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http://www.natscidiscovery.comhttps://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/food Natural Science and Discovery ISSN:ISSN 2149 2667-5803-6307 OPENNSD ACCESS ACCESS JOURNAL JOURNAL 2015; 1(3): 56-61

DOI: 10.20863/nsd.50644 Review Article http://www.natscidiscovery.com JournalNatural of Science Food Health and Discovery and Technology Innovations OPEN ACCESSFHTITurmericNSD JOURNAL June2015 ;Vol 1(3 2,): polyphenolics5No6-6 41 (2019) as antioxidant andISSN: anticarcinogenic2149-6307 agentsReview Article Article DOI: 10.20863/nsd.50644

OzlemNatural Tokusoglu Science1*, Alkanand Discovery Simsek2 , Murtaza Parvizi3, Dilvin Eymen1 NSDTurmeric curcuminoid2015; 1(3): 5 6polyphenolics-61 as antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agents ReviewAbstract Article DOI: 10.20863/nsd.50644 http://www.natscidiscovery.com1 2 3 1 Ozlem TokusogluOPEN ACCESS JOURNAL*, Alkan Simsek , Murtaza Parvizi , DilvinISSN: Eymen 2149-6307 TurmericIn this reviewcurcuminoid content, it has beenpolyphenolics described the botanical as antioxidantand the chemical propertiesand anticarcinogenic of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its curcuminoid polyphenolic structures and antioxidant and anticarcinogenic influences on various agentsAbstract cell proliferation and apoptosis. Besides it was emphasized the innovative anticarcinogen complex as - 1 2 3 1 Incurcumin, thisOzlem review and content, theTokusoglu safety it hasevaluation been*, Alkandescribed with Naturalturmeric Simsek the Sciencebotanical , and Murtaza andDiscovery and the the chemical Parvizi dose and properties ,toxicity Dilvin ofin turmericEymenconsuming (Curcuma for animals longa), and its curcuminoidNSD polyphenolic structures2015; 1(3): 5and6-61 antioxidant and anticarcinogenic influences on various and human. Abstractcell proliferation and apoptosis.Review Article Besides it was emphasized the innovative anticarcinogen DOI: 10.20863/nsd.50644 complex as boron- curcumin, and the safety evaluation with turmeric curcumin and the dose and toxicity in consuming for animals In this reviewKeywords: content, Turmeric, it has Curcuma been described longa, Antioxidant, the botanical Anticarcinogenic and the chemical. properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa), andand human.its curcuminoid polyphenolicTurmeric curcuminoid structures polyphenolicsand antioxidant as andantioxidant anticarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic influences on various agents cell proliferationKeywords: and Turmeric, apoptosis. Curcuma Be sideslonga, itAntioxidant, was emphasized Anticarcinogenic the innovative. anticarcinogen complex as boron- curcumin,Introduction and the safety evaluation withOzlem turmeric Tokusoglu curcumin1*, Alkan Simsekand the2, Murtaza dose and Parvizi toxicity3, Dilvin in Eymen consuming1 for animals and human. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)Abstract is extensively consumed as Keywords:Introduction Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Antioxidant, Anticarcinogenic . a spice, food preservative,In this reviewcolouring content, food it has beenand describedagent the botanical and the chemical properties of turmeric (Curcuma Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is extensively consumed as and it is cultivated in India,longa), andSouth its curcuminoid East Asia polyphenolic and China structures and antioxidant and anticarcinogenic influences on various Introductiona spice, food preservative,cell proliferation colouring and food apoptosis. and Beagentsides it was emphasized the innovative anticarcinogen