DOCSLIB.ORG

The Floor of Congress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Floor of Congress SOCIETY y From the factory floor to the floor of Congress Researchers or the last 100 years, the feminist strug- organizations play in achieving legal and social gle for equality and women’s rights has protection for women. Looking only at the pri- review the impacted the Brazilian political scene. vate realm, one sees essential victories, such as From strikes in 1917 to today’s political the elimination of a father’s rights over his adult history of the pressure groups, women have had to daughter and the criminalization of domestic Ffight hard to have some of their demands met. violence and sexual harassment. struggles of Recent surveys have deepened our understand- Despite this progress, Brazilian women are Brazil’s feminist ing of different periods in that history. Some of still underrepresented politically. According to those writings are found in the book 50 anos de the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Brazil stands movements feminism: Argentina, Brasil, and Chile [50 years of 154th in a ranking of 190 countries with regard feminism: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile] (Edusp, to the female presence in their legislatures. 2017), which is the result of a project coordi- Only one of every 10 seats in the 513-member nated by sociologists Eva Blay, from the School Chamber of Representatives is held by women. Danilo Albergaria of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences In the Senate, that presence is 14% of the 81 at the University of São Paulo (FFLCH-USP), elected members. On this issue, Brazil ranks PUBLisHED IN JUNE 2017 and Lúcia Avelar, from the Center for Studies below even Saudi Arabia, with its long history on Public Opinion at the University of Campi- of restricting women’s rights and freedoms. nas (CESOP-Unicamp). The book helps read- According to Lúcia Avelar, Brazil’s feminist ers understand the central role that feminist organizations serve as a sort of forum for extra- 78 z AUGUST 2018 From the factory floor to the floor of Congress parliamentary representation of women; their Unified Health System (SUS) in 1998, and the Protest March for activities are coordinated with small but active Maria da Penha Act (2006) against domestic Direct Elections Now! in downtown São apress female delegations. and intra-family violence. LH Paulo in 1984 (left) O Political scientist Patrícia Rangel, a post- Avelar says that even with its low rate of fe- / F / and demonstrators A N doctoral researcher at the Free University of male representation in the legislature, Brazil during the World RE A Berlin in Germany and co-author of one of the stands out as a country with one of the best- March of Women on oto the Anhanguera / F / articles in the abovementioned book, argues organized feminist movements in the world. E Highway (SP) in 2010 N that this organized political maneuvering led “This mobilization has achieved a high degree toi N AN N to legal changes that ensured equal treatment of coordination among networks that form a so L under the law for both women and men, struck bridge between society and the State. Networks Ne 2 discriminatory terms from Brazil’s legislation, such as the Congress of Brazilian Women and and enabled women to legally serve as heads the World March of Women are internation- apress LH of families. Rangel says that the fruits of that ally known,” she points out. She identified the O / F A work include the expansion of paid maternity turning point in the degree of this organiza- UZ O leave (1988), the passage of the electoral quota tion: “the gradual entry of women into higher S E D law in 1995 (which requires that 30% of candi- education and the formation of feminist non- aim P dates be women), the availability of steriliza- governmental organizations (NGOs).” 1 s tion in public hospitals (1996), the regulation Feminist victories in Brazil, especially with PHOTO on the care available for legal abortions in the respect to activities in the public sphere, arrived PESQUISA FAPESP z 79 with the 21st century. “One big especially in France. From there, Brazilians and gain obtained from the govern- other Latin Americans who had also become ex- ment as of 2014 was the intro- patriates because of the military coups in Chile Exiles from duction of the Women’s Budget, (1973) and Argentina (1976) produced publica- which is unique among Latin tions that were intended to serve as a forum for dictatorships in American countries,” says Ave- feminist debates in exile. Brazil, Argentina lar. This is an item in the fed- Those groups have recently been studied by eral government’s budget that sociologist Maira Abreu, who has a PhD in social and Chile is used for actions that impact sciences from Unicamp and published the book the quality of life of Brazilian Feminism em exílio [Feminism in exile] (Alameda, made contact women, including things such 2016). The author shows how those groups con- as health care, dealing with vio- stituted an important presence in the Brazilian with feminist