Administración De Sistemas GNU/Linux
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Administració De Sistemes GNU Linux Mòdul4 Administració
Administració local Josep Jorba Esteve PID_00238577 GNUFDL • PID_00238577 Administració local Es garanteix el permís per a copiar, distribuir i modificar aquest document segons els termes de la GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 o qualsevol altra de posterior publicada per la Free Software Foundation, sense seccions invariants ni textos de la oberta anterior o posterior. Podeu consultar els termes de la llicència a http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html. GNUFDL • PID_00238577 Administració local Índex Introducció.................................................................................................. 5 1. Eines bàsiques per a l'administrador........................................... 7 1.1. Eines gràfiques i línies de comandes .......................................... 8 1.2. Documents d'estàndards ............................................................. 10 1.3. Documentació del sistema en línia ............................................ 13 1.4. Eines de gestió de paquets .......................................................... 15 1.4.1. Paquets TGZ ................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Fedora/Red Hat: paquets RPM ....................................... 19 1.4.3. Debian: paquets DEB ..................................................... 24 1.4.4. Nous formats d'empaquetat: Snap i Flatpak .................. 28 1.5. Eines genèriques d'administració ................................................ 36 1.6. Altres eines ................................................................................. -
The Debian GNU/Linux
The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ translator: etony C.F.AN <[email protected]> Debian FAQ Authors version 5.0.1, 17 March 2012 XXX要要要 ,文cãT一些s于 Debian GNU/Linux 的8Á问题. HHHCCC声声声明明明 Copyright © 1996-2003 by Software in the Public Interest (u守v包+,文cHC声明的MÐ下, A¸6\和发布,文c的完t拷贝. (u守上述完t拷贝H,有sHC声明的MÐ下, A¸拷贝和发布ú于,文c完t拷贝的修9H,, v且, 发布@有通Ç修9 ,文c而得0的工\成果, {使(与,文c的¸可声明一致的¸可声明. (u守上述修9H,HC声明的MÐ下, A¸拷贝和发布,文cv它语言的û译H,, 如果,¸可声明有Ïê1o件ú金 会(Free Software Foundation)8Æ的S0化译,, 则uªS0化译,. i Contents 1 定定定II义与与与概概概述述述 1 1.1 什么/ Debian GNU/Linux?...............................................1 1.2 OK, 现(我知SDebian /. Linux/什么?!.......................................1 1.3 什么/ “Hurd”?.......................................................2 1.4 Debian GNU/Linux 与v他 Linux 发LH有什么不同? 为什么要选éDebian GNU/Linux?............2 1.5 Debian ¡划与ê1o件ú金会的GNU¡划 .......................................2 1.6 Debian 的发音Ê+I?...................................................2 2 Debian GNU/Linux 的的的···取取取与与与安安安ÅÅÅ 3 2.1 Debian 的最新H,/?...................................................3 2.2 如U得0 Debian 的安Å盘?................................................3 2.3 如UÎIq安Å Debian?..................................................3 2.4 我有;U:, 可以·取 Debian qÏ吗?..........................................3 2.5 可以o盘安Å吗?.......................................................3 2.6 可以Q络安Å吗?.......................................................4 3 |||¹¹¹'''问问问题题题 5 3.1 可以(什么7的l件û统上ÐL?.............................................5 3.2 与v他的linux发LH|¹L如U?.............................................5 3.3 Debian 源码与v他 -
Timesys Linux Install HOWTO
TimeSys Linux Install HOWTO Trevor Harmon <[email protected]> 2005−04−05 Revision History Revision 1.0 2005−04−05 Revised by: TH first official release This document is a quick−start guide for installing TimeSys Linux on a typical desktop workstation. TimeSys Linux Install HOWTO Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Copyright and License......................................................................................................................1 1.3. Disclaimer.........................................................................................................................................2 1.4. Feedback...........................................................................................................................................2 2. Requirements...................................................................................................................................................3 3. Install the packages.........................................................................................................................................4 4. Prepare the source directories.......................................................................................................................5 5. Configure -
Globalfs: a Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System
