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Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools

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Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Los Angeles Unified School District Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Prepared for: Los Angeles Unified School District Office of Environmental Health and Safety Prepared by: SWCA Environmental Consultants 150 South Arroyo Parkway, 2nd Floor Pasadena, CA 91105 Contact: Debi Howell-Ardila, MHP, Senior Architectural Historian Phone: (626) 240-0587 E-Mail: [email protected] January 2015 LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Table of Contents I. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Project Background ......................................................................................... 2 Project Team ................................................................................................... 4 Study Contents ............................................................................................... 4 II. Project Planning and Implementation ............................................................. 6 Designing Projects for Historic Schools: Three Phases ................................... 6 Professional Qualification Standards, Historic Preservation Professionals ...... 8 Construction Process ...................................................................................... 8 SOI Standards: Overview and Principal Ideas ................................................. 9 III. Recommended Approaches: School Features and Components ................. 10 Architectural and Ornamental Detailing ....................................................... 12 Roof Forms and Features .............................................................................. 14 Façade Treatments ....................................................................................... 15 Site Plan Design and Landscape Features .................................................... 18 Interior Spaces and Features ........................................................................ 20 IV. Recommended Approaches: Upgrade and Modernization Projects ............ 21 1. Window Rehabilitation ............................................................................ 21 2. HVAC Upgrades and Installation ............................................................ 24 3. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Compliance and Access ............. 28 4. Hazardous Materials Abatement ............................................................. 31 5. Fire & Life Safety Upgrades .................................................................... 32 6. Seismic Upgrades .................................................................................... 34 7. Additions and New Construction ............................................................ 35 8. Mechanical Systems: Placement and Installation .................................... 37 V. Themes of Significance, Architectural Styles, and Character-Defining Features .............................................................................................................. 38 Pre–1933 Long Beach Earthquake School Plants, 1910–1933 ...................... 39 Post–1933 Long Beach Earthquake Schools, 1933–1945 ............................. 41 Early Experiments in the Modern, Functionalist School, 1933–1945 ............ 43 Educating the Baby Boom: Postwar Modern School Plant, 1945–1969 ....... 46 Architectural Styles ............................................................................................. 49 Beaux-Arts Classicism & Neo-Classical Revival ............................................. 49 Indigenous Revival Styles and the Era of Historic Eclecticism ...................... 50 Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival ............................................... 51 Renaissance Revival Style .............................................................................. 52 Gothic Revival / Collegiate Gothic ................................................................ 53 Art Deco ........................................................................................................ 54 Streamline Moderne | Moderne .................................................................... 55 PWA Moderne .............................................................................................. 56 SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS i LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Early Modernism | International Style (Pre-1945) ........................................... 57 Mid-Century Modernism / Regional Modernism (Post-1945) ........................ 58 Mid-Century Modernism | Expressionistic/Organic Subtype: ........................ 59 VI. Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................... 59 VII. Select References and Technical Guidance ........................................ 60 Appendix A California Historical Building Code, 2013 SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS ii LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools I. INTRODUCTION The provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) include the loss of character-defining features and, as a consequence, historic integrity among the significant adverse impacts to historic resources. Under CEQA, for qualifying projects, should the potential exist for an adverse impact to historic resources, it is necessary to conduct further environmental review and study, including impacts analyses and the preparation of mitigation measures and project alternatives. Through the use of design guidelines, however, owners of historic properties have an effective tool for designing and implementing projects that avoid significant adverse impacts to historic resources. This is the goal of the LAUSD Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools: to recommend approaches for modernization and upgrade projects that also avoid significant adverse impacts to LAUSD’s many historically significant schools. The guidelines presented in this document draw upon a thorough understanding of (1) LAUSD’s history and property types; (2) best practices in historic preservation and CEQA, including application of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (SOI Standards hereafter); and (3) the projects currently being planned for LAUSD’s campuses districtwide.1 The point-of-departure for this study’s recommendations are the SOI Standards. The SOI Standards are the industry-recognized guidelines for fostering the preservation, rehabilitation, and maintenance of historic properties. Pursuant to CEQA, the SOI Standards are also recognized as generally mitigating adverse impacts to historic resources to a less-than-significant level. Therefore, projects complying with the SOI Standards are eligible under CEQA for a Categorical Exemption from further environmental review. In this way, these guidelines provide a tool for streamlining environmental review and preventing delays in project implementation, while also protecting historic resources. Not all projects that depart from the SOI Standards automatically result in adverse impacts. But SOI Standards conformance generally ensures that alterations to a historic resource will not result in a loss of historic integrity. Rather than providing prescriptive solutions, design guidelines offer general approaches for identifying significant features and maintaining, repairing, and treating historically significant features and materials in such a way that the resource’s historic integrity remains intact. The basic principles of the SOI Standards are to identify, retain, and preserve the features and materials that convey the significance of historic properties. All historically significant properties present different opportunities and constraints for carrying out upgrade projects, and therefore most projects must be studied on a case-by-case basis. However, these general approaches and guidelines offer LAUSD a sound first step for ensuring that much-needed modernization projects to LAUSD assets result in minimal impacts to historic resources. This manual is intended to be used in tandem with the districtwide procedural guidelines prepared by PCR Services Corporation and included the 2014 LAUSD Program EIR. 1 Weeks, Kay D., and Anne E. Grimmer. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1995). SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS 1 LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Figure 1. The upper right-hand corner of this CEQA flow chart illustrates the expedited path for environmental review for projects qualifying for a Categorical Exemption, such as the exemption offered through documented compliance with the SOI Standards. Source: California Environmental Quality Act Statute and Guidelines, 2013. SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS 2 LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Design Guidelines and Treatment Approaches for Historic Schools Figure 2. Under CEQA, a Categorical Exemption is possible for projects complying with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Source: National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Project Background With nearly 800 campuses and a geographic span of over 700 square miles,
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