lence, and equality in the labor community in France and formed an arena for movements in market. The effort to achieve the dissemination of feminist thought. When they this special mention in the bud- returned to their countries of origin, many exiles Europe get was coordinated by the Cen- brought that experience back with them and, to ter for Women’s Studies and some extent, were able to influence the debates in the 1970s Advisory Services (CFEMEA) going on in Latin American feminist circles. “We to make it possible to monitor should not think of it as merely an importation of budgetary execution and ensure ideas,” Abreu warns, “but rather as an encounter that the appropriated funds are actually released among trends in feminist thinking that had been for use in implementing government policies as born in different realities.” defined in the Women’s Budget. Despite the growth in their organization, women continue to have little involvement in RESISTING AND EXILED political party structures. Lúcia Avelar points Some components of the feminist organization to the oligarchic nature of Brazilian parties and in Brazil emerged from women’s opposition to the centralization of power within them as the the military dictatorship (1964-1985). The inten- main causes of this exclusion. She believes that Bertha Lutz in 1925: sification of authoritarianism, which primarily the parties on the Left currently offer somewhat one of the founders of better political opportunities for women. “In the Brazilian Federation began in 1968, produced waves of exiles who for the Advancement were opponents of the regime. Many women parties that have roots in social movements, in- of Women in 1922 made contact with feminists in other countries, ternal disputes among different camps improve the status of women because those parties are usually open to the emergence of new factions,” she says. Patrícia Rangel notes that political par- ties do not seem to understand that the presence of women is synonymous with democracy. “This has negative effects for women in general, since it is the party officials at different levels who de- termine who obtains access to institutionalized politics; they play an important role in changing the political system,” says Rangel. For many years, politicians’ failures to under- stand the roles of women left women relegated to the status of supporting players and subordi- nates in political parties and labor unions, arenas in which they could have expected, for the sake of ideological consistency, a defense of egalitari- anism. “The idea of confronting the patriarchy usually took a back seat to the political priority, which was the criticism of capitalism,” Rangel says. Eva Blay points out that there had been a widespread belief that the modernization of so- ciety would produce equality between men and women. “That mechanistic view was questioned as people later realized that modernization it- self had retained the same patriarchal patterns, clothing them in new garments and reassembling 1 patterns of domination, violence against women, 80 z AUGUST 2018 2 entitled “Os direitos das mulheres: Organização social e legislação trabalhista no entreguerras brasileiro (1917-1937)” (Women’s rights: Social organization and labor legislation in Brazil during the interwar period (1917-1937) at the Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences at Unicamp. Fraccaro argues that the lack of attention paid to the history of working women is one of the fac- tors that helped confirm the general impression that Brazilian feminism originated in the upper classes. At the same time, the notion took root that the working class had been missing in action when the feminist movement was emerging. However, one of the sources of organized feminist activity in the pursuit of rights is found not in movements by women from the elite but in the protagonist role played by women laborers in the strike that brought São Paulo to a standstill 100 years ago. The general strike of 1917 was a reaction to a decline in purchasing power, a deterioration in working conditions, and an increase in the exploi- tation of child labor in industry. As a response to World War I, the acceleration in the manufacture of exports weighed heavily on worker families, who were impoverished and exhausted by lon- and inequalities in the workplace, including in The Rio de Janeiro ger working hours. Women made up the largest terms of pay,” Blay argues. newspaper A Manhã share of the labor force in the textile industry and campaigned in favor represented about one-third of the urban work- Those questions came from the feminists of of women’s right the 1970s, but the first transformations promoted to vote in 1926 force.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nota Dos Editores / Editors' Notes
