Atlantic Spanish Vocabulary: Contribution from the Corpus of Dialectal Lexicon

Revista semestral de lingüística, filología y traducción

Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon

Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria España

ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339-352 DOI: 10.7764/onomazein.32.20

Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo: Instituto Universitario de Análisis y Aplicaciones Textuales, Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España. | Correo electrónico: [email protected]

32 Fecha de recepción: noviembre de 2014 Diciembre Fecha de aceptación: abril de 2015 2015 ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 340

Abstract

The analysis of the dialectic vocabulary common the objective of recognising the level of concurrence to Andalusia and the Canary Islands (Spain) reveals the in the dialectic group. The results reveal three distinct regional concurrences of Atlantic Spanish. Previous representative networks: a) Canary-Andalusian and studies have defined these concurrences generally but American; b) Canary-Andalusian and concurrences with have not established quantitative connections between the Western and Eastern Iberian Peninsula; and c) Ca- the Peninsular and American regional variations. This nary-Andalusian and Northern peninsular and Castilian paper reviews these possible lexical connections using words. These results clearly demonstrate the process of recently published synchronic regional dictionaries. A basic interference and the behaviour of the diffusion of quantitative and qualitative approach is employed to the dialectic lexicon. analyse a collection of Canary-Andalusian words, with

Keywords: Spanish dialectology; regional lexicon; Canary Islands; Andalusia; Western America. ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 341

1. Introduction evident (Catalán, 1958; Navarro Carrasco, 1988; Buesa Oliver, 1990; Frago Gracia, 1994; Alvar, 1996; The Atlantic Spanish vocabulary formed Rivarola, 2007; Narbona Jiménez, Cano Aguilar & through a complex process of contact and le- Morillo-Velarde Pérez 2011; López Serena, 2013; velling during the colonial period (Fontanella Oesterreicher, 2002). Regional dictionaries were de Weinberg, 1987; Granda, 1994). The distinct developed following the general criterion of re- peninsular cultural and linguistic subsystems flecting the distinguishing aspects of each of the found in these new territories were directly and regions. The use of these corpora in this research indirectly disseminated through the Andalusian will affect the obtained results and the geogra- linguistic norms of Seville. At the same time, the phical areas with which we establish a compa- Andalusian dialect was formed from minor Cata- rison. In the macrostructure of the dictionaries lonian and Aragonese contributions to Eastern there are slang words or phonic-graphic varia- Andalusia during the Reconquista period and co- tions from the colloquial register of a specific lonisation through contact with Murcia. Mean- geographical area, which is not always justified while, those speakers with Western vocabularies in corpora that aimed at diatopical variation. At (Leonese, Galicians and Portuguese) found them- the same time, these regional corpora present selves preferentially located in Baetica (Western geographic information that allows comparison Andalusia), particularly in the provinces of Huel- across regions. va and Seville (Frago Gracia, 1990: 157). The idea that the Spanish lexicon is a dialectic grouping Our research sought to obtain quantitative has been present implicitly for decades in all of data on the characteristics of the interregio- the research on Iberian Peninsular and American nal vocabulary in peninsular and overseas Spa- Spanish (Corominas, 1944; García de Diego, 1950; nish. To this end, a quantitative and qualitative Buesa Oliver, 1990). method based on contemporaneous dialectal dictionaries was employed to analyse the lexi- However, the previous research has not re- cal concurrence between Canary and Western viewed the contribution of each regional varia- Andalusia as well as the lexical concurrence of tion to this new Atlantic koine using the newly these dialects with those spoken in other Hispa- published regional dictionaries. Synchronic dia- nic areas. lectal lexicons facilitate the recognition of the relationships among regional variations. In this research, dialectal vocabulary is defined as tho- 2. Theoretical framework se linguistic signs exclusive from a given geogra- The conclusions of studies on the Canary phical area. In the Canary Islands there are also Island vocabulary and its possible concurrence words that appear in many different lexicons with other territories can be summarised with available in South America and mainland Spain respect to the following theoretical issues. geolects. To this vocabulary, we incorporate ge- a) In the Atlantic literature, researchers con- neral words that are considered semantic dia- sider Canary speech to be a variation in which a lectalisms; as in the regional corpora we used significant number of terms that coincide with for this research, we also include words that pre- other pan-Hispanic areas have endured (Alvar, sent changes in the signifier, product of a phone- 1996). The linguistic variety of the Canary Islands tic change (Alvar, 1990; Corrales Zumbado, 1996) is a diatopic variation of southern Spanish and In studies of Atlantic Spanish, the existence is situated in the Atlantic context. The Canary of a lexicon composed of words that concur with Islands consist of seven islands (Tenerife, La other peninsular or American linguistic areas is Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Gran Canary, Fuer- ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 342