complex as boron- and it otheris cultivated countries in India,curcumin, (Figure South and Eastthe1). safety AsiaTurmeric evaluation and China withis turmerica curcumin and the dose and toxicity in consuming for animals Turmericmedicinal (Curcuma plant longa) extensively isand extensively human. used in consumedAyurveda, Unas ani a spice, andfood other preservative, countries colouring(Figure 1). food Turmeric and agent is a Keywords: Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Antioxidant, Anticarcinogenic. and it is medicinalcultivatedand Siddha plant in medicine India, extensively South as homeused East in Asiaremedy Ayurveda, and for China Unvariousani and otheranddiseases Siddhacountries (1). medicineDried (Figure turmeric as home1). powder remedyTurmeric is also for utilizedvariousis a in medicinaldiseasessub plant-continental (1).extensively Dried cooking turmeric Introductionused and powder inis Ayurveda,the ismain also ingredient utilized Unani in in and Siddhasuball forms- continentalmedicine of “curry” cookingas preparations.homeTurmeric and isremedy (Curcuma the Themain longa) forwild ingredient isvarious turmericextensively in isconsumed as diseases all(1). forms Dried of “curry”turmeric preparations. apowder spice, food is Thepreservative, also wild utilized turmeric colouring in isfood and agent sub-continentalcalled C. cooking aromatica and andand is the itthe is cultivateddomestic main iningredient India,species South is East calledin Asia and China called C. aromatica andand the other domestic countries sp ecies(Figure is called1). Turmeric is a all forms of “curry” preparations. The wild turmeric is C. longa.longa. TurmericTurmeric has hasmedicinal been been described describedplant extensively as as C. C. usedlonga longa in Ayurveda,by by Unani called C. aromatica and the domestic species is called Linnaeus andand its its taxonomic taxonomicand Siddha profile profile medicine is is as as follows asfollows home (1) remedy (1) for various C. longa. Turmeric has beendiseases described (1). Dried as turmeric C. longa powder by is also utilized in Linnaeus and its taxonomicClassClass profilesubLiliopsidaLiliopsida-continental is as cooking follows and is(1) the main ingredient in all forms of “curry” preparations. The wild turmeric is Class SubclassSubclassLiliopsida calledCommelinidsCommelinids C. aromatica and the domestic species is called SubclassOrderOrder CommelinidsC.Zingiberales Zingiberaleslonga. Turmeric has been described as C. longa by Linnaeus and its taxonomic profile is as follows (1) Order FamilyFamily Zingiberales ZingiberaceaeZingiberaceae FamilyGenus ZingiberaceaeCurcumaClass Liliopsida Genus SpeciesGenus Curcuma CurcumaCurcuma Subclass longa Commelinids CurcumaSpecies longaSpecies , aCurcuma perennialCurcuma longaherbOrder andlonga member Zingiberales of the Curcuma longa, a perennial herb andFamily member Zingiberaceae of the ZingiberaceaeCurcuma longa (ginger), a perennial family, herbgrowsGenus and to amemberCurcuma height of of 3 -the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, grows to a height of 3- 5Zingiberaceae feet with a tropical (ginger) climate. family, SpeciesIt grows has oblong, toCurcuma a height pointed longa of 3- 5 feet with a tropical climate.Curcuma It has longa oblong,, a perennial pointed herb and member of the leaves andleaves5 feet funnel andwith -funnel shapeda tropical-shaped yellow Zingiberaceaeclimate. yellow flowers It (ginger)flowers has oblong,(2) family, (2) (Figure (Figuregrows pointed to a height of 3- 1). Dried1).leaves turmeric Dried and turmeric plantfunnel isplant-shaped the5 isfeet source the yellowwith