LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100 Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in riverside woodland each spring, to follow up the major project, and that is very impressive. Victoria Pre-Europeans, there was a significant population of The extent of the decline of Victoria’s biodiversity Manna Gum in the area, but the last big old tree died Vegetation: trees and collapsed five years ago, so my group has planted about 10 as the start of an effort to reintroduce this In 1993 Randall Robinson was employed by Heidel- . berg Council to develop a flora species list for Wilson Reserve, Ivanhoe East. He identified 172 species, of Shrubs which 101 were weeds, some of them very minor but The pre-European landscape in Ivanhoe included many of them very serious threats to the riverside about 10 shrub species (up to 10 m tall), but after habitats. In the 27 years since then, especially since many decades of the Yarra’s north bank being the council amalgamations in 1996, Banyule Council devoted to dairy farming, to the 1930s, only two have has somewhat increased its commitment to habitat survived: Tree Violet and Prickly Currant Bush, both management and restoration. But very large parts of of which are super-abundant, far more than would be the Yarra riverside environment within Banyule are the case in a healthy mixed-species ecosystem. So my not managed at all and Banyule has made it clear it Friends group has, among other things, planted has no intention of managing it. hundreds of shrub seedlings of the species that went The unmanaged sections are as a result overwhelmed missing: Blackwood wattle, Prickly Moses wattle, by a variety of weed species: trees, shrubs, ground- Hazel pomaderris, Victorian Christmas Bush, Hop covers, grasses, climbing creepers. Goodenia, River Bottlebrush, Hempbush. Robinson’s list includes 26 tree species, of which 20 One quite rare species along the Yarra, Muttonwood, are weed species, several of them very abundant and has a little-known population within the area we look widespread throughout the reserve, all reproducing after. It has been weeded at ground level several times copiously. and the colony censused – currently about 100 stems, varying from 2 x 10-metre old parent trees, down to One species Robinson omitted was Box Elder, Acer small seedlings recently germinated. Several have negundo, of which there are about 20-30 trees on one been planted at odd places, and Melbourne Water peninsula protruding into the Yarra. Last spring I planted about 80 of them in 6 beds in 2011 after a pulled out 32,000 seedlings of this species over nasty accident during their major woody weed blitz. several weeks from that small peninsula area – it, and All are doing well and are visited at least annually – several other copiously reproducing tree weeds can several of the beds are very well managed by the easily overwhelm the area with exotic species and Melbourne Water teams and I look after the others, all out-compete the indigenous species. of which have produced a significant number of new Almost every day while out in the reserve and its seedlings as a result of good weed control. Banyule surrounding areas, weeding, I pull out seedlings of has contributed nothing to this effort, as the beds are Glossy Privet, Box Elder, Desert Ash, Tree Tobacco, all outside the area they have decided to maintain Madeira Wintercherry, less often Mirror Bush. Had I (several are on the Yarra’s south bank in Boroon- not been removing seedlings, there would now be a dara’s territory, so are not Banyule’s responsibility). far greater abundance of these serious weed species in Ground flora: grasses, herbs the area. The reserve was created in the 1920s out of the public All the work the Banyule bushland team do is very -spirited work of a trio of local citizens: Theodore good, but their decision to abandon the large majority Eisemann, Christopher Bailey, Harry Wilson, who of the area for which they are responsible declares an raised money to purchase 1.2 km of the river frontage unwillingness to commit more resources to managing from the dairy farmer and handed it to the then their bushland. Heidelberg Council for open space. Wilson was the A decade ago, Melbourne Water invested a large local Sea-Scout leader for 41 years, arranged for amount of money and staff time in removing woody construction of a boat shed by the river and planted a weeds from Templestowe to Clifton Hill, along about decorative border of Tradescantia fluminensis around 20 km of river frontage, both banks, and that has it. This very serious weed now has invaded the entire made a very large difference. After some delay, reserve and a much wider area, and 20 years ago, money was found to invest in some revegetation and comprised virtually the entire ground cover for many shrub and tree seedlings were planted. They several kilometres of the riverbanks. Our work has sent out a team to inspect the condition of the involved a major effort to remove this often metre- deep cover and reintroduce indigenous ground covers; 1 of 17 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100 grasses and mat-forming flowering herbs. It is classified as “permitted entry” and permitted to be intensive work, requiring years of commitment to sold by nurseries. There has long been fierce resist- ongoing weed control, until the indigenous species ance by nurseries to having the more serious weed become dense and mature enough to outcompete the species banned from being sold as so many keen invasive weeds. gardeners favour them. This is a major failure of The group generally manages to attract 10-15 people environmental management on a national scale. The to working bees, and put in up to 200 , usually legislation needs to be changed to prohibit the sale 2-3 working bees each year, so around 600 plants. (even at Sunday markets which are also a big This is overall quite a tiny contribution to restoration problem) of a wide range of serious environmental of the riverside ecosystem, but for most of the length weeds – English Ivy, Japanese Honeysuckle, Privet, of the riverside trail we have worked on, our effort is Tree Tobacco, Madeira Wintercherry, Arum lily, not supplementing anything done by Banyule, so the Yellow Flag Iris. only work that is done has been ours. A very much One that I have not seen in residential gardens, but is greater commitment is needed, probably requiring very common in parts of the Banyule riverside land, state government funding and work force, to enlarge especially in Horseshoe billabong, is Red Inkweed this effort so it makes a substantial contribution to (Phytolacca octandra). I have put a large effort into restoration of the 1.2 km of river frontage. removing this very toxic weed, especially before its Weeds of National Significance fruit ripens, for some years, and see very little effort by Council to do anything to control this species. It This category of exceptionally serious weeds includes now seems to be spreading outside the billabong, as I 32 species, 3 of which are found in the reserve and have removed many along the nearby riverside areas riverside area we work: Blackberry (very abundant), that I patrol and try to manage. Bridal Veil Creeper (moderately often), Bitou Bush (rare), Gorse being found just outside the area, with Fauna potential to colonise inside this area. I am mainly aware of local declines in bats and frogs Banyule has a campaign most years to poison Black- and insects. berry. I find many seedlings at sites I look after and I have led 2 bat-box monitoring projects, one at Organ always dig them out. Most of these sites are never Pipes NP in Melbourne’s west, since late 1994, the visited by Banyule field staff as the areas in which I other in Ivanhoe, 10 km northeast of the CBD, since work are not actively managed by them. Feb 2005. In both projects, bat numbers peaked in The neighbouring Ivanhoe golf course (owned by 2012, and have been in marked decline since then. Banyule) at times has a good commitment to Black- The long increase in bats from 1994 to 2012 was berry control, and sometimes neglects it for years, so mainly a result of installing more bat boxes, and its fruit are spread back into the conservation areas. successful breeding of the resident bats. The subsequent decline may be due to the end of the wet Bridal Veil Creeper is found occasionally, and the years (2010-2) and recurrence of near-drought dense cluster of tubers supporting the wiry stems must conditions, reducing breeding success, or may be dug out to prevent regrowth – the worst infestation possibly be a response to the reported radical decline I have found has been in a private garden not far from in insect populations worldwide – all these bats are my home – a very large festoon of it covering several insectivores and decline in their food supply would shrubs by the front fence. cascade up the food chain. I have only found Bitou bush twice and single plants, so it is not a big issue locally. Bat numbers at Organ Pipes NP 3000 I and several other regular patrollers of the bushland 2500 trails, have had a program for years of removing Moth 2000 Vine (Kapok, Araujia sericifera), generally in areas 1500 not managed at all by the Council, and often in autumn/winter find very large vines covered in near- 1000 ripe fruit. Some are in private residential gardens. 500 0 Every species that is a weed in the reserve is a 94-5 96-7 98-9 00-1 02-3 04-5 06-7 08-9 10-1 12-3 14-5 16-7 18-9 garden escape as all of them are extensively present in residential gardens around Ivanhoe. Many of them are I have conducted a long-term monthly frog survey recorded in every list of serious weed species as very around 3 billabongs and 12 ponds on Ivanhoe golf big problems in Victoria, yet many of them are still course, on the north bank of the Yarra since Sept 2 of 171998. 8 frog species have been recorded. 3 of these

LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria done on them at all, some change in the accountability In summary Submission 100 requirements on Councils is required, backed by There are many important issues in my local area, mapping of areas being actively managed and areas around protection of wildlife corridors, dealing with not being actively managed, with demands for serious environmental weeds, providing habitat for justification of these decisions and availability of species that normally find cities unfriendly due to funding to very substantially increase the area being humans’ intolerance for old trees and love of invasive actively managed. This should be supplemented by weed species, and the modification of habitats annual, or even semi-annual reporting of commit- developing and sure to continue as our climate ments made, work done, and the extent of problems changes the temperature and rainfall regimes. The being dealt with or not dealt with. resources devoted to dealing with all of these For example, in the area that mainly concerns me, problems are very inadequate, the restrictions on the Wilson Reserve in Ivanhoe, the Council developed a sale of serious weeds are extremely weak, and the program around “wildlife corridors” soon after the supports available for volunteer groups that are under- amalgamation of councils in the 1990s. One of these taking a very significant part of the effort to manage extends south-north across the middle of the reserve, these issues is also very inadequate. from the Yarra, through Reedy billabong (Ivanhoe Robert Bender, OAM Valley Link). Council allocates some resources to ongoing management of this “corridor” and has President, Friends of Wilson Reserve sustained it for over two decades, which is admirable. But this has been at the expense of largely neglecting the major corridor running along the Yarra, that I am not seeking confidentiality comprises the other 20 hectares of the reserve, which remains a weedscape, with a rich suite of serious weeds all over it. The major wildlife corridor in the area runs along the Yarra river (the pale green meandering stripe in the map below), and is almost entirely neglected by Council. I think they have their priorities back to front.

