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Introduction INTRODUCTION This Comprehensive Plan is a revision of the last Plan adopted in 1981. It has been drafted to address the broad range of planning issues and needs that are anticipated over the next five to ten years. This document contains detailed background information and recommendations, which together comprise a comprehensive community strategy to address growth, change and those aspects of community services that touch us most deeply. Moreover, this Plan is intended to comply with all statutory requirements enacted by the Maine State Legislature. It is essential to stress that the adoption of this Comprehensive Plan necessarily requires a prompt and consistent community response to ensure that its approach and philosophy are effectively carried out. Accordingly, its enactment merely commences a process that must continue throughout the ten year planning period. This Plan is lengthy and detailed, but the essence of its findings and its recommendations may be stated as follows: 1. There is a strong community consensus that the Town should take all reasonable steps to preserve the rural character of Cape Elizabeth; in this context, "rural" refers to the appearance of the countryside, its open space and its lack of intense commercial development, rather than a stereotypical way of life; 2. There is a strong community sense that too much development has occurred in the past decade in relation to the modest population increase that has been absorbed by the Town; 3. This development has occurred on land of marginal suitability and, in general, has not contributed positively to the shared community values that were espoused by the 1981 comprehensive plan; 4. Important community and environmental values are not adequately protected by the existing plan and existing ordinances; important potential controls have not been adequately implemented; and 5. Given the pattern of growth in recent years and the amount of land that could rapidly fall into the real estate market, the town is at a critical turn in the road where it must either: (i) choose to accept the relentless urbanization of essentially all its open space; or (ii) elect to adopt an aggressive system of controls and incentives that are constitutional, effective, and fair. This Plan seeks to effect such an aggressive system of controls. The recommendations contained in this Plan, which flow from these assumptions and seek to sponsor this program, may be grouped and summarily stated as follows: 1. The Town must immediately adopt legislation that identifies community assets or values which cannot be compromised and provides specific, enforceable tools for protecting and preserving other similar values or assets. 1 2. Assets and values not to be compromised are specifically identified on the face of the earth in this Plan; they include: A. significant views and access to views; B. wetlands, shoreline, and areas of poor soils; C. Great Pond; D. the Greenbelt; and E. access to these important assets. 3. The strategy recommended to effect the recommendations include the effective use of a mixture of the following tools: A. clustering; B. buffering; C. density incentives and disincentives; D. impact fees; E. public acquisition; and F. policy on sewer connections. 4. The Plan, as required by the new State Growth Management law, also specifically designates areas that are to accommodate growth. These recommendations call for absorbing growth in three ways: development in underdeveloped areas of the northwest quarter of the Cape; adding units in close proximity to existing densely developed residential areas along Shore Road and in the southeast quarter of the Cape; and fill-in growth in areas served by the Southern Cape sewer system. In the following pages, this Plan breaks down the demographic, economic, social and environmental considerations that underlie the choices made by the Town, and the choices themselves are also evaluated in detail. It is the express finding of the Town of Cape Elizabeth that the ecology of the Town and the will of its citizens mandates the choices made in this Plan. This Plan, moreover, must be fully implemented very quickly or the character of Cape Elizabeth will be irrevocably changed. 