source a tropicalof flowers theof climate.the spice, spice,(2) It (Figurehasthe the oblong, pointed leaves and funnel-shaped yellow flowers (2) (Figure ingredientingredient1). Driedthat turmericgivesthat gives plantcurry iscurry thepowder sourcepowder of andtheand spice, hashas the characteristiccharacteristic yellow yellow-orange-orange 1).color Dried color (Figureturmeric (Figure plant 1). is1). the source of the spice, the ingredient that givesingredient curry that powdergives curry and powder has and has It has statedItcharacteristic has thatstated turmeric yellowthat turmeric-orange characteristicspice spicecolor is yellow anis(Figure -anorangeantioxidant, antioxidant, 1). color (Figure 1). anticarcinogenicanticarcinogenic and andhas It hashashepatoprotective, statedhepatoprotective, that turmeric spice anti antiis -an- antioxidant, inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Besides, inflammatory,It has stated andthat antimicrobialturmericanticarcinogenic spice properties. andis anhas antioxidant, Besides,hepatoprotective, anti- its utilizing in cardiovascularinflammatory, anddisease antimicrobial andproperties. Besides, gastrointestinalitsanticarcinogenic utilizing disorders. in and Currentcardiovascularits hasutilizing reviewhepatoprotective, in hasdiseasecardiovascular focused and anti disease - and on turmeric’sgastrointestinalinflammatory, phenolic disorders.and antioxidants antimicrobialgastrointestinal Current as review disorders.properties.anticarcinogen has Current focused Besides, review has focused on turmeric’s phenolic antioxidants as anticarcinogen agents on turmeric’s phenolic antioxidants as anticarcinogen its utilizing in agentscardiovascular disease and agents Figure 1: TurmericTurmeric (Curcuma (Curcuma longa longa) plant) (left)plant and (left) and gastrointestinal disorders. Current review has focused Figure 1: turmeric root and powder (right) (Anonim,2015) Figure 1:turmeric Turmeric root and(Curcuma powder (right) longa (Anonim) plant,2015) (left)9 and on turmeric’s phenolic antioxidants as anticarcinogen turmeric root and powder (right) (Anonim,2015) agents Received: 14-12-2015, Accepted 15Received:-12-2015, 14-12 -Available2015, Accepted Online 15-12-2015,: 15 Available-12-2015 Online : 15-12-2015 1 Celal Bayar University, Engineering Faculty, Dept of Food Engineering, 45140,Manisa, Turkey 1 Celal Bayar University, Engineering Faculty, Dept of Food Engineering, 45140,Manisa,Figure 1: Turmeric Turkey (Curcuma longa) plant (left) and 2 Karşıyaka Nabil Nalbant ASM, Başiskele, 41090, Kocaeli,Turkey 2 KarşıyakaReceived: Nabil Nalbant 14-12-2015, ASM, Accepted Başiskele,3 Manisa 15 Public-12 41090,-2015, Hospital, Available Kocaeli,Turkey Şehitler Dis Onlinetrict, Manisa,: 15 -Turkey12-2015 3 Manisa Public1 Celal Hospital,Bayar University, Şehitler Engineering Dis*Correspondingtrict, Manisa,Faculty, Author: Dept TurkeyOzlem of Tokusoglu Food Engineering,. E-mail: [email protected] 45140,Manisa,turmeric root Turkey and powder (right) (Anonim,2015) *Corresponding2 Karşıyaka Author: Nabil Ozlem Nalbant Tokusoglu ASM, Başiskele,. E-mail: 41090, [email protected] Kocaeli,Turkey 3 Manisa Public Hospital, Şehitler District, Manisa, Turkey *CorrespondingReceived: 14-12 Author:-2015, OzlemAccepted Tokusoglu 15-12-2015,. E-mail: Available [email protected]@natscidiscovery.com Online: 15-12-2015 1 Celal Bayar University, Engineering Faculty, Dept of Food Engineering, 45140,Manisa, Turkey 107 2 Karşıyaka Nabil Nalbant ASM, Başiskele, 41090, Kocaeli,Turkey 3 Manisa Public Hospital, Şehitler District, Manisa, Turkey *Corresponding Author: Ozlem Tokusoglu. E-mail: [email protected]