teventura and Lanzarote) located close to Africa ve context distinct from that of continental re- between 27 and 29 degrees north latitude and 13 gions, as is also the case for Caribbean islands and 18 degrees east longitude. (Alba, 1995; Rivarola, 2007; Morgenthaler García, 2008; Corrales Zumbado & Corbella Díaz, 2012). The historical, social, and cultural links bet- In the continental context, the Spanish dialects ween the Canary Islands and Andalusia originate spoken in each region are in permanent contact in the long-standing relationship between their with one another, with intermediate zones of ports, which began at the end of the fifteenth lexical intersection in which it is complicated to century (Alvar, 1990; Frago Gracia, 1994; and, more discern which modality is spoken. Contact in the- recently, Medina López, 2013; Lüdtke, 2013; Cáce- se continental areas is continuous in space and res Lorenzo, 2015). Canary’s social and linguistic time, and interferences among distinct varieties origins include Western and Southern peninsular are constant (Elizaincín, 2007; Granda, 2003 in a influences. Substantial socio-historic and cultural general sense; and lately, Figueroa Arencibia, evidence supports the presence of Andalusians 2009 for Cuba; Claes, 2011 for the Caribbean; Bra- and other populations from the southern areas vo-García & Cáceres-Lorenzo, 2011, in the Canary of the Iberian Peninsula in the Canary Islands, an communicative context). island territory that conserves words from those areas (Alvar, 1996; Cáceres Lorenzo, 2012; Medi- b) Recognising the lexical characteristics of na López, 2013). Andalusian and Canary vocabu- Andalusian (Almeria, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, lary exhibit a common dialectal lexicon (Navarro Huelva, Jaen, Malaga and Seville) is a complex Carrasco, 1988; Buesa Oliver, 1990; Frago Gracia, problem. Andalusia is a Reconquista region situa- 2000) that spread to Atlantic American territories ted at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula during the various phases of Spanish language that experienced its own linguistic levelling be- settlement in these new areas. It has been affir- fore the discovery of America. It also influenced med that Canary is an intermediate variation bet- the levelling of Atlantic Spanish. To understand ween the standard and the dialect, whose poly- its dialectal variation in principle, it is necessary morphism, synonymy, and lexical richness result to account for the linguistic influences that it re- from the numerous social and linguistic contacts ceived from the north: influxes from the west via produced through the history of the islands’ com- Extremadura, from the north via romance Casti- mercial ports (Morgenthaler García, 2008). lian, and from Catalan-Aragonese through Mur- cia (Alvar, 1964: 9; Lüdtke, 1998: 513). The Canary On the linguistic level, Canary’s geographic linguistic variation inherits these characteristics situation has promoted the richness of its voca- in a situation similar to the arrival of the Spanish bulary, in which there are distinct manners of language in the Americas. Among the distinct communicating the same meaning. This lexical Spanish regions, there is a common interregio- polymorphism means that the lexical contri- nal continuum in distinct communicative spaces butions to Canary remain stable and constant, (Salvador, 1987; Alvar, 1990), for which no quanti- which is useful for analysing the Spanish spoken fiable data are available. in the Canary Islands as well as other American variations (Lope Blanch, 1981). This phenome- Both the Andalusian and Canary lexica ex- non has traditionally been supported in histo- perienced elemental processes of contact and rical and social testimonies but has not been interference compared with other dialectal va- previously studied using quantitative data (Leb- rieties. This phenomenon is termed “lexical bo- sanft, Mihatsch & Polizin-Hauman, 2012: 11). rrowing only” because only a small cultural com- ponent is transferred (Thompson & Kaufman, The region’s geographic insularity gives the 1988: 70). Spanish spoken in the Canaries a communicati- ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 343

