NASA - Apollo 9
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Gryphon: a Flexible Lunar Lander Design to Support a Semi-Permanent Lunar Outpost
AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition AIAA 2007-6169 18 - 20 September 2007, Long Beach, California The Gryphon: A Flexible Lunar Lander Design to Support a Semi-Permanent Lunar Outpost Dale Arney1, Joseph Hickman,1 Philip Tanner,1 John Wagner,1 Marc Wilson,1 and Dr. Alan Wilhite2 Georgia Institute of Technology/National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, 23666 A lunar lander is designed to provide safe, reliable, and continuous access to the lunar surface by the year 2020. The NASA Exploration System Architecture is used to initially define the concept of operations, architecture elements, and overall system requirements. The design evaluates revolutionary concepts and technologies to improve the performance and safety of the lunar lander while minimizing the associated cost using advanced systems engineering capabilities and multi-attribute decision making techniques. The final design is a flexible (crew and/or cargo) lander with a side-mounted minimum ascent stage and a separate stage to perform lunar orbit insertion. Nomenclature ACC = Affordability and Cost Criterion AFM = Autonomous Flight Manager AHP = Analytic Hierarchy Process ALHAT = Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology ATP = Authority to Proceed AWRS = Advanced Air & Water Recovery System CDR = Critical Design Review CER = Cost Estimating Relationship CEV = Crew Exploration Vehicle CH4 = Methane DDT&E = Design, Development, Testing and Evaluation DOI = Descent Orbit Insertion DSM = Design Structure Matrix ECLSS = Environmental Control & Life Support System -
Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160008869 2019-08-29T17:47:59+00:00Z CHAPTER 12 Materials for Liquid Propulsion Systems John A. Halchak Consultant, Los Angeles, California James L. Cannon NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Corey Brown Aerojet-Rocketdyne, West Palm Beach, Florida 12.1 Introduction Earth to orbit launch vehicles are propelled by rocket engines and motors, both liquid and solid. This chapter will discuss liquid engines. The heart of a launch vehicle is its engine. The remainder of the vehicle (with the notable exceptions of the payload and guidance system) is an aero structure to support the propellant tanks which provide the fuel and oxidizer to feed the engine or engines. The basic principle behind a rocket engine is straightforward. The engine is a means to convert potential thermochemical energy of one or more propellants into exhaust jet kinetic energy. Fuel and oxidizer are burned in a combustion chamber where they create hot gases under high pressure. These hot gases are allowed to expand through a nozzle. The molecules of hot gas are first constricted by the throat of the nozzle (de-Laval nozzle) which forces them to accelerate; then as the nozzle flares outwards, they expand and further accelerate. It is the mass of the combustion gases times their velocity, reacting against the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle, which produce thrust according to Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. [1] Solid rocket motors are cheaper to manufacture and offer good values for their cost. -
Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 6-2020 Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. Levasseur Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES PURDUE STUDIES IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS James R. Hansen, Series Editor Purdue Studies in Aeronautics and Astronautics builds on Purdue’s leadership in aeronautic and astronautic engineering, as well as the historic accomplishments of many of its luminary alums. Works in the series will explore cutting-edge topics in aeronautics and astronautics enterprises, tell unique stories from the history of flight and space travel, and contemplate the future of human space exploration and colonization. RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars by Alex M Spencer A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong by James R. Hansen John Houbolt: The Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings by William F. Causey Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind by James R. Hansen Piercing the Horizon: The Story of Visionary NASA Chief Tom Paine by Sunny Tsiao Calculated Risk: The Supersonic Life and Times of Gus Grissom by George Leopold Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer by Jerry L. Ross THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. -