The main climate change impacts I have observed have involved the arrival of species from further north, a worldwide phenomenon as species move away from the tropics towards the poles. Several bird species have arrived in recent years – Crested Pigeons, Pied currawongs, Rainbow Lorikeets – a mammal species: Grey-headed Flying Fox – frog species: Peron’s Tree Frog that used to have a range extending only through the hills northeast of Melbourne but has now invaded the suburbs, and a Queensland species that arrived in fruit boxes and has established breeding populations around Melbourne, as it is no longer too cold for it: the Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (Litoria fallax). It may well have brought the deadly Chytrid fungus with it.

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TOTAL LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED FOR WILSON RESERVE IVANHOE, CITY OF HEIDELBERG, VICTORIA, DECEMBER 1993 Compiled by Randall W. Robinson

MONOCOTYLEDONSExotic Latin name Common name Origin Summary Sedges, Lilies, Rushes, Grasses 1 ALISMATACEAE Alisma plantago-aquatica Water Plantain Europe 48 2 ARACEAE * Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum Lily Africa, South Africa 15 3 COMMELINACEAE * Tradescantia albiflora Wandering Jew America, South America 11 4 CYPERACEAE * Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge America, North & South Other 8 5 CYPERACEAE * Cyperus tenellus Tiny Flat-sedge Africa, South Asia 4 6 CYPERACEAE * Isolepis hystrix Awned Club-sedge Africa, South Australasia 3 7 CYPERACEAE Carex appressa Tall Sedge Unknown 12 Carex appressa 8 CYPERACEAE Carex fascicularis Tassel Sedge 101 Carex fascicularis 9 CYPERACEAE Carex inversa forma inversa Common Sedge Carex inyx 10 CYPERACEAE Carex inversa forma parvula Common Sedge Family 11 CYPERACEAE Carex tereticaulis Rush Sedge 17 12 CYPERACEAE Cyperus lucidus Leafy Flat-sedge Cyperaceae 3 13 CYPERACEAE Eleocharis sphacelata Tall Spike-sedge Asteraceae 12 14 CYPERACEAE Isolepis inundatus Swamp Club-sedge Juncaceae 1 15 CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus validus River Club-sedge Rosaceae 6 16 CYPERACEAE Schoenus apogon Common Bog-sedge Fabaceae 5 Schoenus apogon 17 IRIDACEAE * Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora Golden Copper-tip Africa, South Salicaceae 5 18 IRIDACEAE * Gladiolus undulatus Gladiolus Africa, South Brassicaceae 4 19 IRIDACEAE * Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag Europe, West Asia, North AfricaPolygonaceae 4 20 JUNCACEAE * Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush Northern Hemisphere Solanaceae 4 21 JUNCACEAE Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Iridaceae 3 Juncus spp 22 JUNCACEAE Juncus flavidus Yellow Rush Oleaceae 3 23 JUNCACEAE Juncus holoschoenus Wiry Rush Plantaginaceae 3 24 JUNCACEAE Juncus pauciflorus Rush Geraniaceae 2 25 JUNCACEAE Juncus radula Hoary Rush 2 26 JUNCACEAE Juncus sarophorus Rush 2 27 JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin procera Water-ribbons 2 28 LEMNACEAE Lemna disperma Common Duckweed Scrophulariace 2 29 LEMNACEAE Wolffia australiana Tiny Duckweed Alismataceae 1 30 LILIACEAE * Allium triquetum Three-cornered Garlic West Mediterranean Araceae 1 31 POACEAE * Agrostis capillaris Brown-top Bent Northern Hemisphere Commelinacea 1 32 POACEAE * Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass America, South Juncaginaceae 1 33 POACEAE * Cynodon dactylon Couch Cosmopolitan Liliaceae 1 34 POACEAE * Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot Europe, temperate Asia, North Typhaceae 1 35 POACEAE * Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt Grass Africa, South Apiaceae 1 36 POACEAE * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass Africa, South Apocyanaceae 1 37 POACEAE * Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Europe, Asia Asclepiadaceae 1 38 POACEAE * Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Europe, Asia Boraginaceae 1 39 POACEAE * Leersia oryzoides Cut Grass Europe, temperate Asia, North Callitrichaceae 1 40 POACEAE * Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Europe, temperate