Austral Bird Migrants in Paraguay’

The Condor 96:83-97 !C The Cooper Orn~ihological Society 1994

AUSTRAL BIRD MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY’

FLOYD E. HAYES* Department of Natural Sciences,Loma Linda University,Loma Linda, CA 92350 PAUL A. SCHARF USMILGP Guatemala, Unit 3301, APO AA 34024 ROBERT S. RIDGELY Academyof Natural Sciences,Nineteenth and The Parkway, Philadelphia,PA 19103

Abstract. In the temperate latitudes of South America, populations of many speciesof austral bird migrants move northward from their breeding grounds to warmer latitudes during the austral winter. We identify 35 speciesof birds that presumablynest in Paraguay but are absent or rare during the winter (northern austral migrants), and 45 specieswith populations that winter in Paraguay but breed in areas farther south (southern austral migrants). We summarize the status of each speciesand justify its recognition as a long- distancemigrant by providing extreme dates of occurrenceor other pertinent observations. New distributional recordsand extreme migration datesare reported for many species.The austral migrant fauna is dominated by flycatchers(Tyrannidae), which account for 40% of the species.Most speciesof austral migrants are insectivorous. Key words: Austral bird migrants: distribution; migration; Paraguay: South America; seasonality.

Resumen. En las latitudestempladas de Sudamerica,las poblacionesde muchasespecies de aves migrantes australesse trasladan desde sus territories de nidificacibn hacia el norte a latitudes mas calurosasdurante el inviemo austral. Se identificaron 35 especiesde aves que presumiblementenidifican en el Paraguaypero estan ausenteso son escasasdurante el invierno (migrantes australesnorteiios), y 45 especiescon poblacionesque son invemantes en el Paraguaypero nidifican en areas m&s al sur (migrantes australessureiios). Se resume el estado de cada especiey se justifica su reconocimiento coma un migrante de distancias largasen base de fechasextremas de 10sregistros u otras observaciones.Se presentandatos referentes a nuevos registrosde distribucibn y nuevas fechas extremas de migracibn. La fauna migrante austral es dominada por especiesde la familia Tyrannidae, que representan 40% de las especies.La mayoria de las especiesde migrantes australes se alimentan de insectos. PalabrasHaves: Avesmigrantes australes; distribucidn; estacionalidad; migracibn; Para- guay; sudam&ica.

INTRODUCTION thoughtto be austral migrants, but provide scanty In the temperate latitudes of South America, information (e.g., Johnson and Goodall 1965, populations of many species of birds move 1967; Haverschmidt 1968; Gore and Gepp 1978; northward from their breeding grounds during Meyer de Schauenseeand Phelps 1978; Parker the colder autumn and winter months (all sea- et al. 1982; Sick 1984; Hilty and Brown 1986; sonal referencesin this paper refer to the austral Olrog 1963; Fjeldsa and Krabbe 1990). The best cycle), and return southward to breed during regional summary is that of Belton (1984, 1985) spring. These speciesare collectively referred to who provided extreme dates for speciesthought as “austral migrants.” This phenomenon has long to be migrants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, been recognized by ornithologists (e.g., Zimmer Brazil. Only a few summaries have been pub- 1938, Olrog 1963, Sick 1968, Willis 1988), yet lished on the seasonaldistribution of individual remains poorly documented. The major regional species(e.g., Lanyon 1978, 1982; Remsen and references of South America identify species Hunn 1979; Remsen and Parker 1990; Marantz and Remsen 199 1). In contrast with the situation of austral bird ’ Received 2 1 April 1993. Accepted 4 August 1993. z Present address:Faculty of Natural Science/Tech- migrants, the migration of North American nology, Caribbean Union College,P.O. Box 175, Port- breeding birds to and from their wintering of-Spain, Trinidad. grounds in South America has been extensively

1831 84 F. E. HAYES, P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

Pat-and FIGURE 1. Map of Paraguayshowing location of 19 departmentsand major rivers. Departments: 1 = Chaco; 2 = Nueva Asuncibn; 3 = Alto Paraguay;4 = Boquerbn;5 = PresidenteHayes; 6 = Concepci6n;7 = Amambay; 8 = San Pedro; 9 = Canindeyti (formerly Canendiyi); 10 = central; 11 = Cordillera; 12 = Caaguazk 13 = Alto ParanB;14 = Paraguari; 15 = Guairk 16 = Caazapa; 17 = Neembuck 18 = Misiones; 19 = Itapua. studied (e.g., Keast and Morton 1980, Rappole seasonal occurrence, condition of gonads, and et al. 1983). This can be attributed to the abun- feather molt of a speciesthroughout its range, or dance and distinctiveness of Nearctic migrants by censusing or noting the presence or absence in South America, and a long-term interest by of a speciesin a specificgeographic area, such as North American governments and ornithologists a small country, during different seasons.Stra- alike in the conservation of Nearctic birds on tegically situated in the interior of South America their wintering grounds. In South America there east of the Andes, the Republic of Paraguay pro- are fewer trained ornithologists, and the migra- vides a unique perspective on the phenomenon tory movements of resident birds occur over rel- of austral bird migrations in South America. atively shorter distancesand are less spectacular Slightly larger than California, Paraguay en- than those of Nearctic birds. Becauseof the com- compassesan area of 406,752 km2 between 54”19’ paratively smaller land area in the higher lati- and 62”38’ west longitude, and between lY18’ tudes of South America, there is less potential and 27’30’ south latitude. The southward-flow- for hosting migrant species,and those which do ing Paraguay River divides the country into two migrate are generally closer to the tropical lati- distinct regions:the relatively flat and xeric Cha- tudes. co to the west, and the more humid and topo- The long-distance migratory movements of graphically diverse Orient to the east (Fig. 1). many speciescan be inferred by examining the The climate of Paraguay is subtropical; summers AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 85 are relatively hot and humid, and winters are the country. But because their breeding popu- relatively cool and dry, with temperatures oc- lations are distributed primarily to the south of casionally dipping below freezing. Further de- Paraguay, we have classified them as “southern scriptions of the climate and topography of Par- austral migrants.” aguay can be found in Gorham (1973) and Anonymous (1985). SPECIES ACCOUNTS Our current knowledge of bird distribution in We include only species whose occurrence in Paraguay, both geographicaland seasonal,is in- Paraguay has been adequately documented. Ex- adequate to determine precisely which South act localities are provided only for significant American species are long-distance migrants. distributional or seasonalrecords. Geographical However, data obtained during extensive field coordinates are provided (when possible) for lo- observations in Paraguay (1977, 1982 and 199 1 calities not listed in Paynter (1989). The location by R.S.R.; 1987-1989 by F.E.H.; 1989-1991 by of each of the 19 political divisions (departa- P.A.S.), during visits to several major American mentos, hereafter each is abbreviated as Dpto.) museums, and from a review of the literature, is shown in Figure 