o help you get the most out of your field trip, we have prepared this instructional toolkit for you to use in the classroom. The toolkit cov- ers several activities serving to acquaint Elementary Cycle Two and Three pupils with Canadian Society in around 1745. These activities, which can be used to prepare pupils ahead of their visit or as part of projects once they are back in the classroom, bring into play various competencies such as observation, logical inference, argumentation, analysis and reflective thinking.

We hope these activities will provide your students with a series of learning opportunities that are as fun as they are rewarding.

The Guide-Interpreter Team

Illustration : C. Courcy

Table of Contents: Timeline ...... 2 Workshop 1 The Grand Boulevards of New France ...... Exercise 1 Navigating French America 3

Workshop 2 Private Jean-Baptiste Lefort dit Laforest writes to his Mother ...... Exercise 2 Questions about Jean-Baptiste’s letter 5

Workshop 3 Archaeologists: Detectives who investigate times gone by...... Exercise 3 Would you make a good archaeologist? 7

Workshop 4 Settling the huge land known as ...... Exercise 4 Living on a seigneury 9

Workshop 5 comes to the defence of ! ...... Exercise 5 Circle-the-word game 11

Illustration : C. Courcy

Suggestions for activities once you’re back in the classroom: ...... Jean-Baptiste’s land 13 The life of a soldier at Fort Chambly Glossary ...... Words appearing in bold in the text are listed in the glossary. 15 Answers to exercises ...... 16

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 1 Educational Toolkit Timeline Below is a brief chronology outlining important events in the site’s history since 1609, the year Samuel de Champlain went up the Rivière des , today called . This date stands out from the others, because the expedition led by Champlain against the Iroquois was to have serious consequences for Canada, as it ulti- mately led on to a century of war.

1665 Pontchartrain” in honour of the French Minister of Some 1200 soldiers of the Carignan-Salières the Marine – i.e., the Minister responsible for colo- Regiment arrived in New France. Their mission was nial affairs and naval administration. to put an end to the war against the Iroquois. Construction of Fort Saint-Louis was begun by 1720 at the foot of the Rivière des Alterations were made to the stone fort to improve Iroquois rapids. its defence capacity.

1667 1760 A peace treaty was signed between the French and On September 1, at the close of the Seven Years’ the Iroquois. War, Fort Chambly surrendered to the British. On September 8th, the signed 1668 the terms of capitulation, thereby relinquishing Most of the soldiers in the Regiment Carignan- control of the colony. The British thereupon occu- Salières went back to France. The other soldiers pied the fort. (400) settled in New France. 1775 1672 Fort Chambly was taken by rebel troops during the Jacques de Chambly received a seigneurie, or estate, American Revolution. and in turn granted lands from it to some 10 habi- tants, or peasant settlers, who occupied land around 1776 the Chambly basin. The British took back the fort from the Americans.

1683 1812 A new war erupted between the French and the War broke out between England and the United Iroquois. States. A British military camp was established in the vicinity of the fort. 1685 Soldiers from the Compagnies franches de la 1869 Marine arrived in Chambly. The Chambly military camp was closed down.

1687-1693 1886-1916 Fort Saint-Louis was rebuilt. Joseph-Octave Dion, a reporter as well as a resident of the town of Chambly, first began conservation 1701 work at Fort Chambly. The was signed between the French and 38 Aboriginal nations. 1967-1978 Numerous archaeological digs were conducted and 1702 supervised by Parks Canada. Fort Saint-Louis was destroyed by accidental fire. A third wooden fort was built on the same location. 1980-1983 The fort was restored in line with a plan dating from 1709 1750. Work was completed building an interpreta- The wooden fort was replaced by a stone structure tion centre focussing on the subject of Chambly dur- completed in 1711. It was christened “Fort ing the French Regime, 1665-1760.

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 2 Educational Toolkit 1

p The Grand Boulevards o h of New France s or Aboriginal peoples, a river was first and foremost a “road that walks”. It was certainly the k quickest means of travelling great distances in heavily forested lands. r o F In New France, a vast territory crisscrossed with by canoe when he reached the mouth of another rivers, there were very few overland roads worthy boulevard – the Richelieu River. Champlain W of the name. One of the oldest, the Chemin de explored it until reaching its source, where he dis- Chambly, was begun in 1665 by the King’s sol- covered an immense lake that he named after diers. himself.