Tokusoglu et al http://dx.doi.org/10.20863/nsd.50644 ISSN 2667-5803

Bioactive Constituents of Turmeric and Main Component Curcumin Turmeric spice includes 6.3% of total protein, 5.1% of total fat, 69.4% of carbohydrate and 13.1% of moisture. The main bioactive component of turmeric is curcumin (diferuloylmethane) as 3-4% and remain α-phellandrene (1%), sabinene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and sesquiterpines (53%) in the structure (3). Curcumin is responsible for the yellow color and comprises three derivative containing curcumin I (94%), curcumin II (6%), and curcumin (III) (0.3%) (3). the melting point of curcumin is176- C -brown salt with alkali agents. Turmeric is soluble in , , ketone and chloroform. Figure 2 shows the chemical composition of curcumin and its keto-enol structure (3,4). Curcumin can exist in at least two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. It is stated that the enol form is more energetically stable in the solid phase and in solution (Figure 2). Figure 3. Curcumin Derivatives in Turmeric (5) Health Effects of Curcumin

Curcumin is brightly yellow coloured and may be used as a food colouring. As a food additive, its E number is E100. In ayurvedic medicine, it has been used for various disorders including asthma, bronchial hyperactivity, coryza, cough, sinusitis, allergy, anorexia, and hepatic diseases (6). It has been reported that many positive health on anti- infectious (7), anti-oxidant (8), anti-inflammatory (9,10), hepatoprotective (11), cardio protective (12), thrombosuppressive (13), anti-arthritic symptoms (14). It has been reported that curcumin suppresses the type II diabetes symptoms, reduces blood cholesterol, prevents LDL oxidation, inhibits platelet aggregation, suppresses thrombosis and myocardial infarction, supresses rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis symptoms and Alzheimer (15). It has been most importantly determined that curcumin has chemo Figure 2. The Chemical Structure of Curcumin (4) preventive, and anti-carcinogenic properties (16).

The chemical structures of curcumin derivatives as Antioxidant Effects of Curcumin curcumin I, curcumin II demethoxycurcumin, and Through a variety of assay systems in vitro and in vivo curcumin III bis-demethhoxycurcumin are given in researches shown that curcumin and related Figure 3. Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of compounds have great antioxidative activities. It is spice turmeric, is a member of the ginger family stated that, not only the phenolic hydroxyl (OH) (Zingiberaceae) and the other two are groups of curcumin are most important in its and bis-desmethoxycurcumin antioxidative property but also the OH groups in the (Figure 3). curcumin derivative bis (3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)- The curcuminoids are polyphenols and are responsible methane and also possible role of -diketone moiety for the yellow-orange color of turmeric. Turmeric in the curcumin structure (17-24). According to powder is yellow pigmented and has numerous studies, the presence of an ortho alkoxy group seems curcuminoids that include curcumin (77%), to potentiate the antioxidant activity, as does an demethoxycurcumin (17%), and additional hydroxy group as in bis (3,4- (3%). Curcumin is a dihdroxy)cinnamoyl methane (24). It is reported that polyphenol (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- water-soluble and fat-soluble extracts of turmeric and 1,6- heptadiene-3,5-dione). its curcumin component exhibit strong antioxidant activity, comparable to ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (25). 57 NaturalJournal Scienceof Food and Health Discovery and Technology 2015; 1(3): Innovations 56-61 June Vol 2, No 4 (2019) 108 Tokusoglu et al http://dx.doi.org/10.20863/nsd.50644 ISSN 2667-5803

Figure 3. Curcumin analogues from mother structure (19)

Figure 3 shows a number of naturally occurring Curcumin has been shown to promote bioactive compounds having some structural apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines and to inhibit similarity to the curcumin molecule, or at least having telomerase activity, an important factor in a pharmacophore including one aryl function with 3,4 tumorigenesis. One possible mechanism for the substitution, either a methoxylated phenol or catechol induction of tumor cell death is through the generation (Figure 3). These compounds include ferulic acid, of reactive oxygen intermediates. cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, The oleoresin of turmeric which obtained capsaicin, gingerol, paradol, zingerone, eugenols) or after the extraction of curcumin has antimutagenic in two aromatic rings (e.g., oregonin, nitric oide properties, thought to be mediated through its synthase--iNOS inhibitör, dehydroguairetic acid, antioxidant action (16). In this chemopreventive yakuchinones, cassumunins). The same chromophore effect, the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin is responsible for both the antioxidant and prooxidant are also important and it is stated due the suppression properties of curcumin and its analogues that may be of prostaglandin synthesis. owing to the its radical-generating or hydrogen bond donor-acceptor properties. Curcumin polyphenolic substance has antiproliferative effects (5). It is reported that curcumin suppresses the Anticarcinogenic effects of curcumin proliferation of a wide variety of cancer tumor cells The extensive studies suggested that curcumin has the containing breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, renal great potential in the prevention and treatment of cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, T cell cancer. In vitro and in vivo preclinical and clinical leukaemia, B cell lymphoma, melanoma and prostate studies shown that curcumin has positive effects in the carcinoma, acute myelogenous leukaemia, basal cell cancer treatment (15) carcinoma (5). 58 NaturalJournal Scienceof Food and Health Discovery and Technology 2015; 1(3): Innovations 56-61 June Vol 2, No 4 (2019) 109 Tokusoglu et al http://dx.doi.org/10.20863/nsd.50644 ISSN 2667-5803