Asia, North Caprifoliaceae 1 41 POACEAE * Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum America, South Caryophyllacea 1 42 POACEAE * Paspalum distichum Water Couch Cosmopolitan Fumariaceae 1 43 POACEAE * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Africa, East Lauraceae 1 44 POACEAE * Phalaris aquatica Toowoomba Canary-grass Mediterranean 1 45 POACEAE * Piptanthera miliacum Rice-millet Mediterranean Pittosporaceae 1 46 POACEAE * annua Annual Meadow-grass Mediterranean ? Platanaceae 1 Poa ensiformis 47 POACEAE * Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue Europe, West Asia, North AfricaRanunculaceae 1 Poa labillardieri 48 POACEAE Agrostis avenacea Blown Grass Ulmaceae 1 Agrostis avenacea 49 POACEAE Danthonia racemosa Branched Wallaby-grass Verbenaceae 1 Themeda triandra 50 POACEAE Microlaena stipoides Weeping Grass Microlaena stipoides Lomandra longifolia 51 POACEAE Phragmites australis Common Reed 101 Dianella longifolia 52 POACEAE Poa labillardieri Common Tussock-grass 53 TYPHACEAE * Typha latifoloa Great Reedmace Africa , South America, temperate north hemisphere Herbs including Daisies DICOTYLEDONS Acaena novae-zelandiae 2 APIACEAE * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Europe, West Asia Centipeda cunninghamii 3 * Vinca major Blue Periwinkle Europe Dichondra repens 1 AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed Alternanthera denticulata Hypericum gramineum 4 ASCLEPIADACEAE * Araujia hortorum White Bladder-flower America, South Lagenophora stipitata 5 ASTERACEAE * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed Africa, South Lycopus australis 6 ASTERACEAE * Aster subulatus Aster-weed America, North exilis 7 ASTERACEAE * Bellis perennis English Daisy England Oxalis perennans 8 ASTERACEAE * Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle Europe, South Persicaria spp. 9 ASTERACEAE Cassinia aculeata Common Cassinia Urtica incisa 10 ASTERACEAE * Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Europe, Asia, North Africa Veronica plebeia 11 ASTERACEAE Cotula australis Common Cotula Viola hederacea 12 ASTERACEAE * Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons Africa, South 13 ASTERACEAE * Erigeron karvinskianus Bone-tip Daisy 14 ASTERACEAE * Hypochoeris radicata Cat's Ear Europe, Asia, Africa 15 ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ferrugineus Tree Everlasting 16 ASTERACEAE * Picris echioides Ox-tongue Europe 17 ASTERACEAE Senecio tenuiflorus Narrow Groundsel 18 ASTERACEAE * Sonchus asper Rough Sow-thistle Northern hemisphere, temperate 19 ASTERACEAE * Sonchus oleraceus Milk thistle Europe, Asia SW 20 ASTERACEAE * Taraxacum Sect. Vulgaria Garden Dandelion Eurasia 21 BORAGINACEAE * Myosotis sylvatica Forget-me-not Europe, Asia N 22 BRASSICACEAE * Coronopus didymus Lesser Swine's-cress 23 BRASSICACEAE * Lepidium africanum Common Pepper-cress Africa, South 24 BRASSICACEAE * Rapistrum rugosum Giant Mustard 25 BRASSICACEAE * Rorippa palustris Marsh Bitter-cress Eurasia, America N 26 CALLITRICHACEAE * Callitriche stagnalis Water Starwort Europe, North Africa 27 CAPRIFOLIACEAE * Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Asia, East 28 CARYOPHYLLACEA * Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed Europe 29 CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia sepium Large Bindwood 30 CRASSULACEAE Crassula helmsii Swamp Crassula 31 FABACEAE * Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover Eurasia 32 FABACEAE * Trifolium repens White Clover Europe, Asia 33 FABACEAE * Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean clover Europe 34 FABACEAE * Ulex europaeus Furze Europe, W 35 FABACEAE * Vicia sativa Common Vetch Europe 36 FAGACEAE * Quercus robur English Oak England 37 FUMARIACEAE * Fumeria spp (caprioata L) White Fumitory Mediterranean, Central & W Europe 38 GERANIACEAE * Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Crane's-bill 39 GERANIACEAE * Geranium molle Dove's-foot Europe 40 GOODENIACEAE Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia Tall shrubs & climbers 41 LAMIACEAE Lycopus australis Australian Gypsywort