Thanks to the Chemin de Chambly, it took only This almost unending river network allowed the four good hours to walk from Fort Chambly to French to make their way into the heart of the con- Longueuil! Despite being given the name of tinent. For instance, the colony of , was chemin, the road was actually just a modest path explored starting from Great Lakes and then through the woods. It was certainly not the kind down the Mississippi, a majestic river named of thoroughfare that would allow the French to “father of the waters” by the Aboriginal peoples. travel to the furthest reaches of the New World! However, in 1760 things went badly for the In 1608, Samuel de Champlain crossed the French. During the Seven Years’ War, the British Atlantic Ocean in a tall-masted ship and sailed up invaded Canada. The English flotilla reached the biggest aquatic boulevard in Canada – the St. Montreal via the following boulevards: Lake Lawrence River. At one point, the river becomes Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, the Hudson narrower and shallower. Unable to navigate any River, Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. further with such a big vessel, Champlain put ashore and founded City. Thus the boulevards represented by North America’s network of waterways paved the way The following year, Champlain used smaller ves- to both the glory and the downfall of New France! sels to pursue his explorations. He was travelling

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 3 Educational Toolkit 1 Navigating French America e s i c r e x E

A) Locate the Grands Boulevards of New France : Mark the numbers corresponding with their names (below) in the circles on the map.

1. Lake Ontario 2. St. Lawrence River 3. Richelieu River 4. Lake Champlain 5. Hudson River

B) Write the name of the waterway on which Fort Chambly is located.

Did you know that... Circa 1750, New France was inhabited by approximately 60 000 settlers, whereas the British colonies already numbered more than one million in ! Illustration : C. Courcy

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Questions about the letter written by Private e Jean-Baptiste Le Fort dit Laforest to his mother. s i Answer the following questions after reading Jean-Baptiste’s letter: c

r Circle the correct answer: e

x 1. Jean-Baptiste Le Fort dit Laforest never learned to read and write. TRUE FALSE

E 2. Jean-Baptiste was born in the city called La Rochelle. TRUE FALSE

3. It took Jean-Baptiste 10 weeks to cross the ocean. TRUE FALSE

4. What means of transportation did Jean-Baptiste use to come to New France?

STEAMBOAT TALL-MASTED SHIP CANOE

5. What was the name of the city in New France where Jean-Baptiste landed?

CHAMBLY TROIS-RIVIÈRES Did you know? The word “soldier”comes from “solde”,a French word still used to refer to a soldier’s pay.

Illustration : C. Courcy

Write in the correct answer:

6. When Jean-Baptiste enrolled in October 1748, he met the age requirement for soldiers. How old was he at the time? (A mathematical operation will provide you with the answer.)

______

7. A solde was the pay a soldier received. Today in Canada, the monetary unit is the dollar. In Jean- Baptiste’s time, it was the livre. Calculate the solde that Jean-Baptiste received for a whole year:

______

8. A soldier would enrol in the Compagnies franches de la Marine for a period of several years. What was the length of Jean-Baptiste’s contract? (A mathematical operation will provide you with the answer.) ______

9. Jean-Baptiste wrote to tell his mother that he would like to stay in New France once his contract had ended. Name four lines of work he could pursue to make a living:

1- ______2-______

3- ______4- ______

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 6 Educational Toolkit Fort Chambly during the archeological digs, digs, archeological the during Chambly Fort between 1976 and 1978. and 1976 between Workshop 3 history oftheexcavatedsite. under way, theseobjectsare usedas“evidence”withwhichreconstitute aportionofthe ry Once thedighasended,archaeologists bringthe buried more deeplythannewerones. cealed intheearthandthattheyhavebrought tolight.Ingeneral,oldobjectsare During thedig,archaeologists carefully gatherallthecluesthatwere previously con- a fullinquiryintowhateverinformationmaybegottenoutoftheground. tions andlooksforanswers. All inall,archaeology amountstoconducting of observation,andcuriosity. Likeadetective,anarchaeologist asksques- To beanarchaeologist, ittakespatienceandextreme care, akeensense of peoplewhoinhabitedaparticularplacelongtimeago. archaeologist isakindof detective whoaimstoreconstruct thelives archaeological diginvolves conductinganinvestigationintime. An they are abletopartiallyreconstruct humanactivitiesofthepast. An B investigate timesgoneby DetectivesArchaeologists: who uried objectsprovide archaeologists manyoftheclueswithwhich , wher e theyar Fort Chambly National HistoricSite ofCanada e cleaned,sortedandclassified.Next,asthoughaninvestigationwer 7 a a r r t t Educational Toolkit i i f f a a c c t t s s and e e c c o o f f a a c c t t s s to thelaborato- e 3 Would you make a good Archaeologist? e The objects uncovered by archaeologists often consist of materials that keep for a long time in the s

i ground, such as glass or earthenware. In contrast, objects made of leather or wood deteriorate rapidly

c because of the damp and humidity. r A) On the following list of “Artifacts”, circle the ones that could be found during an e archaeological dig several centuries from now. x E