These issues result in the following research a) Compilation of a Canary-Andalusian lexi- questions: How many lexical concurrences with cal corpus from the synchronic dialectal dictio- other varieties can be confirmed in the Canary- naries. Andalusian synchronic dialectal vocabulary? In b) Search for concurrences between Canary- analysing these common terms, which networks Andalusian and other peninsular or American or groups can be identified with other Peninsu- regions. These geographic zones have been divi- lar or American dialectal varieties? ded into eight territorial areas: Aragon and the eastern coast, Murcia, Castile (Castile-La Mancha, 3. Materials and methods Madrid and the former Old Castile), the Northern To answer these research questions, a quan- peninsula (Navarre, Rioja, Basque country, San- titative and qualitative method was applied to tander, and Asturias), and the Western peninsula a database created from the following lexico- (Galicia, Leon, Zamora, Salamanca, and Extrema- graphic corpora: Diccionario Diferencial del Es- dura) and three American areas: the Caribbean, pañol de Canarias (Corrales Zumbado, Corbella Mesoamerica and South America. The choosing Díaz & Álvarez Martínez, 1996) and Diccionario of eight areas is influenced by the information ejemplificado de canarismos (Corrales Zumba- given in the regional dictionaries we have selec- do & Corbella Díaz, 2009). The examples obtai- ted for this research. ned have been corroborated with a number of A presence-absence table has been elabora- regional dictionaries (Iribarren & Ollaquindia, ted to relate the words analysed with the diffe- 1984; Rohlfs, 1985; Rincón Alonso, 1991; Sáiz Ba- rent regions. As an example, Table 1 shows the rrio, 1991; Neira Martínez & Piñeiro, 1998; Sevilla first ten terms of this longer table. To better un- Pérez, 1990; Montero Curiel, 1997; Le Men Loyer, derstand the results, it was determined to treat 1998; Alvar Ezquerra, 2000; Hernández Alonso, Andalusia as a separate region, although all of 2001; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Es- the words have the same value (one) because pañola, 2010). Our research design included two only words present in the Andalusian vocabu- phases: lary are included in the table.

TABLE 1 Part of the presence-absence table used to obtain the similarity index of the lexical groups analysed (1 = Andalusia; 2 = Aragon and the eastern coast; 3 = Murcia; 4 = Castile; 5 = Northern peninsula; 6 = Western peninsula; 7 = Caribbean; 8 = Me- soamerica; 9 = South America) ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 344

Using the data in this table, it is possible to a = number of differential phrases shared calculate the similarity index among the diffe- with Andalusia and the Caribbean but not rent groups of concurrences. Jaccard’s similarity recorded in Murcia = 194 index (IJ) is used to facilitate the measurement b = number of differential phrases shared of similarity, dissimilarity, or distances that exist with Andalusia and the Murcian region but between two samples (Gries, 2009; Ueda, 2013). not recorded in the Caribbean = 91 Jaccard’s index calculates the proportion of com- c = number of differential phrases shared mon types among two samples compared with with Andalusia, the Caribbean, and Murcia = the total number of types. Possible values for the 33 Jaccard coefficient are defined as [0,1]. The for- mula is as follows: IJ = 33/(194+91+33) = 0.104 With this similarity index, an ascending hie- IJ: c/(a+b+c) rarchical classification was conducted to order where: the territories studied into classes and enable • a: is the number of terms registered in the us to sort each group’s lexical concurrence ac- region or territory A that are not in B. cording to similarity. This classification was per- • b: is the number of terms found in region B formed in Excel using the Addinsoft XLSTAT 2013 but not A. application. • c: is the number of terms found in both regions or territories. 4. Results and discussion For example, to calculate the similarity in- At total of 998 Canary terms shared with An- dex between the lexicon considered differentia- dalusia were obtained from the dialectal dictio- lly concurrent with Andalusia and with the Mur- naries. Included in this corpus are 572 phrases cian enclaves and the Caribbean, the following that also concur with other Spanish-speaking calculations were performed: regions (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Number of Canary-Andalusian regional words that concur with the other regions studied (2 = Aragon and the eastern coast; 3 = Murcia; 4 = Castile; 5 = Northern peninsula; 6 = Western peninsula; 7 = Caribbean; 8 = Mesoamerica; 9 = South Ame- rica). Number 1 is Andalusia, which does not appear in this table because its concurrence is 100% (572) ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 345