1. Abundance terms are de- indicate that many speciesexhibit distinct pat- fined as follows: common, observed daily in ap- terns of long-distance migration to and from the propriate habitat; uncommon, observedonce ev- country. In this paper we attempt to identify and ery 2-10 days; rare, observed at intervals of 11 discuss these patterns, identify the species ex- or more days. For species regarded as rare we hibiting these patterns, and briefly summarize provide data on the number of specimen and information on the geographical and seasonal sight records. The taxonomy and sequence of distribution of these specieswithin the country. speciesfollow Clements (199 l), except for a few English names that follow Ridgely and Tudor PATTERNS OF MIGRATION (1989 and unpubl.). There are two general patterns of austral bird Becauseof a paucity of published information migration in Paraguay. The first pattern consists on nesting in Paraguay, birds are assumed to of birds that breed in Paraguay during the austral breedwhen they occurduring the summer months summer, but move northward into tropical lat- (e.g., see Dalgleish 1889, Chubb 1910, Stein- itudes during the colder winter months and re- bather 1962). “Breeder” refersto individuals that turn during spring; these speciesare herein re- presumably nest within the country; “migrant” ferredto as “northern austral migrants.” Although refersto individuals that presumably do not nest a few individuals of some speciesmay remain within the country. Extreme dates of occurrence during the winter, the vast majority apparently are given in the order of arrival and departure. move northward. The second pattern concerns Acronyms for museum specimens include: bird populations that nest to the south or west AMNH = American Museum of Natural His- of Paraguay in more temperate areas, and mi- tory, New York; FMNH = Field Museum of grate to Paraguay during the colder winter Natural History, Chicago; UMMZ = University months; thesespecies are referred to as “southern of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor; austral migrants.” Some speciesappear in Par- USNM = National Museum of Natural History, aguay only during the winter, whereas a few in- Washington, D.C. Sight recordsare indicated by dividuals of other speciesmay remain to breed our initials. during the summer. These two patterns, which Northern Austral Migrants. Swallow-tailed Kite refer to the same phenomenon, result from Par- (Elanoides forficatus)-Uncommon breeder in aguay’s location in the middle latitudes of South the Orient, usually well east of the Paraguay Riv- America. However, thesepatterns are generaland er. Extreme dates are 24 August (Brooks et al, are not always completely applicable because unpubl.) and 14 March (Contreras et al. 1988). some species,such as the Snail Kite (Rostrhamus Rufous-thighedKite (Harpagus diodon)-Rare sociabilis), are probably representedby breeding migrant in the Chaco and rare breeder in the individuals that winter north of Paraguay and Orient. Specimen records include single birds wintering individuals that breed south of Para- taken at Dpto. Alto Paran in October (Bertoni guay. Other species, such as the White-crested 1901); east of Yhh, Dpto. Caaguazti, on 5 Jan- Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), are probably transient uary (193 1, AMNH 320304); at Independencia, in Paraguay, neither wintering nor breeding in Dpto. GuairB, on 15 October (193 1, AMNH 86 F. E. HAYES, P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

320001); and at Horqueta, Dpto. Conception, Dpto. Boqueron (2221’S, 60”2O’W), throughout on 2 February (1933, UMMZ 72034). P.A.S. and June and August (1990, by Brooks pers. comm.). F.E.H. have observed small numbers at Parque Extreme dates for the Orient are 5 September Nactional Ybycui, Dpto. Paraguari, between the (1940, at Dpto. Alto Parana, UMMZ 111017) the dates of 9 October (1989) and 25 February and 20 January (Laubmann 1939). (1989). There are no previous records for the Greater Ani (Crotophagumajor)-Rare breed- Chaco, where R.S.R. observed single adults fly- er throughout Paraguay, except in the north- ing over Parque National Teniente Enciso, Dpto. eastern Chaco where it is uncommon. Virtually Nueva Asuncion (21”08’S, 61”38’W), on 29 Au- all records are from the summer months. The gust and 2 September 1982. only winter record is of two birds seen west of Plumbeous Kite (Zctinia plumbea)-Common Salto Guaira, Dpto. Canindeyu, on 13 July (1977, breeder in the southeastern Orient, uncommon by R.S.R.). This speciesis apparently absent dur- elsewhere throughout Paraguay. Extreme dates ing winter to the south of Paraguay (e.g., Belton are 27 August (1937, at Dpto. San Pedro, UMMZ 1984, Chebez 1993). 96134, 105038) and 17 June (1990, at Dpto. Ashy-tailed Swift (Chaetura andrei)-Com- PresidenteHayes, by P.A.S.). The latter date may mon breeder in the central Chaco and south- represent a wintering individual. eastern Orient, uncommon elsewhere in Para- Paint-billed Crake (Neocrex erythrops)- Rare guay. During winter it is absent or possibly rare. breeder in the Chaco and northern Orient. Ex- Numerous winter sightrecords of Chaeturuswifts treme dates for nine specimens and three sight in the Orient may refer to the Gray-rumped Swift recordsare 24 August (Brooks et al. in prep.) and (Chaetura cinereiventris;Brooks et al. in prep.), 12 April (Short 1976). which apparently winters as far south as Rio Spotted Rail (Pardirallus maculatus)-Rare Grande do Sul, Brazil (Belton 1984). Extreme breeder throughout Paraguay. Extreme dates for dates of Ashy-tailed Swift for the Chaco, where 27 specimensand three sight records are 30 Au- the Gray-rumped Swift is not resident (Short gust(1924, at Dpto. Guaira, FMNH 4029 16) and 1975) and has not been recorded, are 16 August 13 April (1940, at Dpto. Central, UMMZ 1989, at Dpto. Alto Paraguay, by F.E.H.) and 22 111366). April (1990, at Dpto. Boqueron, by P.A.S.). Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus)-Un- Mouse-colored Tyrannulet (Phaeomyias mu- common breeder in the Chaco, rare in the Orient. rina) - Rare but probably overlooked breeder in Extreme dates are 5 September (1990, at Dpto. the eastern Chaco and Orient. Extreme dates for Presidente Hayes, by P.A.S.) and 30 May (199 1, six specimensand one sight record are 27 August at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, by P.A.S.). (1989, at Rio Salado, Dpto. Central, by P.A.S.) Azure Gallinule (Porphyrioflavirostris)-Rare and 17 April (1931, at 80 km W of Puerto Pi- breeder in the northern Chaco and northern Ori- nasco,Dpto. PresidenteHayes, AMNH 32 1120). ent. Extreme dates for nine specimen recordsare Further evidence that this speciesis migratory October (Remsen and Parker 1990) and 28 Jan- was provided by Willis and Oniki (1990) for uary (1937, at Dpto. Alto Paraguay or Boqueron, southwesternMato Grosso, Brazil. UMMZ 92982). On 17 August 1989, F.E.H. ob- Southern Scrub Flycatcher (Sublegatus mo- served an individual flush from emergent vege- destus)-Rare breeder in the Chaco and all but tation on the Brazilian side of the ParaguayRiver the southeastern Orient. Extreme dates for 34 opposite Puerto Ramos (Dpto. Alto Paraguay), specimensand seven sight records are 5 August in Mato Gross0 do Sul, Brazil. This record in- (1989, at Dpto. Misiones, by P.A.S.) and 18 April dicates that birds likely arrive in Paraguay as (193 1, at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, AMNH early as August. Remsen and Parker (1990) re- 321132). There are, however, a few winter rec- viewed the seasonality of this speciesin South ords from northern Argentina (e.g., Wetmore America. 1926). Dark-billed Cuckoo (C~ccyz~s melacory- Greenish Elaenia (Myiopugis viridicata)-Rare phus)-Uncommon breeder throughout Para- breeder in extreme southeastern Chaco and guay. During winter it is apparently rare in the throughout the Orient. Extreme dates for 38 Chaco. Single specimens taken in Dpto. Presi- specimensand 12 sight records are 3 September dente Hayes on 30 May and 5 July (Short 1976) (1940, at Dpto. Alto Parana, UMMZ 111106) were likely wintering. Single individuals, possi- and 5 May (1990, at Dpto. Canindeyu, by P.A.S.). bly the same bird, were seen at For-tin Toledo, Reports of this speciesin the Chaco at Rio Negro AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 87

