DOCSLIB.ORG

The Gießen Vegan Food Pyramid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Gießen Vegan Food Pyramid Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. Science & Research | Original Contribution Peer-reviewed | Manuscript received: 13.06.2017 | Revision accepted: 25.04.2018 The Gießen Vegan Food Pyramid Stine Weder+, Caroline Schaefer+, Markus Keller takes of fat and protein exceed the Abstract recommendations whereas their The number of vegans has probably increased in the last few years. For a well-bal- intakes of carbohydrates are below anced vegan diet with an adequate nutrient intake, scientific based dietary rec- the reference values on average. The ommendations are necessary. With this background in mind, the Giessen Vegan average intakes of beta-carotene, Food Pyramid has been developed. It is based on the calculated nutrient intake of vitamin C and E, thiamine, folate, a 14-day vegan meal plan. Particular focus was on meeting the German Dietary biotin, pantothenic acid, potassium, Reference Values (DRV) for potential critical nutrients of a vegan diet, e. g. pro- magnesium, dietary fiber, and phy- tein, long-chain n-3-fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, tochemicals are mostly higher or at zinc, iodine, and selenium. Based on the calculated mean intake quantities of the least similar to those of omnivorous meal plans, food groups and the daily intake recommendations were derived. control groups [9]. For almost all nutrients, the DRVs were reached or exceeded, except for vitamin In addition, many observational B12 and vitamin D, as expected. As a next step the Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid studies show that vegans (and veg- should be tested and evaluated in practice. etarians) show a lower risk for obe- Keywords: vegan diet, nutrient intake, nutrition counseling, Giessen Vegan sity, type-2-diabetes, hypertension, Food Pyramid metabolic syndrome, ischemic heart disease, and partially cancer, com- pared to omnivores [10–15]. These effects persist after adjusting for several confounders, e. g. BMI and age, but are slightly attenuated. Furthermore, the overall healthier Introduction and objectives lifestyle of vegans (less smoking, With the increasing public interest in lower alcohol consumption, more plant-based diets, the number of sci- physical activity) contributes to the entific publications studying vegan decreased disease risk [16]. diets has increased as well (PubMed However, there are some nutrients search, title ‘vegan’ [title/abstract] considered as critical in vegan diets. up to Dec 2010: 388 results, up to These include protein, vitamin B12, Dec 2015: 501, up to July 2018: calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B2, se- 662) [1, 2]. Exact data on the num- lenium, the long-chain n-3 fatty ber of vegans in Germany is lacking, acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], but according to estimates, approx- and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), as imately 0.1–1.6% of the population well as iodine and vitamin D, which in Germany is living vegan, with a are generally considered critical nu- rising tendency [3–7]. trients in Germany [17]. Therefore, The current literature reveals that vegans should ensure a sufficient in- vegans tend to meet official dietary take of these critical nutrients. recommendations more often than Considering the benefits of a plant- the general population, especially based diet in addition to the increas- Citation: regarding the intake of vegetables, ing popularity amongst the pop- Weder S, Schaefer C, Keller M fruit and (whole) grain products ulation, it is necessary to provide (2018) The Gießen vegan food [8]. On average, vegans are often scientific-based diet recommenda- pyramid. Ernahrungs Umschau more closely in accordance with the tions, which can be implemented 65(8): 134–143 reference values for energy, protein, by vegans in their daily meal plan This article is available online: fat and carbohydrates intake (per- and serve as basis for nutrition DOI: 10.4455/eu.2018.031 centages of energy [%E] and g/d), counseling. Therefore, we aimed compared to omnivores whose in- to develop a vegan food pyramid, 134 Ernaehrungs Umschau international | 8/2018 Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. in order to maximize the potential DRV. Figure 1 illustrates the nu- Nutrients health benefits of a vegan diet and to trient intakes of the analyzed plans The target value of the TEI was minimize the potential health risks. relative to the DRV. Examples for reached. Carbohydrate intake was the daily meal plans are shown in slightly lower