The group with the highest number of con- Leonese, Extremadurans and Andalusians actively currences consists of the Canary Islands, Anda- collaborated in Canary-American businesses and lusia, and South America, with 319 words. South for years had extensive contact with one another, America’s great expanse could be a factor in this as is evidenced in overseas Spanish. outcome. However, the smallest American area In certain regions, the level of lexical concu- (the Caribbean) also has a large number of con- rrence is high (Table 3). Nearly 63% of this lexicon currences. The historical and social relations- is found in the vocabulary of the Canary Islands, hips of the West Indies explain this concomitan- Andalusia, and at least two other regions analy- ce (Navarro Carrasco, 1988; Frago Gracia, 1994; sed in this study. Corrales Zumbado & Corbella Díaz, 2013). Words with substantial regional extension Among the peninsular areas, the Western pe- are rare. In an analysis of words common to ninsula has the largest number of concurrences more than seven regions (Table 4), certain gene- with the Canary Islands and Andalusia. Andalusia’s ral characteristics of the Atlantic lexicon can be geographic and historic proximity to this region observed: archaisms, lexical westernisms, lexical facilitated this important linkage. But this rela- or semantic neologisms, maritime terms, and in- tionship is evident with the Western region of An- digenous American (nagua) words. dalusia, and not always with the Eastern (Ariza Vi- guera, 1995; Alvar, 1996; Cáceres Lorenzo, 2015). The There is a considerable difference between borrowing of Portuguese words into the Spanish the number of terms that concur in five regions language has occurred frequently (Salvador, 1967). (23%) and those that concur in six regions (8.7%). The centuries of shared history between Portu- This difference is because of the previously no- gal and the Spanish border areas is evidenced ted number of words registered in the Americas, through multiple historical, social, cultural, and which includes three of the regions examined economic relationships (Pérez Vidal, 1991; Corbe- by this study. The high number of words in this lla Díaz y Medina López, 1996). It is not an anomaly region produces a quantitative change because to discover that certain examples registered in the there are many concurrent words used in the Ca- Canary Islands and Andalusia represent a vocabu- nary Islands, Andalusia, and the Americas. lary shared with peninsular territories perhaps Table 5 shows the proximity matrix elabora- before the fifteenth century (Medina López, 2013). ted by calculating the Jaccard similarity index.

TABLE 3 Level of interregional dialectal lexical concurrence ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 346

TABLE 4 Canary-Andalusian words used in more than seven of the regions analysed in this study (1 = Andalusia [A]; 2 = Aragon and the Eastern coast [Ar]; 3 = Murcia [Mu]; 4 = Castile [Cast]; 5 = Northern peninsula [N]; 6 = Western peninsula [O]; 7 = Ca- ribbean [C]; 8 = Mesoamerica [M]; 9 = South America [S]). The search for origins (DRAE; Buesa Oliver & Enguita Utrilla 1992; DEC; DA): (Arch.) = archaism; (Afric.) = African; (Ind.) = Indigenous American word; (W) = lexical westernism

TABLE 5 Proximity matrix (Jaccard index) (1 = Andalusia; 2 = Aragon and the Eastern coast; 3 = Murcia; 4 = Castile; 5 = Northern peninsula; 6 = Western peninsula; 7 = Caribbean; 8 = Mesoamerica; 9 = South America) ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 347