    Nota dos Editores / Editors’ Notes Adolpho Lutz: complete works Jaime L. Benchimol Magali Romero Sá SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros BENCHIMOL, JL., and SÁ, MR., eds., and orgs. Adolpho Lutz: Primeiros trabalhos: Alemanha, Suíça e Brasil (1878-1883) = First works: Germany, Switzerland and Brazil (1878-1883) [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2004. 440 p. Adolpho Lutz Obra Completa, v.1, book 1. ISBN: 85-7541-043-1. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição - Uso Não Comercial - Partilha nos Mesmos Termos 3.0 Não adaptada. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported. PRIMEIROS TRABALHOS: ALEMANHA, SUÍÇA E NO BRASIL (1878-1883) 65 Adolpho Lutz : complete works The making of many books, my child, is without limit. Ecclesiastes 12:12 dolpho Lutz (1855-1940) was one of the most important scientists Brazil A ever had. Yet he is one of the least studied members of our scientific pantheon. He bequeathed us a sizable trove of studies and major discoveries in various areas of life sciences, prompting Arthur Neiva to classify him as a “genuine naturalist of the old Darwinian school.” His work linked the achievements of Bahia’s so-called Tropicalist School, which flourished in Salvador, Brazil’s former capital, between 1850 and 1860, to the medicine revolutionized by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Patrick Manson.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in Brazilian Diplomacy: Conservative, Rational and International Forces and the 1938 Prohibition of Women in Foreign Service
    Gender in Brazilian Diplomacy: conservative, rational and international forces and the 1938 prohibition of women in Foreign Service Luah Tomas Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Universidade de São Paulo (IRI-USP) Financiamento: FAPESP Trabalho preparado para apresentação no IX Seminário Discente da Pós- Graduação em Ciência Política da USP, de 6 a 10 de maio de 2019 2 ABSTRACT This article examines the historical and social structural contexts around the changes in the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations that resulted in prohibiting the access of women to the diplomatic career in 1938. Using feminist and constructivist perspectives of International Relations, it investigates the social and institutional forces that converged so that the decision was made possible and publicly accepted as natural. The article demonstrates that, within the dictatorial regime of Getúlio Vargas’ Estado Novo (1937- 1945), characteristics associated with femininity would be seen as counterproductive to the state. Thus, not only would the diplomatic career undergo an identity change — valuing masculine traits —, but the decision would also reflect broad modernization and rationalization reforms in the public administration, along with a domestic conservative reactionary climate that would sponsor traditional gender roles, and an international order socialized reticent to female participation. This research has been financially supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). 3 INTRODUCTION The Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations (also known as Itamaraty, or MRE), under the direction of Osvaldo Aranha1 between 1938 and 1944, began with an important administrative reform that would amalgamate the consular and diplomatic careers into one, establishing the diplomat as the main formulator of Brazilian foreign policy from then on (Castro, 2009).2 This reorganization, however, would also prohibit women to register for the Ministry’s entrance examinations.
    [Show full text]
  • “She Is Nothing If Not a Strategist”: the Influence of Biologist Bertha Lutz's
    Midwest Journal of Undergraduate Research 2021, Issue 12 137 “She is nothing if not a strategist”: The Influence of Biologist Bertha Lutz’s Scientific Perspective on Pan American Feminism Hadley Smithhisler Monmouth College Hadley Smithhisler graduated summa cum laude from Monmouth College in 2020 with a degree in history and French, and she is currently a first-year law student at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law. During her time at Monmouth College, Hadley worked as an editor for the Midwest Journal of Undergraduate Research for four years and happily served as its coordinating editor during her senior year. Passionate about public interest work and policy, Hadley hopes to use her law degree to help reform the criminal justice system when she graduates from law school in 2023. Hadley would like to thank Professor Amy de Farias for her guidance and encouragement during the development of this and other research projects about Bertha Lutz and Pan American feminism. Abstract Thanks to Bertha Lutz, a young, European-educated tree frog scientist and women’s suffrage activist, Brazil became a part of the lively Pan American feminist movement that developed in the early twentieth century. Relatively little research has been done on the Pan American feminist movement of the 1920s, and even less has explored Brazil and Lutz’s unique contributions to the movement. While recent scholarship focused on Lutz concentrates on her later career and begins to illuminate the influence of her scientific career on her feminism, I aim to fill in the gaps by showing how Lutz’s scientific perspective and work were intimately connected to her early feminist career (1920–1937).