than recommended Table 3 (see end of the article). (96%). However, the intakes of pro- Methods Based on a broad selection of practi- cal approved vegan recipes, a 14-day Energy, macronutrients, fiber and fatty acids meal plan was created. Central was Energy a wholesome nutrition, with realistic Proteinª food intake quantities and its practi- Fat cability for daily life. The evaluation Carbohydrates of the meal plan was performed with SFA OptiDiet Basic (GOE mbH). MUFA The aim was a total energy intake PUFA (TEI) of 2,050 kcal/d (2,300 kcal/d LA for men; 1,800 kcal/d for women, ALA Fiber age 25–50 years; physical activity 0 50 100 150 200 250 level [PAL] of 1.4) [18]. Intake goals for macro- and micronutrients also Vitamins were based on the German DRV for adults aged 25–50 years. If there were Retinol different recommendations for men Vitamin D Vitamin E and women, the higher DRV was tar- Vitamin K geted (e. g. iron DRV for women). Vitamin B After a first calculation, the meal Vitamin B plans were modified in order to op- Niacin timize the nutrient intake. For ex- Vitamin B6 ample, the TEI had to be increased Folate to reach 2,050 kcal/d. To enhance Pantothenic acid the calcium intake, plant-based Biotin Vitamin B milk alternatives enriched with cal- 12 Vitamin C cium and a daily consumption of 0 50 100 150 200 250 1.5 L of calcium-rich mineral water (460 mg Ca/L) were added to the Minerals meal plan. The daily intake recom- mendations of each food group and Sodium Potassium the consecutive composition of the Chloride Vegan Food Pyramid are the results Calcium of the mean values (x)̅ and the var- Phosphorus iability of the daily consumption Magnesium of the different food groups. Thus, Iron the recommended intake quantities Iodine should not exceed or fall below the Fluoride maximum and minimum quantities Zinc Copper of the food groups and should be as Manganese realistic as possible. 0 50 100 150 200 250 % of German Dietary Reference Values Results Fig. 1: Average energy and nutrient intake from 14-day meal plans, The intake quantities ( Table 1a–c) expressed as percentage of the German DRV a based on 48 g of protein intake per day were obtained after optimization ALA = α-linolenic acid; LA = linoleic acid; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; in accordance with the German PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA = saturated fatty acids Ernaehrungs Umschau international | 8/2018 135 Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. Science & Research | Original Contribution tein (118–144%) and fat (111%) ex- of vegan diets (except vitamin B12 supplementation. These indications ceeded the DRV. and Vitamin D) met the DRV suf- were phrased rather unspecific to Intakes of the essential fatty acids al- ficiently. facilitate the implementation. How- pha-linolenic acid (4.3%E) and linoleic ever, in some cases it was necessary acid (8.9%E) were quite high. The to give more specific recommenda- Food quantities average supply of folate, vitamin C, tions if supplementation is essential vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium, From the optimized daily meal to meet the DRV of some nutrients. copper, and manganese exceeded the plans, recommendations for food In particular, the use of iodized salt DRV more than 2-fold. Furthermore, intake quantities were derived. Due has to be emphasized, as well as the the intakes of vitamin A (retinol-eq), to the similarities regarding food regular consumption of the algae vitamin E, vitamin B1, niacin, biotin, groups and intake recommenda- Nori (Ulva species) with a moder- vitamin B6, calcium, and fiber ex- tions, the existing Giessen Vegetar- ate iodine content. Used in form of ceeded the recommendations clearly ian Food Pyramid by Leitzmann and algae flakes, Nori can easily be im- (> 150%). However, none of the cal- Keller (2013) served as a basis [8]. plemented in everyday meal plans. culated nutrient intakes exceeded the In variation from that, the cate- Additionally, the pyramid points Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of gory milk and dairy products was out the use of DHA-enriched linseed the European Agency for Food Safety replaced by plant-based milk and oil, calcium-rich mineral water (≥ (EFSA) [20]. dairy alternatives and the category 400 mg Ca/L) as well as calcium-en- Sodium intake (2.1 g/d) was lower vegetables was expanded by algae. riched plant-based milk alternatives. than the recommended maximum The derived intake recommendations Each recommendation is reflected daily intake of sodium for adults by ( Table 2) include specific infor- in the pyramid’s food groups (‘top’ the