe is 155 feet long, sixty-five feet wide, and about seven feet high. Each lateral lobe, the "wings" of the Eagle, are 114 feet long and five feet high. It is doubtful that this mound was ever intended to be an effigy representing an eagle.

Detail of Eagle Mound from Salisbury

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.73 History: Eagle Mound was excavated first sometime prior to 1848. Smucker (1881:266) reported that "excavations made many years ago into the center of" Eagle Mound disclosed "an altar built of stone, upon which were found ashes, charcoal, and calcined bones."

In 1928, Greenman excavated Eagle Mound and uncovered the remains of a rectangular structure 100 feet long by twenty-three feet wide. At the center of the structure was a prepared clay basin in which fires had burned, but it had been cleaned out and filled with sand prior to being buried beneath the mound.

Greenman supervised the restoration of Eagle Mound to the dimensions reported by Squier and Davis.

Notable Information: Eagle Mound was almost completely excavated and restored. Nevertheless, significant traces of the activities engaged in by the builders of Eagle Mound may be preserved at the base of the mound and in the surrounding soils. It should be regarded as a highly sensitive area.

Outer Polygonal Wall at Great Circle Earthworks

Description: There is evidence that a low, polygonal embankment wall once totally surrounded the Great Circle. In 1862, the height of the wall was between twelve and eighteen inches and it was about twenty feet wide, having been plowed over and trampled for many years. It is barely visible on the surface today. Already in 1862, there were places where its height had been reduced to the level of the surrounding ground, but, "when freshly ploughed, the color of the clay of which it is composed, plainly indicates its line" (Salisbury and Salisbury 1862).

History: The outer wall surrounding the Octagon Earthworks was documented only by James and Charles Salisbury (1862). Excavations undertaken in 1992, however, confirmed the former existence of the outer embankment wall (Lepper 1996).

WRIGHT EARTHWORKS Corner of Square Enclosure

Description: Wright Earthworks preserve a portion of the northeastern wall of a square enclosure that once framed about twenty acres. The walls of the square varied from four to five feet in height and were about 950 feet on a side. A short segment of one of the parallel walls that once extended from the square earthwork to a large oval enclosure surrounding about twelve burial mounds of various sizes also is preserved at the site. This ceremonial avenue originally was about 200 feet wide. Portion of earthwork reconstructed in 1936

Annotated detail from Salisbury

A .74 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory

History: The Wright Earthworks were built by the Hopewell culture between 100 B.C. and A.D. 400. Newark's square enclosure was damaged when the Ohio Canal was built through its eastern side in 1827. Since then, it was plowed down, dug through, and built upon until very little remained. Frances Rees Wright donated this remnant of the Newark Earthworks to the Ohio Historical Society in 1934.

Significance: Wright Earthworks is part of the Newark Earthworks National Historic Landmark and is highly significant.

Detail from 1936 construction drawing

B. PRESUMED HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS

Introduction: Though no historic archaeological testing has been systematically completed at any of the Newark Earthwork sites, the specific areas listed below are known sites of historic occupation that are highly likely to contain depositional artifact and pattern distribution. Although historic archaeological deposits may exist all over the site, specific attention is given below to known building locations for the convenience of planning and maintenance.

1. OHIO STATE MILITIA/NATIONAL GUARD RIFLE RANGE AT OCTAGON EATHWORKS

Description: The area along Raccoon Creek and below the terrace on which the earthworks are located was used as a rifle range by the Ohio State Militia when they occupied the site.

History: According to a map published in the American Tribune, 15 October 1925, this area was used by the National Guard as a "rifle range."

Notable Information: This portion of the Octagon Earthworks site may be significant for understanding and interpreting the use of the site by the National Guard.

2. LICKING COUNTY FAIR GROUNDS BUILDINGS AT THE GREAT CIRCLE

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.75 FAIR BUILDINGS INSIDE CIRCLE Dates: ca 1853-June 1935

Description: Several fair grounds buildings were constructed while the Licking County Agricultural Society owned or occupied the Great Circle. They included a cinder horse racing track, a cinder path system, ticket and entry area, a grandstand, toilet facilities, display buildings, and an inn.

History: Starting in 1854, the Great Circle was used to hold the yearly agricultural fair for Licking County. A cinder horse track, with harness racing, became a large draw to the fair. During the occupation of the Licking County Agricultural Society a dance Enhanced portion of Richard Fatig’s 1934 hall was constructed generating more Survey of Great Circle, Facilities flat file use during the summer. In September 1914, the Agricultural Society leased ground to the Women’s Christian Temperance Union for the construction of a sixteen foot by twenty-eight foot one-story restroom building. The last fair was held in September, 1933. On February 19, 1934, Richard Fatig recorded all of the buildings on a site map as existing. Removal of fairgrounds buildings was eventually completed by the CCC in 1935.

BARNS AND STABLES NORTH CORNER OF PROPERTY Dates: demolished March 1935

Description: In the northern section of the Moundbuilders property, outside of the Great Circle, the Licking County Agricultural Society erected ten barns or stables used to house livestock, trainers, and groomers. The buildings were one-story frame structures with wood cladding and gabled roofs.

History: Livestock, groomers, and trainers had yearly accommodations in these buildings outside of the mound area. Many of the horses that raced on Enhanced portion of Richard Fatig’s 1934 Survey of Great Circle the track were housed here. On May 28, 1934, the Licking County Agricultural Society filed a Supplemental Petition to Court of Common Pleas saying “plaintiff is advised since the filing of the petition herein, that the defendant proposes and threatens to tear down said barns and stables.” By March 15, 1934, Civilian Works Administration employees had removed all of the barns and stables.

A .76 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory 3. CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS COMPANY #1544 (CAMP LICKING) at GREAT CIRCLE Dates: July 1935- July 1937

Site Plan, Camp Licking, 1935

Description: Camp Licking was located in the northern section of the site where the picnic area is currently. The site consisted of temporary buildings erected by the Army as well as buildings constructed from salvaged materials obtained through the demolition of fairgrounds buildings. The west side of the camp consisted of the work yard bordered by a tool shed, a large truck garage, the mess hall, a building for the National Park Service Technical Staff, and the Headquarters building. To the north of the Headquarters building was a flagpole. The east side of the camp consisted of five dormitory buildings, support buildings, and a recreational hall.

History: Company #1544 came to the Great Circle from Schoenbrunn State Memorial on Sunday July 7, 1935. There were 220 enrollees in the veteran CCC camp as well as National Park Service technical staff personnel and headquarters staff. The camp completed landscape restoration and building projects at Moundbuilders, Octagon, and Flint Ridge. All drawings and planning for the projects were completed on site in the NPS building, which contained both workrooms and living quarters. On July 7, 1937, Company #1544 moved to Fairlawn, Ohio. By late 1937, the temporary buildings had been removed, but the shop and long garage still existed on the site. Sometime after 1938, the last two CCC buildings were removed and a shelter house and toilet facilities were constructed on the site.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.77 4. OLD FARMHOUSE SITE AT OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Enlargement of Octagon Earthwork Aerial Photograph

Description: The old farmhouse site is to the north of the corner of 30th Street and Parkview Road. The site contained at least four buildings including a farmhouse, a garage, and two outbuildings. The house was a gabled ell facing 30th Street, situated near one of the walls of the Octagon. To the rear of the house were two outbuildings, possibly a privy and a root cellar dug into the wall of the mound. The garage was located to the south of the house opening directly onto 30th Street

History: The farmhouse existed on the site prior to the transfer of the property to OHS. After 1933 the MCC leased the house to various people. In 1955, the MCC had the current renter forcibly evicted, and the vacant house was returned to the management of OHS. Sometime shortly after this date, the house and all outbuildings were removed.

C. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACT COLLECTIONS

A 245/1 Dr. O. M. Wiseman specimen:

Grooved axe, found within the Great Circle at the Fair Grounds, Newark, Ohio, incident to work on the race-track; presented to the Society by Dr. O. M. Wiseman, of Zanesville, Ohio, October 12, 1919.

A 958/ Artifacts found in the Eagle Mound during its excavation from 11 June to 5 July 1928.

A .78 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory 1. One broken fragment of an arrowhead of blue flint, broken longitudinally, from floor of mound. Field Notes (FN) page 13. 2. One piece of cut mica about 2 inches long. One straight edge. Above floor of mound. FN 15. Missing from collections. 3. One small copper crescent, perforation in center. FN 16. 4. One small piece of coal. FN 19. 5. One copper effigy beaver. FN 19. 6. Miscellaneous pieces of flint, mica, etc. 7. One copper celt. Found at the Great Circle (near Eagle Mound) by George Cauldwell in 1985. Stored with Eagle Mound collection.

A 959/ Artifacts found in the three mounds on the Wells estate, Newark, Ohio, excavated between 9 and 15 July 1928.

1. One irregular flake of flint, black. FN 2. Wells Mound No. 1 2. One gorget, broken in several pieces, incomplete. Now mended. FN 2(Md.No.1) 3. One small spearhead, curly flint. FN 2. Wells Mound No. 1 4. Four arrowheads, flint. From Flint Ridge. Wells Mound No. 3 5. Two flint flakes, Wells Mound No. 3. 6. One piece of mica, uncut. Wells Mound No. 2. 7. Six pieces of animal bone (domestic horse) 7/1: vertebra, radiocarbon dated to 1780 + 60 A.D. (NSRL-3081) 7/2: carpal, radiocarbon dated to 1830 + 60 A.D. (NSRL-3082) 8. Thirty pieces of flint, from fields about Eagle and Wells Mound. Cores, flakes, broken arrowheads, etc. 9. One black flint scraper. From fields. 10. One stone pendant. From fields. 11. One partial point

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.79 A 4278/ Artifacts from E. E. Hale's Phase II archaeological study conducted along the LIC-79 corridor.

This collection contains hundreds of items. The inventory is not complete.

On Loan to OHS

Wray figurine (on exhibit, Columbus, Ohio Historical Center, Archaeology Mall) Marie Sunkle cache (on exhibit, Newark, Great Circle Museum)

D. LANDSCAPE FEATURES BUILT PRIOR TO 1950

GOLF LINKS AT OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Layout of Golf Course Links ca 2000

Description: Eighteen individual golf links are laid out throughout both the circular and octagonal mound at Octagon Earthworks. The links contain tee-off areas, putting greens, and bunker elements such as sand traps.

History: Initially, Moundbuilders Country Club’s golf course consisted of nine holes laid out by Thomas Bendelow in May 1910. Bendelow came to Newark from Chicago on May 17. According to the contemporary article in the Newark Advocate, he met in the afternoon with the board of governors to express his “suggestions as to the location of a club house.” That evening Bendelow lectured on the game of golf to fifty men who had assembled in the mezzanine room of the Newark Trust building. The morning of May 18, he began laying out the golf links stating that the “grounds were ideal for a golf course.” In an interview for www.golfclubatlas.com, Bendelow’s grandson described his technique: “His time at these courses was relatively short. Following the staking of the course and instructions to whoever was going to be

A .80 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory responsible for construction, he moved on to the next job. I think this was probably typical of his initial approach during the early years spent with Spalding & Bros. when literally hundreds of courses were designed. This is what made him the 'Johnny Appleseed' of American golf.”