To date the finds of archaeo- logical dig, you need to take Did you know that? into account the depth at which you find an artifact.The ground under our feet is made up of many layers of soil. Whenever an artifact is found in one particular layer of soil or another, you can tell which historical period it belongs to. Illustration : C. Courcy

B) Read the following questions and circle the correct answer. More than one choice is possible.

1- You found a black bear’s thigh-bone. What does this mean? a) A soldier hunted a black bear; b) There was a circus near Fort Chambly; c) There used to be black bears in the Fort Chambly area; d) All of the above.

2- You found fragments of an earthenware plate. What can you deduce from this ? a) The soldiers ate on earthenware plates; b) The soldiers had dishware designed for table use; c) Neither of the above.

3- You found bone dice in the ground. What hypotheses can you make ? a) The soldiers played Monopoly; b) The soldiers did not have leisure activities; c) The soldiers played games of dice for fun; d) The soldiers could make dice from animal bones.

4- What luck ! You found a stone arrowhead. This might mean that: a) Aboriginal peoples spent some time near the fort; b) While hunting, a soldier broke his bow; c) Before the Europeans arrived, the Aboriginal peoples camped in the area; d) All of the above.

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 8 Educational Toolkit Workshop 4 foothills behindit.Thisenabled mor seigneury, landwasdivided intolong,narrow stripsstretching from theriverfront asfar asthe the peasantoccupantswere referred to),onthelandssurrounding theChamblyBasin.On the banksofRichelieu River On October29,1672,King’s Army captainJacquesdeChamblywasgranted aseigneurylocatedon perpendicular totherangs,thusperpendicular totheriver)would crisscross theseigneury. before overland roads called number ofstintscompulsory labour, called tants) toenjoydirect accesstotheriver, theonlyso-calledroad theninexistence!Itwouldtake a The seigneur’s mostimportantdutywastogrant The seigneur’s of service. a seigneuryasreward fortheloyalperformance on goodtermswiththeKing.Theyoftenreceived ly chosenfrom amongthe armyofficers whowere is, thelords orthelarge landowners–were usual- called seigneuries,orestates.Theseigneurs–that o to populateanddevelopthecolony. LouisXIV of landtenure, wasinstituted bytheKinginorder In NewFrance,theseigneurialsystem,asystem Settling the huge landknownasCanada ffered hisworthiestsubjectsvasttractsofland Fort Chambl Seigneury The Chambly y Na Forest tion al Historic SiteofCan rangs . Thismarkedthestartof settlement oftheearliest“habitants”(as (roads running paralleltotheriver)and Arable land Arable e censitair ad a 9 es corvées (in otherwor where hecouldgrindhis grain. mill cultivate hislandandtopaythe c (title toatractofland)alsopledgedcarryout his part,acolonistwhowasgranted lands tocolonistswishingsettleinCanada.For ry tokenpaymentincash,likedues)and such astheguaranteeofaccessto In return, healsoacquired anumberofrights, payment intheformofmoneyorfarmproducts). Ed ertain duties.Themainoneswere toclearand , carriedoutoveraperiod ofseveralyears, CHAMBL uca (a millbuiltandmaintainedbytheseigneur) BASIN tion Y ds, thetenantlandholders, orhabi- al T oolkit montées c c e e n n (roads running s s (an obligato- c c o o communal n n c c rent e e s s s s i i o o (a n n Exercise 4 .Cré () 3. Corvée () ) ( Communal 2. mill 1. Seigneur Indicate besidethefollowing words thelettermatchingcorrectdefinition. .Mné () () 7. Montée 6. Tenant 5. Cens 4. Rent .Rn () 8. Rang Living onaSeigneury Illustration :C.Courcy Fort Chambl Did youknow? a kneel, lay down hisarms, theseigneurwould doffhishat, rank totheGovernor), secondin Facing theIntendant(orheadcolonialadministrator, Quebec City. theseigneurhadtotravel tothegovernor’s residencein to meetthisduty, y Na nd declarehimselftobetheking’s vassal. ( ) ( ) tion al Historic SiteofCan H G D H G D A A C C B B E E F F Rent paidbyahabitanttohis Overland road running paralleltotheriver grain censitaire’s The millbuiltandoperatedbytheseigneurforgrinding Overland road running perpendiculartotheriver Settler livingonaseigneury Compulsory unpaidworkperformedby Owner ofalarge tractoflandinCanada Token duespaidonceayeartothe ad a 10 aino elyadhmg.Ec er inorder Each year, ration offealtyandhomage. aseigneurhadtomake adecla- King ofFrance, I n acknowledgement ofhissubmissiontothe Ed uca tion seigneur. al T seigneur oolkit censitaires 5 Fort Chambly comes to the defence of Montréal! p In 1709, as part of their plans for protecting ments in the fort’s surroundings. A fosse (or o Montreal from attack, the French constructed a moat) and a drawbridge were also built in front stone fort at Chambly at the foot of the rapids of of the gate to protect the fort’s entrance from a h the Richelieu River. The fort was designed to surprise attack. s defend this great waterway, through which the Five hundred (500) soldiers could be sheltered k British intended to advance an invasion force from enemy cannon inside the fort’s walls. The r into Canada. Marquis de Vaudreuil, then serving as the o The fort was built around a huge square, at the Governor of New France, went so far as to claim centre of which was an interior courtyard that in the event of an attack, the interior court-