(Cory and Hellmayr 1927, Naumburg 1930) are (Belton 1985). Further evidence that this species based on two specimenscollected at Riacho Ne- is migratory comes from Misiones and Corrien- gro, Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 14 and 15 No- tes, Argentina, where all 114 specimens in the vember (19 13, AMNH 127020, 1270 19). AMNH were recorded between 14 August and Large Elaenia (Elaenia spectabilis)-Uncom- 27 March. mon breeder in the Chaco, rare in the Orient. Swainson’s Flycatcher (Myiarchus swain- Extreme dates for 28 specimens and 18 sight soni)-Rare (but probably overlooked) breeder recordsare 24 August (Brooks et al. in prep.) and throughout Paraguay. Extreme datesfor 22 spec- 16 April (1988, at Dpto. Paraguari, by F.E.H.). imens and 16 sight recordsare 28 August (1940, Plain Tyrannulet (Znezia inornata)-Rare res- at Dpto. Alto Parana, UMMZ 111090) and 1 ident of the Chaco and northern Orient. Extreme March (1991, at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, by dates for ten specimen records are 11 August P.A.S.); 8 April would be the latest date if M. (1930, at Dpto. Conception, AMNH 3 19783) ferox of Steinbacher (1968) refers to this species, and 24 March (193 1, at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, as argued by Short (1976) and Lanyon (1978) on AMNH 320912). the basis of published measurements. Lanyon Bran-colored Flycatcher (Myiophobus .fascia- (1978, 1982) reviewed the seasonalityofthis spe- tu.s)-Uncommon breeder in the eastern Orient. cies in South America, but did not examine During winter it appearsto be rare. Sight records UMMZ specimens. in the easternOrient during June (P.A.S.), July and Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholi- August (Brookset al. in prep.) indicate that a few cus)-Common breeder throughout Paraguay. individuals winter in Paraguay. It is a common During winter, it is rare. Winter records include residentin Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, but hasbeen a specimen taken at Puerto Gibaja, Dpto. Alto recordedonly twice during winter (Belton 1985). Parana, on 27 July (1940, UMMZ 108858), and Further evidence that this speciesis migratory two birds seen throughout July and August at comes from the provinces of Misiones and Cor- Fortin Toledo, Dpto. Boqueron (1990, by D. rientes, Argentina, where all 9 specimensin the Brooks, pers. comm.). AMNH were recordedbetween 29 Septemberand Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savanna)- 9 April. By contrast, nine of 43 (21%) specimens Locally common breeder throughout Paraguay. in the AMNH of the nonmigratory Southern Brooks et al. (unpubl.) recorded a wintering in- Beardless-Tyrannulet (Camptostoma obsoletum) dividual at Estancia La Golondrina. Dpto. Caa- from Arroyo Urugua-i, Misiones, Argentina, were zapa (25”33’S, 55”3O’W), on 5 and 12 July 1992. recordedduring June-August. Otherwisethe extreme datesare 24 August (1939, Fuscous Flycatcher (Cnemotriccusfuscatus)- at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, UMMZ 105407) and Rare breeder throughout Paraguay. Of 25 spec- 3 1 March (199 1, at Dpto. Canindeyti, by P.A.S.). imens and 22 sight records, 42 (89%) were Variegated Flycatcher (Empidonomus vari- recorded during September-March. The only us)-Common breeder in the southeasternOri- mid-winter records include a specimen taken at ent, uncommon elsewherein the Orient, and rare Estancia San Ignacio, Dpto. Caaguazti (24”57’S, in the Chaco. During winter it is rare. A wintering 56”33’W; coordinates from specimen, possibly bird was noted by P.A.S. at proposed Reserva in southern Dpto. San Pedro), on 2 July (1979, Natural de1 Bosque Mbaracayu, Dpto. Canin- UMMZ 202626), and a singlebird seenat Parque deyti (24”07’S, 55”32’W), on 26 June 1990. There National Cerro Cora, Dpto. Amambay, on 22 are no previously published records from the July (1988, by F.E.H.). Chaco. At Estancia La Golondrina, Dpto. Pres- Euler’s Flycatcher (Lathrotriccuseuleri)-Rare idente Hayes, two birds were seen by F.E.H. on breeder in the Chaco, uncommon in the Orient. 17 December 1988, two by P.A.S. on 2 1 October During winter it is apparently rare. Only one of 1990, and one by P.A.S. on 10 November 1990. 27 specimenswas collected during the winter; it Two birds, which may have been wintering, were was obtained 20 km E of Rosario, Dpto. San seen by P.A.S. at Mariscal Estigarribia, Dpto. Pedro, on 20 June (1937, UMMZ 96096). Sev- Boqueron, on 10 August 1989. Along the Ruta eral sight recordsfrom the eastern Orient during Trans Chaco, Dpto. PresidenteHayes, P.A.S. saw June (P.A.S.), July (Brooks et al. in prep.) and two on 25 February 1990 and one on 24 February August (R.S.R., Brooks et al. in prep.) suggest 199 1. These records indicate that this speciesis that some individuals winter regularly. There are resident in the Chaco. no winter recordsfrom Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Crowned Slaty Flycatcher (Griseotyrannusau- 88 F. E. HAYES, P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY rantioatrocristatus)-Common breeder in the (1988, at Dpto. Alto Paraguay, by F.E.H.) and Chaco, uncommon in the southwestern Orient, 25 May (1988, at Dpto. Central, by F.E.H.). and rare elsewherein the Orient. During winter Gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea)-Lo- it is apparently rare. The earliest date is 16 Au- tally common breeder throughout Paraguay, ex- gust (1940, Dpto. Alto Parana, UMMZ 1098 10); cept in the drier portions of the Chaco where it the latest date is 4 July (1934, at Dpto. San Pedro, is rare. A few individuals apparently remain dur- UMMZ 13 1284). The latter record presumably ing the winter. Midwinter records include birds representsa wintering bird. seen at Dpto. Presidente Hayes on 27 July (Kerr Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes macula- 1892) at Dpto. Central during late July (1977, tus)-Common breeder in the Chaco, except in by R.S.R.), at Dpto. Paraguarf on 22 June (1990, the northeastern Chaco where it is uncommon, by P.A.S.), and at Dpto. Canindeyu on 4 August and uncommon in the Orient. Extreme dates are (1992, Brooks et al. in prep.). 