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Caylloma, Arequipa) Understanding Agriculture in Peruvian Andes: Economy and Politics in the Community of Yanque (Caylloma, Arequipa) MARIO Sánchez*

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Caylloma, Arequipa) Understanding Agriculture in Peruvian Andes: Economy and Politics in the Community of Yanque (Caylloma, Arequipa) MARIO Sánchez* Revista Antropologías del Sur Año 4 N°7 2017 Págs. 235 - 256 | 235 COMPRENDER LA AGRICULTURA EN LOS ANDES PERUANOS: ECONOMÍA Y POLÍTICA EN LA COMUNIDAD DE YANQUE (CAYLLOMA, AREQUIPA) Understanding Agriculture in Peruvian Andes: Economy and Politics in the Community of Yanque (Caylloma, Arequipa) MARIO SÁNCHEZ* Fecha de recepción: 28 de diciembre de 2016 – Fecha de aprobación: 25 de abril de 2017 Resumen Este artículo analiza la agricultura en el mundo andino a través del caso de la comunidad de Yanque, distrito de la provincia de Caylloma, departamento de Arequipa (Perú). La agricultura es su principal actividad social debido a la vital importancia colectiva de sus dimensiones económicas y políticas, que muestran cómo Yanque es una comunidad andina que, en el siglo XXI, continúa preservando la tradición de sus herencias culturales mientras se encuentra inserta en modernos cambios sociales que conllevan los dinámicos procesos de interrelación con sociedades urbanas y globales capitalistas. Palabras clave: Andes, Agricultura, Economía, Política, Perú Abstract This paper analyzes agriculture in the andean world through the case of the community of Yanque, district of Caylloma province, department of Arequipa (Peru). Agriculture is the main social activity because of the vital collective importance of its economic and politics dimensions, that show how Yanque is an Andean community that, in the 21st century, continues to preserve the tradition of its cultural heritages while it is inserted in modern social changes that entail the dynamic processes of interrelation with urban and global capitalist societies. Keywords: Andes, Agriculture, Economy, Politics, Peru * Doctorante en Antropología con mención en Estudios Andinos, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Profesor de Antropología Social, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Perú. El artículo está enmarcado en su investigación doctoral que estudia los usos de las nuevas TICs en una comunidad de los Andes peruanos. Correo-e: [email protected] - [email protected] 236 | Mario Sánchez — Comprender la agricultura en Los Andes peruanos... Comprender la agricultura todo el valle, desde finales del siglo XX hasta en los Andes peruanos: Economía la actualidad. y política en la comunidad de Yanque Los resultados etnográficos presentados (Caylloma, Arequipa) en este artículo son el fruto de los siguien- El presente artículo analiza el panorama tes meses de corresidencia en el campo: actual de la agricultura en los Andes peruanos julio-agosto, 2014; enero-febrero, 2015; julio- a través del caso de la comunidad de Yanque, agosto, 2015; y diciembre-febrero, 2017. La donde la agricultura es la principal actividad razón de esta elección se debe a que estos social debido a la vital importancia colectiva de meses son cruciales para la agricultura (por ser sus dimensiones económicas y políticas. temporada de lluvias, de cosecha y sembrío, y de rituales a la tierra, al agua y a las montañas) La comunidad de Yanque (3,417 msnm.) es en los Andes peruanos. uno de los dieciséis distritos que conforman la provincia de Caylloma, en el departamento de Arequipa (Perú), y cuya capital actual es el distrito de Chivay (3,635 msnm.). Yanque se 1. La economía en la comunidad de Yanque encuentra ubicado a 150 km. al noreste de la La agricultura de la comunidad de Yanque es ciudad de Arequipa, a tres horas de camino en de riego por inundación o gravedad, y es provista automóvil, por medio de una carretera asfal- directamente por el agua de las lluvias y/o por tada. La comunidad se inserta geográficamente los canales de las infraestructuras hidráulicas dentro del valle del Colca y la cordillera inte- a través de turnos de riego. El nevado Waran- randina que divide las cuencas del Pacífico y qanti (5,379 msnm.) es el canal principal de del Atlántico, y tiene como límites geográficos riego de la parcialidad de Yanque Hanansaya, a las comunidades de Ichupampa, Coporaque, cuyas tierras agrícolas se encuentran junto al Achoma y Chivay. pueblo, en la margen izquierda, mientras que el nevado Mismi (5,598 msnm.) lo es de la parcia- La comunidad de Yanque ha ocupado una lidad de Yanque Hurinsaya, cuyas tierras agrí- privilegiada y estratégica posición política y colas se encuentran frente al río, en la margen económica dentro del valle del Colca: como derecha. Vale mencionar, por un lado, que la sede central del poder del Señorío Collagua profundidad del río Colca no ha permitido apro- que controlaba la parte norte, este y sureste vechar sus aguas como bien hídrico de rega- del valle, hacia los siglos X-XV; como centro dío; y, por otro lado, que las