W known as the place d’armes – a parade-ground yard could accommodate an additional 500 peo- used for muster and drills. The corners of the ple – in other words, the entire population of the fort consisted of four large square towers called seigneury! bastions. Long, thick walls running from one The fort complex was also home to a chapel, bastion to another were called courtines or cur- atop which a pretty bellturret rose skyward. The tainwalls. Along the fort’s outer walls, which remaining architectural components of Fort were a good metre thick, there were two types of Chambly include a powder magazine, latrines, openings: musket loopholes and embrasures. a bread oven and a well, all of which can still be Some improvements were made to the fort seen today. On your visit here, be sure to admire around 1720. For instance, small sentry boxes the magnificent coat of arms of the King of called bartizans were added to the top of the France gracing the pediment directly over the bastions. Soldiers stood watch at each of the bar- fort’s front gate. tizans and were thus able to monitor all move-

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Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 11 Educational Toolkit 5 Circle-the-Word Game e

s Find all the hidden words and discover the name given to the stone fort in 1711, in honour of i the French “Minister of the Marine.” To make your task easier, use the text and the numbered c illustration of the fort from the previous page. r e 1) Substance stored in a powder magazine. x 2) Deep ditch in front of the fort that protects the main entrance.

E 3) Smoke outlets for the fort’s many fireplaces. 4) Name for the square stone towers at the four corners of the fort. 5) Soldiers of fort Chambly as well as habitants of the seigneurie came here to pray. 6) Narrow vertical slit through which muskets are fired. 7) Square opening in the wall through which cannons are fired. 8) Walkway over the moat that turns into a double door once lifted. 9) The King of France Coat of Arms are hung above the main entrance, on the … 10) Name for the open area in the fort, where soldiers gathered for military exercises ( two words) 11) They prevented boats from sailing the Richelieu River between St-Jean and Chambly 12) Lookout on the corners of each bastion. 13) Fort’s wall that connects two bastions ( two words).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Before the construction of the stone fort, 3 wooden forts were erected on the same loca- Did you know? tion. Soldiers of Carignan-Salières Regiment built the first one in 1665 to protect the colony from Iroquois’ attacks. Abandoned during almost 20 years, this wooden palisade was rebuilt on 2 different occasions, one around 1690 and again in 1702. Illustration : C. Courcy

Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 12 Educational Toolkit Back to school • Activity 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 w O w O Jean-Baptiste Lefort ditLaforest’s land r v r v The fields,where Jean-Baptiste The orchard The vegetablegarden, where beets,turnips,radishes,cabbage,onionsand The livestockstable The barnforstoringtheharvest The chickencoop Jean-Baptiste’s house grew graincrops carrots were grown i i e e t t i i r r n n

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What did the King’s ration consist of? What did a soldier’s daily tasks consist of?

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MOAT N N RAPIDS TIZAN oolkit H H S S CHAPEL C C Fort Chambly National Historic Site of Canada 2, De Richelieu Street, Chambly (Quebec) J3L 2B9 Telephone : (450) 658-1585 • Fax : (450) 658-7216 www.pc.gc.ca/fortchambly