27 August (1937, at Dpto. San Pedro, UMMZ Southern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidop- 96094) and 7 April (Steinbacher 1962). teryx ru$collis)-Rare breeder in the Chaco, un- Piratic Flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius)-Rare common in the western Orient, and common in breeder in the Orient. Extreme dates for 22 spec- the eastern Orient. Extreme dates are 2 August imens and one sight record are 5 October (1937, (1977, at Dpto. Conception, by R.S.R.) and 16 at Dpto. Conception, UMMZ 93697) and 6 May April (1988, at Dpto. Paraguari, by F.E.H.). (1991, at Dpto. Paraguari, by P.A.S.). Swallow Tanager (Tersina viridis) - Rare mi- White-winged Becard (Pachyramphus poly- grant in the Chaco and uncommon breeder in chopterus)-Rare breeder throughout Paraguay. the easternOrient. The only Chaco record is from The only winter record is of a female (possibly Lichtenau, Dpto. Presidente Hayes, where two misidentified) recordedby Brooks et al. (in prep.) birds were collectedon 2 May (1970; Short 1972, at Estancia La Golondrina, Dpto. Caazapa, on 8 1976). Extreme dates are 26 July (1989, at Dpto. July 1992. Otherwise the extreme dates for 37 Canindeyu, by F.E.H.) and 2 May (Short 1972, specimens and 13 sight records are 10 August 1976). The July record may representa wintering (1939, at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, UMMZ bird rather than an early migrant. 105401) and 24 April (1940, at Dpto. Central, Lined Seedeater (Sporophila lineola) - Un- UMMZ 111058). common breeder in the Chaco, rare in the west- Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)-Common ern Orient. Extreme dates are 2 August (1977, breeder throughout the Chaco and western Ori- at Dpto. Conception, by R.S.R.) and 5 May (199 1, ent, uncommon in eastern Orient. During winter at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, by P.A.S.). The Au- it is apparently rare. P.A.S. observed six birds gustrecord may representa wintering individual. that may have been early migrants at Fortin Te- Dark-throated Seedeater (Sporophila rujicol- niente Ochoa, Dpto. Nueva Asuncion (21”42’S, lis)-Rare breeder in the central Chaco and 6 1”02’W), on 11 August 1989, and two wintering southern Orient. Ten specimens and two sight birds north of Curuguaty, Dpto. Canindeyti, on recordsfrom the Chaco range from 2 1 September 25 June 1990. (1992, at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, by R. P. Clay Yellow-legged Thrush (Platycichla jlavipes)- and R. Barnes, pers. comm.) to 7 April (Stein- Rare resident of extreme eastern Paraguay. Ber- bather 1968, UMMZ). The only published rec- toni (190 1) reportedtwo specimenstaken at Dpto. ord from the Orient is an immature collected at Alto Parana, in October and November 1894, Sapucai, Dpto. Paraguari, on 21 March (1904, and later (Bertoni 1926) reported that the species Chubb 19 10). Our sightingsinclude a male 5 km arrived nearly every summer. However, there are SSE of Villeta, Dpto. Central, on 23 October no recent records. Chebez (1992) reported that (1989, by F.E.H.), and ten birds west of San Juan there are only 12 specimenrecords from adjacent Bautista, Dpto. Misiones (26”42’S, 57”05’W), on Misiones Province, Argentina, all between the 2 March (1991, by P.A.S.). dates of 6 September and 1 November. Rufous-rumped Seedeater (Sporophila hypo- Brown-chested Martin (Phaeoprogne tap- chroma)-Rare breeder in the southern Chaco era) - Common breeder in the easternChaco and and southwesternOrient. Bertoni’s (1930) over- western Orient, uncommon in the western Chaco looked description and photographof Sporophila and western Orient. Extreme dates are 18 August plumbeicepsposneri (p. 256, “throat bright chest- AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 89 nut as is the abdomen and rump and the back em Chaco and southeastern Orient where it is . . . wing with white speculum”), basedon a male uncommon. It is most common during spring collectedat Villa Hayes, Dpto. PresidenteHayes, and fall, when it apparently migrates.Large flocks on 13 October 1922, apparently refers to this (up to 200 birds) have been observed moving species.The only other published record for Par- northward along the Paraguay River in March aguay is a specimen taken between Santiago and southward during August-October (e.g., (27”1O’S, 56’44’W) and Ayolas, Dpto. Misiones Hayes 199 1). (Contreras et al. 1989, pers. comm.), but no fur- Peregrine Falcon (Fulcoperegrinus)-The aus- ther details were published. On 23 October 1989, tral race (F. p. cussini) is a rare migrant in the F.E.H. and J. Escobar Argafia viewed a male S. Chaco, and perhaps along the Paraguay River. hypochroma beside a male Tawny-bellied Seed- There are at least four specimen records from eater (S. hypoxantha) and an unidentified female the central Chaco, in Dptos. Boqueron and Pres- at 5 km SSE of Villeta, Dpto. Central. About 200 idente Hayes, between 27 December and 1 June m away, a second singing male S. hypochroma (Steinbacher 1962, Storer 1989). Although was seen with an unidentified female. About 20 breedingis doubtful, thesedates suggest that some singing male S. hypoxunthu were seen nearby. individuals may summer in Paraguay. A speci- On 24 February 1991, P.A.S. viewed two male men record(now lost) from Puerto Bertoni, Dpto. S. hypochromu and an associatingfemale amongst Alto Parana (Bertoni 19 14) and recent sightings a flock of S. hypoxunthu along the Ruta Trans (1987-1989) along the Paraguay River may in- Chaco near km 100, Dpto. PresidenteHayes (co- clude individuals of F. p. cussini, but individuals ordinates unknown). All recordssouth of Bolivia of the Nearctic races(at least one confirmed rec- range from October to April (Collar et al. 1992), ord) are difficult to distinguish from F. p. cussini suggestingthat it is a long-distance migrant. in the field (Hayes et al. 1990a). Southern Austrul Migrants. Silvery Grebe Gray-hoodedGull (Law cirrocephulus)-Rare (Podiceps occipitulis)-Rare migrant in the migrant in the Paraguay River basin. Schlegel southeastern Orient. Colman and Perez (199 1, (1863) reported a specimen from an unknown pers. comm.) reported the speciesfor southeast- locality in Paraguay we Storer 1989) at a time em Paraguay on the basis of a specimen (ex- when Paraguaywas much larger. Two specimens amined by F.E.H.) collected during the winter were obtained 120 km E of Orloff, in Dpto. Pres- and deposited at the museum of Itaipu Bina- idente Hayes, on 1 September(1940, Storer 1989). cional in Hemandarias, Dpto. Alto Paraguay.No Lopez (1985) reported ten observed along the further details have been published. This species Paraguay River in Dpto. Alto Paraguay during breedsfar to the south of Paraguay (Narosky and October and November 1984; however, exten- Yzurieta 1987). sive waterbird surveys along the Paraguay River Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis)- during 1987-1989 failed to find any (Hayes, in Rare irruptive migrant, sometimes in large flocks press).Contreras et al. (1989) reported this spe- (up to 62 seen by P.A.S.), throughout the Chaco. cies without further information in Dpto. Mi- The only record from the Orient is a specimen siones. taken from a small flock along the Riacho San Brown-hooded Gull (Lurus muculipennis)- Francisco at Urumbur& Dpto. Central (not lo- Rare migrant in the southern Orient. Schlegel cated on map, but stated to be acrossthe Para- (1863) reported three specimens obtained from guay River from Villa Hayes, Dpto. Presidente unknown localities (/ide Storer 1989) at a time Hayes), on 6 June 1940 (Podtiaguin 1944). Ex- when Paraguay was larger. Bertoni (19 19) re- treme dates range from February (1939, exact ported a specimen (now lost) taken at Dpto. Alto date and locality unknown, USNM 399449) to Parana, in July 19 16, and Storer (1989) reported 18 November (Brooks 199 1, pers. comm.). Most another specimen taken at Dpto. Paraguari, on recordsare from the winter months, but the No- 17 August 190 1. The few available dates for this vember and February records suggestthat some speciesand L. cirrocephulus (see above) suggest birds may summer in Paraguay. Nesting is un- that gulls sporadically move northward up the likely. Parana and Paraguay Rivers during the austral Snail Kite (Rostrhumus sociubilis)-Common winter. There is no evidence that either species breeder throughout Paraguay, exceptin the west- breeds in Paraguay (Hayes, in press). 90 F. E. HAYES. P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