GlobalFS: A Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System Leandro Pacheco Raluca Halalai Valerio Schiavoni University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Fernando Pedone Etienne Riviere` Pascal Felber University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Abstract consistency, availability, and tolerance to partitions. Our goal is to ensure strongly consistent file system operations This paper introduces GlobalFS, a POSIX-compliant despite node failures, at the price of possibly reduced geographically distributed file system. GlobalFS builds availability in the event of a network partition. Weak on two fundamental building blocks, an atomic multicast consistency is suitable for domain-specific applications group communication abstraction and multiple instances of where programmers can anticipate and provide resolution a single-site data store. We define four execution modes and methods for conflicts, or work with last-writer-wins show how all file system operations can be implemented resolution methods. Our rationale is that for general-purpose with these modes while ensuring strong consistency and services such as a file system, strong consistency is more tolerating failures. We describe the GlobalFS prototype in appropriate as it is both more intuitive for the users and detail and report on an extensive performance assessment. does not require human intervention in case of conflicts. We have deployed GlobalFS across all EC2 regions and Strong consistency requires ordering commands across show that the system scales geographically, providing replicas, which needs coordination among nodes at performance comparable to other state-of-the-art distributed geographically distributed sites (i.e., regions). Designing file systems for local commands and allowing for strongly strongly consistent distributed systems that provide good consistent operations over the whole system. -
The Linux Device File-System
The Linux Device File-System Richard Gooch EMC Corporation [email protected] Abstract 1 Introduction All Unix systems provide access to hardware via de- vice drivers. These drivers need to provide entry points for user-space applications and system tools to access the hardware. Following the \everything is a file” philosophy of Unix, these entry points are ex- posed in the file name-space, and are called \device The Device File-System (devfs) provides a power- special files” or \device nodes". ful new device management mechanism for Linux. Unlike other existing and proposed device manage- This paper discusses how these device nodes are cre- ment schemes, it is powerful, flexible, scalable and ated and managed in conventional Unix systems and efficient. the limitations this scheme imposes. An alternative mechanism is then presented. It is an alternative to conventional disc-based char- acter and block special devices. Kernel device drivers can register devices by name rather than de- vice numbers, and these device entries will appear in the file-system automatically. 1.1 Device numbers Devfs provides an immediate benefit to system ad- ministrators, as it implements a device naming scheme which is more convenient for large systems Conventional Unix systems have the concept of a (providing a topology-based name-space) and small \device number". Each instance of a driver and systems (via a device-class based name-space) alike. hardware component is assigned a unique device number. Within the kernel, this device number is Device driver authors can benefit from devfs by used to refer to the hardware and driver instance. -
Using the Andrew File System on *BSD [email protected], Bsdcan, 2006 Why Another Network Filesystem
Using the Andrew File System on *BSD [email protected], BSDCan, 2006 why another network filesystem 1-slide history of Andrew File System user view admin view OpenAFS Arla AFS on OpenBSD, FreeBSD and NetBSD Filesharing on the Internet use FTP or link to HTTP file interface through WebDAV use insecure protocol over vpn History of AFS 1984: developed at Carnegie Mellon 1989: TransArc Corperation 1994: over to IBM 1997: Arla, aimed at Linux and BSD 2000: IBM releases source 2000: foundation of OpenAFS User view <1> global filesystem rooted at /afs /afs/cern.ch/... /afs/cmu.edu/... /afs/gorlaeus.net/users/h/hugo/... User view <2> authentication through Kerberos #>kinit <username> obtain krbtgt/<realm>@<realm> #>afslog obtain afs@<realm> #>cd /afs/<cell>/users/<username> User view <3> ACL (dir based) & Quota usage runs on Windows, OS X, Linux, Solaris ... and *BSD Admin view <1> <cell> <partition> <server> <volume> <volume> <server> <partition> Admin view <2> /afs/gorlaeus.net/users/h/hugo/presos/afs_slides.graffle gorlaeus.net /vicepa fwncafs1 users hugo h bram <server> /vicepb Admin view <2a> /afs/gorlaeus.net/users/h/hugo/presos/afs_slides.graffle gorlaeus.net /vicepa fwncafs1 users hugo /vicepa fwncafs2 h bram Admin view <3> servers require KeyFile ~= keytab procedure differs for Heimdal: ktutil copy MIT: asetkey add Admin view <4> entry in CellServDB >gorlaeus.net #my cell name 10.0.0.1 <dbserver host name> required on servers required on clients without DynRoot Admin view <5> File locking no databases on AFS (requires byte range locking) -