American Institute of Medicine mation regarding serving size and or ‘basis’, Figure 2). The Giessen (2.3 g/d) [21]. All critical nutrients consumption frequency as well as Vegan Food Pyramid visualizes the Energy/Nutrient Target value Calculated DRV compliance % of DRVa UL adults/day [18] intake (x̅ ± SD) [19, 20] Energy, macronutrients, fiber, fatty acids Energy kcal 2,050 2,083 ± 151 slightly exceeded 102 – Protein g ~ 48–57b 66.2 ± 7.8 exceeded 118–144 – Carbohydrates %E > 50 En% 48.1 ± 3.0 slightly below 96 – Fiber g ≥ 30 49.2 ± 8.1 substantially 164 – exceeded Fat %E 30 33.3 ± 2.9 exceeded 111 – SFA %E ≤ 10 5.2 ± 0.8 fulfilled 52 – MUFA %E total fat intake 14.0 ± 2.9 exceeded 108 – − (PUFA + SFA) (at 13%E) (approx.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Food Pyramid and the Environmental Pyramid Andrea Poli Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition
    Roma, 5 novembre 2010 The Food Pyramid and the Environmental Pyramid Andrea Poli Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition We are aware that correct nutrition is essential to health. Development and modernization have made available to an increasing number of people a varied and abundant supply of foods. Our genes, however, maintains the “efficient” attitude (thrifty genotype) selected by evolution. Without a proper cultural foundation or clear nutritional guidelines that can be applied and easily followed on a daily basis, individual, especially in the West, risk following unbalanced –if not actually incorrect- eating habits. 2 Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition The rapid increase of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer are now the biggest problem for public health in our society, and it also has enormous socio-economic impact Health spending in the USA 5000 4.400 miliardi di Dollari The longer life 4000 expectancy 3000 increases the 2.500 miliardi possibility that risk 2000 di Dollari factors became pathologies 1000 0 1980 1990 2010 2018 3 Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition First: investment in prevention The health spending does not guarantee a healthy life expectancy (in the absence of chronic degenerative diseases) It is estimated that 1€ of investment in prevention could save 3€ for less expenditure on disease treatment (estimated forecast) 4 Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition NUTRITION and LIFESTYLE are the two factors that can have more influence not only on longevity, but also on quality of life. 5 Barilla Center
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Española De Nutrición Humana Y Dietética Spanish Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
    Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet. 2020; 24(1). doi: 10.14306/renhyd.24.1.953 [ahead of print] Freely available online - OPEN ACCESS Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética Spanish Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics INVESTIGACIÓN versión post-print Esta es la versión aceptada. El artículo puede recibir modificaciones de estilo y de formato. Vegetarian dietary guidelines: a comparative dietetic and communicational analysis of eleven international pictorial representations Guías alimentarias vegetarianas: análisis comparativo dietético y comunicacional de once representaciones gráficas internacionales Chiara Gai Costantinoa*, Luís Fernando Morales Moranteb. a CEU Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universitat Abat Oliba CEU. Barcelona, Spain. b Departamento de Publicidad, Relaciones Públicas y Comunicación Audiovisual, Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. * [email protected] Received: 14/10/2019; Accepted: 08/03/2020; Published: 30/03/2020 CITA: Gai Costantino C, Luís Fernando Morales Morante LF. Vegetarian dietary guidelines: a comparative dietetic and communicational analysis of eleven international pictorial representations. Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet. 2020; 24(1). doi: 10.14306/renhyd.24.1.953 [ahead of print] La Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética se esfuerza por mantener a un sistema de publicación continua, de modo que los artículos se publican antes de su formato final (antes de que el número al que pertenecen se haya cerrado y/o publicado). De este modo, intentamos p oner los artículos a disposición de los lectores/usuarios lo antes posible. The Spanish Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics strives to maintain a continuous publication system, so that the articles are published before its final format (before the number to which they belong is closed and/or published).