During the summer after Bendelow laid out the links, the course was prepared by G.J. Bingly, the first Club professional and golf instructor. Bingly had come to Newark from the Chevy Chase Club in Washington, D.C. It appears that Bendelow designed the golf course at Moundbuilders as an eighteen-hole course, but initially only the nine holes were completed. In June 1911 the Advocate reported that the “golf course includes nine holes and by next season nine more will be installed, making a course of 18 holes.” The additional nine holes were not completed until 1923. The course was redesigned slightly prior to 1929 and again in 1968-1969. Without further investigation it appears that holes 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 7, 8, and 9, are eight of the original nine holes with slight alterations. Thomas Bendelow is said to have laid out over 1,000 golf courses in his lifetime. Stuart Bendelow has identified 480 of these courses; twenty-six of the Bendelow courses are in Ohio.

Golfers on Mounds ca 1930

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.81 E. ABOVEGROUND RESOURCES BUILT PRIOR TO 1950 DEPRESSION-ERA STRUCTURES 1934-1937

History: Depression-era structures are all part of the State Park No. 18 project completed by the National Park Service and the Ohio Historical Society Cooperating, under the direction of the 5th District State Park Emergency Conservation Work office. The structures were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps Company #1544 between July 1935 and July 1937. Work was completed at both the Great Circle Earthworks and at the Octagon Earthworks.

All site design work was completed by staff of the National Park Service working on the relief project at the Great Circle. Most site work and road layout was designed by Herbert B. Campbell in December 1935. All site work was constructed by CCC enrollees as part of the overall master plan for the site. Elements included the entry, a system of paths, a parking lot, stairs and bridge access across mounds, overlook, toilet building and three drinking fountains.

Significance: The Depression-relief era structures constructed at the Newark Earthworks are historically significant. The period of 1933-1937 was extremely important to the development of the OHS site system, as a system of public parks with passive recreational activities. The structures maintain both integrity of historic materials and integrity of context.

Entry Portals, Curbs, and Roadway Great Circle

Description: Walls are 20’-6” long and three feet high with 3 feet square by 4’-6” piers at the outside ends.

A .82 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory Stone Stair over Mound - East Great Circle Earthworks

Description: Stone stair allows access over mound located on the east end of the reconstructed parallel mound near the parking area and caretaker’s dwelling. The stair has been abandoned and is being overgrown by vegetation.

Stone Stair over Mound -West Great Circle Earthworks

Description: Stone stair allows access over mound located on the west end of the reconstructed parallel mound near the parking area and caretaker’s dwelling. The stair is currently maintained as a path between the Cooper Avenue parking area and the museum. A wood handrail has been placed at one side.

Foot Bridge Great Circle Earthworks

Description: Poured concrete bridge supported by eight stone piers. Two-by-six-inch handrails are attached into the stone piers.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.83 Stone Corner Piers for Perimeter Fence Octagon Earthworks 2’ SQ x 4’-3” high

Description: Pier constructed of native stone. Pier is two foot square and 4’-3” high. Located at corners of the property line.

Stone Pier at Entry Octagon Earthworks 6’-3” x 3’-4”

Description: Pair of native stone entry piers with painted iron lettering. Stone piers are 6’-3” by 3’-4”, tapered upward to a height of 6’-2”. There are two identical piers spaced 26’-0” apart with an asphalt drive between.

Stone Piers at Exit Octagon Earthworks 3’-7” x 2’-6”

Description: Native stone piers at exit drive. Piers are 2’-6” square tapered to 3’-9” high with a smaller 1’- 1” square and 2’-6” high extension to the outside of the drive. There are two piers set 18’-0” apart with an asphalt drive between.

A .84 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory Caretaker’s Dwelling Great Circle Earthworks 45’-2” x 27’-10”

Description: One-story, two-bedroom, frame dwelling with a simple gable roof. Structure is 31’- 2” by 27’-10” with a smaller 14’-0” by 12’-2” extension to the east containing an entry vestibule and an office. Cladding is original 5 7/8” beveled siding. Dwelling has original 6/6 wood windows. The original front porch has been filled in. Original hand split wood shakes have been replaced with a terra-cotta tile roof.

Garage/Shop Great Circle Earthworks 52’-0” x 20’-0” with 35’-0”x 22’-0” L extension

Description: The garage is an L-shaped wood-framed structure with a gabled roof. It is clad with 5 7/8” beveled siding and terra-cotta tile roofing. The front elevation opens onto a parking area situated between the garage and caretaker’s dwelling. A smaller automobile garage, 20’-0” by 13’-0”, extends to the west of the main truck garage with the south elevation containing three overhead garage doors. The L-extension on the west contains the shop. A set of pass-through overhead doors allows access on both the west and east elevations. The south elevation of the shop is stone containing a central stone chimney.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.85

Moundbuilders Caretaker’s Dwelling and Shop ca 1936

History: The Caretaker’s Dwelling and garage/shop were designed by E.L. Gill in August, 1935, and erected by the CCC . Technical staff utilized “skilled labor” funds to employ local carpenters in constructing parts of the house. James Heft, carpenter; Charles Love, carpenter, Samuel Humphries, carpenter, and Issac Thompson, mason, all worked at Moundbuilders. Skilled labor was contracted from the Newark community. All of the contractors working at the site lived in Newark and were listed in the city directory as building professionals in both 1931 and 1936. Charles Love and James Heft were hired specifically to work on projects #110 and #112, the dwelling and garage at Moundbuilders.

Superintendent’s Dwelling Octagon Earthworks 32’-5” x 38’-0”

Description: Seven room dwelling house located in the southeast corner of Octagon State Memorial. The house has a main block 25’-10” by 38 ‘-0” with a 6’-7” gabled ell on the south end. An 11’-0” square sun porch is attached to the south elevation. The house has wood siding painted white and an asphalt shingled roof. A small, detached garage is to the rear.

History: Designed by E. L. Gill with drawings dated January 20, 1937, this house was intended to be a superintendent’s residence at Octagon State Park. The house was part of a larger master plan in place by at least September 1936 and submitted as part of the “Future Work Program” for Eighth Period work for Emergency Conservation Work funding. The plan included a service area with a shop/garage behind the house with interconnecting low, stone walls. Other parts of the master plan included stone pier signage, toilet facilities, and a new parking area. Because of a lack of funding, the dwelling, stone gates, and parking area were the only parts of the master plan to be

A .86 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory completed. It appears that federal funding at Octagon stopped so abruptly that the house could not be finished. By late 1938, OHS sought funding to complete the interior of the house. The interior may have been completed by a renter in 1938 or by OHS staff; the record is unclear.

In 1940, the Society leased the house to William Scott, the Greenskeeper and Golf Pro at Mound Builders Country Club. Part of the rent was negotiated as “paid by the lessee acting as caretaker of the interests of the lessor in the grounds covered by the lease” to the MCC. William Scott and his wife, Jessie, lived in the house until March or April, 1960, at which time the MCC asked the Society to cancel a rental agreement that had been written on March 1, 1957. At this time, Richard Fatig, Curator of State Memorials, stated: “Our recommendations are to comply with the request and lease the dwelling on a yearly basis until such time as it is required for our use.”

Occupation of 89 N. 33rd. Street:

1940- 1956 William and Jessie Scott, Superintendent/Pro MCC 1961 - Probably William Scott 1963 - Elhanon Collins – Golf Pro MCC 1964 - Tom Williams – Supervisor Owens-Corning 1965 - Tom Williams 1970 -1976 - Michael Parker – employee, Owens -Corning 1976 – 2002 – Patrick Guanciale – realtor 2002 – Phillip and Molley Frye

At the end of the lease in 1989, the Society sold the house to Patrick Guanciale. The sale did not include the land and a new lease on the land was signed on September 28, 1989. During the summer of 2002, the Guanciales sold the house to Phillip and Molley Frye.

Significance: The house has undergone several alterations and renovations. The house was sold to Patrick Guanciale, who had leased the site for the previous 12 years, in part so that he could complete extensive renovations that OHS could not afford to complete on what at the time was a rental property. Additionally, the house had not been completed before the CCC company had left the site. Owing to this, the house does not maintain the integrity of it historic character compared to other examples of residences completed by the CCC at both the Great Circle and at other OHS sites. The house would not be in itself eligible for listing on the National Register. However, it might be eligible as a contributing structure within a multiple property listing.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.87 Shelter 1 Great Circle Earthworks 20’-0” x 32’-0”

Description: The picnic shelter is a twenty foot by thirty-two foot timber-frame, post-and-lintel structure with ten inch square rough-sawn timber posts. The floor is flagstone with posts sitting on raised flagstone foundation stones. Two timber trusses are 11’-0” from each end and 15’-0” apart. Posts are 7’- 6” inches high. Roof framing is 3x5 inch rough- sawn timbers spaced 2’-0” on center. The roof is gabled with asphalt shingles. Gable ends are covered with 1x6 inch rough sawn boards. Exterior is painted blue.

History: This shelter was constructed in 1939 in the picnic area at the Great Circle. In the master plan drawn on February 15, 1937, for Moundbuilders, a “Picnic Area” is noted where the CCC camp had been located, but no buildings or shelters were erected or designed with Emergency Conservation Work funding.

Significance: The shelter is not significant in itself and is not individually eligible for listing on the National Register. However, it is an essential part of the 1936 Master Plan and a shelter of this form in this location is a contributing element to the Relief-era structures.

F. ABOVEGROUND RESOURCES BUILT POST 1950

Toilet Facility Great Circle Earthworks 14’-4” x 27’-8”

Description: The toilet building is 27’-10” by 14’-4” with an end-gable roof of asphalt shingle. Structure is concrete block with two-inch wooden battens to simulate board-and-batten structure. There is a 4’-6” by 6’-0” gabled privacy entry on either end of building allowing single door access to both the men’s and women’s toilets.

History: The toilet building was designed by Reed Masse in October of 1970 and building permit was issued for construction on April 30, 1971. The design appears to have been inspired by a previous frame “Comfort Station” design dated January 1939 for Mound Builders State Memorial, now located in the OHS Facilities Management Division flat files.

A .88 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory Shelter 2 Great Circle Earthworks 30’-0” x 20’-6”

Description: Picnic shelter is a 33’-0” by 20’-6”, post-and-lintel timber structure with 6x6 inch rough sawn timber posts. Concrete floor. Floor is poured concrete. Posts sit on 8x8 inch concrete plinths poured continuous with floor. At corners, the posts are tripled, spaced three feet apart. An asphalt-shingled, gabled roof is supported by four timber-frame trusses 13’-0” from each end 10’-0” apart in center. Roof joists are 2x6 inch rough-sawn lumber placed 2’-0” on center. Random-width, rough-sawn boards cover both gable ends. Exterior of structure is painted blue.

