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The Miraflores El Nino Disaster

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The Miraflores El Nino Disaster Andean Past Volume 6 Article 8 2000 The irM aflores El Nino Disaster: Convergent Catastrophes and Prehistoric Agrarian Change in Southern Peru Dennis R. Satterlee Michael E. Moseley University of Florida, [email protected] David K. Keefer University of Maine, [email protected] Jorge E. Tapia A. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Geology Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Satterlee, Dennis R.; Moseley, Michael E.; Keefer, David K.; and Tapia A., Jorge E. (2000) "The irM aflores El Nino Disaster: Convergent Catastrophes and Prehistoric Agrarian Change in Southern Peru," Andean Past: Vol. 6 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol6/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MmAFLoRES Et NINO DISASTER: CONVERGENTCATASTROPHESANDPREHISTORICAGRARIANCHANGE . INSOUTHERNPERU Dennis R. Satterlee Michael E. Moseley University ofFlorida David K. Keefer United States Geological Survey Jorge E. Tapia A. American GeologicalInstitute Introduction (masl). Because the lower two thirds of the basin is arid to hyperarid (lessthan 250 mm/yr), This article describes a severe EI Nifto..in.. river flowdiminishes and normallydisappearsat duced paleoflood episode, the MirafloresCatas.. 1200 masl adjacent to the site of Yaral (Figure trophe, that produced flood deposits that cur.. 1). Here the drainage enters a deep, narrow rentlyoverlie late prehistoricoccupation surfaces canyon that transects the ClemeslDesert, the c. in the Osmore River region of southern Peru (170 1000 meter..high Coastal Cordillera, and its South Latitude; Figure 1). This EINino event is western escarpment where the Osmore River pertinent to problems of change in' agrarian exits to the sea. Below 500 masl seeps and subsistence patterns between A.D. 1100 and springsare the principal water sourcesforfarm.. 1500. We first summarize these patterns. See.. ing in the coastal valley and in normally dry ond, we model.change as a response to conver.. drainages,calledquebradas,suchasMiraflores, gent catastrophes. produced by collateral flood which descend the Coastal Cordilleraalong and drought disasters. Third, we describe and short,steepcoursesthat parallelthe river. date evidence of the Miraflores Catastrophe. Foutth, we conclude with an assessment of Throughout the studyarea,farmingformerly implications of Osmore data for other Andean extended to large tracts of land that are no areas. longerin production. The reclamation, use,and abandonment of planting surfacescan be dated . Problematic Change in Subsistence Patterns with varyingdegrees ofresolution bytheir canal associatedsettlements, construction techniques, Archaeological surveys and excavations in furrow patterns, relative preservation, cultural the Osmore River (also called the Moquegua superpositions, and geological superpositions River) extend from its headwaters through the (Clement and Moseley 1991; Owen 1993b; river mouth to nearby littoral areas. Therefore, Stanish 1992; Williams 1997). Abandoned changes in coastal and sierra subsistence and planting surfaces and their dependent settle.. settlement patterns can be interrelated. Open ments document a major shift from low eleva.. channel irrigation agriculture has sustained the tion to high elevation farming between AD indigenouseconomy for more than three millen.. 1000..1500. nia (Stanish 1985). In the sierra the principal sourceof agricultural water issurfacerunoff from Coastal agriculture, including that practiced seasonal precipitation averaging 400 mm at in the Osmore Valley and the quebradas, is elevations above 3000 meter above sea level inferred to have reached its maximum extent ANDEANPAST 6 (2000): 95..116. ANDEANPAST6 (2000) ..96 ar.oundAD 1000-1100because plantingsurfaces maj.or change in econ.omic and demographic have their greatest spatial expansionat that time conditions has not been previ.ouslyexplained. both in the valley and in the coastal quebradas. Early agrarian expansi.on ar.oundA.D. 1000 is Convergent Catastrophes ass.ociatedwith the rise of the coastal Chiribaya culture Oessup 1991; Owen 1993a),. which We pr.oposethat the transformation of the spread int.othe arid sierra betweenYaraland the Osmore subsistenceand settlement patterns was modem city of Moquegua prior to collapsing a response to IIconvergent catastr.ophes" - sh.ortlybefore A.D. 1400. This Chiribaya c.ol.. crisesproduced by tw.o.ormare collateral natu- lapse was abrupt Oessup 1991), and it entailed ral disasters. The nature.of c.onvergentcatastro.. the permanent abandonment ofmore