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Lesson 5: Eating Right to Support Your Muscles and Skin Lesson 6: Gathering Nutrition Information About Our Food
    Grade 4 - Nutrition Lesson 5: Eating Right to Support Your Muscles and Skin Lesson 6: Gathering Nutrition Information about Our Food Objectives: 9 Students will identify foods as belonging to the carbohydrate, protein or fat food category. 9 Students will compare the carbohydrate, fat and protein value in various foods. 9 Students will learn to read nutritional facts on food labels. 9 Students will identify a balance of foods that support healthy muscles and skin. 9 Students will track and report their food and drink consumption during a week’s time. 9 Students will practice incorporating into their diet a balance of foods that support the muscles and skin. Materials: • Food Pyramid poster (www.mypyramid.gov) • Nutrition Facts labels for food from each of the Food Pyramid categories • Measuring cups • Journal or notebook for the Action Plan for Healthy Muscles and Skin— one per student • Poster boards • Magazines and newspapers with food pictures • Sample foods from each of the Pyramid categories • Bags with nutrition labels from chips, cookies, ice cream and other snack foods. • Milk containers (Low fat and chocolate) • Sand • Food and Nutrient Chart I –(Figure 1) • Food and Nutrient Chart II- (Figure 2) • Food and Nutrient Chart III – (Figure 3) • Nutrition Facts sample labels (11 labels) - (Figure 4) Activity Summary: In this lesson students will explore foods that support the development of healthy muscles and skin, focusing on variety and a balance of good foods in the diet. Students will sort foods into carbohydrate, protein and fat categories. Students will read nutrition facts labels and compare the carbohydrate, fat, and protein values of various foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Baby Boomer Vegetarians
    Baby Boomer Vegetarians By Stephen F. Barnes, Ph.D. According to some sources, vegetarianism is on a modest uptick or at least holding its own, with about 6.7 percent of the U.S. adult population (20 million) reporting they no longer eat meat, and 2.3 percent (7 million) claiming they never eat meat, fish or fowl—and, by definition, are true vegetarians. Still smaller, about 1.4 percent don’t eat, wear, or use much of anything caught, hatched, milked, or slaughtered (no meat, fish/seafood, poultry, dairy products/eggs) and are known as vegans (pronounced veeguns). Women are twice as likely to avoid eating meat than men, and roughly 10 percent of Baby Boomers are probably non-meat eaters by our non-scientific best estimate. Most of these numbers (see summary box below) are from a national survey conducted in 2009 for the Vegetarian Resource Group. And while the survey sample only consisted of 2,397 adults and used an on-line query technique, the Harris Poll research methodology was considered highly reliable (Stahler, 2009). U.S. Dietary Habits of Adults 18 Years and Older 100% Total adults 6.7% Never eat meat 6.3% Never eat poultry 14.6% Never eat fish/seafood 7.6% Never eat dairy products 8.8% Never eat eggs 23.4% Never eat honey 2.3% Never eat meat, poultry, fish/seafood (vegetarian) 1.4% Never eat meat, poultry, fish/seafood, dairy products/eggs (vegan, except for possibly honey) Of course, there are lots of reasons why people do not eat certain foods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Food Pyramid: a Dietary Guideline in Europe
    The Food Pyramid: A Dietary Guideline in Europe 01 October 2009 Nowadays there is a mass of information and advice available from different sources about nutrition and health, and interested individuals can find details about the nutrients (e.g. carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals) they should be eating to achieve a healthy balanced diet. Food labels can also provide useful details on the amounts of the different nutrients contained in a food. However, the nutrient information available can seem quite complex, is not well understood by the majority of consumers, and it is of limited use when preparing family menus without a good knowledge of nutrition. This makes it necessary to provide nutrient advice in a way consumers can understand. What are Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG)? Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) are simple messages on healthy eating, aimed at the general public. They give an indication of what a person should be eating in terms of foods rather than nutrients, and provide a basic framework to use when planning meals or daily menus. Characteristics as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) are the expression of the principles of nutrition education mostly as foods. intended for use by individual members of the general public, and if not expressed entirely as foods, written in language that avoids, as far as possible, the technical terms of nutritional science. FBDG should provide simple, food-based messages that are relevant to the population concerned and practical to follow. They can be broad and unspecific such as ‘eat a variety of foods each day’ or ‘eat plenty of fruits and vegetables’, or more specific such as ‘eat five portions of fruits and vegetables a day’.
    [Show full text]
  • An Italian-Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Developed Based on the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet (EAT-IT): a Nutritional Evaluation
    foods Article An Italian-Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Developed Based on the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet (EAT-IT): A Nutritional Evaluation Massimiliano Tucci 1,† , Daniela Martini 1,† , Cristian Del Bo’ 1 , Mirko Marino 1 , Alberto Battezzati 1,2, Simona Bertoli 1,2 , Marisa Porrini 1 and Patrizia Riso 1,* 1 Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (C.D.B.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] † Both authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: There is an urgent need to promote healthy and sustainable diets that are tailored to the preferences and cultures of different populations. The present study aimed to (i) define a Mediterranean dietary pattern in line with the EAT-Lancet Commission reference diet (ELCRD), based on 2500 kcal/day and adapted to the Italian food habits (EAT-IT); (ii) develop a mid/long-term dietary plan based on EAT-IT and a dietary plan based on the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDG); Citation: Tucci, M.; Martini, D.; Del (iii) compare the two dietary plans in terms of portions, frequencies of consumption, and nutritional Bo’, C.; Marino, M.; Battezzati, A.; adequacy based on the nutrient and energy recommendations for the Italian adult population. The Bertoli, S.; Porrini, M.; Riso, P.