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42 LAMIACEAE * Mentha citrata Eau De Cologne Mint 43 LAMIACEAE Prunella vulgaris Self-heal 44 LAURACEAE * Laurus nobilis Bay 45 pendulum Drooping Mistletoe 46 LORANTHACEAE Amyema quandang Grey Mistletoe 47 LORANTHACEAE Meullerina eucalyptoides Creeping Mistletoe 48 LYTHRACEAE Lythrum hyssopifolia Small Loosestrife 49 MALVACEAE pulchella Hemp bush 50 MALVACEAE * Malva nicaeensis Nice Mallow dealbata Silver Wattle 51 MALVACEAE * Modiola caroliniana Carolina Mallow America, South Acacia implexa Lightwood 52 MIMOSACEAE Acacia acinacea Gold-dust Wattle Black Wattle 53 MIMOSACEAE Silver Wattle blackwood 54 MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle 55 MIMOSACEAE Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 56 MIMOSACEAE Acacia verticillata Prickly Moses Low shrubs 57 MYRTACEAE Callistemon sieberi River Bottlebrush quadrifida 58 MYRTACEAE * Eucalyptus botryoides Bangalay Victoria, NSW Pteridium esculentum 59 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum 60 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus x studleyensis Studley Park Red Gum Eucalyptus goniocalyx Long-leaf Box 61 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus viminalis Manna Gum Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box 62 MYRTACEAE Kunzea ericoides Burgan 63 MYRTACEAE Leptospermum lanigerum Woolly Tea-tree 64 MYRTACEAE Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark 65 MYRSINACEAE Rapanea howittiana Muttonwood 66 OLEACEAE * Fraxinus spp. Ash Mediterranean, SW Asia Bursaria spinosa Sweet Bursaria 67 OLEACEAE * Ligustrum lucidum Glossy Privet Asia, East Callistemon sieberi River bottlebrush 68 OLEACEAE * Ligustrum ovalifolium California Privet Clematis microphylla Small-leaf Clematis 69 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium billardierianum sspRobust Willow-herb Glycine clandestina Twining Glycine 70 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium hirtigerum Hairy Willow-herb Hempbush 71 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata spp. Agg. Yellow Wood-sorrel Hymenanthera dentata Tree Violet 72 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis exilis Wood-sorrel Kunzea ericoides 73 OXALIDACEAE * Oxalis incarnata Pale Wood-sorrel Africa, South Melaleuca ericifolia 74 OXALIDACEAE * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Africa, South Ozothamnus ferrugineus 75 PITTOSPORACEAE Bursaria spinosa Sweet Bursaria Prostanthera lasianthos 76 PITTOSPORACEAE * Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosproum Victoria E, NSW, Qld 77 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain Europe, Asia W 78 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Europe, Africa N, Asia 79 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago major Greater Plantain Eurasia 80 PLATANACEAE * Platanus x acerifolia Plane Tree Garden 81 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper 82 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Knotweed 83 POLYGONACEAE * Persicaria maculosa Persicaria Europe 84 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria strigosa Ridged Knotweed 85 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria subsessile Hairy Knotweed 86 POLYGONACEAE * Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed 87 POLYGONACEAE * Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock Cosmopolitan 88 POLYGONACEAE * Rumex crispus Curled Dock Europe 89 RANUNCULACEAE * Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Eurasia 90 RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris aspera Hazel Pomaderris 91 ROSACEAE Acaena novaezelandiae Bidgee-Widgee 92 ROSACEAE Acaena echinata Sheep's-burr 93 ROSACEAE * Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Africa, South 94 ROSACEAE * Malus domestica (hybrid) Domestic Apple Europe SE, Asia SW 95 ROSACEAE * Prunus cerasifera Cherry-plum Eurasia 96 ROSACEAE * Prunus salicina Japanese Plum 97 ROSACEAE * Prunus spinosa Sloe Mediterranean, Asia, W 98 ROSACEAE * Rubus discolor Blackberry Europe 99 ROSACEAE Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry Rubus parvifolius 100 RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida Prickly Currant-bush 101 RUBIACEAE * Coprosma repens Taupata New Zealand 102 RUBIACEAE * Galium aparine Cleavers Europe 103 SALICACEAE * Populus alba White Poplar Europe, Asia W, Africa N 104 SALICACEAE * Populus nigra Poplar 105 SALICACEAE * Populus nigra "Italica" Lombardy Poplar Asia Central 106 SALICACEAE * Salix X rubens Willow Europe 107 SALICACEAE * Salix babylonica Weeping Willow China 108 SCROPHULARIACEA * Veronica peregrina Wandering Speedwell Europe 109 SCROPHULARIACEA * Veronica persica Persian Speedwell 110 SOLANACEAE * Salpichora origanifolia Lily-of-the-valley Vine America, South 111 SOLANACEAE Solanum americanum Glossy Nightshade 112 SOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum Large Kangaroo Apple Solanum laciniatum 113 SOLANACEAE * Solanum mauritianum Tobacco-bush America, South Solanum aviculare 114 SOLANACEAE * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Cosmopolitan 115 SOLANACEAE * Solanum pseudocapsicum Madeira Winter-cherry America, South 116 ULMACEAE * Ulmus procera Elm Europe 117 URTICACEAE Urtica incisa Scrub Nettle 118 VERBENACEAE * Verbena bonariensis Purple-top Verbena America, South 119 VIOLACEAE Hymenanthera dentata Tree Violet

