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Issue 171 December 2020 2019 1966 Challenges and Opportunities of International University Partnerships to Support Water Management A publication of the Universities Council on Water Resources with support from Southern Illinois University Carbondale JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATION Universities Council on Water Resources 1231 Lincoln Drive, Mail Code 4526 Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901 Telephone: (618) 536-7571 www.ucowr.org CO-EDITORS Karl W. J. Williard Jackie F. Crim Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Carbondale, Illinois [email protected] [email protected] SPECIAL ISSUE EDITORS Laura C. Bowling Katy E. Mazer John E. McCray Professor, Dept. of Agronomy Sustainable Water Management Coordinator Professor Co-Director, Natural Resources & Arequipa Nexus Institute Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept. Environmental Sciences Program Purdue University Hydrologic Science & Engineering Program Purdue University [email protected] Colorado School of Mines [email protected] [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS Kofi Akamani Natalie Carroll Mae Davenport Gurpreet Kaur Policy and Human Dimensions Education Policy and Human Dimensions Agricultural Water and Nutrient Management Southern Illinois University Purdue University University of Minnesota Mississippi State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prem B. Parajuli Gurbir Singh Kevin Wagner Engineering and Modeling Agriculture and Watershed Management Water Quality and Watershed Management Mississippi State University Mississippi State University Oklahoma State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] M.S. Srinivasan Jonathan Yoder Hydrology Natural Resource Economics National Institute of Water and Washington State University Atmospheric Research, New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] TECHNICAL EDITORS Elaine Groninger Shelly Williard Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Carbondale, Illinois 62901 [email protected] [email protected] ISSN 1936-7031 Cover photo top: Arequipa, Peru in 1966 from the KH-40 Corona J-1 Satellite and 2019 from the Sentinel Satellite. Credit: Zach Brecheisen Cover photo bottom left: Irrigation canal in the Uchumayo District, Arequipa, Peru. Credit: Caelum Mroczek Cover photo bottom right: Colca River Valley, Arequipa, Peru. Credit: Paul Dawley Back cover photo: Reedy River Falls, Greenville, SC. Credit: Nicolas Henderson, original work, CC BY 2.0 Inside back cover photo: Downtown Greenville. Credit: Timothy J, original work, CC BY 2.0 The Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education is published by the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR). UCOWR is not responsible for the statements and opinions expressed by authors of articles in the Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Issue No. 171 December 2020 Challenges and Opportunities of International University Partnerships to Support Water Management Edwin F. Bocardo-Delgado, Katy E. Mazer, and Laura C. Bowling ..................................1 Creating a Collaboration Framework to Evaluate International University-led Water Research Partnerships Katy E. Mazer, Anna Erwin, Ruxandra Popovici, Edwin Bocardo-Delgado, Laura C. Bowling, Zhao Ma, Linda S. Prokopy, and Carlos Zeballos-Velarde ................................9 Assessment of Arequipa’s Hydrometeorological Monitoring Infrastructure to Support Water Management Decisions André Geraldo de Lima Moraes, Edwin Bocardo-Delgado, Laura C. Bowling, Fariborz Daneshvar, José Pinto, Alec Hale Watkins, and Keith Aric Cherkauer ..........................27 Development of a Pilot Smart Irrigation System for Peruvian Highlands Santiago Guevara, Yogang Singh, Austin Shores, Juan Mercado, Mauricio Postigo, Jose Garcia, and Brittany Newell ...................................................................................49 3D Interactive Modeling of Pipe Failure in Water Supply Systems Thikra Dawood, Emad Elwakil, Hector Mayol Novoa, and José Fernando Gárate Delgado ..........................................................................................................................63 Using Remote Sensing to Discover Historic Context of Human-Environmental Water Resource Dynamics Zachary Brecheisen, Nicholas Hamp-Adams, Abigail Tomasek, Erika J. Foster, Timothy Filley, Martín Villalta Soto, Lucia Zuniga Reynoso, Andre de Lima Moraes, and Darrell G. Schulze ......................................................................................................................74 Integrated Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis of Torrential Flood Hazard in Arequipa, Peru Katy E. Mazer, Abigail A. Tomasek, Fariborz Daneshvar, Laura C. Bowling, Jane R. Frankenberger, Sara K. McMillan, Hector M. Novoa, and Carlos Zeballos-Velarde ......93 Coproduction Challenges in the Context of Changing Rural Livelihoods Ruxandra Popovici, Katy E. Mazer, Anna Erwin, Zhao Ma, José Pinto, Laura C. Bowling, Edwin F. Bocardo-Delgado, and Linda Stalker Prokopy ............................................... 