History: This shelter was constructed by OHS presumably during the 1970s when the new toilet facility was constructed.

Water Fountain Great Circle Earthworks

Description: Stone water fountain located in North picnic area of property. Dedication plaque located on side of fountain.

History: Sean Breece, an 8-year-old boy died on Tuesday, September 29, 1992. Sean, son of Carla and Paul Breece of Marysville, died of internal injuries from a fall on a school playground during recess and because he had a rare blood disorder, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, his blood wouldn't clot. The fountain was built by Sean’s grandfather, Carl Anthony, who wanted a reminder of Sean erected in his favorite playground. The Anthonys lived a block from the park and received permission from the Ohio Historical Society to install the fountain and a memorial plaque. The fountain was dedicated on August 29, 1993. More than fifty relatives and friends attended.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.89 Museum Great Circle Earthworks 52’-8” x 52’-8”

Description: The museum is a Greek cross in plan; a central square 30’-8” x 30’-8” with 11’-0” projections on all four sides with flat roofs. On the exterior, the central square is expressed in brown metal panels extending above the brown-brick side projections. Entry is made on the west elevation through a large arched opening. With the exception of the glass sidelights and glazed double doors at the entry, the building has no fenestration.

History: The museum was designed by Everett A. Glendening, A.I.A. of Cincinnati, for the Ohio Department of Public Works. Plans for the building were completed in April 1970.

A .90 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH MOUND BUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB

History: The new clubhouse and other associated buildings were the culmination of a reorganization campaign begun by Andy Turner and Tim Norpell in 1952 when they started a program to buy up old country club stocks from estates and out-of-town heirs. In 1957 these two board members initiated a plan to expand and replace the club’s facilities to make them attractive for families. At this time OHS renegotiated a new lease with the club for a term of twenty-one years. The first phase was a swimming pool, finished in July 1959. On August 13, 1963, the original clubhouse was razed. Between September 1963, and the fall of 1964, a new clubhouse designed by Orville Varasso, Architect, was constructed by the Walter Chaney Construction Co., General Contractor. The country club renovated the clubhouse in 2002.

Clubhouse Octagon Earthworks

Description: Large neo-Georgian building with brick cladding. Four columns support a central pediment over ground-level central entry. The gabled pediment extends to the rear of the building, creating a central gable core flanked to either side by two-story wings with asphalt-shingled mansard roofs.

Appendix II: Inventory Newark Earthworks HSMP A.91 Swimming Pool and Pool Building Octagon Earthworks

Description: Concrete in-ground swimming pool is located to the south of the clubhouse. The area includes a swimming pool, baby pool, basketball court, and poolhouse.

Equipment Storage Building Octagon Earthworks

Description: Steel-framed, metal-clad maintenance building with low-sloping metal roof. Open storage for lawn equipment plus offices. Seven overhead garage doors located on the west elevation.

History: Maintenance building constructed in 1994 on site of previous facility. Brad Lepper, Martha Otto, and William Pickard (OHS archaeologists) completed archaeological investigation of the footprint of the expanded building prior to construction.

A .92 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Inventory 2. ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEGRITY OF HISTORIC RESOURCES

It is the operational standard of the Facilities Management Division at OHS to evaluate properties administered by the Society that are at least fifty years old or older, using the criteria established by the U.S. Department of the Interior for the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register is part of a national program to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect our historic and archeological resources. Resources determined to meet the criteria for eligibility of the National Register will be treated as significant resources.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION The historic and prehistoric cultural resources at the Newark Earthworks will be evaluated for significance using the criteria established for the National Register. These criteria establish that a resource must possess a quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture that is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Generally, properties eligible for listing in the National Register are at least fifty years old, unless they are exceptionally important.

ORGANIZATION OF RESOURCES FOR EVALUATION

For the purpose of management, cultural resources will be evaluated by historical period and/or grouped by resource type. Individual resources are documented in Section II: Inventory and Existing Conditions. These inventories contain an extended history and description of the individual resource as well as a brief statement of significance based on the conclusions below. These two sections are meant to work together without unduly duplicating material, while at the same time eliminating the necessity to jump back and forth between sections.

Prehistoric Archaeological Resources –Aboveground/Belowground

Definition An archaeological resource is "any surface, subsurface, or submerged location which contains material remains of prehistoric or historic human life or activities that are of archaeological interest and the depositional environment in which they were interred or accumulated" (Ohio Historic Preservation Office 1994:42-43; adapted from 36 CFR Part 79).

The prehistoric archaeological resources at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial include aboveground resources, i.e., the visible earthwork remnants, and

Appendix II: Analysis Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 93 belowground resources, including degraded earthwork remnants and buried artifacts and features. The earthworks are predominantly, if not exclusively, Middle Woodland in age (circa 100 B.C. – A.D. 400); however, a few could relate to an Early Woodland presence (circa 800 B.C. – A.D. 100). Subsurface artifacts and features could relate to the entire spectrum of prehistoric occupations in the region.

A. ABOVEGROUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES – EARTHWORKS

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS

The Newark Earthworks State Memorial is listed on the National Register of Historic Significance Places and is a National Historic Landmark. National Landmarks "are the most significant places in American history – they illustrate and commemorate our collective past and help us to understand our national identity" (Stanton 1999:7). The National Historic Landmark includes only those remnants of the Newark Earthworks owned by OHS.

Most archaeologists and historians would attribute international significance to the Newark Earthworks site. For example, it is included in the 70 Wonders of the Ancient World compiled by an international team of scholars (Scarre 1999). However, it has not been nominated or recognized, as yet, as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Society will pursue having the site listed as a World Heritage Site by researching the process and then taking the steps necessary to nominate the site.

ABOVEGROUND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES BY SITE

GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

Description

The aboveground archaeological resources at the Great Circle Earthworks consist of the earthworks and borrow pits themselves. At the Great Circle Earthworks these include the Great Circle, Eagle Mound, a crescentic earthwork southwest of Eagle Mound, two converging walls that lead from the entrance of the Great Circle to the northeast end of the Ohio Historical Society's property, and the borrow pits and circular ditch.

Evaluation

Great Circle ca 1862 Substantial portions of the Great Circle preserve the original form and structure of the embankment. The walls were damaged in certain places during the use of the site as a fairground, and this damage was restored by the CCC. An outer polygonal wall that funneled into converging embankment walls that led into the Newark Square were damaged by plowing and other processes. The portions of the converging walls mapped by Squier and Davis were restored by the CCC. The CCC relied almost entirely on the map and descriptions of the site published by Squier and Davis (1848), but the Salisbury map and manuscript (c. 1862) demonstrates that the Squier and Davis map is incomplete.

94 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Analysis

Greenman Excavations 1928

Greenman excavated Eagle Mound for the Ohio Historical Society in 1928. His field notes indicate that a small portion of the mound at its northeastern end was not excavated due to the presence of a large tree. Also, it is possible that data are preserved at the base of Greenman's excavation. It is possible that he did not entirely remove the cultural deposits.

Squier and Davis reported the existence of a crescent-shaped earthwork a short distance to the southwest of the Eagle Mound. No other historic map documents Greenman Field Notes 1928 such an earthwork, and even Squier and Davis were tentative in their description of it (1848:68). When Greenman was excavating Eagle Mound he dug a long exploratory trench along a line that would have bisected the documented location of the crescent. He found no subsurface traces of an earthwork. It is therefore likely that no such earthwork ever existed. A future project should be the careful removal of this reconstructed earthwork.

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT above.

OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Description

The aboveground archaeological resources at the Octagon Earthworks consist of the earthworks themselves. These include the circular and octagonal enclosures, Observatory Mound, a small circular enclosure, remnants of parallel walls that once framed passages leading to other points on the landscape, eight platform mounds (or barrier mounds) located within the octagonal enclosure, and the borrow pits.

Evaluation

Substantial portions of the Octagon and its associated circular enclosure preserve the original form and structure of the embankments. Although much of the northern parts of the site were under cultivation between 1837 and 1891, substantial parts of the circle and octagon were never plowed. And even the northernmost walls had not been totally obliterated when the Ohio National Guard (then the Ohio State Militia) restored them between 1893 and 1896. W. H. Holmes produced a contour map of the circular enclosure in 1892 that shows that much of the site was still largely intact or clearly traceable:

"From a point a little to the southeast of the gateway around the eastern side to the observatory hill, the original forest has never been fully removed, save at two points – one at the lane crossing, … the other next the observatory, where for a space of about 100 feet it is reduced to less than half the original height by the plow" (Holmes 1892:369).

Southern Intact Portion of Circle In 1894, Cyrus Thomas wrote that the southern portions of the Octagon remained "almost uninjured, being still more or less covered by the original forest growth" (Thomas 1894:464), and even the northernmost walls remained "quite distinct, the height not being less at any point than 2 ½ feet…" (1894:464).

Appendix II: Analysis Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 95 In 1963, Moundbuilders Country Club's original clubhouse, that had been built straddling the circle, was demolished and a new building was constructed at the same location. In this process, a segment of the circular enclosure approximately 100 feet in length was destroyed and relocated leaving a gap in the reconstructed wall for the passage of golf carts. This was discovered when subsequent excavations, associated with the widening of this opening, revealed a cross-section of recent fill containing bricks, broken bottles, and golf tees.

Observatory Mound The Observatory Mound was dug into as early as 1836 and probably repeatedly Octagon cross thereafter. Robert Fulton, writing in January of 1868, described the Observatory as section showing "a shapeless mass of earth" (Fulton 1868). In 1881, Isaac Smucker wrote that, construction debris although it had been "greatly mutilated and despoiled" it was still "twenty feet or ca 1994 more in height" (Smucker 1881:264). Therefore, it is likely that significant remnants of its internal structure remain intact.

Small Enclosure The small circular enclosure at the southern end of the Octagon was likely plowed and degraded to an unknown extent. It was restored by the Ohio National Guard in 1894.

Parallel Walls The portions of the parallel-walled avenues at the southeastern edge of the Octagon Earthwork likely were plowed and degraded to an unknown extent. They were restored by the CCC.

Barrier Mounds The barrier mounds at the openings to the octagonal enclosure have been subjected to varying amounts of disturbance. Some were dug into and some, particularly those on the northern and eastern sides of the octagon, may have been reduced by cultivation. If any experienced substantial degradation they would have been restored by the Ohio National Guard.

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT above.

WRIGHT EARTHWORKS

Description

The aboveground archaeological resources at the Wright Earthworks consist of the earthworks themselves. These fragments of the Newark Square enclosure and one of two parallel walls that connected the square with an oval enclosure may preserve part of the original form and structure of the embankments.