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Asia Origin of weeds found in Wilson Reserve 4%

Australasia Unknown 3% 12%

Other 8%

Europe 47%

America 11% Africa 15%

Europe Africa America Other Asia Australasia Unknown

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MONOCOTYLEDONS Exotic Latin name 52 MIMOSACEAE Acacia acinacea 53 MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata 54 MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsii 55 MIMOSACEAE Acacia melanoxylon 56 MIMOSACEAE Acacia verticillata 92 ROSACEAE Acaena echinata 91 ROSACEAE Acaena novaezelandiae 48 POACEAE Agrostis avenacea 31 POACEAE * Agrostis capillaris 1 ALISMATACEAE Alisma plantago-aquatica 30 LILIACEAE * Allium triquetum 1 AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera denticulata 45 LORANTHACEAE Amyema pendulum 46 LORANTHACEAE Amyema quandang 4 ASCLEPIADACEAE * Araujia hortorum 5 ASTERACEAE * Arctotheca calendula 6 ASTERACEAE * Aster subulatus 7 ASTERACEAE * Bellis perennis 32 POACEAE * Bromus catharticus 75 PITTOSPORACEAE Bursaria spinosa 57 MYRTACEAE Callistemon sieberi 26 CALLITRICHACEAE * Callitriche stagnalis 29 CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia sepium 8 ASTERACEAE * Carduus pycnocephalus 7 CYPERACEAE Carex appressa 8 CYPERACEAE Carex fascicularis 9 CYPERACEAE Carex inversa forma inversa 10 CYPERACEAE Carex inversa forma parvula 11 CYPERACEAE Carex tereticaulis 9 ASTERACEAE Cassinia aculeata 10 ASTERACEAE * Cirsium vulgare 100 RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida 101 RUBIACEAE * Coprosma repens 22 BRASSICACEAE * Coronopus didymus 11 ASTERACEAE Cotula australis 12 ASTERACEAE * Cotula coronopifolia 30 CRASSULACEAE Crassula helmsii 93 ROSACEAE * Crataegus monogyna 17 IRIDACEAE * Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora 33 POACEAE * Cynodon dactylon 4 CYPERACEAE * Cyperus eragrostis 12 CYPERACEAE Cyperus lucidus 5 CYPERACEAE * Cyperus tenellus 34 POACEAE * Dactylis glomerata

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49 POACEAE Danthonia racemosa 35 POACEAE * Ehrharta erecta 36 POACEAE * Ehrharta longiflora 13 CYPERACEAE Eleocharis sphacelata 69 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium billardierianum ssp. billardierinu 70 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium hirtigerum 13 ASTERACEAE * Erigeron karvinskianus 58 MYRTACEAE * Eucalyptus botryoides 59 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis 61 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus viminalis 60 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus x studleyensis 37 POACEAE * Festuca arundinacea 2 APIACEAE * Foeniculum vulgare 66 OLEACEAE * Fraxinus spp. 37 FUMARIACEAE * Fumeria spp (caprioata L) 102 RUBIACEAE * Galium aparine 38 GERANIACEAE * Geranium dissectum 39 GERANIACEAE * Geranium molle 18 IRIDACEAE * Gladiolus undulatus 40 GOODENIACEAE Goodenia ovata 49 MALVACEAE Gynatrix pulchella 38 POACEAE * Holcus lanatus 119 VIOLACEAE Hymenanthera dentata 14 ASTERACEAE * Hypochoeris radicata 19 IRIDACEAE * Iris pseudacorus 6 CYPERACEAE * Isolepis hystrix 14 CYPERACEAE Isolepis inundatus 20 JUNCACEAE * Juncus articulatus 21 JUNCACEAE Juncus bufonius 22 JUNCACEAE Juncus flavidus 23 JUNCACEAE Juncus holoschoenus 24 JUNCACEAE Juncus pauciflorus 25 JUNCACEAE Juncus radula 26 JUNCACEAE Juncus sarophorus 62 MYRTACEAE Kunzea ericoides 44 LAURACEAE * Laurus nobilis 39 POACEAE * Leersia oryzoides 28 LEMNACEAE Lemna disperma 23 BRASSICACEAE * Lepidium africanum 63 MYRTACEAE Leptospermum lanigerum 67 OLEACEAE * Ligustrum lucidum 68 OLEACEAE * Ligustrum ovalifolium 40 POACEAE * Lolium perenne 27 CAPRIFOLIACEAE * Lonicera japonica 41 LAMIACEAE Lycopus australis