Figure 5. Curcumin-Boron Complex (Rosocyanine) (29) It has been put forwarded that innovative synthetic strategies lead to soluble and crystallisable metal curcumin complexes (29). Also, it was described that the special emphasis is placed on the highly promising and exciting medicinal applications of metal curcumin complexes, with the three most important areas being anticancer activity and selective cytotoxicity, anti- Alzheimer’s disease activity, and antioxidative/neuroprotective effects (29). Safety evaluation with turmeric and curcumin Based on the detailed studies, it has been stated that Figure 4. Curcumin Analogues from Mother Structure (5) the safety evaluation of the rhizomes of turmeric and its alcohol extract, curcumin was performed. However, the utilization of very high doses (100 Besides, curcumin also inhibits the cell proliferation mg/kg body weight) resulted in ulcerogenic situation induced by growth factors such as IL-2-induced in animals, as evidenced by one rat study (30) proliferation of PBMC, PDGF-induced proliferation of VSMC and PHA-induced proliferation of PBMC It has been reported that no pathological, behavioural were inhibited by treatment with curcumin (26). It is abnormalities or lethality (31) and also no adverse stated that the suppression of cell proliferation by effects were observed on growth and the level of curcumin usually occurs through its effects on the cell erythrocytes, leucocytes, blood constituents such as cycle (27). Figure 4 shows the mechanism of haemoglobin, total serum protein, alkaline apoptosis with curcumin. Moreover the suppression of phosphatase, etc. in male and female Wistar rats, proliferation, curcumin induces apoptosis in wide guinea pigs and monkeys of both sexes which were spectrum of cells. In this point, the apoptosis could be fed with turmeric at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight either mitochondria-dependent or mitochondria- (32). independent as shown in Figure 4. It is also reported Although various studies shown that no significant that curcumin induces apoptotic cell death by DNA- toxicity has been reported following either acute or damage in human cancer cell lines, TK-10, MCF-7 chronic administration of turmeric extracts at standard and UACC-62 by acting as topoisomerase II poison doses, it was reported the average intake of turmeric (28). by Asians varies from 0.5-1.5 g/day/person, which Boron-Curcumin Complex produces no toxic symptoms (33). Human clinical trials also indicate that curcumin has no toxicity when It is stated that curcumin can be used for boron administered at doses of 1–8 g/day (34) and 10 g/day quantification in the so-called curcumin method. It (35). It was also shown that there is no evidence that reacts with and gives a red coloured dietary consumption of turmeric as a spice adversely compound, known as rosocyanine (29). Rosocyanine affects pregnancy or lactation, the safety of curcumin is formed as 2:1 complex from curcumin and boric supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been acid in acidic solutions. The boron complexes formed established. with rosocyanine are dioxaborines (1,3,2- dioxaborine). Curcumin possesses a 1,3- Conflict of interests: We declare that we have no diketonestructure and can therefore be considered as a conflict of interests. chelating agent.

59 NaturalJournal Scienceof Food and Health Discovery and Technology 2015; 1(3): Innovations 56-61 June Vol 2, No 4 (2019) 110 Tokusoglu et al http://dx.doi.org/10.20863/nsd.50644 ISSN 2667-5803

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