Evaluation

The walls were damaged extensively by plowing, and possibly other processes. The CCC restored this damage (see History section). The accuracy of their location was confirmed by excavations conducted in 1977 on the adjacent property that has become the right-of-way for S.R. 79 (Lepper and Yerkes 1997:179).

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT above.

96 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Analysis

B. BELOWGROUND/ ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

BRIEF DISCUSSION OF SITE USE: What is likely to be found under the ground.

Prehistoric Use

Prior to the construction of the earthworks during the Middle Woodland era (circa 100 B.C. – A.D. 500) the Raccoon Creek Valley was home to a succession of Native American cultures. From the Paleoindian pioneers who first discovered America to the Early Woodland precursors of the Hopewell culture, this rich valley was a transportation corridor and a bountiful source of natural resources. Villages, campsites, hunting camps, workshops, and ritual sites from these earlier epochs can be expected to occur in the vicinity of the Newark Earthworks.

The Newark Earthworks seem to have been built predominantly as a ritual center. The Hopewell builders engaged in mortuary activities nearly exclusively at the northeast oval enclosure, which is no longer extant nor on OHS property. The other enclosures likely served other ritual or social functions. There is some evidence for contemporaneous habitations in the vicinity of the earthworks, but the evidence is meager and is in no way commensurate with the size of the earthen architecture.

After A.D. 400 the Newark Earthworks may have been abandoned. There is little evidence for Late Woodland or Late Prehistoric occupation in the region before the construction of Alligator Mound three miles upstream at around A.D. 1200.

Historic Use

Historically, the Shawnee, Delaware, and Wyandot Indians are known to have frequented the region, although no substantial towns or villages are documented in the immediate vicinity of the earthworks.

During the early nineteenth century, areas of both the Octagon Earthworks and the Great Circle Earthworks were under cultivation. In 1891, one map annotated the maximum extent of agricultural fields at Octagon Earthworks but presumably the site had been cultivated to some extent as early as 1840. Photographic sources revealed at least one farmstead site at the Octagon Earthworks. Archaeological testing at the Great Circle Earthworks in 1992 revealed a plow zone in areas outside of the earthworks. It is presumed that the Wright Earthworks site was also under some degree of cultivation as the mounds were significantly deteriorated prior to restoration in 1936.

Both the Octagon Earthworks site and the Great Circle site have had limited military use. Between 1892 and 1908, the Octagon Earthworks served as an encampment ground for the Ohio state militia. At the Great Circle, the only military use of the site was the five-month encampment of the 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry over the winter of 1861-1862 and a brief reunion of Civil War veterans in 1878.

Recreational use has been the dominant use at Great Circle from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Use as a county fairgrounds from 1853 until 1933 has, presumably had the greatest impact on the site leaving unintended historic

Appendix II: Analysis Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 97 archaeological resources. After designation as a State Memorial in 1937, recreational activity has been mostly passive. At the Octagon Earthworks recreational activity has been the dominant use for almost all of the twentieth century. This use has been mostly passive as well, in the form of golf, from 1910 until present.

Current Use

The current use at Great Circle is very similar to a public park with picnic facilities as well as other passive recreational uses. Additionally, there is an educational use at the Great Circle with active hands-on learning programs in the area around the museum. Other areas of the site have been developed with interpretive gardens.

The current use at the Wright Earthworks is strictly limited to passive recreation.

The current use at Octagon is strictly passive recreational golf, with limited educational uses.

Future Use

The future use of all three sites will be passive recreational use and educational use.

PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

Description

The belowground archaeological resources at the Great Circle Earthwork include remnants of earthworks that, due to plowing or other factors, are no longer apparent on the surface, and subsurface features, such as post molds from prehistoric structures and artifacts related to the 12,000 years of human occupation in this region.

Evaluation

Archaeological excavations conducted by Bloomsburg University and the Ohio Historical Society in 1992 confirmed the existence of traces of the outer polygonal wall mapped by James and Charles Salisbury. Ohio Historical Society collections include a variety of artifacts from the Newark Earthworks representing a number of cultural periods. Greenman excavated several projectile points representing diverse archaeological cultures from the fill of Eagle Mound (see Lepper 1989:133). Their presence in mound fill suggests they had been accidentally dug up from nearby deposits and fortuitously incorporated into the mound. OHS archaeologists recovered several points, including a Paleoindian fluted preform fragment, from fields adjacent to the Great Circle. A private collector discovered a copper celt near Eagle Mound, while illegally using a metal detector on OHS property (this artifact was subsequently recovered by OHS), and a grooved axe was uncovered during Cross Section, incidental work on the racetrack within the Great Circle. These discoveries indicate Great Circle, 1992 that archaeological resources independent of the earthworks themselves are present at the Newark Earthworks State Memorials.

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Above.

98 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Analysis OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Description

The belowground archaeological resources at the Octagon Earthworks include remnants of earthworks that, due to plowing or other processes, are no longer apparent on the surface, and subsurface features and artifacts related to the 12,000 years of human occupation at this site.

Evaluation

A subsurface feature has been documented in association with one of the barrier mounds in the interior of the Octagon. Artifacts and features have been discovered inside enclosures at other Hopewell earthwork sites including Fort Ancient, Seip Mound, and Stubbs Earthworks. It is probable that similar artifacts and features are present at Octagon Earthworks, but no systematic explorations have been undertaken.

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Above.

WRIGHT EARTHWORKS

Description

The belowground archaeological resources at the Wright Earthworks include remnants of earthworks that, due to plowing or other factors, are no longer apparent on the surface, and subsurface features and artifacts related to the 12,000 years of human occupation at this site.

Evaluation

Artifacts and features have been documented in proximity to Wright Earthworks (Lepper and Yerkes 1997). Artifacts and features have been discovered inside enclosures at other Hopewell earthwork sites including Fort Ancient, Seip Mound, and Stubbs Earthworks. It is probable that similar artifacts and features are present at Wright Earthworks, but no systematic explorations have been undertaken.

Significance

See SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Above.

HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Description

The historic archaeological resources at the Newark Earthworks State Memorial include buried structural remains, artifacts and features related to the activities undertaken at the site by European-Americans since A.D. 1800.

Evaluation The integrity of these resources is unknown in most cases. Great Circle ca 1937, Showing ground disturbance after CCC camp removed.

Appendix II: Analysis Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 99 C. ABOVEGROUND RESOURCES/ STANDING STRUCTURES

DEPRESSION-RELIEF ERA STRUCTURES – 1934-1937

History

A detailed history of the Depression-relief era work at the Octagon and Great Circle has been compiled and is included in Appendix II - a Brief History of the Newark Earthworks.

Description

House and Shop at Great There are twelve Depression-relief era, aboveground structures documented in the Circle ca 1937 inventory, not including several masonry perimeter fence piers, miscellaneous stone curbing, and parking areas. Seven of the structures are contributing to the 1937 master plan at the Great Circle. The Depression-relief era aboveground resources should be treated as a whole as the existing elements provide a context to understand and interpret their significance. However, the key element to these historic, aboveground resources is the service area at the Great Circle, including the superintendent’s dwelling, garage/shop, and environs.

Evaluation

Bridge at Great Circle The Depression-relief era structures constructed at the Newark Earthworks are significant under criterion A for their significance to the history of 1930s-era depression relief in the state of Ohio and their significance to the early development of the Ohio Historical Society site system, as well as the development of the system of State Parks in Ohio. The period of 1933-1937 was extremely important to the Significance development of the OHS site system, as a system of public parks with passive Statement recreational activities. The massive injection of federal funds in such a limited time had been unparalleled in both the histories of the nation and of the state. The scale at which projects were completed has affected all OHS operations since 1937. Much of the passive recreational activity at OHS sites today still utilizes facilities constructed with work-relief funds during this period. The standing structures at the Great Circle Earthworks offer a nearly intact example of park development as guided by the 1937 master plan. Thus, the structures maintain both integrity of historic material and integrity of context.

Though the structures exhibit rustic stylistic elements that appear to be similar to other structures built during the period at other OHS sites, no systematic study of the importance, relevance or significance of style has been completed. However, many of the Depression-relief era structures at OHS sites that had CCC camps were designed by the same National Park Service employed architect. More investigation may show that these structures are eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criterion C as well.

There are limited Depression-relief era structures at the Octagon Earthworks. These structures were the result of partial implementation of a 1937 park plan; the full plan was never completed. The structures themselves are significant in that they document the beginning of a park development at Octagon Earthworks that would have been similar to the development at the Great Circle Earthworks. The caretaker’s dwelling, the primary structure built under the park plan, is no longer owned by OHS. Subsequent renovations have affected its integrity to an unknown extent.

100 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Analysis MOUND BUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB – OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

CLUBHOUSE AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

History

The existing structures utilized by the MCC, including the clubhouse, pool, tennis courts, and service facilities, were constructed as part of the improvements during the 1960s. During this period the club moved toward a family-oriented facility and constructed amenities that would attract new members.

Description

There are six aboveground resources associated with the MCC, all constructed between 1959-1964. Five resources comprise the facilities of the clubhouse. These include the clubhouse, a pool house, a swimming pool, a basketball court, and a tennis court. There is a small structure used as a halfway between 9th and 18th holes within the course. A modern steel-clad maintenance facility was constructed in 1994 and would be non-contributing to any evaluation of the MCC resources.

Evaluation

During the construction of new club facilities in the 1960s, all of the original facilities of the club were razed. Though the early history of the club could be interpreted as significant locally, the history of the club post-1960s when the focus Not Significant became family-oriented is not as significant. The existing aboveground resources are not associated with the early period, they are not significant architecturally, and they do not meet the general criteria of being fifty years or older. None of the existing buildings at Octagon Earthworks associated with the MCC is historically significant or eligible for inclusion on the National Register.

GOLF LINKS

History

The first golf links at Octagon Earthworks are attributed to Professor R. O. Austin, a Newark High School teacher, who originally laid out “six holes with about 1850 yards of course” in 1901. The first golf links for the Mound Builders Country Club consisted of nine holes laid out by Thomas Bendelow in May 1910. The additional nine holes were not completed until 1923. The course was redesigned slightly prior to 1929 and again in 1968-1969. It appears that the current holes 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 7, 8, and 9, are eight of the original nine holes with slight alterations, and hole 9 was one of the original 1901 links.

Description

The golf links at the MCC consist of eighteen holes laid out through out both the circle and octagon enclosures. The holes have been improved with specialized turf for putting greens and sand traps. Throughout the links an asphalt golf cart path has been constructed. Multiple trees have been planted to supply shade to the links and to define the greens (originally the links were all open with no vegetation between holes).