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48 LYTHRACEAE Lythrum hyssopifolia 94 ROSACEAE * Malus domestica (hybrid) 50 MALVACEAE * Malva nicaeensis 64 MYRTACEAE Melaleuca ericifolia 42 LAMIACEAE * Mentha citrata 47 LORANTHACEAE Meullerina eucalyptoides 50 POACEAE Microlaena stipoides 51 MALVACEAE * Modiola caroliniana 21 BORAGINACEAE * Myosotis sylvatica 71 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata spp. Agg. 72 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis exilis 73 OXALIDACEAE * Oxalis incarnata 74 OXALIDACEAE * Oxalis pes-caprae 15 ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ferrugineus 41 POACEAE * Paspalum dilatatum 42 POACEAE * Paspalum distichum 43 POACEAE * Pennisetum clandestinum 81 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria hydropiper 82 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria lapathifolia 83 POLYGONACEAE * Persicaria maculosa 84 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria strigosa 85 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria subsessile 44 POACEAE * Phalaris aquatica 51 POACEAE Phragmites australis 16 ASTERACEAE * Picris echioides 45 POACEAE * Piptanthera miliacum 76 PITTOSPORACEAE * Pittosporum undulatum 77 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago coronopus 78 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago lanceolata 79 PLANTAGINACEAE * Plantago major 80 PLATANACEAE * Platanus x acerifolia 46 POACEAE * Poa annua 52 POACEAE Poa labillardieri 28 CARYOPHYLLACEAE * Polycarpon tetraphyllum 86 POLYGONACEAE * Polygonum aviculare 90 RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris aspera 103 SALICACEAE * Populus alba 104 SALICACEAE * Populus nigra 105 SALICACEAE * Populus nigra "Italica" 43 LAMIACEAE Prunella vulgaris 95 ROSACEAE * Prunus cerasifera 96 ROSACEAE * Prunus salicina 97 ROSACEAE * Prunus spinosa 36 FAGACEAE * Quercus robur 89 RANUNCULACEAE * Ranunculus repens

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65 MYRSINACEAE Rapanea howittiana 24 BRASSICACEAE * Rapistrum rugosum 25 BRASSICACEAE * Rorippa palustris 98 ROSACEAE * Rubus discolor 99 ROSACEAE Rubus parvifolius 87 POLYGONACEAE * Rumex conglomeratus 88 POLYGONACEAE * Rumex crispus 107 SALICACEAE * Salix babylonica 106 SALICACEAE * Salix X rubens 110 SOLANACEAE * Salpichora origanifolia 15 CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus validus 16 CYPERACEAE Schoenus apogon 17 ASTERACEAE Senecio tenuiflorus 111 SOLANACEAE Solanum americanum 112 SOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum 113 SOLANACEAE * Solanum mauritianum 114 SOLANACEAE * Solanum nigrum 115 SOLANACEAE * Solanum pseudocapsicum 18 ASTERACEAE * Sonchus asper 19 ASTERACEAE * Sonchus oleraceus 20 ASTERACEAE * Taraxacum Sect. Vulgaria 3 COMMELINACEAE * Tradescantia albiflora 31 FABACEAE * Trifolium dubium 32 FABACEAE * Trifolium repens 33 FABACEAE * Trifolium subterraneum 27 JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin procera 53 TYPHACEAE * Typha latifoloa 34 FABACEAE * Ulex europaeus 116 ULMACEAE * Ulmus procera 117 URTICACEAE Urtica incisa 118 VERBENACEAE * Verbena bonariensis 108 SCROPHULARIACEAE * Veronica peregrina 109 SCROPHULARIACEAE * Veronica persica 35 FABACEAE * Vicia sativa 3 APOCYNACEAE * Vinca major 47 POACEAE * Vulpia bromoides 29 LEMNACEAE Wolffia australiana 2 ARACEAE * Zantedeschia aethiopica DICOTYLEDONS