Linux System Administration
Linux System Administration Jonathan Quick Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory Goals • Help you to understand how Linux starts up, keeps running, and shuts down • Give confidence in dealing with hardware and software failures • Give an overview of what you can configure and how • Show you where to find more information when you need it • For the field system and Mark5’s 2 Basic Linux Concepts • Linux Kernel – Base monolithic kernel + loadable modules – Gives standardized access to underlying hardware • Linux System / "Distribution" – Kernel + lots of software – Adds both system and application level software to the system • Background processes ("daemons") 3 System Modifications • In order to do any system-wide changes you usually have to be logged in as 'root‘ – Or have root privileges • There are a number of approaches for this – Log in as user “root” – Execute “su –” from the present user account – Execute the command directly with “sudo” • E.g. “sudo tail /var/log/kern.log” 4 Logging in as 'root' • You can change to a virtual console (Ctrl-Alt- F1) and login normally or use 'su -' • 'root' can override all permissions, start and stop anything, erase hard drives,... – So please be careful with disk names and similar! – You can browse and check many (if not most of the) things as a normal user (like 'oper'). 5 Sudo • Sudo is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. • The basic philosophy is to give as few privileges as possible but still allow people to get their work -
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO..........................................................................................................................................1 Martin Hinner < [email protected]>, http://martin.hinner.info............................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Volumes...............................................................................................................................................1 3. DOS FAT 12/16/32, VFAT.................................................................................................................2 4. High Performance FileSystem (HPFS)................................................................................................2 5. New Technology FileSystem (NTFS).................................................................................................2 6. Extended filesystems (Ext, Ext2, Ext3)...............................................................................................2 7. Macintosh Hierarchical Filesystem − HFS..........................................................................................3 8. ISO 9660 − CD−ROM filesystem.......................................................................................................3 9. Other filesystems.................................................................................................................................3 -
Dwarf's Guide to Debian GNU/Linux
Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux 2001 Dale Scheetz Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Copyright c 2001 Dale Scheetz Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being Chapter 1 Introduction, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with the Back-Cover Texts being “The early development of the material in this work was produced with the financial support of Planet Linux. This support was intrumental in bringing this project to completion.” A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “Appendix 9: GNU Free Documentation License” which can be found on page 271. Trademark Acknowledgements All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. The publisher cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Caldera, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. MS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. X Window System is a registered trademark of X Consortium, Inc. ii dedicated to Linux users everywhere iii CREDITS First I want to thank Ian Murdock for writing the History section. His per- spectives on those early years have helped latecomers like Dwarf understand the founding principles upon which Debian is based. -
Dselect Documentation for Beginners