The largest similarities occur in the Ameri- The data obtained by the ascending hierar- can repertoires and between these repertoires chical classification establishes the following and the Canary lexicon that concurs with Anda- connections or networks, presented from the lusia. The least spread words are those shared greatest to least number of concurrences: between the Canary Islands, Andalusia, Castile, 1) Canary Islands, Andalusia and the American and the Northern peninsula. These last two re- regions: 9, 7, and 8 (in order of concurrence, gions never reach a 0.2 similarity index. Based on from greatest to least). The high number of this proximity matrix, a tree diagram is obtained, concurrences with the South American re- in which it is possible to assess the classes into gion is surprising. The concomitants indi- which the different regions analysed are grou- cated by Corrales Zumbado & Corbella Díaz ped (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1 Tree diagram obtained from the similarity matrix (1 = Canary Islands-Andalusia; 2 = Aragon and the eastern coast; 3 = Mur- cia; 4 = Castile; 5 = Northern peninsula; 6 = Western peninsula; 7 = Caribbean; 8 = Mesoamerica; 9 = South America) ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 348

(2012) and Medina López (2013) are stren- and the Canaries. Information obtained from the gthened by quantitative data for the entire regional dictionaries regarding the Canary-An- Canary lexicon, and this study confirms the dalusian lexicon’s concurrence with Castile and Canary-Andalusian differential lexicon. the Northern peninsula demonstrates that these zones constitute distinct classes. 2) Canary Islands, Andalusia, and the eastern and Western peninsular regions: 2, 3, and 6. This vocabulary integrates Western and 5. Conclusions Eastern lexicons. In this group, the largest The empirical establishment of the connec- diffusers were Extremadura and Murcia. tions between interregional lexicons in Atlantic The group of terms that relate the Canary Is- Spanish means accepting the level of concurren- lands, Andalusia, and the peripheral Spanish ce between pre-Hispanic dialectal variations. peninsular zones is smaller. These zones in- In this list of regional lexicon, there are many clude Aragon (noted by Llorente Maldonado, words that are slang with their corresponding 1985 and 2000, in the case of Andalusian), phonic-graphic variation, eg ‘desagerar exagera’' the Eastern coast, Murcia (indicated by Cor- [exaggerate]; ‘chimenea’ chimney [fireplace] or bella Díaz, 1996), and the Western peninsula ‘desinquieto inquieto’ [restless]. This result is a (Medina López, 2010; Cáceres Lorenzo, 2015). consequence of the criteria of regional corpora This group of concurrent words exhibits that consider that any change in the signifier the oldest relationship, which was possibly should appear. In the future, we believe it is pos- established prior to the European colonisa- sible to set up regional corpora in which these tion of the Canaries, when the peninsular words will not appear. At the same time, the territory there was a common vocabulary eight regions with which we compare the regio- for various languages. A specific vocabulary nal vocabulary can be changed in other resear- existed in recently conquered territories in ches that use other corpora or apply other crite- which Western words —similar to Galician- ria for gathering information. Portuguese— and Eastern words —related In our results we may say that in the penin- to the languages of the kingdom of Aragon sular region, the level of concurrence should (e.g., clime, golismear, nano, fechar, tericia)— first be understood from north to south because shared a common communicative space the common Canary-Andalusian vocabulary has (Frago Gracia, 1990 and 1994). less in common with Northern Spanish. Further- 3) Canary Islands, Andalusia, and the regions of more, coexistence and proximity between bor- Castile and the Northern peninsula: 4 and 5. der provinces condition the use of a common This is a minority network, barely reaching vocabulary in the peninsular territory. The data fifty words, which would be expected when indicate that the possible linguistic levelling analysing a southern dialectal variety. does not weaken the lexical richness of Atlantic Spanish. Rather, the idea is reinforced that the These results confirm that the lexical concu- pre-Hispanic vocabulary formed an interconnec- rrences between the Canary Islands and Anda- ted dialectal mosaic. lusia are more related to American than peninsular lexical repertoires. Equally interesting is a American Spanish includes a significant re- second observation regarding the presence of a presentation of peninsular dialectal lexicon, second group of regions in the same class: Mur- which suggests the unique personality of the At- cia, Aragon, the eastern coast, and the Western lantic vocabulary. The peninsular dialectal par- peninsula. These regions are geographic oppo- ticularity (e.g., Andalusian, Aragonese, Leonese) sites but share much vocabulary with Andalusia of Atlantic Spanish becomes the general lexicon. ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 349