terrazas agrícolas de administración del Tahuantinsuyu Inca, en artificiales o andenes – pertenecientes algunos el valle, hacia los siglos XV-XVI; como capital al Periodo Intermedio Tardío y al Periodo Inca de corregimiento y repartimiento del Virreynato (Neira, 1961), y otros al Periodo Wari (Treacy, Español, hacia los siglos XVI-XVIII; como capi- 1994) – están, en la actualidad, abandonados y tal de la provincia de Caylloma desde media- en proceso de destrucción (Mujica Barreda y De dos del siglo XIX hasta las primeras décadas la Vera Cruz, 2002), pues muchos comuneros del siglo XX; y como espacio turístico donde no han heredado los conocimientos para hacer se concentra la mayor cantidad de hoteles de usufructo y mantenimiento de estas platafor- Revista Antropologías del Sur Año 4 N°7 2017 Págs. 235 - 256 | 237 mas construidas para obtener tierras de cultivo pañada de la danza Q’amili y comparsas al ritmo a través de muros de piedra con el objetivo de de huaylillas. Es también en el mes de agosto edificar camellones para el sembrío y el riego cuando se empieza a regar. Por ejemplo, el Yaku por inundación o gravedad (Robles Mendoza, Alcalde de Yanque Hurinsaya distribuye a cada 2010 y 2008). usuario un riego por toma, de tres horas cada uno, y cada cuarenta y cinco días. Usualmente, esto ocurre a partir del 20 de agosto, luego de la limpieza de los canales de regadío, y llega hasta 1.1. El calendario agrícola: siembras, lluvias, el 05 de septiembre, aproximadamente. Entre heladas y cosechas agosto y diciembre, se siembra maíz, cebada, La agricultura yanqueña, como la de muchas quinua, habas mishca y papas mishca (prime- otras comunidades andinas, se organiza en ros sembríos) para ser cosechadas a partir del torno a una época de lluvia (enero-marzo), una mes de mayo, aunque varias unidades domésti- época de helada (abril-mayo), una época de cas de Yanque desde la quincena de julio ya se cosecha (junio-julio) y una época de siembra encuentran preparando el arado para sembrar (agosto-diciembre). Si bien es cierto que enero habas con el objetivo de cosecharlas en diciem- marca el inicio de la época de lluvia, esta no ha bre, pues las primeras cosechas, antes de que la empezado a caer, en Yanque, sino hasta media- oferta de la producción se vuelva masiva, tienen dos de febrero, en los últimos años. Y es que un alto precio de venta. según los comuneros de Yanque, una década atrás, aproximadamente, el clima era tan esta- ble que, aseguran ellos, llovía constantemente desde finales de diciembre hasta marzo, pero, 1.2. Productos y mercados: autoconsumo, actualmente, quizás por el cambio climático y el intercambio y compra-venta calentamiento global, la caída de lluvias es tan Entre el 2004 y el 2014, las campañas agrí- inestable que desestructura varios sistemas de colas de Yanque revelan, en orden decreciente planificación agrícola y ganadera de la región. de rendimiento (kilogramos por hectárea), En el valle de Colca el agua es un recurso natu- un patrón en la producción de la comunidad: ral escaso, donde la temporada de lluvias es de la alfalfa, la papa, la avena forrajera, el ajo, corta duración y las heladas y sequías cons- la cebada forrajera, la tuna, el olluco, la haba tituyen fuertes obstáculos para la agricultura grano verde, la oca, la arveja grano verde, el (Benavides, 1988b). manzano, el maíz amiláceo, la cebada grano, el En abril y mayo, ya no cae lluvia y empieza trigo, la quinua y el maíz choclo (GRAA, 2014). a caer el frío de la helada, aunque esta puede Asimismo, es interesante constatar que, desde prolongarse hasta el mes de junio. En estos dos las reformas toledanas hasta la actualidad, los meses, no crece nada, ni siquiera el alfalfa, según cultivos de maíz, papas, cebada, ocas, habas y el testimonio de los comuneros de Yanque. Y es quinua siguen siendo una constante (Manrique, que son los meses más fríos del año. En junio y 1986; Echeverría y Morales, 1952; Benavides, julio se realizan las cosechas de la producción. En 1989; Mujica Barreda y De la Vera Cruz, 2002), esta época, se realiza la siembra de maíz acom- pues han sido productos que pudieron adap- 238 | Mario Sánchez — Comprender la agricultura en Los Andes peruanos... tarse a las limitantes condiciones geográfico-cli- mano de obra y/o a dedicarse a diversificar las máticas particulares de Yanque dentro del valle formas de ingresos económicos. Actualmente, del Colca. existen personas ajenas a Yanque que han adquirido en alquiler varios terrenos agríco- En Yanque, los productos agrícolas para las de la comunidad para sembrar y cosechar, el autoconsumo de las unidades domésticas contratando mano de obra local y pagando alto son el maíz, el mote, la cancha, la haba y la precio por el jornal: “Antes era quince, veinte quinua. Desde hace pocos años, a partir del soles. Ahora están pagando, por ejemplo, por auge internacional por los productos naturales, la siembra de ajo, cuarenta soles a las mujeres se ha comenzado a producir y a comerciali- y tanto más a los hombres.
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