Picazuro Pigeon (Columba picazuro)-Com- ported a specimen taken at Laguna Escalante, mon breeder in the southern and western Chaco Dpto. PresidenteHayes, on 3 August 1962. P.A.S. and western Orient, uncommon in the north- observed two birds to the north of Filadelfia, eastern Chaco and eastern Orient. During winter Dpto. Boquerbn, on 17 June 1990. In the Orient, it is especially numerous, often occurring in large Grant (19 11) reported a specimen taken at Dpto. flocks in the central Chaco. In Dpto. Boquerbn, Neembucti, on 11 August 1909. F.E.H. found flock sizesto be significantly larger Wren-like Rushbird (Phleocryptes melan- (and more numerous) during 31 March and 1 ops)-Rare migrant in the Chaco, and possibly April 1988 (X = 11.5 birds, SD = 46.9, range = in the southeasternOrient, where Bertoni (19 14) l-400, n = 100) than during 17-30 January 1988 reported it without details from Dpto. Alto Pa- (X = 1.4 birds, SD = 0.9, range = l-5, n = 39; rank. Extreme dates for 11 specimen records in Mann-Whitney U test, U = 1248, P = 0.001). the Chaco are 26 March (1945, at Dpto. Bo- However, the speciesis apparently lesscommon querbn, FMNH 152476,152477) and 1 October in the taller forestsof the northeastern Chaco: in (Steinbacher 1962). Dpto. Alto Paraguay, F.E.H. found flock sizesto White-tipped Plantcutter (Phytotoma rutila)- average 1.3 birds (SD = 0.7, range = 1-3, n = Uncommon migrant in the Chaco, rare in the 9) during 34 days of field work during June- Orient. Extreme dates for 28 specimens and 13 August 1988 and August 1989. Large flocks of sight records are 3 June (1945, at Dpto. Alto migrants have also been seenin the southwestern Paraguay or Presidente Hayes, FMNH 152720) Orient (P.A.S.), but are apparently absent in more and 20 October (1989, at Dpto. PresidenteHayes, forestedareas in the Orient. For example, at Cho- by P.A.S. and F.E.H.). The only records for the r& Dpto. San Pedro, Hayes and Areco de Medina Orient include a specimen collected by R. W. (1988) found flock sizesto average 1.4 birds (SD Storer at Rio Salado, Dpto. Central (25”12’S, = 0.7, range = 1-4, n = 30) during 20 days of 57”22’W), on 8 August (1978, UMMZ 200889), field work during July-October 1987. Farther another specimen collected by S. M. Goodman north, Willis and Oniki (1990) found the species on the east bank of the Paraguay River 10 km to be common during winter and rare during NW of Rosario, Dpto. San Pedro, on 13 Septem- summer in southwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil, ber (1988, UMMZ 22641 l), and a sight record thus supporting its status as a presumed austral by Brooks et al. (unpubl.) at Estancia La Golon- migrant. drina, Dpto. CaazapB, on 7 July 1992. Band-wingedNightjar (Caprimulgus longiros- White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps)-The tris)-Uncommon migrant in the central Chaco. southern race (E. a. chilensis)is a rare migrant Extreme dates are 29 May (199 1, at Dpto. Bo- (transient) in the Orient. Fifteen skin specimens querbn, by R.S.R. and P.A.S.) and 30 August at the UMMZ and AMNH were all collected (Storer 1989). during the austral spring in Dptos. Concepcibn, Common Miner (Geositta cunicularia)-Ap- Amambay, GuairB, and Alto Parank, between parently a rare migrant in the southern Orient. the dates of 26 September (1940, at Dpto. Alto Vaurie (1980) specifically stated that he exam- ParanB,UMMZ 108893,108895)and 1 Novem- ined a specimen from Villarrica, Dpto. GuairB, ber (1935, at Dpto. Concepci&, UMMZ 90837, but did not provide further details. The breeding 90838). Another specimen was collected during range of this speciesis situated to the south of spring at Capitan Meza, Dpto. Itaptia, on 28 No- Paraguay (e.g., Narosky and Yzurieta 1987). vember (Partridge 1953, 1954). The only fall rec- Bar-wingedCinclodes (Cinclodes f&us)-Rare ord is a specimen collected at Villa&a, Dpto. migrant in the southwestern Orient. The only Guairh, on 5 April 1915 (FMNH 656 17). The previous report of this speciesin Paraguay was proportionately higher number of spring records by Azara (1802-1805), at a time when Paraguay in eastern Paraguay is unusual; however, of 21 was much larger. On 6 June 199 1, R.S.R., P.A.S., specimensin the AMNH from Arroyo Urugua- T. Burke, and L. Bevier carefully studied two i, Misiones Province, Argentina (acrossthe Pa- birds near San Juan de fieembucti, Dpto. fieem- ranl River from Dpto. Alto Parani, Paraguay), bucG (26”41’S, 57”52’W). 14 were collected between 7 March and 8 April, Sharp-billed Canastero (Asthenespyrrholeu- and seven between 14 October and 13 Novem- ca)-Rare migrant in the Chaco and southwest- ber. em Orient. In the Chaco, Steinbacher (1962) re- White-crested Tyrannulet (Serpophaga sub- AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 9 1 cristata)-Common migrant in the Chaco, un- and rare resident in the southern Chaco and west- common in scrub forests and humid forests in ern Orient. There are only eight records during the Orient. During summer it apparently is a rare November (P.A.S.), two during December breederin the Chaco (e.g., Short 1976; pers. obs.), (F.E.H.), 11 during January (Kerr 1901, P.A.S., and possibly in the Orient, where Laubmann FMNH, UMMZ), and one during February (1940) reported a specimen as late as 25 Novem- (AMNH), all south of 22”4O’S and west of ber. 26”55’W in Dptos. Presidente Hayes, San Pedro, White-bellied Tyrannulet (Serpophaga mun- Central, geembucti and Misiones. &)-Uncommon migrant and rare breeder in Black-crowned Monjita (Xolmis coronata)- the Chaco, and rare migrant in the western Ori- Rare migrant in the Chaco and western Orient. ent. This speciesis best distinguished from pale- The only record from the Orient is from Lago bellied White-crested Tyrannulets (S. subcrista- Ypacarai, Dpto. Central or Cordillera (Bertoni ta) by its song, which is a relatively monotone 1939) but no details were provided. Extreme trill (Remsen and Traylor 1989, pers. obs.). Pre- dates for 14 specimensand ten sight records are viously published dates of S. munda for Para- 28 January (1948, at Dpto. Boqueron, FMNH guay range from 16 April (Steinbacher 1962) to 190469) and 4 October (1940, at Dpto. Boquer- 20 September(Wetmore 1926). However, F.E.H. on, USNM 47603 1); 20 (7 1%) of the recordsare has observed singing individuals along the Ruta from May-August. The late January specimen (a Trans Chaco near the border of Dpto. Boqueron female) may have been summering; the next ear- and Presidente Hayes (22”36’S, 59”48’W), on 8 liest record is 19 March (1989, at Dpto. Presi- and 9 December 1988, and at Puerto Bahia Ne- dente Hayes, by A. Madroiio Nieto). gra, Dpto. Alto Paraguay, on 31 January 1989, Gray-bellied