Appendix II: Analysis Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 101 Evaluation

Although the history of golf at Octagon provides an interesting and early glimpse of the history of outdoor recreation in Ohio, the course as it is laid out today is the Not Significant result of significant alterations during 1968 and 1969. The experience of golfing a few of the holes at the country club might be similar to the historical experience, but the links as a cultural resource do not have the integrity of the 1901, 1910, or even the 1923 course. Examination of historic photographs show that the course today is very different from its historic counterpart. Thomas Bendelow, a significant figure in the history of golf and the designer of at least the original nine holes of the country club, is said to have laid out over 1000 golf courses in his lifetime. Stuart Bendelow, his grandson, has identified 480 of these courses; twenty-six of the Bendelow courses are in Ohio. Additionally, there are other Bendelow courses in a better state of preservation that are being maintained and marketed as classic courses.

102 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix II: Analysis APPENDIX III: PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH ACCIDENTALLY-FOUND ARTIFACTS/NATURAL SPECIMENS AT OHS SITES

Background: Frequently site staff or visitors find artifacts, fossils, animal bones, or other cultural/natural specimens exposed on trails, along stream banks, in eroded areas, or in cultivated fields or gardens at OHS sites. Because these chance discoveries constitute part of the cultural resources of the particular site and can be important in the overall site interpretation, they should be collected, recorded, and preserved as part of the Ohio Historical Society’s collections.

The goal of the following procedures is to establish a system by which artifacts and natural specimens discovered accidentally at the sites can be recovered, evaluated by relevant staff, cataloged, and properly curated. The curatorial staff and site personnel will collaborate on the decision whether the item(s) should be added to the permanent collections or to the education collection. Information regarding collecting/disturbing artifacts or natural specimens on OHS property will be provided to site staff, which they can communicate to visitors as needed. Visitors should be informed directly and via site regulation signs of the penalties for illegally removing items from the site. At the same time, they should also be encouraged to contribute to the preservation of the site’s cultural and natural resources by either reporting objects they have seen or by giving them to site staff for safekeeping.

Please note that these procedures focus on accidental discoveries only. Formal archaeological or biological research projects on OHS properties require special permits.

Procedures for site staff: Record the location and date of the discovery as soon as possible. Keeping a specific log book for recording found objects would be helpful Observe the location where the item was found. Are there other artifacts or specimens near by? Are there any visible signs of a pit, midden, or concentration of items? Inform relevant Collections/Curatorial personnel of the discovery Place the item in a box or zip-lock plastic bag in which is included a label recording the location and date of the discovery Store the item(s) in a safe location at the site until such time that you can bring them to the Registrar’s storage area at the Ohio Historical Center for further evaluation and cataloging If you find a bone which you think may be human or if you find a partially exposed human burial, contact the Archaeology staff at the Ohio Historical Center immediately. Also contact the county coroner who is responsible for determining whether the remains are of any medical-legal interest. In the case of a partially exposed burial, cover the remains with plastic or some similar material to protect them from exposure to the elements and from further disturbance. If the county coroner determines that the remains are not of any medical-legal interest, OHS archaeology staff will assess the situation and determine, in collaboration with site staff, whether the burial should be left in place (with proper protection) or removed, following established procedures, and curated. Human remains removed from a site which are identified as American Indian will be subject to NAGPRA compliance. (On 12 July 2002 the Society issued a moratorium on the recovery of all human remains. The directive and subsequent clarification included the following points: 1) Human remains and associated objects may be exposed so that information regarding their ancestry and antiquity may be gathered 2) Formal burials will not be removed from context and will be re-buried in place 3) The location of the burial will be recorded and measures will be taken to protect the burial from further disturbance.) Site staff and curators together will decide whether particular items are to be placed in the permanent collection or the education collection; the objects will be cataloged in the permanent collection records. Since most sites are not equipped with collections storage space, items added to the permanent collections will be stored at the central collection facilities in Columbus. Items added to the education collections can

Appendix III: Procedures Newark Earthworks HSMP A.103 be returned to the sites if they can be incorporated into existing educational programs at those locations. However, they should be protected from unreasonable damage or theft. In those instances when objects are turned in by visitors, the relevant site and collections/curatorial staff will write a formal letter thanking the person(s) for their assistance in preserving the site’s cultural resources.

The cultural and natural resources at OHS sites are protected by several provisions in state law: Sec. 149.54 Archaeological survey or salvage on public lands; prohibitions; penalties Requires permit from Director of OHS for any “ …archaeological survey or salvage work on any land that is owned, controlled, or administered by the state or any political subdivision of the state, or at any archaeological preserve … or at any state archaeological landmark…. Whoever violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree

Sec. 155.05 Violating rules at prehistoric parks No person shall willfully violate a reasonable rule governing the access to prehistoric parks or historic grounds made by a person, association, or company owning or having custody of such parks or grounds, nor shall any person injure or mark structures, trees, or plants therein. Whoever violates this section is liable to such owners or custodians for damages.

Sec. 155.99 Penalties Whoever violates section 155.05 of the Revised Code is guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.

A.104 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix III: Procedures APPENDIX IV: ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR MOUNDBUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB, MARCH 31, 1992

The purpose of these guidelines is to insure that the archaeological record of Octagon State Memorial will be preserved for future generations. They will, if followed regularly, provide the minimum necessary protection for the archaeological resources at Octagon. Any ground disturbance not considered explicitly in this document must be subject to the review and approval of the Ohio Historical Society. These guidelines will be subject to change and negotiation as new information on Octagon becomes available and as new situations arise.

I. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Routine maintenance consists of excavations or ground disturbance in areas which have an obvious history of previous disturbance. Routine maintenance can regularly be done without notification of OHS personnel. The following types of tasks are considered routine maintenance.

1. Edging sand traps and ornamental beds 2. Lawn maintenance - mowing and chemical application 3. Tree stump removal 4. Ornamental plantings within existing beds 5. Replacing fence posts or other posts when the original hole is used. 6. Filling of low or rough areas or divots as long as on-site excavated fill dirt is not used 7. Repair of pilot valves in the irrigation line 8. Repair or replacement of existing paths 9. Lawn and green maintenance restricted to the sod layer

This list will be expanded as our knowledge of the extent of prior disturbance at Octagon increases.

II. EMERGENCY REPAIRS

An emergency exists when there is a waterline break or other failure of an existing below-ground fixture. When an emergency repair requiring digging is needed, the grounds manager should notify OHS by phone. Call the site manager or archaeologist at 787-2476 or 344-1920. Leave a message if there is no answer. OHS staff will respond when and if they can.

In the meantime the MCC staff should proceed with the repair. We ask that they leave the excavation open for as long as possible and that the excavated material not be relocated so that OHS personnel can examine both. Failure of OHS staff to respond is not reason to delay the repair. It will be the responsibility of the OHS staff to observe the excavation once they are notified.

Appendix IV: MCC Guideline Newark Earthworks HSMP A.105 III. GOLF COURSE IMPROVEMENTS

Golf course improvements include any activities which involve ground disturbance not covered by routine maintenance or emergency situations. These activities will require written application to OHS for permission. In many cases they may require approval of our Board of Trustees. In some cases they may require archaeological testing. If testing is required the cost will be borne by the Moundbuilders Country Club. The following things will require written application.

1. New structures 2. Any incursion into the earthworks 3. Digging in undisturbed areas (i.e., areas currently in turf with no evidence of recent disturbance) more than 6 inches deep and/or covering more than 20 square feet 4. Planting new trees 5. Any building, course changes, or other activity of the Moundbuilders Country Club staff involving ground disturbance not covered by the above specifications

Application should be made to: Site Operations Department Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43211

IV. ARTIFACTS

Any artifacts, whether prehistoric flint tools or historic coins, bottles, or other items discovered on the grounds of the Octagon State Memorial are the property of the Ohio Historical Society and must be reported and turned over to the OHS staff for proper documentation and preservation.

A.106 Newark Earthworks CRMP Appendix IV: MCC Guidelines APPENDIX V: OCTAGON EARTHWORKS ACCESS AGREEMENT July 5, 2001

General Considerations

Work with Moundbuilders Country Club (MCC) staff and membership to improve visitor relations. OHS and MCC to establish guidelines for visitor use and how they will be enforced. MCC to have the ability to enforce the guidelines OHS and MCC to establish contact lists for their respective organizations for better communication. OHS and MCC to appoint representatives to meet quarterly. Visitors to the Newark Earthworks complex to be directed first to the Great Circle. Staff and exterior signage at the Great Circle will explain how to access Octagon. Information will include how to drive there, guidelines for visitor use, and what areas are open to the public and when. Club buildings will not be open to visitors.

Public Visitation

Designate 5 parking spaces near the observation platform for visitors. Establish a path to the platform from the visitor parking area. Erect signs with guidelines for visitor use, maps showing what areas are open to the public and when, and instructions to get to Great Circle and Wright Earthworks. Signage to be by OHS. Make OHS literature about the site available at all times, such as at or near the viewing platform. OHS to stock. OHS and MCC to continue to work to designate a safe trail for visitors to follow during limited access times. This trail would be available during daylight hours. Hours of access: Access to the observation platform and the safe trail (when it is established) will be during daylight hours year round plus: Entire site to be open during daylight hours on Mondays from November 1 to March 31 and on Monday mornings during the remainder of the year except when golf outings are scheduled. Entire site to be open to visitors during daylight hours when golfing is prohibited due to course conditions. MCC to post sign daily indicating if site is open or closed to visitors. In the first sixty days of each year, OHS and MCC will designate four afternoons when the entire site is open. Two Mondays full days between April 1 and October 31 and one weekend day in April and one weekend day in October.

Group Visits and Special Events

Subject to the availability of OHS staff and reasonable accommodation of the needs of MCC, groups may schedule visits to Octagon. Groups seeking to visit Octagon must make prior arrangements with OHS staff at Newark Earthworks. OHS staff will coordinate these visits with MCC. Groups will be led by OHS staff. A limited number of days and times may be set aside for special events developed by OHS staff involving interpretation of the Octagon. These events may not necessarily require access to the whole course or for an entire day. They will be scheduled well in advance and approved with MCC.