2 Insert Map 1 here Development History 3 Insert Map 2 here Old Map of Cape Elizabeth, Richmond's Island, and Casco Neck 4 BRIEF HISTORY OF CAPE ELIZABETH Although Cape Elizabeth was on Spanish maps by 1529, it was not inhabited by Europeans until 1627. In 1614, Captain John Smith published his map of the southern Maine coast. The Cape Elizabeth area was given its name in honor of Princess Elizabeth, sister of King Charles I of England. In 1627, a trading post was set up by Walter Bagnall on Richmond's Island. In 1631, he was killed by Indians. His death was written up by Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, who referred to Bagnall as "a wicked fellow " who "had much wronged the Indians." The first grant, which included the present Town of Cape Elizabeth, was granted in England by the Plymouth Council in 1622. The "Province of Maine" was then divided between Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Masonwith in 1629. Gorges' possession included Cape Elizabeth and retained the name, Province of Maine. A patent was issued in 1631 to Robert Trelawny and Moses Goodyear of Plymouth, England. They wanted to establish a fishing and trading station here after hearing a description of the area. John Winter, factor for the Plymouth merchants, arrived at Richmond's Island in 1632. After successfully establishing the station, he was able in 1637 to launch the first vessel built at Richmond's Island, which was a 30 ton bark named the "Richmond". John Winter's daughter Sara married the Reverend Robert Jordan, an Anglican clergyman from England. The Jordan family is still well represented in Cape Elizabeth today. In 1675, Cape Elizabeth was still part of "Falmouth". During the King Phillip's War, the town was evacuated and later resettled as a fishing, farming and boat building community. Indian troubles continued during the King William's War. The surviving inhabitants fled to Wells and the region was deserted until 1698. "Falmouth" was once again deserted in 1703, during the Queen Anne's War. The Jordans and other families returned by 1715, only to be attacked by pirates. The Massachusetts General Court established the boundaries of Falmouth and incorporated it as a town in July, 1718. Land disputes and settlement growth continued in spite of more Indian wars. It was not until 1765 that Cape Elizabeth was incorporated as a separate district. Cape Elizabeth was finally incorporated as a town on August 23, 1775. Cape Elizabeth men fought in the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812, which created hardships for the community's remaining residents. Cape Elizabeth residents also fought in the Civil War, which also took young men from the town. Fishing continued to be an important occupation in the 1800's. Farming, also an early occupation, turned in the 19th century from subsistence crops to money crops for the growing Portland population. Shipbuilding was strong in the 1850's in the Knightville and Ferry Village areas of what is now South Portland. Schooners, the Down-Easters, barks, clipper ships, and a gun boat for the Civil War were all built in this area. In the winters, Cape Elizabeth men sailed with lumber and fish to the Caribbean islands and brought back rum and sugar. Letters from Cuba to relatives in Cape Elizabeth indicate that several families worked in Cuba for part of the year. The maritime history of Cape Elizabeth also mentions many ship wrecks. 5 The 1850's also brought the beginning of planned residential development, the first of which was Delano Park in 1855. Cape Elizabeth continued to grow with summer cottages, trolley cars and summer hotels. As the City of Portland began to grow and industry began to expand in the current area of South Portland, the outer portion of Cape Elizabeth tried to protect its quieter way of life by separation in 1895. Cape Elizabeth experienced a fair amount of residential growth after World War II and became mostly suburban in character, with only a few working farms left to mark a fading way of life. The Town to this day, however, retains a great deal of its early "rural" character in its open space, unspoiled natural areas and its relative lack of dense development. It is this character that this Plan seeks to preserve. Prepared by the Cape Elizabeth Historical Preservation Society. April, 1989 6 Map 3 Old map of Cape Elizabeth 7 Map 4 Historic Sites Map 8 Historic Sites Map 1. Fort Williams, Portland Head Light, and the Goddard Mansion (Grove Hall). 2. Delano Park, early housing development laid out by John Calvin Stevens in 1885. The park contains a number of Steven's houses. 3. Site of an early mill, 1727. 4. Garrison site, 1727. 5. Town Hall, 1901. 6. Thomas Memorial Library, consists of three schools; Spurwink School, 1849, Pond Cove elementary school built in 1859 by William Murray, and a 1912 Pond Cove Grammar school built by Fred Murray, William's son; Frederick Thomson, architect. 7. Alewife Brook; the earliest maps of Cape Elizabeth show this brook, and early records are filled with references to the control and regulation of fishing here. The brook was most likely the site of a trading post. 8. Riverside Cemetery, 1810. 9. Methodist Church (now Nazarene), plus Seaside Cemetery (1899). The cemetery contains some older stones relocated from Peabbles burial place near Alewife Brook. 10. Great Pond; location of the Great Pond Mining and Agricultural Company (1849), early source of spring water, horse races on the ice, Great Pond "war" and law.
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