Celebrate Apollo
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth “…We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share. … I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish …” President John F. Kennedy May 25, 1961 Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth Less than five months into his new administration, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy, announced the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safely to the moon before the end of the decade. Coming just three weeks after Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space, Kennedy’s bold challenge that historic spring day set the nation on a journey unparalleled in human history. Just eight years later, on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module, taking “one small step” in the Sea of Tranquility, thus achieving “one giant leap for mankind,” and demonstrating to the world that the collective will of the nation was strong enough to overcome any obstacle. It was an achievement that would be repeated five other times between 1969 and 1972. By the time the Apollo 17 mission ended, 12 astronauts had explored the surface of the moon, and the collective contributions of hundreds of thousands of engineers, scientists, astronauts and employees of NASA served to inspire our nation and the world. -
Apollo Space Suit
APOLLO SPACE S UIT 1962–1974 Frederica, Delaware A HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK SEPTEMBER 20, 2013 DelMarVa Subsection Histor y of the Apollo Space Suit This model would be used on Apollo 7 through Apollo 14 including the first lunar mission of Neil Armstrong and Buzz International Latex Corporation (ILC) was founded in Aldrin on Apollo 11. Further design improvements were made to Dover, Delaware in 1937 by Abram Nathanial Spanel. Mr. Spanel improve mobility for astronauts on Apollo 15 through 17 who was an inventor who became proficient at dipping latex material needed to sit in the lunar rovers and perform more advanced to form bathing caps and other commercial products. He became mobility exercises on the lunar surface. This suit was known as famous for ladies apparel made under the brand name of Playtex the model A7LB. A slightly modified ILC Apollo suit would also go that today is known worldwide. Throughout WWII, Spanel drove on to support the Skylab program and finally the American-Soyuz the development and manufacture of military rubberized products Test Program (ASTP) which concluded in 1975. During the entire to help our troops. In 1947, Spanel used the small group known time the Apollo suit was produced, manufacturing was performed as the Metals Division to develop military products including at both the ILC plant on Pear Street in Dover, Delaware, as well as several popular pressure helmets for the U.S. Air Force. the ILC facility in Frederica, Delaware. In 1975, the Dover facility Based upon the success of the pressure helmets, the Metals was closed and all operations were moved to the Frederica plant. -
4. Lunar Architecture
4. Lunar Architecture 4.1 Summary and Recommendations As defined by the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS), the lunar architecture is a combination of the lunar “mission mode,” the assignment of functionality to flight elements, and the definition of the activities to be performed on the lunar surface. The trade space for the lunar “mission mode,” or approach to performing the crewed lunar missions, was limited to the cislunar space and Earth-orbital staging locations, the lunar surface activities duration and location, and the lunar abort/return strategies. The lunar mission mode analysis is detailed in Section 4.2, Lunar Mission Mode. Surface activities, including those performed on sortie- and outpost-duration missions, are detailed in Section 4.3, Lunar Surface Activities, along with a discussion of the deployment of the outpost itself. The mission mode analysis was built around a matrix of lunar- and Earth-staging nodes. Lunar-staging locations initially considered included the Earth-Moon L1 libration point, Low Lunar Orbit (LLO), and the lunar surface. Earth-orbital staging locations considered included due-east Low Earth Orbits (LEOs), higher-inclination International Space Station (ISS) orbits, and raised apogee High Earth Orbits (HEOs). Cases that lack staging nodes (i.e., “direct” missions) in space and at Earth were also considered. This study addressed lunar surface duration and location variables (including latitude, longi- tude, and surface stay-time) and made an effort to preserve the option for full global landing site access. Abort strategies were also considered from the lunar vicinity. “Anytime return” from the lunar surface is a desirable option that was analyzed along with options for orbital and surface loiter. -