Appendix V: Access Agreement Newark Earthworks HSMP A. 107 APPENDIX VI

ADVISORY PANEL MEMBERS

Name Company/Organization Committee Assignment

Alexander, Dean Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Preservation Ballangee-Morris, Christine Ohio State University, History Department Interpretation Besanceney, Jerry Interpretation - Vice Chair Dupps, Daniel City of Heath Preservation - Vice Chair Gardner, Paul Archaeological Conservancy Preservation - Chair Gill, Jeff Licking County Archaeological and Landmarks Society Preservation Griffin, Helen Interpretation Hosick, H. Clark Preservation Hughes, Bill Interpretation Jackson, John Denison University, Department of Black Studies Access Landeros-Thomas, Barry Ohio Chapter of the American Indian Movement Research - Vice Chair Landeros-Thomas, Regina Ohio Center for Native American Affairs Access Mason, Patricia Research McCoard, Jean Native American Alliance of Ohio Interpretation - Chair Mills, T. Thomas Licking Memorial Hospital, Moundbuilders Country Club Preservation Moats, Rich Archaeological Society of Ohio - Flint Ridge Chapter Interpretation Niccum, Rich Licking Park District Research Null, Scott Moundbuilders Country Club Interpretation Reese, Gilbert (Gib) Moundbuilders Country Club Preservation Riffle, Tim Licking County Historical Society Research Romain, William Research Salome, Skip Moundbuilders Country Club Access Shiels, Richard OSU Newark Campus Access - Vice Chair Tonetti, Al Ohio Archaeological Council Research - Chair Vernau, Don Moundbuilders Country Club Research Welsh, Carol Coalition of Indian Agencies in Ohio Interpretation Welsh, Elizabeth Newark Licking County Chamber of Commerce Access - Chair Welsh, Mark Native American Indian Center of Central Ohio Preservation

OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY STAFF MEMBERS

Henthorne, Steve Acting Chief of Site Operations Hitch, Neal Associate Architect and Associate Historic Architect Access Kane, George Director of Facilities Management Kingery, Jim Site Manager, Newark Earthworks State Memorial Preservation Lepper, Brad Archaeologist Research Otto, Martha Archaeologist Interpretation Strider, Jim Director of Historic Preservation and Statewide Outreach Services

CONSULTANTS Pape, Kevin Gray and Pape, Inc. Meisner, Gary Meisner and Associates Miller, Travis Meisner and Associates NEWARK EARTHWORKS MANAGEMENT PLAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE INPUT/COMMON GROUND January 15, 2002 GROUP: Community Context and Access 2003 - 2008 2008 - 2078 2078 > SHORT TERM MID TERM LONG TERM OHS Agreement Page Number in Report

THEMES ISSUES IDEAS COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT

The Big Picture is that the Newark Earthworks need to become much more accessible to the public and, by doing so, more important to our community. Full public access will require that the country club leave the site. Our committee is X Y unanimous on that point. In the shorter term increasing public access will require 1 negotiation and compromise with the p.16 PRIORITY ONE --- DEVELOP A PROCESS FOR COMMUNICATION - X (A) 2 DEVELOP AN ADVISORY pp.17,21,34 IDENTIFY ALL MOUNDS AND EARTHWORKS ASSOCIATED WITH X Y 3 THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS WITH pp.19,36

4 DANGER OF LOSS X (B)

PUBLIC CONTROL WHERE X 5 EARTHWORKS HAVE THE Y pp.19,25,29,36 6 PUBLIC ENTITIES TO RESTORE X Y pp.19,25

RE-EVALUATE THE MCC/OHS X 7 ACCESS AGREEMENT Y p.21

8 APPROPRIATE TIMES FOR ACCESS X Y p.21 ACCESS AGREEMENT CAN BE PERIODICALLY EVALUATED WITH X Y 9 PUBLIC INPUT TO INSURE p.21

10 EDUCATION WITH BETTER PUBLIC X Y pp.21,32,34 PROMOTION IS ACCESS - PROMOTE THE SITE THROUGH BETTER SIGNAGE AND CONTACT SCHOOL X Y 11 GROUPS TO PROMOTE FIELD TRIPS pp.21,32,34 USE THE JOHN HANDCOCK VIDEO 12 AND SOFTWARE Y p.32 immediately CREATE ALTERNATE ACCESS 13 THROUGH NEW TECHNOLOGY X Y

14 PROVIDE MORE GOLF FREE DAYS X X (C)

DESIGNATE SOME DAYS TO BE 15 DESIGNATED 9-HOLE GOLF DAYS X (C)

WANT TO USE THE SITE AS A PLACE X Y 16 OF PRAYER pp.21,34 DEVELOP PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS TO PROVIDE X Y 17 BETTER EDUCATIONAL pp.18,19,33 CREATE NEWARK EARTHWORKS 2-3 DAY 18 YRS Y p.18

2-3 19 HOST ACEDEMIC CONFERENCE YRS Y p.18 CREATE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS 20 WITH NEWARK AND HEATH X Y pp.18,36 COMPLETE FEASIBILITY STUDY TO 21 RELOCATE MCC X N p.23 22 PREPORATION FOR FUNDING X X N RELOCATE MCC TO NEW FACILITY 23 TO PROVIDE COMPLETE PUBLIC X N 24 SUCH AS PUBLIC RESTROOMS AT X (D) pp.32,34 SUPPLEMENT MUSEUM AT GREAT CIRCLE WITH ADDITIONAL X 25 ISSUES RAISED BY Y OTHER GROUPS TO CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE GROUP: DETERMINE WHICH TYPES OF EVENTS CAN BE HELD AT EACH 26 SITE - LIMITING TO THOSE THAT CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE GROUP: ESTABLISH VISITATION 27 POLICIES TO ALL EARTHWORKS

OHS NOTES:

(A) Advisory group will provide input on access dates (B) Work with others to protect sites (C) Will work with MCC to provide more golf free days and other alternatives (D) Provide improved facilities for Newark Earthworks NEWARK EARTHWORKS MANAGEMENT PLAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE INPUT/COMMON GROUND January 15, 2002 GROUP: Resource Identification and Research 2003 - 2008 2008 - 2078 2078 > SHORT TERM MID TERM LONG TERM OHS Agreement Page Number in Report

THEMES ISSUES IDEAS COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT

X X x Y 1 THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS SITE IS A WORLD CLASS HISTORIC/CULTURAL RESOURCE.

RESEARCH (ANTHROPOLOGICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL, ASTRONOMICAL, AND OTHER) IS VITAL FOR OUR X X X Y 2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS p.28

THE INTEGRITY OF THE PREHISTORIC CULTURAL RESOURCES AT THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS CANNOT X N 3 BE MAINTAINED WITH THE PRESENCE OF THE GOLF COURSE. 1

THE PRESENCE OF MOUNDBUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB AT OCTAGON EARTHWORKS CONSTITUTES AN X N 4 UNACCEPTABLE IMPEDIMENT TO ACCESS FOR RESEARCH. 2

X X X Y 5 PUBLIC EDUCATION SHOULD BE A COMPONENT OF ANY RESEARCH PROJECT. pp.30,32, 34

MUTUAL RESPECT FOR ALL TRADITIONS AND VIEWPOINTS SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN RESEARCH X X X Y 6 UNDERTAKEN AT THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS. p.30

X X X Y 7 MOUNDBUILDERS COUNTRY CLUB IS A CULTURAL RESOURCE. 3 pp.26,27

X X X Y 8 A COMPREHENSIVE INVENTORY (DATABASE) OF CULTURAL RESOURCES SHOULD BE DEVELOPED. pp.28,29

ARCHIVAL DATA, ORAL HISTORY, AND NATIVE AMERICAN TRADITIONS ARE VALUABLE CULTURAL X X X Y 9 RESOURCES AS WELL AND THESE SHOULD BE INCORPORATED INTO THE DATABASE. pp.28,29,36

X X X Y 10 RESEARCH SHOULD BE GUIDED BY A LONG-TERM STRATEGIC PLAN. p.29

X X X (A) 11 ADDITIONAL REMNANTS OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS SHOULD BE IDENTIFIED AND ACQUIRED. pp.19,25,29,36

RESEARCH METHODS SHOULD BE AS NON-INVASIVE AS POSSIBLE. REMOTE SENSING SHOULD BE X X X Y EMPLOYED WHENEVER POSSIBLE. MORE INVASIVE METHODS, INCLUDING EXCAVATION, WILL BE 12 APPROPRIATE FOR ANSWERING CERTAIN QUESTIONS. p.30

THE PROCESS OF APPLYING FOR RESEARCH PERMITS AT OHS SITES SHOULD BE CLARIFIED, X X X (B) FORMALIZED, AND STREAMLINED. SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION SHOULD BE 13 FORMULATED AND THERE SHOULD BE A FORMAL APPEALS PROCESS. p.30

AN ADVISORY COMMITTEE SHOULD BE FORMED TO CONSIDER (AMONG OTHER THINGS) RESEARCH X X X (C) 14 PROPOSALS. pp.17,18

X X X Y 15 OHS SHOULD OBTAIN THE NECESSARY FUNDING FOR ACCOMPLISHING THESE INITIATIVES. p.37

FOOTNOTES: 1 Al Tonette and Don Vernau diagree. Al thinks the Octagon Earthworks would not be preserved if not for the Country Club. Don and Al both believe the earthworks and golf course can co-exist and have co-existed for 90 years. 2 Al Tonetti, Don Vernau, Tim Riffle, and Pat Mason disagree. They assert that research could be accomodated by the Country Club. 3 Bill Romain, Tim Riffle, Pat Mason, and Barry Landeros-Thomas would clarify this statement by asserting that the Country Club is much less culturally significant than the ancient earthworks.

OHS NOTES:

(A) Remnants should be identified and protected (B) Policy should be reviewed on a society-wide basis (C) Advisory committee to provide input in the planning for research NEWARK EARTHWORKS MANAGEMENT PLAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE INPUT/COMMON GROUND January 15, 2002 GROUP: Conservation & Maintenance 2003 - 2008 2008 - 2078 2078 > SHORT TERM MID TERM LONG TERM OHS Agreement Page Number in Report

THEMES ISSUES IDEAS COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON-AGREEMENT

X X Y 1 EXPLORE DESIGNATION AS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE p.30

CONSERVATION SHOULD BE MOST CONCERNED WITH HOW CURRENT AND FUTURE USE OF THE SITES X X X Y 2 WILL IMPACT THE EARTHWORKS AND ASSOCIATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS.

CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SITES SHOULD BE STUDIED TO DETERMINE HOW MANY PEOPLE EACH X Y 3 SITE CAN HANDLE WITHOUT DISTURBING THE ARCHAEOLOGY p.23

IDENTIFY ANY MAINTENANCE PRACTICES WHICH SHOULD BE CURTAILED OR DISCONTINUED FOR X X X Y REASONS OF ARCHAEOLOGICY OR CULTURAL DEPRECIATION AND DETERMINE WHY THERE ARE MORE 4 BARREN PATCHES ON VERTICAL SURFACES AT THE GOLF COURSE p.23

X X X Y 5 IDENTIFY THE AFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS USERS AND WAYS TO MITIGATE ADVERSE AFFECTS. 1 p.23

X X X Y 6 SELECT APPROPRIATE GROUND COVER FOR THE SITES. 2 p.24

X Y 7 CONSIDER ANIMAL AND PLANT COMMUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE; AND THOSE TO DISCOURAGE. 3

X X X Y 8 IDENTIFY SITES ON PRIVATE PROPERTY AND CONSULT OWNERS AS TO ITS PRESERVATION pp.19,25,29,36

DEVELOP PARTNERSHIPS WITH PRIVATE OWNERS TO HELP MAINTAIN SITES AND BUY CONSERVATION X X X Y 9 EASEMENTS p.19, 36

X X X (A) 10 APPROACH POLITICIANS TO ENACT STRICTER PRESERVATION LAWS (To vague to be meaningful)

ESTABLISH POLICY TO PROTECT THE MOUNDS FROM OVERUSE TO PREVENT EROSION AND DETERMINE X Y 11 WHY THERE ARE MORE BARREN PATCHES ON VERTICAL SURFACES AT THE GOLF COURSE p23

IDENTIFY POTENTIAL USER GROUPS (NATIVE AMERICANS, GOLFERS, GENERAL PUBLIC, GROUP TOURS, X Y ETC.) AND THEIR DIFFERING NEEDS IN TERMS OF IMPACT (INCLUDE AS PART OF "IDENTIFY THE 12 AFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS USERS AND WAYS TO MITIGATE ADVERSE AFFECTS) p.23

X X X Y 13 WORK WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT COMPATIBLE ZONING p.25

EXPLORE USE TREE PLANTINGS ON THE OUTSIDE PERIMERTERS OF THE SITE TO CREATE BARRIERS AS A MEANS TO MAKE THE PLACE MORE VISUALLY PLEASING, WITH LESS SMOG, AND AS A SCREEN FOR NOISE IN THE EVENT OF RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY OR BUSINESS AROUND THE SITE X Y (MAKE THIS A FOOTNOTE TO "CONSIDER ANIMAL AND PLANT COMMUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE; AND 14 THOSE TO DISCOURAGE) p.25

Y 15 CONSIDER REMNANT FORESTRIES AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE OF THE SITE p.28

FOOTNOTES:

1. Identify potential user groups (native americans, golfers, general public, group tours, etc.) and their differing needs in terms of impact 2. While working with MCC to improve current turf management as to preservation issues, we also note that the transition from golf course to park setting will entail significant changes in maintenance and upkeep. 3. Expore use tree plantings on the outside perimeters of the site to create barriers as a means to make the place more visually pleasing, with less smog, and as a screen for noise in the event of rapid development of industry or business around the site.

OHS NOTES:

(A) Outside scope of CRMP NEWARK EARTHWORKS MANAGEMENT PLAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE INPUT/COMMON GROUND January 15, 2002 GROUP: Public Interpretation and Education 2003 - 2008 2008 - 2078 2078 > SHORT TERM MID TERM LONG TERM OHS Agreement Page Number in Report

THEMES ISSUES IDEAS COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON- AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON- AGREEMENT COMMON GROUND GRAY AREA NON- AGREEMENT

GOALS:

1 THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS IS A WORLD-CLASS PHENOMENON THAT DESERVES MORE RESPECT AND RECOGNITION X X Y

X X X Y 2 THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS IS A WORLD-CLASS SITE THAT DESERVES A FIRST-CLASS INTERPRETIVE PROGRAM

X Y 3 INTERPRETATION SHOULD INVOLVE THE ENTIRE NEWARK EARTHWORKS; PUT SITE IN REGIONAL CONTEXT (1)

4 PRESERVE EARTHWORKS FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS X X X Y

DEVELOP AN INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED RESEARCH CENTER FOCUSED ON INDIGENOUS CULTURES WITH PARTICULAR 5 EMPHASIS ON NATIVE AMERICAN STUDIES X (A) STRATEGIES:

DEVELOP AN INTERPRETIVE CENTER/PROGRAM FOCUSED ON THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS THAT INCORPORATES INFORMATION X X X Y 6 BOTH ABOUT THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT IT AND ABOUT THE MORE RECENT HISTORY OF THE SITE pp.31,33,35

7 EQUIP INTERPRETIVE CENTER TO ACCOMMODATE NEW TECHNOLOGIES X Y p.31, 32

X X X Y 8 PRESENT THE LIFESTYLE OF THE ANCIENT BUILDERS; INDICATE WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT IS NOT KNOWN pp28, 33

SHOW CHANGES IN NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE THROUGH TIME; CONTINUITY OF SPIRITUAL CORE AND EMPHASIZE THAT X X X (B) 9 AMERICAN INDIANS ARE STILL HERE pp.28,31,32,33

PRESENT THE SCIENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AS A MEANS OF LEARNING ABOUT BOTH THE DISTANT AND RECENT PAST AND X X X (C) ARCHAEOLOGISTS PRESENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS . ALSO HAVE NATIVE AMERICAN INTERPRETERS PRESENT 10 NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE. p.33

11 TAILOR PROGRAMS/TOPICS TO VARIOUS AGE GROUPS X Y p.31

ENCOURAGE COMMUNICATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOL BOARDS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE X Y 12 NEWARK EARTHWORKS pp.20,31,34

13 TURN THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS OVER TO THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE(5) X N

X X X Y 14 ACCOMPLISH GREATER APPRECIATION OF THE SITE BY LOCAL RESIDENTS, AIDED BY BETTER SIGNAGE, HIGHWAY DIRECTIONS pp.19,20,32

15 DEVELOP METHODS TO MAINTAIN OCTAGON WITHOUT THE GOLF COURSE X (D) pp.17,37

Y 17 CREATE MORE INTERACTIVE, “HANDS-ON” ACTIVITIES FOR ALL AGES TO COMPLEMENT THE EXHIBITS X X X p.33

18 DEVELOP A LIVING HISTORY VILLAGE X X X (E)

19 ESTABLISH A WEB SITE X X X Y p.33

20 STORY-TELLING X X X Y p.33

21 INTERPRETIVE ACTIVITIES SHOULD OCCUR OUTSIDE THE EARTHWORKS X X X (F) p.33

ESTABLISH “QUITE AREAS” AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS TO GIVE VISITORS THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPERIENCE THE SITE IN THEIR Y 22 OWN WAY X X X pp.21,34

PROVIDE HEADPHONES WITH INTERPRETIVE NARRATIONS THAT VISITORS CAN TURN ON AND OFF WHEN DESIRED IN ORDER TO Y 23 EXPERIENCE THE SITE IN THEIR OWN WAY X X X

(G) 24 RESERVE SOME ACTIVITIES/TIMES TO BE STRICTLY FOR NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS X X X

NATIVE AMERICAN CRAFT SHOWS OR POW WOWS THAT ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC ARE SUITABLE ACTIVITIES; PARTICIPATION (H) 25 SHOULD BE OPEN TO PERSONS WHO ARE NOT MEMBERS OF FEDERALLY-RECOGNIZED TRIBES AS WELL AS THOSE WHO ARE X X X p.33

IDEAS FOR FUTURE DISCUSSION AT STATEWIDE LEVEL (4):

USE NEWARK AS THE BASIS FOR INCORPORATING MORE EMPHASIS ON AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURES IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL (I) 26 PROFICIENCY TESTS X X X p.34

27 NO IMAGES OF BURIALS ARE TO BE USED IN INTERPRETATIONS X X X (I) pp.3,33

(I) 28 DESCIBE ARTIFACT COLLECTIONS: HOW DID OHS OBTAIN THEM AND BY WHAT RIGHT DOES OHS KEEP THEM? X p.3

ELIMINATE THE TERM, “HOPEWELL” (A EURO-AMERICAN TERM, NOT THE NATIVE NAME FOR THE BUILDERS OF THE EARTHWORKS) (I) 29 (2) X p.3

(I) 30 DO NOT EXHIBIT ARTIFACTS FOUND WITH BURIALS, EITHER THE ACTUAL SPECIMENS OR REPLICAS (3) - Per NAGPRA X pp.3,33

FOOTNOTES: (1) RICH MOATS AND JERRY BESANCENEY SUGGESTED INCLUDING EVIDENCE FOR GREAT HOPEWELL ROAD, COMPARE NEWARK WITH OTHER MOUND-BUILDING CULTURES IN NORTH AMERICA (2) THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE DISCUSSION ABOUT APPROPRIATE TERMINOLOGY; JEAN MCCOARD SUGGESTED WAITING UNTIL BARBARA MANN'S BOOK, WHICH DEALS IN PART WITH PREHISTORIC CULTURES, IS PUBLISHED (3) RICH MOATS DISAGREED, INDICATING THAT MANY OBJECTS SHOWING THE ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE HOPEWELL PEOPLE, TRADE NETWORKS, AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS HAPPEN TO HAVE COME FROM BURIAL ASSOCIATIONS. JEAN MCCOARD AND OTHERS STATED THAT PROHIBITING EXHIBITION OF BURIAL OBJECTS IS A CULTURAL VALUE ISSUE INVOLVING NATIVE SPIRITUALITY

(4) ISSUES TO BE CARRIED FORWARD FOR RESOLUTION AT STATEWIDE DISCUSSION BECAUSE THEY HAVE RAMIFICATIONS FAR BEYOND THE NEWARK COMPLEX (I.E. THE QUESTION OF DISPLAY OF GRAVE GOODS AND REPLICAS, THE NAMES TO BE USED FOR THE MOUND BUILDERS, ETC.)

(5) PRESENTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL.

N.B. THE COMMITTEE DECIDED TO ELIMINATE THE EARLIER SUGGESTION THAT THE INTERPRETIVE CENTER BE MANAGED BY NATIVE AMERICANS OHS NOTES: (A) Cooperate with partners (B) Explain that Native Americans are still here (C) OHS will present both view points using qualified staff (D) OHS will develop contingency plan (E) OHS is concerned with cost and authenticity (F) Only appropriate activities should occur inside the earthworks (G) OHS cannot discriminate in its programming. However, private events can be arranged by others (H) Agree within confines of Native American Arts and Crafts Act (I) OHS is willing to discuss these issues Newark Earthworks Cultural Resource Management Plan (CRMP) Advisory Panel Review Meeting

May 28, 2003

Newark, OH The Works Meeting Hall

The following are the key points, comments and concerns raised by those Advisory Panel committee members present upon review of the Executive Summary.

Introduction Use of word “Hopewell” for Native American? Consider better wordsmithing of this “Hopewell” term that archeologists use. Panel recognized that the way “Hopewell” used in the CRMP is generally appropriate; the reaction was specifically to the terms’ use in the executive summary. Panel also recognized that this was an issue that transcends the Newark CRMP but that OHS could take a lead in making a change. OHS might consider creating a committee to explore alternative nomenclature, take the lead in creating a new name, rather than waiting for state or national leaders to step in.

Access / Golf Free Days The “to be created” Advisory Board needs to set goals for access---there needs to be concrete and specific goals for access in the plan Create more opportunities for public access, work toward a real & accessible plan. “Safe Trails”  expand this to include other access opportunities Who will “enforce” the agreement? OHS? Despite current and consistent questions on access, “progress has been made” in past few years. Are the limitations only set by M.C.C.? (Only 4 golf free days?) Someone mentioned talking to the MCC president, who indicated that MCC did not set access at 4 days, suggesting a possible willingness to consider more.