dselect Documentation for Beginners Stéphane Bortzmeyer <[email protected]> 1 Chapter 1 Introduction This file documents dselect for first-time users, and is intended to help in getting Debian installed suc- cessfully. It makes no attempt to explain everything, so when you first meet dselect, work through the help screens. dselect is used to select which packages you wish to install (there are currently around 2000 packages in Debian 2.1). It will be run for you during the install and as it is a very powerful and somewhat complex thing which can be used for good or for evil; some knowledge of it beforehand is highly recommended. Careless use of dselect can severly mess up your system. dselect will step you through the package installation process as follows: Choose the access method to use. • Update list of available packages, if possible. • Request which packages you want on your system. • Install and upgrade wanted packages. • Configure any packages that are unconfigured. • Remove unwanted software. • As each step is completed successfully it will lead you on to the next. Go through them in order without skipping any steps. Here and there in this document we talk of starting another shell. Linux has 6 console sessions or shells available at any one time. You switch betwen them by hitting Left Alt-F1 through Left Alt-F6, after which you log in on your new shell and go ahead. The console used by the install process is the first one, a.k.a., tty1, so hit Left Alt-F1 when you want to return to that process. -
Gnu/Linux Komutlari
ِب ْس ِم اللَّ ِه َّالر ْح َم ِن َّالر ِح ِيم GNU/LINUX KOMUTLARI HAZIRLANMA YILI:2013 Dağıtımı ve kopyalanması serbesttir. Yaşasın özgür yazılım dünyası 1 İÇERİK: Başlık(1) 1 İçerik(2) 2-3 Önsöz(1) 4 echo(4) 5-8 mv(5) 9-13 cp(7) 14-20 mkdir(3) 21-23 rmdir(2) 24-25 clear(1) 26 cal ve ncal(4) 27-30 pwd(1) 31 date(6) 32-37 free(2) 38-39 du(4) 40-43 df(3) 44-46 cat(2) 47-48 ls(5) 49-53 rm(2) 54-55 lspci(6) 56-61 whereis(2) 62-63 whatis ve info(1) 64 cd(1) 65 more(2) 66-67 less(6) 68-73 dircolors(1) 74 manpath(1) 75 apropos(1) 76 mandb(1) 77 history(1) 78 sort(1) 79 fdisk(1) 80 locate(2) 81-82 find(4) 83-86 ifconfig(2) 87-88 2 apt-get(2) 89-90 nano(1) 91 man(12) 92-103 aircrack-ng(2) 104-105 wesside-ng(1) 106 Diğer Bazı Komutlar(8) 107-114 Konsoldan program çalıştırmak(1) 115 Yedekleme ayarları(1) 116 testdisk(2) 117-118 Yazılım Yöneticisi(1) 119 Bazı Dosya ve Dizinlerin İşlevleri(2) 120-121 Linux Mint Temel Bilgiler (2) 122-123 Kabuk Programlama(2) 124-125 Mekke'nin Fetih Günü(1) 126 3 Önsöz GNU/Linux işletim sistemini kullanmak ayrıcalıktır. Konsol komutlarını kullanmayı iyi bilmek birçok konuda kişinin işini kolaylaştırır. GNU/Linux işletim sistemlerinin ülkemizde yaygınlaşacağı ümidini taşıyan biri olarak belki başkalarına da faydası dokunur düşüncesi ile konsol komutlarını ve bazı programları incelerken tuttuğum notları birleştirerek bu kitabı tamamladım ve paylaşıma sundum. -
Implantación De Linux Sobre Microcontroladores
Embedded Linux system development Embedded Linux system development DSI Embedded Linux Free Electrons Developers © Copyright 2004-2018, Free Electrons. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: March 14, 2018. Document updates and sources: http://free-electrons.com/doc/training/embedded-linux Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! DSI - FCEIA http://dsi.fceia.unr.edu.ar 1/263 Derechos de copia © Copyright 2018, Luciano Diamand Licencia: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode Ud es libre de: I copiar, distribuir, mostrar y realizar el trabajo I hacer trabajos derivados I hacer uso comercial del trabajo Bajo las siguientes condiciones: I Atribuci´on. Debes darle el cr´editoal autor original. I Compartir por igual. Si altera, transforma o construye sobre este trabajo, usted puede distribuir el trabajo resultante solamente bajo una licencia id´enticaa ´esta. I Para cualquier reutilizaci´ono distribuci´on,debe dejar claro a otros los t´erminos de la licencia de este trabajo. I Se puede renunciar a cualquiera de estas condiciones si usted consigue el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor. El uso justo y otros derechos no se ven afectados por lo anterior. DSI - FCEIA http://dsi.fceia.unr.edu.ar 2/263 Hiperv´ınculosen el documento Hay muchos hiperv´ınculosen el documento I Hiperv´ıncluosregulares: http://kernel.org/ I Enlaces a la documentaci´ondel Kernel: Documentation/kmemcheck.txt I Enlaces a los archivos fuente y directorios del kernel: drivers/input include/linux/fb.h I Enlaces a declaraciones, definiciones e instancias de los simbolos del kernel (funciones, tipos, datos, estructuras): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations DSI - FCEIA http://dsi.fceia.unr.edu.ar 3/263 Introducci´ona Linux Embebido Introducci´ona DSI Linux Embebido Embedded Linux Developers Free Electrons © Copyright 2004-2018, Free Electrons.