    [Show full text]
  • DGP-Affischer-2019-English.Pdf
    Diet for a Green Planet Food that makes us feel good and that our planet can produce in a sustainable way. Södertälje municipality has imple- policy was formulated, and step by mented the concept “Diet for a Green step the municipality has worked Planet” in the public food sector sin- towards a more sustainable food ce 2010. This work has led to several supply, both in-house and through awards, notably “The school meal-mu- development projects. nicipality of the year” award. In 2015 the EU-project MatLust star- The meal concept was developed ted with the goal to develop a sus- during two research projects; BERAS tainable food sector in Stockholm (2003-2006) and BERAS Implementa- County, as well as creating a regio- tion (2010-2013). The Södertälje Muni- nal knowledge center in Södertälje. cipality participated in a leading role MatLust helps small and medium size in development and implementation enterprises within the food sector to of the concept. grow sustainably. The journey towards a sustainable Diet for a Green Planet concept is fun- public food sector started in 2001, damental to MatLust. when Södertälje Municipality took a political decision to use food as a tool in work of sustainability. A food Sustainable in several ways Diet for a Green Planet is a research-based concept that incorporates sustainability in several aspects. Climate • Food production is energy consu- Health ming to produce and creates • A healthy lifestyle includes a va- emissions, notably greenhouse ried and nutrient rich diet. Vege- gasses. It is therefore important tables, whole grains and legumes to decrease food waste.
    [Show full text]
  • CINDI Dietary Guide
    EUR/00/5018028 EUROPEAN HEALTH21 TARGET 11 HEALTHIER LIVING By the year 2015, people across society should have adopted healthier patterns of living (Adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe at its forty-eighth session, Copenhagen, September 1998) ABSTRACT The WHO Regional Office for Europe is committed to promoting an integrated approach to health promotion and disease prevention. These dietary guidelines provide information that health professionals can relay to their clients to help them prevent disease and promote health. This guide demonstrates that a healthy diet is based mainly on foods of plant origin, rather than animal origin. It also focuses on the need to provide information on the link between health and diet for the most vulnerable groups in society, notably people with low incomes. Just as the quality of air and water is vital, the quantity and quality of food eaten are crucial for human health. A healthy variety of safe food, produced in a sustainable way, is one of the best ways to support a healthy society. Within this context, this document presents twelve steps to healthy eating. Keywords DIET NUTRITION POLICIES NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS EATING GUIDELINES CINDI food pyramid posters are available from: WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark ISBN 92 890 1183 1 © World Health Organization – 2000 All rights in this document are reserved by the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The document may nevertheless be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated into any other language (but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes) provided that full acknowledgement is given to the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy and Sustainable Diets for European Countries
    Healthy and Sustainable Diets for European Countries 1 © 2017 European Public Health Association - EUPHA Christopher Birt (FRCP, FFPH, Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, UK) Tatjana Buzeti (MBA, Ministry of Health, Slovenia) Giuseppe Grosso (MD, PhD, NNedPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John’s Innovation Centre, Cambridge, UK) Lise Justesen (PhD, Department of Nutrition and Midwifery, Metropolitan University College, Denmark) Carl Lachat (PhD, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Belgium) Alessandra Lafranconi (MD, School of Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Italy) Enni Mertanen (PhD, School of Business, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Finland) Natalie Rangelov (PhDc, Institute for Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland) Sirpa Sarlio-Lähteenkorva (PhD, Helsinki University, and Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland) 2 Content Executive Summary _______________________________________________________________________ 5 The Challenge addressed ________________________________________________________________ 8 1. Introduction ______________________________________________________________________ 10 1.1. Health and environmental consequences of dietary habits: state of the art and policy options__________________________________________________________________ 10 1.1.1. Global action and commitments: the momentum towards better nutrition and health in the context of greater prosperity and healthier environments ___________ 11
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetarianism and Human Health