Consumables Analysis for the Apollo 10 Spacecraft Operational Trajectory
................................... ::::::::::::::::::::::: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. \ :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: . jj:.t~:~:~:~:t~~~: .: ......:. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ::., .=:: ......................:.:. .. .-:.:.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. ::::::::::::::::::::::: MSC INTERNAL NOTE NO. 69-FM-76 ::::::::::::::::::::::: :~:~:t~:~:t~:~:~:. April 7, 1969 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , • N..................······················... ~ ~:ttttt~ · ~~::::::::::::.::::::::::"\ .......... ::::::::::::::::::::::: .:::::::::::::::::::::: , I~III~~I ":':':':':':':':':':':........... ~.:::::::::::::::::::::: ~.......................... .:::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: CONSUMABLES ANALYSIS ::::::::::::::::::::::: FOR THE APOLLO 10 (MISSION F) ----- -------- SPACECRAFT OPERATIONAL 1IIIIIilllllllllllllili TRAJECTORY :::::::::::::::::.:::::: • ~t{ttmm • I Guidance and Performance Branch, MISSION PLANNING AND ANALYSIS DIVISION • • .:~~~ 'i •••~...••~.~~.;·7) MANNED HS:U~~OEN~T~~~TCENTER ~'. :!I~"!I CNASA-TM-X-69384) CONSUMABLESAN AL YSIS N74-70735 ~FOB THE APOLLO 10 (MISSION F) SPACECBAFT :::.OFERATIONAL TRAJECTORY (NASA) 64 p Unclas • 00/99 16454 :::::::::::::::::::::.' • MSC INTERNAL NOTE NO. 69-FM-76 • PROJECT APOLLO CONSUMABLES ANALYSIS FOR THE APOLLO 10 (MISSION F) SPACECRAFT OPERATIONAL TRAJECTORY By Martin L. Alexander, Sam A. Kamen, Arnold J. Loyd, Samuel O. Mayfield, Dwight G. Peterson, and Walter Scott, Jr. , Guidance and Performance Branch ~ April 7, 1969 " MISSION PLANNING AND ANALYSIS DIVISION • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS -
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“We choose to go to the moon ...” President John F. Kennedy’s commitment to landing an astronaut “on the Moon and returning him back safely to the Earth” was particularly audacious considering when he fi rst voiced the challenge, only one American had been in space for a grand total of 15 minutes and 28 seconds. Here is a look back at some of the milestones NASA and its astronauts reached on their way to the Moon. Learn more by visiting the John F. Kennedy Presidential 2 Library & Museum at www.jfklibrary.org 3 Only in the Sixties The Sixties could be described in words Charles To put President Kennedy’s proclamation in pers- Sadly, Gordon Cooper’s Faith 7 mission was the last Dickens had written just over a century before the pective, it is useful to remember that he made the of NASA’s manned space fl ights to take place in decade began: “It was the best of times, it was the speech only 16 months after America’s fi rst manned President Kennedy’s lifetime. worst of times ... “ space flight and seven months after John Glenn became the fi rst American to orbit the Earth. NASA’s While John F. Kennedy would not live to see his It was a time of stark contrasts. On one hand, it was four manned fl ights had each lasted less than fi ve dream realized, his challenge stimulated the imagi- an era of enormous political and social unrest. On the hours. In fact, NASA had only been established four nations of people from every nation and motivated other, it offered unparalleled scientifi c advancement years earlier. -
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 361 202 SE 053 616 TITLE Beyond
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 361 202 SE 053 616 TITLE Beyond Earth's Boundaries INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Kennedy Space Center, FL. John F. Kennedy Space Center. PUB DATE 93 NOTE 214p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Astronomy; Earth Science; Elementary Education; Elementary School Science; Elementary School Students; Elementary School Teachers; Physics; Resource Materials; *Science Activities; Science History; *Science Instruction; Scientific Concepts; Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS Astronauts; Space Shuttle; Space Travel ABSTRACT This resource for teachers of elementary age students provides a foundation for building a life-long interest in the U.S. space program. It begins with a basic understanding of man's attempt to conquer the air, then moves on to how we expanded into near-Earth space for our benefit. Students learn, through hands-on experiences, from projects performed within the atmosphere and others simulated in space. Major sections include:(1) Aeronautics,(2) Our Galaxy, (3) Propulsion Systems, and (4) Living in Space. The appendixes include a list of aerospace objectives, K-12; descriptions of spin-off technologies; a list of educational programs offered at the Kennedy Space Center (Florida); and photographs. (PR) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** -