111 1 Universities Council on Water Resources Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Issue 171, Pages 1-8, December 2020 Challenges and Opportunities of International University Partnerships to Support Water Management Edwin F. Bocardo-Delgado1, Katy E. Mazer2, and *Laura C. Bowling2 1Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru 2Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA *Corresponding Author istorically water scarce regions such as potential barriers and strategies to support water the Central Andes in South America are management adaptation. Hparticularly vulnerable to changes in water Globally, many drivers such as population supply and demand and are struggling to adopt growth, climate change, and changing income a more participatory model of integrated water and consumer preferences are dramatically management. Inclusive engagement principles altering water resources management. In water have been used successfully in many locations scarce regions that rely on irrigated agriculture to improve agricultural and water management; in particular, the intrinsic linkage between land however, there are several barriers to transference and water management (Chen et al. 2018) means of similar practices to Latin America. For new sustainable management frameworks must example, collaborative research arrangements be developed to minimize environmental impacts between U.S. and Latin American universities are on both resources (Brack et al. 2017). However, desirable to develop sustained research programs in some countries the lack of technical knowledge, on appropriate integrated water management infrastructure, and human capacity means techniques, but institutional barriers and the lack that well-intentioned sustainable management of a culture of applied research and extension that frameworks do not achieve the expected results in is responsive to community needs may limit the the management of water resources (Maestu 1997; effectiveness of research partnerships. Additional Ortiz Acosta and Romo Aguilar 2016; Rivera- barriers to participatory management exist at the Marquez et al. 2017; Ruiz 2019). In Peru, although community level, including traditional limitations a complete revision of the national water policy in such as low institutional capacity, traditional 2009 provides a general framework for the proper gender roles, and authoritarian structure, as well management of water resources, its application is as emerging issues related to changing rural limited (Robert 2019). livelihoods. This article examines opportunities At the same time, Peruvian Canon Law No. and threats associated with an emergent partnership 27506 provides a source of funding to enhance between Purdue University (Purdue) in Indiana, Peruvian water management infrastructure USA, and Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (Congreso de la Republica 2001). This law invokes de Arequipa (UNSA) in Arequipa, Peru. It serves a tax, collected by the State, on the economic as the introduction to this Special Issue exploring exploitation of natural resources. According water resources risks in Arequipa, Peru, as well as to Article 6.2, regional and local governments UCOWR Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Challenges and Opportunities of International University Partnerships to Support Water Management 2 should use funding from this tax exclusively for Purdue University the financing or co-financing of regional and local impact infrastructure projects, and 20% of the tax Purdue University is the land grant university can be transferred to public universities to invest in of Indiana, established through the Morrill Act research that enhances regional development. in 1869, with its main campus in West Lafayette, In response to on-going issues of environmental Indiana, USA. The university is organized into 13 degradation, UNSA, a Peruvian public university, colleges and schools. It offers 200 undergraduate degrees and 70 master’s and doctoral degrees. It is used the tax-derived financing from mining to establish a partnership with Purdue in the known worldwide as a leading research institution. As a land grant university, the Purdue College of United States. Purdue was approached due to Agriculture has a three-part mission for teaching,
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