    [Show full text]
  • Bertha Lutz and Women's Rights in the UN Charter: How a Brazilian Delegate Successfully Championed Gender-Equality in the San Francisco Conference"
    Speech by Ambassador Sergio E. Moreira Lima, President of FUNAG at the opening of the lecture-debate "Bertha Lutz and Women's Rights in the UN Charter: How a Brazilian delegate successfully championed gender-equality in the San Francisco Conference" Ms. Elise Dietrichson and Ms. Fatima Sator, researchers at the University of London; Minister Eugenio Garcia, Head of the Division of the United Nations; Counsellor Marise Nogueira, Head of the Division for Social Issues; Counsellor Viviane Balbino, Head of the Division of Southern Europe and the European Union; Members of the diplomatic corps, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends, On behalf of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation, I am pleased to welcome all of you, especially Ms. Elise Dietrichson and Ms. Fatima Sator, from the University of London, responsible for a historical research about the work of Bertha Lutz, who, as a member of the Brazilian delegation signed the Charter of the United Nations. In fact, Brazil was one of the few countries to include women as their diplomatic representatives to the 1945 San Francisco Conference. Bertha Lutz was a prominent figure in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century. Graduated at Sorbonne University in 1918 as a zoologist, she published important studies in this field and identified 2 several new species of Brazilian amphibians. But she became more known for her struggle towards genre equality seventy years before the target established by the UN millennium development goal to attain that same objective to empower women. A person of many abilities, she also graduated in law in Rio de Janeiro in 1933 and was a leading campaigner for women's rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Activist Biology Latin American Landscapes
    ACTIVIST BIOLOGY LaTIN AMERICAN LANDSCAPES Christopher R. Boyer and Lise Sedrez series editors editorial board Guillermo Castro Herrera Jose Augusto Drummond Stefania Gallini Stuart McCook John R. McNeill Shawn Miller Cynthia Radding John Soluri REGINA HORTA DUARTE ACTIVIST BIOLOGY Th e National Museum, Politics, and Nation Building in Brazil Translated by Diane Grosklaus Whitty TUCSON The University of Arizona Press www.uapress.arizona.edu © 2016 by The Arizona Board of Regents Open-access edition published 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-3201-8 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-4170-6 (open-access e-book) The text of this book is licensed under the Creative Commons Atrribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivsatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Cover design by Miriam Warren Cover photo of Agrias phalcidon phalcidon ab. atromarginata, courtesy of Notafly/ Wikimedia Originally published as A Biologia Militante: O Museu Nacional, especialização científica, divulgação do conhecimento e práticas científicas no Brasil (1926–1945) by Editora UFMG, 2010. Publication of this book is made possible in part by the proceeds of a permanent endowment created with the assistance of a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Duarte, Regina Horta, author. | Expanded version of (work): Duarte, Regina Horta. A biologia militante. Title: Activist biology : the National Museum, politics, and nation building in Brazil / Regina Horta Duarte ; translated by Diane Grosklaus Whitty.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in Brazilian Diplomacy: Prohibiting the Access of Women in Getúlio Vargas’ Estado Novo (1938).1
    Gender in Brazilian Diplomacy: Prohibiting the access of women in Getúlio Vargas’ Estado Novo (1938).1 ISA 2021 – 6th-9th April 2021 Luah Tomas [email protected] Institute of International Relations (IRI) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Financed by: São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) ABSTRACT This paper explores why women were perceived to be unsuited for diplomacy in Brazil, particularly after an administrative reform in October 1938 prohibited the access of women to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations. This decision stands out because women had already been allowed admittance into the Ministry starting in 1918 and female suffrage had just been granted in 1932. It also symbolizes a paramount change in Getúlio Vargas’ government (1930-1945), which instated the Estado Novo authoritarian regime in 1937 after a coup d’état. The objective is to uncover and comprehend the perceptions about gender of those against women’s participation in diplomacy, and in civil service more broadly, which stimulated a sexual division of labor in which women’s roles were limited to national, private, and supportive activities. The study interlaces primary documental sources from institutions and individuals connected to the 1938 decision, followed by a critical reading using feminist theories and gender as a category for historical analysis. The conclusion sees the Ministry’s prohibition as part of two wider contexts: the ongoing process of rationalization of the Brazilian public administration that used entrance examinations as tools for implementing sexual divisions of labor; and the enabling conditions the government found in international diplomatic practices that presumed women’s incapacity to obtain respect from peers, physical and emotional fragility, inability to discuss “hard politics”, and a natural tendency for marriage and motherhood.