Advisory Board Must have clout, not just words. Momentum for increasing “golf free days” is here now, “Strike while the iron is hot”request “golf free days now” Keep the momentum alive and vigorous. There was a general concern about assurances that the plan would be implemented. The Advisory Board was offered up as a means to ensure implementation. OHS needs to address the issue of implementation, how it will implement a Board “with teeth”, and how it will function.

Management Strategies “Lease Context” suggests resolution to be adopted by OHS now. State that the M.C.C. agreement would not be extended beyond 2078. Modify language to “will” (switched from M.C.C. may not continue the lease past 2078) * “Will OHS be honorable? Will OHS listen to the Native Americans?” Action not words---look to past problems Management policy for all “Earthworks” site-Newark First Re: Maintenance **The leases and renewals are available through the OHS. The dates of these are 1922, ’38, ’44, ’57, ’78, ’83, ’88, ’93, ‘97

Preservation & Treatment We had asked Jeff Gill, as representative of this committee, to write something about the committee’s position relative to the maintenance building inside the Octagon. Here is what he wrote: “We recommend that the maintenance building inside the Octagon enclosure be moved, at the earliest possible opportunity, to an already “disturbed” area that would be outside of and less visible from the enclosure area. Any new construction would be reviewed in a manner consistent with the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. No further construction within the enclosure should, in principle, be permitted.” Caretaker’s House? ---Sold to private individual

Appendix VIII: Summary of Comments Newark Earthworks HSMP 119 Criteria? (National Register Criteria)---Perhaps strengthen criteria Move the maintenance structure from inside of octagon? Place outside of enclosure? (Committee chair Jeff: Add his language into CRMP) G.K. OHS agreed

Interpretive Plan & Visitor Facilities This issue of burial site & remains--- sensitivity is a key issue “Society-wide basis” concerns of OHS (changed from “society-side basis) “Octagon Interpretive Facility”---what does this mean Not yet determined (G.K. OHS) A written comment register’s a practicing interpreter’s concern with over-reliance on high tech interpretation

Implementation “What amount of capital funds are we talking about?” What type of timetable could be expected? $530,000  Reauthorize two times---will try to match and extend. (G.K. OHS) “Will the state try to recapture?”---Can the Newark Earthworks be separate from operating funds? Keep the momentum alive, act now Does OHS need grant writing help?  I.D. volunteer support aid with public. Short-term goals---2008?!? Clarify ‘short term’ by making a short term goal Highway and Road signage & promotion---where are the signs?  Partnerships & Access (“easy to find”/ City of Newark issue) OHS & F. Mounds  Put pressure on ODOT for promotional signs Handicapped access--- comply with ADA (OK) Put deed & lease in CRMP

Follow-Up Comments The CRMP “needs a copy editor”

Written Comments On the issue of Access to the mounds two written comments from the public: (1) “To increase access” on a schedule with measurable goals and outcomes that builds on public interest and growing awareness of the site. (2) Since access continues to be a source of conflict maybe the issue needs 3rd party mediation on this specific issue.

Notes Comments were from Advisory Committee members unless noted * = Comments by non-Advisory Committee members

Summary by Grey and Pape

120 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix VIII: Summary of Comments Summary of Public Comments Newark Earthworks Historic Site Management Plan

p. 3 much of what is taught in schools about Native Americans is wrong. Because of the complexity of Native cultures, they are not appropriate to include in proficiency tests. p. 3 Burial items are not items for display per NAGPRA law. p. 3 Use Hopewell/Talligewi in lieu of Hopewell. p. 15 Earthworks have spiritual significance for Native Americans, not “some” Native Americans. p. 17 caveat that if the county club should decide to break the lease, OHS will not seek legal recourse. p. 29 OHS and Native Americans need to generate a working document on the meaning and value of Native American oral tradition and its place in historical and archaeological dialogue. p. 30 Say “OHS will explore partnerships with Native American Traditionals (those who know and follow their cultures and traditions). p. 30 provide a forum that would nurture positive interaction between OHS and Ohio’s Indians. p. 31 Say “Native Americans are connected in deeply spiritual ways to the Newark Earthworks.” p. 31 primary goal of interpretation is to inform the public about the sites and their builders, the Hopewell/Tallegewi. p. 33 Burial items are not items for display.

OHS is “custodian” of the Newark Earthworks.

Newark Earthworks should be considered a “Shrine.” The attitude expected of all visitors should be of respect, if not reverence. Incidentals (facts) should be used to underscore the meaning of the place.

Satisfied with the lease arrangement.

Spend more money on the Great Circle.

p. 3 Hopewell is a good name, won’t change. If Native Americans have a name, use it in interpretive programs. p. 15 Referring to the Newark Earthworks as a public facility not entirely accurate since the golf club limits access. p. 18 NPS Washington office and the Midwest Region are mandated by law as NHL partners. p. 24 Androgen Associates and Effigy Mounds NM are not cited in bibliography. Check to see if others are missed. p. 25 Use “adversely effect” rather than “deleteriously impact.” p. 26 Use “inadvertent” discovery rather than “accidental.”

Appendix VIII: Summary of Comments Newark Earthworks HSMP 121 p. 29 Use “identified” “outlined” or “enumerated” instead of “codified.” p. 30 Temper “research must be conducted with sensitivity to all traditions and viewpoints.” What does that mean. p. 31 “New Agers” are a potential audience. p. 32 In addition to interpretive signage, we need informational, directional, and regulatory signage. p. 33 “Society-wide” not “Society-side.” p. A40 Questions interpretation of Daniel Webster.

Useful document, but one that will not immediately resolve some of the controversial issues bearing on access and preservation.

OHS, as the landowner, should have the right to terminate or modify the lease agreement for cause or convenience if it feels the agreement is detrimental to cultural resources.

Plan never speaks “in terms of OHS initiatives taken in its own interest.” (OHS) can decide not to renew next time it comes up, and could amend the lease anytime by mutual agreement.

Introduction is adequate.

Chronological history is told from a western perspective/words/and tone.

Management framework and cultural resource preservation and treatment: Country club’s presence on the spiritual site is an abomination. Ignoring this is unforgivable. Needs more progressive moves for accessibility, pesticides, and MCC’s accountability for racist acts.

Likes the multiple perspectives of the interpretive prospectus.

Timeframe for implementation is still not progressive or aggressive enough.

Country Club is asset to the community and has provided pretty good stewardship.

CRMP should include a lease termination strategy. OHS board should consider bringing forth a written resolution that would specifically not extend the lease with MCC beyond 2078.

Archaeological Society of Ohio should be specifically included as a resource in this plan and be named in Goals of Maintenance and Preservation, D. Recommendations for Future Research and Study, Long-term Strategic Plan section.

Find way to break the lease.

Access must be maintained.

Reclaim and preserve this precious past that is left.

Encourage and incorporate Native American oral traditions.

Native people should be the caretakers of such a unique archaeological and sacred site.

The Octagon Mound is “a real church.” The Great Circle and the Octagon Mounds are spiritual centers and resting places.

122 Newark Earthworks HSMP Appendix VIII: Summary of Comments Disagrees with the following which are unfunded burdens on MCC:

a. Relocation of 10th hole is not reasonable. Not sufficient land. Access to the observatory mound cannot be made safe as long as both the 10th and 18th holes are present. b. Removal of present trees for the line of sight from observatory mound should be minimal. c. In reference to planting trees, what does outside the earthworks mean? It is not reasonable to say the club cannot replace the trees. d. The species of new trees restrictions is an unfair cost to the country club. The Country Club owns trees grown to replace lost trees. e. Unfair to assume that the club will vacate the property at the expiration of the existing lease. This is a decrease in value to future members. No assumption should be made in the plan.

Wants to determine in about 2048 whether or not to renew the lease so that the club can make plans for the future.

No mention of a Collections Management Policy.

Plan does not mention how the NHL status of these sites fit in with its development.

Landmark status should be taken into consideration in the final draft.

Could OHS pull a complete list of artifacts from the NAGPRA inventory.

Seek a grant to finish artifact inventory.

Because of NHL designation a person from NPS Midwest Archaeological Center should be consulted on any and all improvements, upgrades, and changes to the site.

Plan is basically very good and well thought out.

Adequate viewing (at the Octagon) is available from the platform viewing stand.

Only exception is to be able to stand on observatory mound.

Would like to know who is getting paid to keep the public away from the mounds.

Get rid of the golf course or make sure ANYONE can visit the mounds on nice days.

Good work in summarizing the enormous philosophical, cultural and economic issues so we may all better debate specific matters.

The term “Hopewell” has become a fixture in contemporary American society. Likes what many American Indian tribes are doing… They are presenting both the “foreign” term for their tribe or nation with their own term, i.e. Delaware (Lenape) or Lenape (Delaware). Recommends trying to change. But feels we may never know what the “Hopewell” people called themselves.

When all is said and done, there will be three questions: when, where, and how much will it cost to move the Golf Club?

Summary by Ohio Historical Society

Appendix VIII: Summary of Comments Newark Earthworks HSMP 123 APPENDIX IX

DEEDS AND LEASES

GREAT CIRCLE EARTHWORKS

Deed - 1933 Licking County Agricultural Society Tract Deed - 1937 Wehrle Tract

OCTAGON EARTHWORKS

Deed -1933 Lease - 1922 Leo T. Davis and Moundbuilders Country Club (MCC) Lease - 1938 Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (OSAHS) and MCC Lease - 1944 OSAHS and MCC Lease - 1957 Ohio Historical Society (OHS) and MCC Supplemental Lease - 1978 - OHS and MCC Determination of Rent - 1988 - OHS and MCC Renewal and Determination of Rent - 1988 - OHS and MCC Determination of Rent - 1993 - OHS and MCC Second Supplement and Modification of Lease - 1997 - OHS and MCC

WRIGHT EARTHWORKS

Deed - 1934

Appendix IX. Deeds and Leases Newark Earthworks HSMP 125 Newark Earthworks Deeds

Page 1 of 14 Newark Earthworks Deeds

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Page 14 of 14 Newark Earthworks Lease 1933

Page 1 of 6 Newark Earthworks Lease 1933

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Page 6 of 6 Newark Earthworks Lease 1938

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Page 4 of 4 Newark Earthworks 1944 Lease

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Page 6 of 6 Newark Earthworks Lease 1978

Page 1 of 4 Newark Earthworks Lease 1978

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Page 4 of 4 Newark Earthworks 1983 Rental

Page 1 of 1 Newark Earthworks 1987 Lease

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Page 2 of 2 Newark Earthworks 1993 Rental

Page 1 of 2 Newark Earthworks 1993 Rental

Page 2 of 2 Newark Earthworks 1997 Lease

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