Concurrence among distinct regional varieties Bravo García, Eva & Mª. Teresa Cáceres Lorenzo, 2011: is a result of the peninsular territory’s linguistic La incorporación del indigenismo léxico en los contact. contextos comunicativos canario y americano (1492-1550), Frankfurt: Peter Lang, Fondo Hispá- The Canary-Andalusian synchronic dialectal nico de Lingüística y Filología. lexicon confirms that the levelling process of At- lantic Spanish does not create a new, extremely Buesa Oliver, Tomás, 1990: “Problemas para la different modality with enough sufficiently uni- identificación del andalucismo léxico en eles- que traits to constitute a language or a new dia- pañol de América” in Bibiano Torres Ramírez (ed.): lect. What has been produced is a substitution Actas de las VII Jornadas de Andalucía y América, mechanism of extensive lexical borrowing. This Sevilla: Junta de Andalucía, t. II, 270-282. tendency has played a prominent role in the linguistic conformation of Atlantic Spanish. These Cáceres Lorenzo, Mª. Teresa, 2012: “Pugna entre len- data can be further complemented with other guas romances e indigenismo en el español at- research that furthers more about the investiga- lántico (1496-1600)”, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies tion of the lexicon of Western Andalusia, becau- 89, 795-811. se the Andalusian is not a homogeneous linguis- Cáceres Lorenzo, Mª. Teresa, 2015: “Portuguesismos tic variety. y occidentalismos léxicos en las hablas canarias. Aportaciones desde el léxico dialectal sincróni- co” in Serafina García García (coord.): Homenaje a 6. Bibliography José Antonio Martínez, Oviedo: Servicio de Publi- Alba, Orlando, 1995: El español dominicano den- caciones Universidad de Oviedo, t. I, 181-196. tro del contexto Americano, Santo Domingo: Soto Castillo. Catalán, Diego, 1958: “Génesis del español atlánti- co. Ondas varias a través del océano”, Revista de Alvar, Manuel, 1964: “Estructura del léxico anda- Historia Canaria 24, 233-242. luz”, Boletín de Filología de la Universidad de Chile 16, 5-12. Claes, Jeroen, 2011: “¿Constituyen las Antillas y Alvar, Manuel, 1990: “El camino de las Indias. Sig- el Caribe continental una sola zona dialectal? nificación de las Islas Canarias ” in Manuel Alvar Datos de la variable expresión del sujeto prono- (ed.): Norma lingüística sevillana y español de minal en San Juan de Puerto Rico y Barranquilla, América, Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, Colombia”, Spanish in Context 8, 191-212. 63-84. Alvar, Manuel, 1996: “Canario” in Manual de Dia- Corbella Díaz, Dolores, 1996: “Fuentes del vocabula- lectología Hispánica: el español de España, Bar- rio canario: los préstamos léxicos” in Dolores Cor- celona: Ariel, 126-145. bella Díaz & Javier Medina López (coord.), El español de Canarias hoy: análisis y perspectivas, Madrid/ Alvar Ezquerra, Manuel, 2000: Tesoro léxico de las Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 105–142. hablas andaluzas, Madrid: Arco/Libro. Corbella Díaz, Dolores & Javier Medina López, 1996: Ariza Viguera, Manuel, 1995: “Leonesismos y occi- “Lusismos en los diccionarios académicos: el dentalismos en las lenguas y dialectos de Espa- caso de los dialectalismos canarios de origen ña”, Philologia hispalensis 10, 77-88. portugués” in Juan M. Carrasco González y Antonio Viudas Camarasa (eds.): Actas del Congreso Interna- Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, 2010: cional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Diccionario de americanismos, Madrid: Santi- Frontera, Extremadura: Servicio de Publicacio- llana. nes, 492-507. ONOMÁZEIN 32 (diciembre de 2015): 339 - 352 Mª Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo Atlantic Spanish vocabulary: Contribution from the corpus of dialectal lexicon 350

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