than 80% phes can be illustrated by an analogy between of all c.oastalsettlements (Owen 1993b)and an human disease and natural disasters. Suffered inferred population decline of equal magnitude. individually, a disease or a disaster is generally ByA.D. 1400allpreservedprehistoricsurfacesin survived by a healthy p.opulati.on.Yet, when a this area had been abandoned, and hydrological population is first struck by .one malady and models suggestthat pr.oductivecoastalfarmland then is afflicted by two or more disorders, the had declined by80%.ormore (Ortloffand Kalata likelihood .ofrecovery is reduced. The potency 1993). Cultural reorganization ensued, but .ofmultiple natural disasters lies in the com.. c.oastal p.opulati.onlevels remained depressed pound stress that they exert upon populations. until A.D. 1500 or later (Reycraft 1997). Lim.. Some may collapse, while .others can respond ited recovery offarmland isnot evident until the adaptively. In late prehist.oric times Osmore Spanish intr.oduced.olivetree cultivati.onar.ound Riverpopulati.onsexperiencedtw.ocatastrophes. A.D. 1575 (Clement and Moseley1991;Satter.. The first, pr.otracted draught, graduallyexerted lee 1993). pressures fav.oringhigh altitude reclamation, while selecting against low altitude farming. Large scale reclamati.on of the high sierra The second catastrophe, the Mirafl.oresflood, above 2250maslbegan after A.D. 1300. ByA.D. triggeredintense pressure far rapid changefrom 1500planting surfaceson canal..irrigatedterraces an agrarian..basedec.on.omy. reached tJ;teirgreatest spatial expansion and the maj.orityofthe Osm.orepopulationresidedin the Collateral Drought sierra headwaters (Conrad and Webster 1989; Owen 1994; Williams 1997). Highland expan.. TheA.D. 1100..1500draught exacerbated sian is associated with the Estuquiiia and the impact.ofthe Mirafl.oresElNiii.o. Precipita.. Estuquiiia..lnca archae.ological culture that ti.onis estimated to have declined by 10%..15%. endured into the Col.onialPeriod (Burgi 1993; However, the decline in runoff was dispropor.. Stanish 1985). High elevation irrigatedterracing ti.onallygreater because headwater soilsalways was,in part, de..emphasizedby the Inca p.olicy.of abs.orba fixed am.ount .ofm.oisture,260 mm, resettling-indigenous c.ommunities at lower bef.oresaturati.onallowsrun.off.Becauseannual altitudes (Van Buren 1993, 1996;Van Buren et precipitation averages 360 mm between 3900 al. 1993), and it further declined with the Span.. and 4900 masl, there is .only100 mm available ish introduction and expansi.onof viticulture at for run.offin a typical year. When rainfall de.. elevati.onsbetween 1200 and 2250 masl (Rice clines fr.om360 mm t.o324 mm.or even 306 mm 1997). during a 10% .or a 15% drought, runoff is re.. duced to 64 mm .or t.o 46 mm, respectively. In .overview,weestimate that morethan 80% Thus, the relationship between loss .ofrainfall of all prehispanic farming and settlement in the and loss .ofrunoff is n.onlinear. Factoring in Osmore drainage shifted fr.omthe c.oastand dry water from above 4900 masl, we estimate that sierra below 2000 masl into the humid sierra runoff from the m.oistsierra was at least 20%to above 2250 masl between A.D.1000..1500. This 30% below n.ormal during the attenuated 97.. Satterleeet al.:The MirafloresElNiiio drought of A.D. 1100. This decline was com.. a drought response that maximized the use of pounded by the fact that river flowloses4% ofits scarce rainfall and runoff. Osmore headwater volumeper kilometer to seepageand evaporation reclamation relied principally upon canal..irri.. at elevations of 2000 to 3000 masl (Williams gated agricultural terraces. Their adaptive 1997). At lower elevations increasing aridity, advantage lay in capturing moisture at or near greater evaporation, and longer transport 00" its source, thereby minimizingrunoff flowloss. tances magnify forfeiture of moisture. Reclamation of the upper sierra spread after \A.D. 1300and peaked between A.D. 1400and Rainfall in the wet sierra and stream flow A.D. 1500(Owen 1994;Stanish 1992;Williams supplysubsurface runoff that eventuallycharges 1997). Disadvantages of high altitude irrigated the coastal aquifer. Much of this moisturenever terraces include high construction and mainte.. resurfacesin the lowervalleyor coastalquebrada nance costs, high earthquake vulnerability,and springsthat are the primarymainstayof farming. reduced crop variation at high elevation. These Subsurface runoff passes through fine grained factors were ofgreater relative importance after depositsof the Moquegua Formationthat absorb. the A.D. 1500 advent of the Little Ice Age, fixedamounts ofmoisture. Similarto
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