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Ruled with a Pen: Land, Language, and the Invention of Maine

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Ruled with a Pen: Land, Language, and the Invention of Maine W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 Ruled with a pen: Land, language, and the invention of Maine Gavin James Taylor College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Gavin James, "Ruled with a pen: Land, language, and the invention of Maine" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623994. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jyan-d212 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9* black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. RULED WITH A PEN: LAND, LANGUAGE, AND THE INVENTION OF MAINE A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Gavin Taylor 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number. 9999057 Copyright 2001 by Taylor, Gavin James All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform9999057 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Gavin Taylor Approved, August 2000 James Axtell Dale Hoak Michael McGi James Whitten John G. Reid St. Mary's University ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT ix INTRODUCTION: FERDINANDO GORGES’S MAINE 2 CHAPTER I. GLUSKAP'S FOOTPRINTS 18 CHAPTER II. DRAWING LINES 87 CHAPTER III. LEVIATHAN'S TONGUES 171 CHAPTER IV. A SWEET HEART BUT A BITTER MOUTH 236 CHAPTER V. THE WAGES OF WAR 291 EPILOGUE: MOSES GREENLEAF’S MAINE 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of a dissertation is a lonely affair and would be unbearable were it not for the assistance of a community o f scholars, librarians, archivists, friends, relatives, and fellow travellers. During the past several years, I have been blessed with financial, moral, and intellectual support from many quarters. My advisor, James Axtell, studiously read each chapter, correcting me on matters of both style and interpretation, excising untold redundant commas, and offering encouragement when I needed it. John G. Reid saved me from several embarrassing errors o f fact and interpretation and astutely pointed out the areas in which the thesis needed revision. Dale Hoak, Michael McGiffert, and James Whittenberg also gave the thesis a careful reading and offered many suggestions for its improvement. During the first two years of my research, I received the generous support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. I have also received financial assistance from the Commonwealth Center for the Study of American Culture, the College of William and Mary, and Brock University. In 1997,1 participated in the Mellon Seminar in Theory and Practice, "History, Culture, and the Postmodern Challenge," at the College of William and Mary. The seminar discussions were highly stimulating and made a profound impression on the contents of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Arthur Spiess for clarifying a number of archaeological questions for me, Margaret Leahey for bringing Stephen Du Ponceau's encounter with Abenaki history to my attention, and Daniel Kirsch for his generous and cheerful assistance in tabulating the geographical distribution of English soldiers in Maine. I would also like to thank the archivists and librarians at the Maine Historical Society, the Maine State Archives, the Massachusetts Archives, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Public Archives of Canada, and the Library of Congress for their assistance and interest in my subject. My parents, James and Elizabeth, and my brother, Matthew, have contributed to my scholarly career in innumerable ways and offered me support and guidance as I struggled to bring this thesis to completion. Their inspiration has been intellectual as well as moral; dinnertime conversations in the Taylor home have always been as illuminating, and certainly as lively, as any graduate seminar. Finally, I would like to thank Jennifer Beeson for loving me in good times and bad. Her good humor and patience have never flagged and I owe her more than she will ever know. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1. Wabanaki Calendars, 17th-19th Centuries. 83 5.1. Place of Origin, Soldiers Serving in Maine, 1722-27,1744-55. 329 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1. Canoes in Rock Art. 84 1.2. Ithyphallic Themes in Rock Art. 85 1.3. Human Heads in Rock Art. 86 2.1. Two Kinds of Map. 152 2.2 "Ocean Atlantique" (detail), Pierre Levasseur, 1601. 153 2.3. "Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium 154 emendate accommodata" (detail), Gerard Mercator, 1569. 2.4. "Figure de la Terre Neuve, Grande Riviere de Canada, 155 et Cotes de l'Ocean en la Nouvelle France," Marc Lescarbot, 1609. 2.5. "A Mapp of New Englande" (portion), Sir William 156 Alexander, 1624. 2.6. [Boundaries of the Massachusetts Bay colony], William 157 Stoughton and Peter Bulkeley, circa 1677. 2.7. Nineteen Acres "Measured and Laid Out" for William 158 Pepperrell by Withers Barry (Surveyor), 1720. 2.8. "The Draft of Nonsuch Poynt...," Richard Clements, 1687. 159 2.9. "A Map of New England and New York" (portion), John 160 Speed, 1676. 2.10. "A Mapp of New England by John Seller Hydrographer to 161 the King" (portion), 1676. 2.11. "Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, &c." (portion), Nicolas 162 Sanson, 1656. 2.12. "Amerique Septentrionale, dressee, sur les Relations les plus 163 modemes des Voyageurs et Navigateurs, et divisee suivant les differentes possession des Europeens" (detail), Didier Robert de Vaugondy, 1750. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.13. "A Map of the British and French Settlements in North 164 America" (detail), J. Ridge (engraver), [1755?]. 2.14. "Carte du Canada avec partie des cotes de la Nouvelle 165 Angleterre et de I'Acadie," Father Joseph Aubry, S. J., [1713?]. 2.15. "Carte de I'Acadie," anonymous, 1702. 166 2.16. "An Accurate Map of his Majestys Province of New 167 Hampshire in New England" (detail), Samuel Langdon, 1756. 2.17. Survey of Lots Adjoining Road, Gorhamtown, John Small, 168 Surveyor, 1754. 2.18. "A True Coppy from an Ancient Plan...", Thomas Johnston 169 (engraver), 1753. 2.19. "A Map ofthe District of Maine...", Osgoode Carleton, 1795. 170 3.1. Entries and Clearances from the Port of Piscataqua, 231 1694-95. 3.2. Entries and Clearances from the Port of Piscataqua, 232 1723-25. 3.3. Clearances of Coasting Vessels from Piscataqua for Boston, 233 Aug. 1694-Sept. 1695. 3.4. Entries and Clearances at the Port of Piscataqua, 234 Jan.-Dee. 1755. 3.5. Description of Lot No. 61 in a Township Belonging to the 235 Lincolnshire Company, 1738. 5.1. [Falmouth Harbor] (detail), from the Atlantic Neptune. 350 Joseph Frederick Wallet Des Barres, [1776?]. 5.2. [Penobscot Bay] (detail), John North and Joseph Small [?], 351 1759. 5.3. "A Map of the Sources of the Chaudiere, Penobscot, and 352 Kennebec Rivers," (portion), John Montresore, 1761. 5.4. The Spectrum of Organized Violence. 353 5.5. Distribution of English Forces in York County, March 1748. 354 VII Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.
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