Meine 12 Jahre Mit Wernher Von Braun
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History of Rocket Technology
CHAPTER 1 History of Rockets 1. 1. INTRODUCTION Action-Reaction Principle Take any technology and you always find that its practical demonstration had been realized much before the theory was established. However, you may note that the fast and effective refinement of a technology begins only after its theory, explaining the underlying basic principles, has been established. The action-reaction principle that is fundamental to jet propulsion, which includes airbreathing- as well as rocket-propulsion, was theoretically explained only in 1687 by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton by his famous publication “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”). But, approximately 2100 years before this, Archytas, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, had demonstrated the action-reaction principle by his toy pigeon in the city of Tarentum, Fig. 1. 1. Archytas suspended on a wire his wooden pigeon that contained hot steam at an elevated pressure in its belly cavity. The other end of the wire was hooked on to the top of a tall pole. On releasing a plug, a jet of steam escaped through a hole from the rear of the pigeon to produce a thrust that made the toy pigeon fly in circles around the pole. Thus Archytas mystified and amused the citizens of Tarentum by his flying toy- pigeon and demonstrated the fundamental principle of propulsion: “every force has an equal and opposite reaction”. The second recorded-demonstration of the action-reaction principle was in the first century B.C. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician 1 and scientist, constructed a device known as aeolipile. -
Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008869 2019-08-29T17:47:59+00:00Z CHAPTER 12 Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems John A. Halchak Consultant, Los Angeles, California James L. Cannon NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Corey Brown Aerojet-Rocketdyne, West Palm Beach, Florida 12.1 Introduction Earth to orbit launch vehicles are propelled by rocket engines and motors, both liquid and solid. This chapter will discuss liquid engines. The heart of a launch vehicle is its engine. The remainder of the vehicle (with the notable exceptions of the payload and guidance system) is an aero structure to support the propellant tanks which provide the fuel and oxidizer to feed the engine or engines. The basic principle behind a rocket engine is straightforward. The engine is a means to convert potential thermochemical energy of one or more propellants into exhaust jet kinetic energy. Fuel and oxidizer are burned in a combustion chamber where they create hot gases under high pressure. These hot gases are allowed to expand through a nozzle. The molecules of hot gas are first constricted by the throat of the nozzle (de-Laval nozzle) which forces them to accelerate; then as the nozzle flares outwards, they expand and further accelerate. It is the mass of the combustion gases times their velocity, reacting against the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, which produce thrust according to Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. [1] Solid rocket motors are cheaper to manufacture and offer good values for their cost. -
PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, and the V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ENGINEERING CONSENT: PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, AND THE V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael Brian Petersen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf Departmen t of History This dissertation is the story of the German scientists and engineers who developed, tested, and produced the V-2 missile, the world’s first liquid -fueled ballistic missile. It examines the social, political, and cultural roots of the prog ram in the Weimar Republic, the professional world of the Peenemünde missile base, and the results of the specialists’ decision to use concentration camp slave labor to produce the missile. Previous studies of this subject have been the domain of either of sensationalistic journalists or the unabashed admirers of the German missile pioneers. Only rarely have historians ventured into this area of inquiry, fruitfully examining the history of the German missile program from the top down while noting its admi nistrative battles and technical development. However, this work has been done at the expense of a detailed examination of the mid and lower -level employees who formed the backbone of the research and production effort. This work addresses that shortcomi ng by investigating the daily lives of these employees and the social, cultural, and political environment in which they existed. It focuses on the key questions of dedication, motivation, and criminality in the Nazi regime by asking “How did Nazi authori ties in charge of the missile program enlist the support of their employees in their effort?” “How did their work translate into political consent for the regime?” “How did these employees come to view slave labor as a viable option for completing their work?” This study is informed by traditions in European intellectual and social history while borrowing from different methods of sociology and anthropology. -
Quest: the History of Spaceflight Quarterly
Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 1992 - 2017 www.spacehistory101.com Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly Since 1992, 4XHVW7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW has collected, documented, and captured the history of the space. An award-winning publication that is the oldest peer reviewed journal dedicated exclusively to this topic, 4XHVW fills a vital need²ZKLFKLVZK\VRPDQ\ SHRSOHKDYHYROXQWHHUHGRYHUWKH\HDUV Astronaut Michael Collins once described Quest, its amazing how you are able to provide such detailed content while making it very readable. Written by professional historians, enthusiasts, stu- dents, and people who’ve worked in the field 4XHVW features the people, programs, politics that made the journey into space possible²human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. What follows is a history of 4XHVW, written by the editors and publishers who over the past 25 years have worked with professional historians, enthusiasts, students, and people who worked in the field to capture a wealth of stories and information related to human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. Glen Swanson Founder, Editor, Volume 1-6 Stephen Johnson Editor, Volume 7-12 David Arnold Editor, Volume 13-22 Christopher Gainor Editor, Volume 23-25+ Scott Sacknoff Publisher, Volume 7-25 (c) 2019 The Space 3.0 Foundation The Silver Anniversary of Quest 1 www.spacehistory101.com F EATURE: THE S ILVER A NNIVERSARY OF Q UEST From Countdown to Liftoff —The History of Quest Part I—Beginnings through the University of North Dakota Acquisition 1988-1998 By Glen E. -
L5 News, May 1977
Space Settlement LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION, SATELLITE SOLAR POWER, AND SPACE HABITATS L-5 Mews May 1977 half its gross weight consisting of fuel. If there were no atmospheric oxygen, it Space letters would also need to carry that, too. Its mass-ratio would then be very much like Settlement I would like to comment on Jim that of a rocket, and a simple calculation Oberg’s questions regarding the Moon, in shows that if equipped with rocket Special Issue of the L-5 News the March L-5 News. engines, it could attain nearly enough He raised the question of Volume 2, Number 5 May, 1977 velocity for a transcontinental flight just environmental effects of the use of a by flying like an ICBM. So once again it lunar mass-driver, both on the Moon itself is not clear whether the Oberg and on the regions of space available for atmosphere would make travel by lunar Contents: use by spacecraft. aircraft all that much easier than travel by Regarding the latter, recent work has rocket. Developing Space Policy 1 made it clear that the lunar-launched Finally, Bob Farquhar of NASA- Jack Salmon mass stream will be very well-defined in Goddard has done a great deal of very Arthur Kantrowitz Proposes its trajectory characteristics, and will be fine work on lunar libration-point A Science Court 4 predicted well in advance. Thus, it need communications satellites. These would L-5 interview by Eric Drexler pose no more of a hazard to navigation provide much more reliable and efficient than any other type of space traffic. -
The Following Are Edited Excerpts from Two Interviews Conducted with Dr
Interviews with Dr. Wernher von Braun Editor's note: The following are edited excerpts from two interviews conducted with Dr. Wernher von Braun. Interview #1 was conducted on August 25, 1970, by Robert Sherrod while Dr. von Braun was deputy associate administrator for planning at NASA Headquarters. Interview #2 was conducted on November 17, 1971, by Roger Bilstein and John Beltz. These interviews are among those published in Before This Decade is Out: Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program, (SP-4223, 1999) edited by Glen E. Swanson, whick is vailable on-line at http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/sp4223.htm on the Web. Interview #1 In the Apollo Spacecraft Chronology, you are quoted as saying "It is true that for a long time we were not in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous. We favored Earth orbit rendezvous." Well, actually even that is not quite correct, because at the outset we just didn't know which route [for Apollo to travel to the Moon] was the most promising. We made an agreement with Houston that we at Marshall would concentrate on the study of Earth orbit rendezvous, but that did not mean we wanted to sell it as our preferred scheme. We weren't ready to vote for it yet; our study was meant to merely identify the problems involved. The agreement also said that Houston would concentrate on studying the lunar rendezvous mode. Only after both groups had done their homework would we compare notes. This agreement was based on common sense. You don't start selling your scheme until you are convinced that it is superior. -
Apollo 13 Mission Review
APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2. -
Celebrating 50 Years of America in Space Fifty Years Ago, a Group of German Rocket Pioneers Led the Team That Put America Into Space
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 35, Number 8, February 22, 2008 EIR Science & Technology Celebrating 50 Years Of America in Space Fifty years ago, a group of German rocket pioneers led the team that put America into space. Marsha Freeman reports on a celebration held to mark that milestone. For millions of Americans, the successful launch of the Ex- cle, a 36-story, 6.5-million-pound rocket. Its remarkable re- plorer-1 satellite on the evening of Jan. 31, 1958, three months cord includes 13 launches without any failures, a testament after the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik, allowed a sigh of re- not only to the meticulous design, rigorous testing, and ex- lief. For a team of over 100 German space pioneers, it was the traordinary management of this complex project, but also to culmination of nearly two decades of rocket experiments, and the decades of dedication of the German space pioneers to the proved that soon, man himself, could explore space. dream of space flight. The German rocket team that came to the United States That dream was energized in the late 1920s by Hermann after World War II, under the leadership of Wernher von Oberth, who himself took the dreams of Johannes Kepler, Braun, had already carried out many of the tests, and experi- Jules Verne, and others before him, and created the scientific enced the failures, necessary for the technology of space flight and engineering basis to make manned space flight a reality.1 to be born. As teenagers in Germany in the 1930s, some had In 1927, the German Society for Space Travel was orga- participated in amateur rocket clubs to begin the small-scale nized in Breslau, formed by space enthusiasts, with the after- experiments that would eventually take men to the Moon, and school participation of a teenage Wernher von Braun, and to carry out educational campaigns to excite the public about guidance from Professor Oberth. -