    [Show full text]
  • A Construção De Uma Feminista Paradigmática E Cientista Normal No Museu Nacional Do Rio De Janeiro História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, Vol
    História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos ISSN: 0104-5970 [email protected] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brasil Lopes, Maria Margaret Proeminência na mídia, reputação em ciências: a construção de uma feminista paradigmática e cientista normal no Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, vol. 15, junio, 2008, pp. 73-95 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=386138040004 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto Proeminência na mídia, reputação em ciências LOPES, Maria Margaret. Proeminência na mídia, reputação em ciências: a construção de uma feminista paradigmática e cientista normal no Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, v.15, supl., p.73-95, jun. 2008. Bertha Lutz foi uma das mulheres de sua geração que desfrutaram de incontestável autoridade política e científica. Escreveu muito, e mais ainda Proeminência na mídia, se escreveu sobre ela, especialmente em sua época. Notícias de jornais, crônicas de Lima Barreto, inúmeras cartas, artigos reputação em ciências: a científicos e textos inéditos da própria Bertha, comentados neste artigo, nos construção de uma permitem observar que seu feminismo emprestou-lhe notoriedade e visibilidade feminista paradigmática – cuidadosamente construídas –, que se articulariam com seu desempenho e cientista normal profissional, impulsionando-o. A ciência lhe conferia prestígio social e garantia legitimidade para suas causas. Nesse no Museu Nacional do período em que a comunidade científica tomou para si a tarefa de tornar públicas Rio de Janeiro as suas conquistas, a proeminência feminista de Bertha na mídia emprestou- lhe reputação em ciências.
    [Show full text]
  • How Were the Equal Rights of Women and Men Included in the Charter of the United Nations?
    Forum for Development Studies | No. 1-2008 Getting Our History Right: How Were the Equal Rights of Women and Men Included in the Charter of the United Nations? Abstract The article analyses the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 to fi nd out how a nearly completely male-dominated assembly could proclaim the equal rights of men and women as part of the fundamental human rights. The participation and proceedings of the conference are studied on the basis of offi cial UN documents, autobiographies from women delegates and reports. It is noted that the accounts provided by the UN itself in basic reference books as well as the UN website are partly incomplete, partly incorrect. The processes described are oversimplifi ed, important actors are left out and others are attributed with roles they did not in fact play. Regarding the actual course of events, the active lobbying of women’s nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), the differing views of various female delegates and the supportive action of leading male politicians are particularly worthy of notice. Keywords: Charter of the United Nations, Commission on the Status of Women, human rights, Inter-American Commission on Women, Latin America, League of Nations, nongovernmental organisations, United Nations, women, women’s organisations 1. Introduction Torild Skard When representatives of 50 Allied states got together in San Senior Researcher NUPI; Francisco at the end of the Second World War to create a new formerly Deputy Secretary- international organisation with the aim of maintaining peace and General, Norwegian Ministry security, the governments of these states were nearly completely of Foreign Affairs; Director male-dominated.
    [Show full text]
  • 249 Machismo in the Dock a Critical Feminist Analysis of Brazilian Criminal Policy Concerning the Combat of Violence Against
    DOI 10.5380/rfdufpr.v60i3.41788 MACHISMO IN THE DOCK A CRITICAL FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL POLICY CONCERNING THE COMBAT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN O MACHISMO NO BANCO DOS RÉUS UMA ANÁLISE FEMINISTA CRÍTICA DA POLÍTICA CRIMINAL BRASILEIRA DE COMBATE À VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER * Clara Maria Roman Borges 1 ** Guilherme Brenner Lucchesi 2 ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to critically analyze the feminist discourse that led to the recent enactment of Brazilian laws that increased the penalties for violence against women, in order to demonstrate that they cannot escape the cognitive traps established by male domination naturalized in Western societies and how they have served the development of neoliberal biopolitics. KEYWORDS: Feminism. Gender-based violence. Maria da Penha Act. Femicide. Criminalization. RESUMO: o presente artigo tem por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica dos discursos feministas, que levaram recentemente à promulgação das leis brasileiras responsáveis por tornar mais severa a punição da violência contra a mulher, de modo a demonstrar como não conseguem escapar das armadilhas cognitivas estabelecidas pela dominação masculina naturalizada nas sociedades ocidentais e como têm servido ao desenvolvimento de uma biopolítica neoliberal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Feminismo. Violência de gênero. Lei Maria da Penha. Feminicídio. Criminalização. INTRODUCTION The combat of violence against women is one of the contemporary concerns that is reflected on the actions of social movements, in state policies, and in academic debates and research. Many solutions have been proposed and some even implemented aiming to decrease the toll of this violence, a reflection of male domination naturalized in Western societies such as Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Show Me the Progress: Women in Diplomacy and International Affairs Resolution 1325 and Beyond by Angela Kane