13 of 17 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100

Common name Origin Gold-dust Wattle Silver Wattle Black Wattle Blackwood Prickly Moses Sheep's-burr Bidgee-Widgee Blown Grass Brown-top Bent Northern Hemisphere Water Plantain Three-cornered Garlic West Mediterranean Lesser Joyweed Drooping Mistletoe Grey Mistletoe White Bladder-flower America, South Cape Weed Africa, South Aster-weed America, North English Daisy England Prairie Grass America, South Sweet Bursaria River Bottlebrush Water Starwort Europe, North Africa Large Bindwood Slender Thistle Europe, South Tall Sedge Tassel Sedge Common Sedge Common Sedge Rush Sedge Common Cassinia Spear Thistle Europe, Asia, North Africa Prickly Currant-bush Taupata New Zealand Lesser Swine's-cress Common Cotula Water Buttons Africa, South Swamp Crassula Hawthorn Africa, South Golden Copper-tip Africa, South Couch Cosmopolitan Drain Flat-sedge America, North & South Leafy Flat-sedge Tiny Flat-sedge Africa, South Cocksfoot Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa

14 of 17 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100

Branched Wallaby-grass Panic Veldt Grass Africa, South Annual Veldt Grass Africa, South Tall Spike-sedge Robust Willow-herb Hairy Willow-herb Bone-tip Daisy Bangalay Victoria, NSW River Red Gum Manna Gum Studley Park Red Gum Tall Fescue Europe, Asia Fennel Europe, West Asia Ash Mediterranean, SW Asia White Fumitory Mediterranean, Central & W Europe Cleavers Europe Cut-leaf Crane's-bill Dove's-foot Europe Gladiolus Africa, South Hop Goodenia Hemp bush Yorkshire Fog Europe, Asia Tree Violet Cat's Ear Europe, Asia, Africa Yellow Flag Europe, West Asia, North Africa Awned Club-sedge Africa, South Swamp Club-sedge Jointed Rush Northern Hemisphere Toad Rush Yellow Rush Wiry Rush Rush Hoary Rush Rush Burgan Bay Cut Grass Europe, temperate Asia, North America Common Duckweed Common Pepper-cress Africa, South Woolly Tea-tree Glossy Privet Asia, East California Privet Perennial Rye-grass Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa Japanese Honeysuckle Asia, East Australian Gypsywort

15 of 17 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100

Small Loosestrife Domestic Apple Europe SE, Asia SW Nice Mallow Swamp Paperbark Eau De Cologne Mint Creeping Mistletoe Weeping Grass Carolina Mallow America, South Forget-me-not Europe, Asia N Yellow Wood-sorrel Wood-sorrel Pale Wood-sorrel Africa, South Soursob Africa, South Tree Everlasting Paspalum America, South Water Couch Cosmopolitan Kikuyu Africa, East Water-pepper Pale Knotweed Persicaria Europe Ridged Knotweed Hairy Knotweed Toowoomba Canary-grasMediterranean Common Reed Ox-tongue Europe Rice-millet Mediterranean Sweet Pittosproum Victoria E, NSW, Qld Buck's-horn Plantain Europe, Asia W Ribwort Europe, Africa N, Asia Greater Plantain Eurasia Plane Tree Garden Annual Meadow-grass Mediterranean ? Common Tussock-grass Four-leaved Allseed Europe Prostrate Knotweed Hazel Pomaderris White Poplar Europe, Asia W, Africa N Poplar Lombardy Poplar Asia Central Self-heal Cherry-plum Eurasia Japanese Plum Sloe Mediterranean, Asia, W English Oak England Creeping Buttercup Eurasia

16 of 17 LC EPC Inquiry into Ecosystem Decline in Victoria Submission 100

Muttonwood Giant Mustard Marsh Bitter-cress Eurasia, America N Blackberry Europe Native Raspberry Clustered Dock Cosmopolitan Curled Dock Europe Weeping Willow China Willow Europe Lily-of-the-valley Vine America, South River Club-sedge Common Bog-sedge Narrow Groundsel Glossy Nightshade Large Kangaroo Apple Tobacco-bush America, South Black Nightshade Cosmopolitan Madeira Winter-cherry America, South Rough Sow-thistle Northern hemisphere, temperate Milk thistle Europe, Asia SW Garden Dandelion Eurasia Wandering Jew America, South Suckling Clover Eurasia White Clover Europe, Asia Subterranean clover Europe Water-ribbons Great Reedmace Africa , South America, temperate north hemisphere Furze Europe, W Elm Europe Scrub Nettle Purple-top Verbena America, South Wandering Speedwell Europe Persian Speedwell Common Vetch Europe Blue Periwinkle Europe Squirrel-tail Fescue Europe, West Asia, North Africa Tiny Duckweed White Arum Lily Africa, South

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