Shrike-Tyrant (Agriornis microp- suggestingthat a few individuals remain to breed teru)-Rare migrant in the central Chaco. Ex- in the Chaco. There are no previously published treme dates for ten specimensare 17 June (1937, recordsfor the Orient. On 22 May 1989, F.E.H. at Dpto. Alto Paraguay or Boqueron, UMMZ observed a singing bird at Estancia Fonciere, 98134) and 14 October (1940, at Dpto. Presi- Dpto. Conception (22”28’S, 57”47’W). On 27 dente Hayes, UMMZ 110993). August 1989, P.A.S. observed a bird which was Lesser Shrike-Tyrant (Agriornis murina)- not singing along the Rio Salado, Dpto. Central. Rare migrant in the central Chaco. Extreme dates Dinelli’s Doradito (Pseudocolopteryxdinelli- for 15 specimen records are 25 April (1940, at anus)-Rare migrant in the Chaco. Steinbacher Dpto. Boqueron, USNM 476033) and 8 Septem- (1962) reported a specimen obtained at Laguna ber (1945, at Dpto. Boqueron, FMNH 152979). Escalante, Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 3 August Austral Negrito (Lessonia rufa)-Rare mi- 1960. Another specimen was obtained at Laguna grant in the westernChaco and central and south- General Diaz, Dpto. Alto Paraguayor Presidente em Orient. In the Chaco, Steinbacher (1968) re- Hayes, on 20 July (1945, FMNH 152593). P.A.S. ported a specimen from Dpto. Boqueron, taken identified two birds as this speciesat Ruta Trans on 22 August 1962. There are no previously pub- Chaco km 79, Dpto. Presidente Hayes (coordi- lished recordsfor the Orient. P.A.S. noted a male nates unknown), on 9 May 1990, and another at Curuguaty, Dpto. Canindeyu, on 5 May 1990, (seen with D. Engleman) at Ruta Trans Chaco and R.S.R. and P.A.S. saw six near San Juan de km 100, Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 16 June fieembucti, Dpto. fieembucu, on 6 June 1991. 1990. Cinereous Tyrant (Knipolegus striaticeps)- Warbling Doradito (Pseudocolopteryxjlavi- Rare breeder and uncommon migrant in the ventris)-Rare migrant in the Chaco and Orient. Chaco, and rare migrant in the western Orient. Extreme dates for 20 specimens and 12 sight Of 35 specimensand about 50 sight recordsfrom recordsare 23 March (1989, at Dpto. Itapua, by the Chaco, only 14 (about 16%) were recorded F.E.H.) and 20 October (1916, at Dpto. Presi- during November-February. The only published dente Hayes, AMNH 149599). A specimentaken recordsfrom the Orient are a specimen taken at by Kerr (190 1) at Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 28 Dpto. Paraguari, on 25 April (1903, Chubb 19 10) November 1896, was apparently misidentified and a report for Dpto. Central (Bertoni 1939). (P. Colston, pers. comm.). Three additional specimens were taken at Hor- Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubi- queta, Dpto. Conception, from 18-28 August nus)- Common migrant throughout Paraguay, (1935, UMMZ 90404-90406). 92 F. E. HAYES, P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

Hudson’s Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus hud- the field from the female Crested Becard (Pachy- soni)-Rare migrant in the Chaco. Single spec- ramphus validus), which is resident throughout imens were taken at Dpto. Alto Paraguay, on 2 Paraguay. September (1931, Laubmann 1933, 1940), at White-banded Mockingbird (Mimus tri- Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 30 September (1960, urus)-Uncommon migrant in the Chaco and Steinbacher 1962), and at Dpto. Presidente northern Orient, rare in the southern Orient. Ex- Hayes, on 1 October (1973, Short 1976). The treme dates are 1 March (1991, at Dpto. Bo- late dates for these records suggestthat they are querbn, by P.A.S.) and 17 November (1989, at southbound migrants. Dpto. Boquerbn, by D. Brooks).At GuarambarC, White-winged Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus ater- Dpto. Central (25”3O’S, 57”26’W), F.E.H. ob- rimus)-Rare migrant in the Chaco. The only served a single bird on two occasionsin Novem- published record for Paraguay is a report without ber and/or December 1987, but did not record details at Las Delicias, Dpto. Presidente Hayes the exact dates. Breeding is unlikely. (coordinates unknown; Peris et al., 1987). On 13 White-rumped Swallow (Tachycineta leucor- July 1945, J. Unger collected an immature male rhoa)-Common migrant and uncommon at Laguna General Diaz, Dpto. Alto Paraguay or breeder throughout Paraguay. Large flocks occur Presidente Hayes (FMNH 152530). On 1 Sep- during the winter, and are replaced by flocks of tember 1982, R.S.R. observed a male west of Nearctic swallow migrants, with which the few Fortin Teniente Agripino Enciso, Dpto. Nueva remaining T. leucorrhoa residentsassociate, dur- Asunci6n (21”14’S, 61”35’W). ing the summer. Blue-billed Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus cyani- Chilean Swallow (Tachycineta meyeni)-Rare rostris)-Rare migrant in the Orient. Extreme migrant, although perhaps uncommon or even dates for 24 specimensand two sight recordsare common, possiblythroughout Paraguay. The only 4 April (1900, at Dpto. Paraguari,AMNH 49528) published records thus far are from Dptos. Cen- and 1 September (Chubb 19 10). A nest, which tral (Bertoni 1907) and Alto Paraguay (Hayes et may have belonged to another species,was re- al. 1990b). Small numbers apparently mix with ported to have been parasitized (by an unknown T. albiventer; however, the two speciesare dif- species) at SapucBi, Dpto. Paraguari (Chubb ficult to distinguish in the field, and may be con- 19 10). The northernmost record is a specimen specific. On 14 September 1989, P.A.S. and taken at fiu-PorB, Dpto. Concepcibn, on 25 July F.E.H. observedfour apparent T. meyeni perched 1930 (AMNH 319762). on a fence with T. albiventer near Caraya6, Dpto. Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicilla- Caaguazti. During 6 and 7 June 1991, R.S.R., tus)-Uncommon migrant throughout Para- P.A.S., T. Burke, and L. Bevier photographed guay, and rare resident in southern Paraguay; many T. meyeni mixed with T. albiventer in especially common in the southwestern Orient. Dptos. Misiones and fieembucti. These last two Several midsummer records suggestthat breed- records represent the extreme dates. ing may occur. These include single specimens Blue-and-white Swallow (Notiochelidon cy- at Nueva Italia, Dpto. Central, on 17 January anoleuca)-Rare migrant (transient) in the Cha- 1941 (AMNH 748800), at Makthlawaiya, Dpto. co and rare breeder in the Orient. Chaco records Presidente Hayes, on 24 November 193 1 include single specimens taken at Dpto. Bo- (AMNH 320904), and eight birds seen by P.A.S. quer6n or Presidente Hayes, on 24 September in Dptos. fieembucti and Misiones during lo- (1920, Wetmore 1926), and 120 km SE of Orloff, 11 January 1990. in Dpto. PresidenteHayes, on 2 September(1940, Rufous-tailedAttila (Attila phoenicurus)- Rare USNM 370522). Extreme dates for the Orient migrant to the Chaco, and probably to eastern are 16 September (Brooks et al., unpubl.) and 13 Paraguay as well. The only bona fide record is a December (1989, at border of Dptos. Alto Pa- specimen taken at Fortin Conchitas, Dpto. Bo- ran6 and Caazapi, by F.E.H.). This speciesis not querbn, on 2 April (1962, Steinbacher 1968). A resident in the Chaco (e.g., Short 1975), hence recent sightingfrom Estancia San Antonio, Dpto. the Chaco recordslikely representmigrants from Alto Parana (25”18’S, 55”2O’W), on 30 July 1992 farther south. (Brooks et al., unpubl.), and a few possible sight- Correndera Pipit (Anthus correndera)-Rare ings elsewhere should be viewed with caution migrant in southern Paraguay.Bertoni (19 13) de- becausethe speciesis nearly indistinguishable in scribed a specimen from “S. Paraguay,” but did AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 93 not provide a date. Two specimens were col- 19 10). P. Willim collected a specimen at Nueva lected at Villarrica, Dpto. Guaira, on 31 May Italia, Dpto. Central, on 27 July (1940, AMNH (1924, UMMZ 88462, 88463). 