A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: a Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program
A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program The National Academies Press Committee to Review NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. NNH05CC16C between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Cover: Design by Timothy Warchocki. International Standard Book Number 13: 978-0-309-12583-3 International Standard Book Number 10: 0-309-12583-9 Available in limited supply from Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001, (202) 334-2858. Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Wash- ington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. -
Spider, Flight of Apollo 9. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 059 059 SE 013 183 TITLE Code-Name: Spider, Flight of Apollo 9. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NASA-EP-68 PUB DATE 69 NOTE 38p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($0.40 0-334-445) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Instructional Materials; Lunar Research; Photographs; Resource Materials IDENTIFIERS NASA; *Space Sciences ABSTRACT Apollo 9, an earth orbiting mission during whichthe Lunar Module was f irst tested in space flightin preparation for the eventual moon landing missions, is the subject of thispamphlet. Many color photographs and diagrams of the Lunar Module andflight activities are included with a brief description ofthe mission. (PR) .;J4 6-t-o/3 /F3 k O 0 5905 9 SD A A 111 DUCEDTHISU DOCSEDUCATIONOFFICE DEPARTMENTEXACTLY UMCNT OF AS EDUCATIONHAS & RECEIVED WELFARE OF BEEN HEALTH. REPRO FROM N.1 'IONSCATIONREPRESENTTHEINATING PERSON STATED POSITION IT POINTS OFFICIAL OR DO ORGANIZATION OR NOT OF POLICY OFFICE VIEWNECESSARILY OR OF ORIG OPINEDU I've"You'reGumdrop ever theseen." Meets biggest, Spider friendliest, funniest-looking spider guidedfirstbackandThat's Servicesolo the howby ventureLunar Astronauts Astronaut Module Module into (CSM), James space.David (LM), code-namedMcDivittScott, Spider's code-named piloting and hollow Gumdrop,Russell Apollo Spider, drogue, Schweickart, 9's welcomed from Commanddelicately its ""TorAndtheirfoundWow!" a thusunion.long the McDivitt dockingtime."on March exclaimed, probe 7, 1969, on Gumdrop, "I the haven't fifth and dayheard aof buzzer athe soLnd flight signaled that of good offsplashedtesttestedApollo Grand the the9, LM diddown TurkSaturn in Spider theatIsland 5the vicinity launch prove end in the of itselfofvehicle tenBahamas the indays Moon. -
Apollo Experience Report Abort Planning
APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT - ABORT PLANNING by Charles T. Hyle? Charles E. Foggatt? and Bobbie D, Weber 4 Mdnned Spacecra, Center , Houston, Texas 77058 ce NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. JUNE 1972 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM - 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA "I D-6847 5. Remrr natP June 1972 APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT 6. Performing Organization Code ABORT PLANNING . -. 8. Performing Organization Report NO. Charles T. Hyle, Charles E. Foggatt, and MSC S-307 - Bobbie D. Weber. MSC 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 924-22-20-00-72 .-- .. -.. - Manned Spacecraft Center 11. Contract or Grant No. Houston, Texas 77058 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note ~__-- __ National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20546 5. Supplementary Notes The MSC Director waived the use of the International System of Units (SI) for this Apollo Experience Report, because, in his judgment, the use of SI units would impair the usefulness of the report or result in excessive cost. -~. 6. Abstract Definition of a practical return-to-earth abort capability was required for each phase of an Apollo mission. A description of the basic development of the complex Apollo abort plan is presented in this paper, The process by which the return-to-earth abort plan was developed and the constrain ing factors that must be included in any abort procedure are also discussed. Special emphasis is given to the description of crew warning and escape methods for each mission phase.