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Show Me the Progress: Women in Diplomacy and International Affairs Resolution 1325 and Beyond by Angela Kane

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Show Me the Progress: Women in Diplomacy and International Affairs Resolution 1325 and Beyond by Angela Kane Photo Credit: UN Photo/JC McIlwaine Show me the Progress: Women in Diplomacy and International Affairs Resolution 1325 and Beyond By Angela Kane History has been dominated by powerful monarchs: in the UK, Queen Elizabeth men. Power and the male gender were one I, Queen Victoria, now Queen Elizabeth and the same, and the occasional strong II. Austria celebrated the 300th birth woman was memorable because she was anniversary of Queen Maria Theresia, and so unusual in a world where women were the commemoration of her birth sparked considered the lesser sex. many events with the title: “Powerful Women in History”. And think of powerful Yet history has also shown us great and heads of State like Indira Gandhi, Golda influential – and long-reigning - women Meir, Margaret Thatcher, Helen Clark, Mary 1 Robinson, now Angela Merkel and Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand. Yet, women in power are still Yet, women in power are still not the norm not the norm – women are – women are under-represented in many under-represented in many walks of life: as leaders, as negotiators, as politicians, as CEOs, as parliamentarians walks of life: as leaders, as – just to mention a few of the occupations negotiators, as politicians, as where we have far less than our share of 50% CEOs, as parliamentarians – of the population. Few women occupy the prestigious “corner office” from where power just to mention a few of the emanates. Few women are at the table occupations where we have when decisions are being taken. far less than our share of 50% It is really a matter of catching up: men had of the population. the vote long before women, and even in Europe, women mostly obtained the vote in the 20th century – the “suffragettes” of those delegates who participated, demanded an days had to fight for their rights; they were explicit reference to women’s rights in the belittled and harassed, yet they persisted Charter1. – and won the right to vote. Even in enlightened Switzerland, women gained the It is not surprising when we look at the vote only in 1971. In Saudi Arabia, women figures: delegates to the San Francisco were first allowed to vote in the municipal conference were primarily men: out of elections four years ago. Getting the vote for 850 delegates, only four women signed women was never easy, and I am reminded the Charter. And of the 50 countries of this history when I see today’s struggle for represented, women had voting rights women to get elected to public office. in only 30 of them. Can you imagine the difficulties of promoting the principle of International Women’s Day is being observed gender equality in such a group? every year in many countries. Let us not forget that it was first held over 100 years I found it fascinating to learn that gender ago, in 1914. In Germany, my own country, equality was not an idea at San Francisco women did not win the right to vote until that came from the West; in fact, not only 1918. was the West opposed to have gender equality in the agenda, but they also tried Let us also not forget that the UN Charter to remove it from Article 8 of the Charter, was the first international document to which says that women and men can inscribe the equal rights of men and women participate equally in all UN bodies. In her as part of fundamental human rights. memoir, Lutz wrote that delegates from the Recent research showed that three women US and UK told her “not to ask for anything delegates participated in the San Francisco for women in the Charter since that would Conference that adopted the UN Charter in be a very vulgar thing to do”. Yet Lutz and 1945. They were all from Latin American the other women delegates persisted, and countries: Brazil, the Dominican Republic we now have several references to the and Uruguay. Their leader was Bertha Lutz equality of women and men in the Charter, from Brazil and she, together with the other as well as a reference to non-discrimination two women delegates and the few women 1 “Women and the UN Charter”, Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, SOAS University of London, see online at: https://www.soas.c.uk/cisd/research/women-in-diplomacy/women-in-the-un-charter/ 2 heads of state. Eleven of these countries Even today, women taking are here in Europe. Many countries have never had a woman head of State. Only leadership roles in diplomacy four countries in the world have at least 50 remains an unpopular percent women in the national legislature. concept among diplomats in Worldwide, the proportion of women in national parliaments is 24%. Clearly, there many parts of the world. is still a long way to go. I should note that in 2015, the overall percentage in national parliaments stood on the basis of sex. This is a strong at 22.6%, and that means that in the legacy, as is Bertha Lutz’s advocacy for an last five years, the increase was just one autonomous Commission on women’s rights percent. Impediments to women running – which would become the Commission on for office are not only gender bias, but also the Status of Women that was created in the lack of adequate campaign financing 1946, though it was initially established as and the lack of commitment from the a Sub-Commission under the Human Rights political parties in changing the status Commission). quo, more role models for girls and young women to emulate and aspire to. Let me recall that until that year – 1946 - women were excluded from the British Let me give you some more sobering Foreign Service on the grounds that they statistics: according to Catalyst.org, of the would not be taken seriously by foreign Fortune 500 companies, only 6% of CEOs governments and that they would create were women (a one-point increase in five “insurmountable administrative difficulties”. years!), and 26% were senior corporate I often wondered what men meant by managers, an increase of 2% since 2015. “administrative difficulties”. In the UN, for example, as our numbers increased, women It is clear that we need more women who had to fight for additional washrooms in are powerful and who are visible. More the proximity to the General Assembly and heads of State, more legislators, more other august meeting halls, as only men women in the boardroom. That is what participated in large numbers in conferences societies need today. and the women’s lavatories were tucked away in some remote corner, often resulting in long walks to the location and considerable waiting time due to the lines Women, Peace and that formed. Security in the United Other constraints on women persisted far too long: in many countries, even if women Nations: the 1325 Agenda were admitted to the Foreign Service, they had to resign when getting married – a at 20 practice that was considered normal, as Let me now turn to Resolution 1325 which no married women was supposed to work, had a long history of gestation. When it particularly if she had children. was adopted in 2000, twenty-five years had Even today, women taking leadership roles passed after the First World Conference in diplomacy remains an unpopular concept on Women was held in Mexico, three among diplomats in many parts of the more World Conferences had followed world. Out of 193 countries, 21 have female (in Copenhagen in 1980, Nairobi in 1985, Beijing 1995), The first conference on 3 women took place in Mexico City in 1975 and of the resolution, culminating in 2013 a decade for women was proclaimed, yet the in the request to the Secretary-General aims of the conference – and the decade – to conduct a review with regard to the were more oriented towards development implementation2. This review was to cooperation and the economic assistance (i) identify the gaps and challenges; for women. One important step was the and to declaration of 8 March as International (ii) identify emerging trends and Women’s Day that allowed women to use this priorities for action. occasion for advocacy and campaigning for equal rights and an increase in senior-level The global study was completed in 2015 appointments for women. and presented to the Security Council for consideration. In the ensuing years, the General Assembly repeatedly called for higher percentage Looking back twenty years, one has to of women in UN management and senior underline how much the world has changed positions, yet at the end of the 1990s only and become increasingly militarized. It 7.1% of positions at the D-1 level and higher has become more violent, more conflict- were held by women. In 2000, no woman was ridden, more prone to greater readiness to seated at the Security Council table, and the use force – and in many cases less respect number of women ambassadors to the UN has been shown for protection of civilians, was in the single digits. especially women and children. Resolution 1325 had three goals: Yet I would like to focus on the positive: the adoption of resolution 1325 was clearly a (i) To increase representation and watershed for the international community. participation of women at all decision- It placed women and the question of making levels in national, regional, gender firmly on the agenda and made it and international institutions and part of the formal UN discourse on security. mechanisms for conflict prevention, conflict The Outcome Document of the World management, conflict resolution, and Summit3 in 2005 included a paragraph peacebuilding (op.
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