388285). The only recent record is a sighting at Short-billed Pipit (Anthusfurcutus)-Rare mi- Estancia San Antonio, Dpto. Alto Parana, on 29 grant in southern Paraguay. Bertoni (1913) re- July 1992 (Brooks et al., unpubl.). ported a specimen (now lost) taken in 1906 at Ringed Warbling-Finch (Poospiza torquata)- Puerto Bertoni, Dpto. Alto Parana; no details Uncommon migrant in the central Chaco. Ex- were provided, but in the same paper Bertoni treme dates are 7 April (1938, at Dpto. Alto adequately describedthe other speciesoccurring Paraguay or Boqueron, UMMZ 96189) and 25 in Paraguay, thus his identification was probably September (Wetmore 1926). correct.On6 June 1991, R.S.R.,P.A.S.. T. Burke, Grassland Yellow-Finch (Sicalis luteola)- and L. Bevier observedthree birds near San Juan Rare, but sometimes common (probably over- de fieembucti, Dpto. fieembucu. looked), irruptive migrant throughout Paraguay. Hepatic Tanager (Pirunga fluvu) - Uncom- Extreme dates for seven specimens range from mon migrant and rare breeder in the Chaco and 25 March (Steinbacher 1968) to 23 October northern Orient, rare in the southern Orient. Of (1945, at Dpto. Boqueron, FMNH 152776). 107 records,65 (6 1%) occurred during May-Au- F.E.H. observed 30 birds 10 km W of San Cosme gust, suggestingan influx of P.p. Java migrants y Damian, Dpto. Itaptia, on 23 March 1989, and from farther south. In contrast, there are only 16 P.A.S. observed ten birds southwestof San Juan records(15%) during November-February, scat- Bautista, Dpto. Misiones, on 24 February 1990. tered throughout the country. P.A.S. and R.S.R. found this speciesto be com- Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Thraupis bonarien- mon throughout the Chaco during 28-31 May sis)-Uncommon migrant and possible breeder 1991, in areas where we have not seen any on in the Chaco, rare migrant in the Orient. The numerous other occasions.The larger numbers published extreme dates are 29 March (Stein- observed during February-May may represent bather 1968) and 2 October (Brodkorb 1938). transient individuals. The only recordsafter May However, two birds were present at Fortin To- are single specimens taken in June (Dabbene ledo, Dpto. Boqueron, during October and No- 19 12) July (FMNH) and October (cited above). vember 1989, and at least one bird lingered Marsh Seedeater(Sporophila palustris) - Rare throughJanuary 1990 (Brooks,pers. comm.). The migrant in the Orient. Kerr (190 1) reported this only previous record for the Orient is a specimen speciesfrom Dpto. Conception, but this record taken at Dpto. Alto Parana, in June (1897, Ber- is erroneous (Collar et al. 1992, P. Colston, pers. toni 1904). On 24 June 1990, P.A.S. observed a comm.). Contreras et al. (1989, pers. comm.) re- female between Ygatimi and Curuguaty, Dpto. ported without details a specimen taken between Canindeyti. Santiagoand Ayolas, Dpto. Misiones. On 13 July Black-crestedFinch (Lophospinguspusillus)- 1977, R.S.R. observed five males with Double- Rare migrant and possiblebreeder in the western collared Seedeaters(S. caerulescens) near Cara- Chaco. Of 19 specimens and two sight records, yao, Dpto. Caaguazu.On 24 March 1989, F.E.H. 16 (76%) are from June and July. However, a noted two males at Estancia Nu Pora, Dpto. Mi- specimentaken at Orloff on 17 November (Stein- siones (coordinates unknown). P.A.S. observed bather 1962) and a single bird seen by P.A.S. at a single male at Estancia La Fortuna, Dpto. Can- Laguna Capitan, Dpto. Presidente Hayes, on 28 indeyti, on 17 October 1990. Another male was January 1990, may representbreeding birds. No- seen by B. Treiterer and A. Stone (pers. comm.) res et al. (1983) regarded it as a permanent res- southwestof San Juan Bautista, Dpto. Misiones, ident in Cordoba, Argentina, at the southern end on 2 March 1991. of its range. Wintering birds may arrive from the Chestnut Seedeater (Sporophila cinnamo- east slopesof the Andes. mea)-Rare migrant in the Orient. The only Black-and-rufous Warbling-Finch (Poospiza published account of this speciesfor Paraguay is nigrorz&)-Rare migrant in the southern Orient. a statement that it has been taken from Villarrica, Bertoni (190 1,19 14) recordedthe speciesat Dpto. Dpto. GuairP (Short 1975). Two males and an Alto Parana, but no date was provided. Three apparent female were collected east of Caaguazti, specimensfrom Sapucbi, Dpto. Paraguari, were Dpto. Caaguazu, on 13 and 14 November 1930 collectedin June and on 18 August (1904, Chubb (AMNH 320652-320654). Our sightingsinclude 94 F. E. HAYES. P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

TABLE 1. Taxonomic composition (number of spe- DISCUSSION cies for each family) of austral bird migrants in Para- We have identified 35 speciesof northern austral guay. Only families with australmigrants are included. migrants and 45 speciesof southern austral migrants in Paraguay, giving a combined total of Recorded Northern Southern Total austral austral austral 80 species.These totals are conservative because Family Pa&ayl migrants mtgrants migrants they include only those speciesfor which a rea- Podicipedidae 5 - 1 1 sonable amount of evidence suggeststheir status Phoenicopteridae 1 - 1 1 as long-distance migrants. A taxonomic com- Accipitridae 33 3 - 3 parison of these speciesreveals that two families Falconidae 12 - 2 2 Rallidae 20 4 - 4 of birds account for more than half of the austral Laridae 5 - 2 2 migrant species:32 species(40%) belong to the Columbidae 16 - 1 1 family Tyrannidae, and 13 species(16%) belong Coccyzidae 5 1 - 1 to the family Emberizidae (Table 1). Austral bird Crotophagidae 3 1 - 1 Caprimulgidae 11 - 1 1 migrants comprise more than a tenth of all spe- Apodidae 4 1 - 1 cies recorded thus far from Paraguay (Table 1). Furnariidae 40 - 4 4 Most speciesof austral bird migrants feed pri- Cotingidae 4 - 1 1 marily on terrestrial or aquatic invertebrates. Tyrannidae 101 16 16 32 Specieswhich feed primarily on fruits/seeds or Vireonidae 1 - 1 Turdidae :, 1 - 1 a mixture of fruits/seeds and invertebrates in- Mimidae 2 1 1 clude Picazuro Pigeon, White-tipped Plantcut- Hirundinidae 13 13 2 5 ter, White-banded Mockingbird, and the 13 spe- Motacillidae 5 - 2 2 cies of emberizids. The Silvery Grebe and Emberizidae 78 4 9 13 Peregrine Falcon feed primarily on small verte- Icteridae 19 - 1 1 Total 641 35 45 80 brates. The Gray-hooded Gull and Brown-hooded Gull feed on a variety of aquatic invertebrates ’ ’ Based on Hayes (I 993). and vertebrates. We note that many species of waterfowl in Paraguay are often considered to represent aus- single males observedat Estancia &I Pora, Dpto. tral migrants (e.g., Olrog 1963, 1974; Short 1975; Misiones, on 24 March (1989, by F.E.H.), and Narosky and Yzurieta 1987). However, every at Estancia La Fortuna, Dpto. Canindeyu, on 2 speciesadequately documented thus far has been October (1990, by P.A.S.). The November spec- recordedduring the summer months, sometimes imens may have