    Vegetarianism and Human Health Usha R. Palaniswamy SUMMARY. Vegetarianism dates back to a time before recorded history and, as many anthropolo- gists believe, most early humans ate primarily plant foods, being more gatherers than hunters. Human diets may be adopted for a variety of reasons, including political, esthetic, moral, environmental and economic concerns, religious beliefs, and a desire to consume a more healthy diet. A major factor influencing the vegetarianism movement in the present time is primarily associated with better health. Epidemiologic data support the association between high intake of vegetables and fruit and low risk of chronic diseases and provide evidence to the profound and long-term health benefits of a primarily vegetarian diet. Vegetables and fruit are rich sources of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber as well as biologically active nonnutrient compounds that have a complementary and often multiple mechanisms of actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and hypolipidemic properties, and mechanisms that stimulate the human immune system. Because of the critical link established between diet and health, consumers have begun to view food as a means of self-care for health promotion and disease prevention. Functional foods are targeted to address specific health concerns, such as high cholesterol or high blood sugar levels, to obtain a desired health benefit. Functional properties identified in a number of plant species have led to a modern day renaissance for the vegetarian movement. t is often asserted that humans are naturally vegetarian because the human body resembles plant eaters, not carnivores. However, Ihumans are omnivores, capable of eating either meat or plant foods, or general feeders, with more generalized anatomical and physi- ological traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Guide Pyramids’, and What’S the Problem with Bread
    World Nutrition. Journal of the World Public Health Nutrition Association. www.wphna.org Volume 2, Number 1, January 2011 World Nutrition This pdf is currently a free service offered by the Association Please access our website at: www.wphna.org, renewed every month, for: All our world news, information, discussion and services Complete monthly issues of World Nutrition Details of how to join the Association and to contribute to our work. Volume 2, Number 1, January 2011 Journal of the World Public Health Nutrition Association Published monthly at www.wphna.org The Association is an affiliated body of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences For membership and for other contributions, news, columns and services, go to: www.wphna.org Commentary. The big issue is ultra-processing ‘Food guide pyramids’, and what’s the problem with bread Carlos Monteiro Centre for Epidemiological Studies in Health and Nutrition University of São Paulo, Brazil Biography posted at www.wphna.org Email: [email protected] Cite as: Monteiro C. Food Guide Pyramids, and What’s the matter with bread [Commentary]. World Nutrition, January 2011; 2, 1: 22-41 22 World Nutrition. Journal of the World Public Health Nutrition Association. www.wphna.org Volume 2, Number 1, January 2011 Introduction Editor’s note This second commentary on ultra-processed foods published this month focuses on two more issues that follow from Carlos Monteiro’s initial commentary in the November issue of WN. The first is the ‘Food Guide Pyramid’, now a standard guide to what is supposed to be healthy food and nutrition, at first in the US, and then in many countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Food Label, the Pyramid And
    Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific l<nowledge, policies, or practices. Check It Out! The Food Label The Pyramid And You U.S. Department of Agriculture Home and Garden Bulletin Number 266 Check it Out... * The Food Label, the Pyramid, and You He The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have revamped food labels to make planning a healthy diet easier for you and your family. By law, most foods are required to display a Nutrition Facts panel. The law also requires that label claims such as "lite," "low fat," and "high in fiber" not be just advertising hype—that they actually " be true. The Food Guide Pyramid was developed to help you make healthy food choices. The Pyramid is an outline of what to eat each day. It helps you follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans—seven basic principles representing the best, most current advice from health and nutrition experts. Together, the new food label and the Food Guide Pyramid are powerful tools for building a healthy diet. This brochure will help you use these tools while you're at the grocery store. What Does Healthy Eating Mean? Healthy eating means following the Dietary Guidelines for Americans—advice for healthy Americans 2 or more years of age. Nutrition experts agree that following these seven principles will help you enjoy better health and reduce your chances of getting certain diseases, such as heart disease and some forms of cancer. The Guidelines are: A Eat a variety of foods A Maintain healthy weight A Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol A Choose a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, and grain products A Use sugars only in moderation A Use salt and sodium only in moderation A If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation Use These Tools To Build a Healthy Diet Food Guide Pyramid A Guide to Daily Food Choices Fats, Oils, & Sweets KEY USE SPARINGLY Q Fat (naturally occurring O Sugars and added) (added) These symbols show fat and added sugars in foods.
    [Show full text]