Jesco Von Puttkamer, 2003
-Arbeitspapier- "Ein Land ohne Visionen hat eine Jugend ohne Perspektiven und mit einer Jugend ohne Perspektiven hat ein Land keine lebensfördernde Zukunft!" Jesco von Puttkamer, 2003 Der "Jesco von Puttkamer - Förderpreis" und die "Jesco von Puttkamer - Stiftung" Konto 209981005 Commerzbank Leipzig 86040000 International Space Education Institute 1 -Arbeitspapier- Vorwort zur Person Freiherr Prof. Dr. h.c. Ing. Jesco von Puttkamer ist ein 1933 in Leipzig geborener Wissenschaftler, der mit 50 Dienstjahren ältester aktiver NASA-Mitarbeiter war. Er hinterließ nach dem Tod im Dezember 2012 als Autor zahlreiche populäre Bücher über die US-Raumfahrt, ein weltweites Kontaktnetzwerk zu Wissenschaftlern und arbeitete von Apollo über Skylab, das Space Shuttle bis zur ISS und künftigen bemannten Marsmissionen in leitender Funktion bei NASA und bis zuletzt im NASA-Hauptquartier in Washington DC. In den vergangen 10 Jahren war der Wissenschaftler, dem zahlreiche internationale Auszeichnungen überreicht wurden, Leiter des Fachbeirates des International Space Education Institutes. Dieser Bildungsverein verbindet und fördert heute auf 3 Kontinenten junge Menschen auf dem Berufsweg in die Wissenschaft. Von Puttkamer lieferte das strategische und pädagogische Konzept und knüpfte ein enges Kontaktnetzwerk zur NASA. Mit der Würdigung seines Lebenswerkes in der Nachwuchsförderung über einen Förderpreis und eine künftige Stiftung für junge Wissenschaftler möchten wir nach eingehenden Gesprächen mit NASA, seinen Kollegen und Freunden dem polulären Autor, Visionär und Wissenschaftler ein zeitloses Denkmal setzen. Vorhaben Der "Jesco von Puttkamer - Förderpreis" soll als Fond konzipiert werden mit zunächst 2 Aufgaben: 1. Anhäufung eines Stiftungstocks für die spätere "Jesco von Puttkamer - Stiftung" 2. Einwerben von Spenden zur Ausschüttung als Preisgelder im Rahmen der Würdigung technisch-wissenschaftlicher Bestleistungen von Schülern und Studenten mit internationalen Projekten, fördern von Visionskraft schrittweise Entwicklung der Stiftung 1. -
USSRC Annual 2004
ANNUAL REPORT 2004 Mars Exploration Rover: An artist's concept portrays a NASA Mars Exploration Rover on the surface of Mars. Two rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have the mobility and toolkit to function as a robotic geologist. Resembling sparks from a fireworks display, this image taken by a JPL camera onboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows delicate filaments that are sheets of debris from a stellar explosion in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. — Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) 2 SPECTRUM Celebrating Exploration PREFACE “Spirit” and “Opportunity” are more than just ideals to Americans. They are viewed as inalienable rights. The American Spirit that fueled a revolution in 1776 has always looked forward, believing that the “The urge to explore has been the opportunities are boundless. primary force in evolution since the first water creatures began to President Thomas Jefferson believed that when he commissioned reconnoiter the land. The quest for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to embark on the exploration of the the larger reality, the need to see Louisiana Purchase in May 1804, a journey that took the American flag to the Pacific Ocean. President John Kennedy believed it in May 1961 when the whole — from the mountaintop he challenged the nation to reach the moon within a decade. The first or the moon is the basic imperative American flag was planted on the moon on July 20, 1969, and five others of consciousness, the hallmark of joined it later. This year, as the nation celebrated the two hundredth our species.” anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the thirty-fifth —Dr. -
Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples. -
Challenger Accident in a Rogers Commission Hearing at KSC
CHALLENGER By Arnold D. Aldrich Former Program Director, NSTS August 27, 2008 Recently, I was asked by John Shannon, the current Space Shuttle Program Manager, to comment on my experiences, best practices, and lessons learned as a former Space Shuttle program manager. This project is part of a broader knowledge capture and retention initiative being conducted by the NASA Johnson Space Center in an “oral history” format. One of the questions posed was to comment on some of the most memorable moments of my time as a Space Shuttle program manager. Without question, the top two of these were the launch of Challenger on STS‐51L on January 28, 1986, and the launch of Discovery on STS‐26 on September 29, 1988. Background The tragic launch and loss of Challenger occurred over 22 years ago. 73 seconds into flight the right hand Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) broke away from the External Tank (ET) as a result of a burn‐ through in its aft most case to case joint and the Space Shuttle vehicle disintegrated resulting in the total loss of the vehicle and crew. The events leading up to that launch are still vivid in my mind and deeply trouble me to this day, as I know they always will. This paper is not about what occurred during the countdown leading up to the launch – those facts and events were thoroughly investigated and documented by the Rogers Commission. Rather, what I can never come to closure with is how we, as a launch team, and I, as one of the leaders of that team, allowed the launch to occur.