been breeding. in large numbers, whereas several speciesoften Glaucous-Blue Grosbeak (Cyanoloxia gluu- cited as occurring in Paraguay have not been cocaerulea)-Rare migrant in the Orient. Ex- adequately documented (Hayes, in press; un- treme dates for 29 specimens and 11 sight rec- publ.). Nesting has been documented for several ords are 26 March (Chubb 19 10) and 4 October speciesat or near the northern limit of their dis- (1938, at Dpto. Amambay, UMMZ 100457). tribution, such as the Coscoroba Swan (Cosco- Yellow-winged Blackbird (Agelaius thilius)- roba coscoroba; Steinbacher 1962, chicks in Rare migrant in the southern and easternOrient. FMNH and UMMZ, photos by P.A.S.), Ringed Bertoni (1939) reported it from the Rio Para- Teal (Callonetta leucophrys;chicks seen by F.E.H. guay,but provided no details. On 12 August 1977, and A. Madrofio Nieto), and Black-headed Duck R.S.R. saw a flock of ten or more birds north of (Heteronetta atricapilla; Weller 1967). Although Yabebyry, Dpto. Misiones (27”23’S, 57’08’W). some summer recordsmay refer to non-breeding On 24 July ‘1989, F.E.H. and T. Granizo Tamayo birds, no species has been recorded in larger observed five birds along the Rio Carapa, 5 km numbers during the winter months (Hayes, in E of CatuetC, Dpto. Canindeyu (24”11’S, press;unpubl. data). 54”41’W). Brooks et al. (in prep.) saw three birds We suspect that many additional species of at Estancia San Antonio, Dpto. Alto Parana, on birds in Paraguay will eventually prove to be 29 July 1992, and two birds at the same locality long-distance migrants. Many speciesappear in the following day. This specieswas regarded as fair numbers during both winter and summer, a migrant by Zimmer (1938). All Paraguayan but may be long-distance migrants with southern records are from the austral winter. populations (nesting south of Paraguay) replac- AUSTRAL MIGRANTS IN PARAGUAY 95 ing northern populations (nesting in Paraguay) Hinshaw, R. Payne, and R. Storer at the University of during the winter. For example, the Double-col- Michigan Museum of Zoology; and R. Browning and G. Graves at the National h1useumofNatural History. lared Seedeater(Sporophila caerulescens) occurs Field work by R.S.R. was funded by the World Wildlife in northern South America only during the aus- Fund-U.S. in 1977, by the late John Dunning in 1982, tral winter and is obviously a long-distance mi- and privately in 1991. Field work by P.A.S. was con- grant (Remsen and Hunn 1979, Ridgely and Tu- ducted incidental to his duties at the U.S. Embassyin dor 1989), yet large numbers are present Asuncibn. throughout the year in Paraguay. Several species LITERATURE CITED of nocturnal birds (e.g.,nightjars and potoos)may ANONYMOUS.1985. Environmental profile of Para- representaustral migrants (e.g., Belton 1984), but guay.International Institute for Environment and becausethey are generally detected by their vo- Development, Technical Planning Secretariat,and calizations during the breeding season,it is dif- United States Agency for International Develop- ficult to ascertain whether or not they are present ment. during the winter months. We do note, however, AZARA, F. DE. 1802-1805. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de 10spaxaros de1 Paraguay y Rio that the Nacunda Nighthawk (Podager nacunda) de la Plata. 3 ~01s.Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid. and Little Nightjar (Caprimulgusparvulus), both BELTON,W. 1984. Birds of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. regardedas migrants by Belton (1984), are pres- Part 1. Rheidae through Fumariidae. Bull. Am. ent year-round in Paraguay. Mus. Nat. Hist. 178:369-631. BELTON,W. 1985. Birds of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Another problem concerns several speciesof Part 2. Formicariidae throughCorvidae. Bull. Am. resident waterbirds whosepopulations are highly Mus. Nat. Hist. 180:1-241. seasonalalong the Paraguay River. Although lat- BERTONI,A. DE W. 1901. Aves nuevas de1Paraguay. itudinal migration is possible (e.g., Olrog 1974, Catalog0 de las aves de1 Paraguay. Talleres Na- 1973, the abundance ofthese speciesis inversely cionalesde H. Kraus, Asunci6n. BERTONI,A. DE W. 1904. Contribuci6n para el con- correlatedwith water levels, thus seasonalitymay ocimiento de las aves de1Paraguay. Anal. Cient. represent movements between nearby wetland Parag. no. 3, ser 1:1-10. areasin responseto local hydrological conditions BERTONI,A. DE W. 1907. Segundacontribucibn g la (Hayes and Fox 199 1, Hayes, in press). Band omitologia paraguaya.N&as especiesparaguay- as. Rev. Inst. Parae. 1906:298-309. recoveriesare needed to determine whether these BERTONI,A. DE W. lgl3. Sobre aves de1 Paraguay, speciesare indeed austral migrants. Clearly more pococonocidas. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 17:217-223. researchis needed to better understand the long- BERTONI,A. DE W. 1914. Fauna Paraguaya.Cat& distance migratory movements of resident birds logos Sistemdticosde 10s Vertebrados de1 Para- in South America. guay. Grafico M. Brossa,Asunci6n. BERTONI,A. DE W. 1919. Especiesde aves nuevas ACKNOWLEDGMENTS para el Paraguay.Homer0 1:255-258. BERTONI,A. DEW. 1926. Apuntes omitolbgicos.Hor- We thank D. Brooks, T. Brooks, R. Clay, A. Madrofio nero 3:396-401. Nieto, M. Nores, P. Pyle, E. Willis, and A. Yanosky BERTONI,A. DEW. 1930. Sobreomitologia de1Chaco for reviewing earlier versionsof this paper. D. Brooks, Paraguayo.Aves colectadaspor FClix Posner en T. Brooks, and A. Madrofio Nieto kindly allowed us la Colonia “Monte Sociedad”, hoy Benjamin Ace- to cite unpublishedobservations. Field work by F.E.H. val (Villa Hayes). Rev. Sot. Cient. Parag. 2(6): was conducted while serving as a Peace Corps Vol- 241-257. unteer for the Museo National de Historia Natural de1 BERTONI,A. DE W. 1939. CatalogossistemLticos de Paraguay;travel funds were provided directly or in- 10svertebrados de1 Paraguay. Rev. Sot. Cient. Par- directly by the Asociaci6n de Apoyo a las Comuni- ag. 4(4): l-59. dades Indigenas, Center for Human Potential, J. Es- BRODKORB,P. 1938. Five new birds from the Para- cobar Argafia, Evany, German Technical Mission, guayan Chaco. Oct. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. of International Council for Bird Preservation, Itaipti Michigan 367:1-5. Binacional, JapaneseInternational Cooperation Agen- BROOKS,D. 1991. Algunos antecedentessobre las cy, New York Zoological Society, Ministerio de Agri- poblaciones de1 norte de Flamenco Chileno culturay Ganaderia, SigmaXi, R. Perrin, A. Robinson, (Phoenicopteruschilensis). Bol. Seer. Reg. Grupo G. Sequera,D. Snider, The Nature Conservancy,U.S. PhoenicopteridaeSur Andina 2(6):2-3. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. PeaceCorps. Mu- CHEBEZ,J. C. 1992. Acerca de la presenciade algunas seum work by F.E.H. was funded by grants from the aves misioneras. Hornero 13:257-258. American Museum ofNatural History (AMNH), Field CHEBEZ,J. C. 1993. Los manuscritosde William Hen- Museum ofNatural History (FMNH), and Loma Linda ry Partridge.Aves misioneras(VII). NuestrasAves University; assistancewas provided by: M. LeCroy, L. 28:14-16. Short, and F. Vuilleumier at AMNH; A. Maurer, T. CHUBB,C. 1910. On the birds of Paraguay.Ibis, ser. Schulenberg,and D. Willard at FMNH; P. Chu, J. 9, 4:53-78, 263-285, 517-534, 571-647. 96 F. E. HAYES, P. A. SCHARF AND R. S. RIDGELY

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