    Photo Credit: UN Photo/JC McIlwaine Show me the Progress: Women in Diplomacy and International Affairs Resolution 1325 and Beyond By Angela Kane History has been dominated by powerful monarchs: in the UK, Queen Elizabeth men. Power and the male gender were one I, Queen Victoria, now Queen Elizabeth and the same, and the occasional strong II. Austria celebrated the 300th birth woman was memorable because she was anniversary of Queen Maria Theresia, and so unusual in a world where women were the commemoration of her birth sparked considered the lesser sex. many events with the title: “Powerful Women in History”. And think of powerful Yet history has also shown us great and heads of State like Indira Gandhi, Golda influential – and long-reigning - women Meir, Margaret Thatcher, Helen Clark, Mary 1 Robinson, now Angela Merkel and Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand. Yet, women in power are still Yet, women in power are still not the norm not the norm – women are – women are under-represented in many under-represented in many walks of life: as leaders, as negotiators, as politicians, as CEOs, as parliamentarians walks of life: as leaders, as – just to mention a few of the occupations negotiators, as politicians, as where we have far less than our share of 50% CEOs, as parliamentarians – of the population. Few women occupy the prestigious “corner office” from where power just to mention a few of the emanates. Few women are at the table occupations where we have when decisions are being taken. far less than our share of 50% It is really a matter of catching up: men had of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • A New History of Women's International Human Rights / Edited by Rebecca Adami and Dan Plesch
    Women and the UN This book provides a critical history of influential women in the United Nations and seeks to inspire empowerment with role models from bygone eras. The women whose voices this book presents helped shape UN conventions, declara- tions, and policies with relevance to the international human rights of women throughout the world today. From the founding of the UN and the Latin American feminist movements that pushed for gender equality in the UN Charter, up until the Security Council Resolu- tions on the role of women in peace and conflict, the volume reflects on how women delegates from different parts of the world have negotiated and disagreed on human rights issues related to gender within the UN throughout time. In doing so it sheds new light on how these hidden historical narratives enrich theoretical studies in international rela- tions and global agency today. In view of contemporary feminist and postmodern critiques of the origin of human rights, uncovering women’s history of the United Nations from both Southern and Western perspectives allows us to consider questions of feminism and agency in international relations afresh. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners of law, diplomacy, history, and development studies, and brought together by a theoretical commentary by the Edi- tors, Women and the UN will appeal to anyone whose research covers human rights, gen- der equality, international development, or the history of civil society. Rebecca Adami is Associate Professor at the Department of Education, Stockholm Uni- versity and Research Associate at the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, SOAS University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies).
    [Show full text]
  • The First Species of Aplastodiscus Endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado (Anura, Hylidae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 642:The 115–130 first (2017) species ofAplastodiscus endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado (Anura, Hylidae) 115 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.642.10401 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The first species of Aplastodiscus endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado (Anura, Hylidae) Bianca V. M. Berneck1, Ariovaldo A. Giaretta2, Reuber A. Brandão3, Carlos A. G. Cruz4, Célio F. B. Haddad1 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Laboratório de Taxonomia, Sistemática e Ecologia de Anuros Neotropicais. Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3 Laboratório de Fauna e Unidades de Conservação, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil 4 Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Corresponding author: Bianca V. M. Berneck ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Herrel | Received 5 September 2016 | Accepted 29 November 2016 | Published 3 January 2017 http://zoobank.org/87C52AF7-5A81-42DF-BF25-059B8BE16362 Citation: Berneck BVM, Giaretta AA, Brandão RA, Cruz CAG, Haddad CFB (2017) The first species ofAplastodiscus endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado (Anura, Hylidae). ZooKeys 642: 115–130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.642.10401 Abstract The genus Aplastodiscus includes 14 nominal species in four monophyletic groups with occurrence in the Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) of South America. A recent study reviewed the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genus and suggested a third species for the A.
    [Show full text]