BOT 6566-Plant Growth and Development
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Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris Richardii
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza 1,2 , Alejandra Vasco 3, Ikram Blilou 4, Luis Herrera-Estrella 2,5 and Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez 1,* 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 4 December 2020 Abstract: Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris. -
Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution
® International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology ©2010 Global Science Books Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution 1* 2 Emilio Cervantes • Juana G . de Diego 1 IRNASA-CSIC. Apartado 257. 37080. Salamanca. Spain 2 Dept Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Campus Miguel de Unamuno. Universidad de Salamanca. Spain Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The morphological description of plants has been fundamental in the history of botany and provided the keys for taxonomy. Nevertheless, in biology, a discipline governed by the interest in function and based on reductionist approaches, the analysis of forms has been relegated to second place. Plants contain organs and structures that resemble geometrical forms. Plant ontogeny may be seen as a sequence of growth processes including periods of continuous growth with modification that stop at crucial points often represented by structures of remarkable similarity to geometrical figures. Instead of the tradition in developmental studies giving more importance to animal models, we propose that the modular type of plant development may serve to remark conceptual aspects in that may be useful in studies with animals and contribute to original views of evolution. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: concepts, description, geometry, structure INTRODUCTION: PLANTS OFFER NEW reflects a more general situation in Biology, a discipline APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT that has matured from the experimental protocols and views of biochemistry, where the predominant role of experimen- The study of development is today a major biological disci- tation has contributed to a decline in basic aspects that need pline. Although it was traditionally more focused in animal to be more descriptive, such as those related with mor- systems, increased emphasis in plant development may phology. -
Phyllotaxis: a Remarkable Example of Developmental Canalization in Plants Christophe Godin, Christophe Golé, Stéphane Douady
Phyllotaxis: a remarkable example of developmental canalization in plants Christophe Godin, Christophe Golé, Stéphane Douady To cite this version: Christophe Godin, Christophe Golé, Stéphane Douady. Phyllotaxis: a remarkable example of devel- opmental canalization in plants. 2019. hal-02370969 HAL Id: hal-02370969 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02370969 Preprint submitted on 19 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Phyllotaxis: a remarkable example of developmental canalization in plants Christophe Godin, Christophe Gol´e,St´ephaneDouady September 2019 Abstract Why living forms develop in a relatively robust manner, despite various sources of internal or external variability, is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Part of the answer relies on the notion of developmental constraints: at any stage of ontogenenesis, morphogenetic processes are constrained to operate within the context of the current organism being built, which is thought to bias or to limit phenotype variability. One universal aspect of this context is the shape of the organism itself that progressively channels the development of the organism toward its final shape. Here, we illustrate this notion with plants, where conspicuous patterns are formed by the lateral organs produced by apical meristems. -
Plant Development Series Editor Paul M
VOLUME NINETY ONE CURRENT TOPICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Plant Development Series Editor Paul M. Wassarman Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY 10029-6574 USA Olivier Pourquié Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IGBMC) Inserm U964, CNRS (UMR 7104) Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France Editorial Board Blanche Capel Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA B. Denis Duboule Department of Zoology and Animal Biology NCCR ‘Frontiers in Genetics’ Geneva, Switzerland Anne Ephrussi European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Janet Heasman Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati, OH, USA Julian Lewis Vertebrate Development Laboratory Cancer Research UK London Research Institute London WC2A 3PX, UK Yoshiki Sasai Director of the Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Chuo, Japan Philippe Soriano Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Mount Sinai Medical School New York, USA Cliff Tabin Harvard Medical School Department of Genetics Boston, MA, USA Founding Editors A. A. Moscona Alberto Monroy VOLUME NINETY ONE CURRENT TOPICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Plant Development Edited by MARJA C. P. TIMMERMANS Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor New York, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 32, Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK First edition 2010 Copyright Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. -
Root Development and Stress Tolerance in Rice: the Key to Improving Stress Tolerance Without Yield Penalties
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Root Development and Stress Tolerance in rice: The Key to Improving Stress Tolerance without Yield Penalties Deok Hyun Seo 1, Subhin Seomun 1, Yang Do Choi 2 and Geupil Jang 1,* 1 School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; [email protected] (D.H.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 The National Academy of Sciences, Seoul 06579, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 February 2020; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 6 March 2020 Abstract: Roots anchor plants and take up water and nutrients from the soil; therefore, root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that root development is deeply involved in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. These findings suggest that modulating root growth and development provides a potentially useful approach to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance. Such targeted approaches may avoid the yield penalties that result from growth–defense trade-offs produced by global induction of defenses against abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the developmental mechanisms underlying root development and discusses recent studies about modulation of root growth and stress tolerance in rice. Keywords: root; auxin; abiotic stress; tolerance; rice 1. Introduction Abiotic stress, including drought, low or high temperature, and salinity, seriously affects growth and productivity of plants [1]. Furthermore, global climate change may be increasing the frequency and severity of abiotic stress, thus threatening food production around the world [2]. In nature, plants are continuously exposed to different abiotic stresses and have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms to survive these abiotic stresses. -
TOR Regulates Plant Development and Plant-Microorganism Interactions ©2021 Carrillo- Flores Et Al
Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering Review Article Open Access TOR regulates plant development and plant- microorganism interactions Abstract Volume 8 Issue 3 - 2021 The adaptation of plants to their ever-changing environment denotes a remarkable plasticity Elizabeth Carrillo-Flores,1 Dennì Mariana of growth that generates organs throughout their life cycle, by the activation of a group of Pazos-Solis,2 Frida Paola Dìaz-Bellacetin,2 pluripotent cells known as shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem. The reactivation Grisel Fierros-Romero,2 Elda Beltràn-Peña,1 of cellular proliferation in both meristems by means of TOR, Target Of Rapamycin, 1 depends on specific signals such as glucose and light. TOR showed a significant influence Marìa Elena Mellado-Rojas 1 in plant growth, development and nutrient assimilation as well as in microorganism Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas de la interactions such as infection resistance, plant differentiation and root node symbiosis. This Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México 2Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, review highlights the pathways and effects of TOR in the sensing of environmental signals Campus Querétaro, México throughout the maturing of different plant species. Elda Beltrán Peña, Laboratorio de Keywords: target of rapamycin, plant development, plant-microorganism interactions Correspondence: Transducción de Señales, Edificio B3, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas de la Universidad Michoacana de -
Carbon Monoxide As a Signaling Molecule in Plants
fpls-07-00572 April 27, 2016 Time: 13:38 # 1 REVIEW published: 29 April 2016 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00572 Carbon Monoxide as a Signaling Molecule in Plants Meng Wang and Weibiao Liao* College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous molecule, has emerged as a signaling molecule in plants, due to its ability to trigger a series of physiological reactions. This article provides a brief update on the synthesis of CO, its physiological functions in plant growth and development, as well as its roles in abiotic stress tolerance such as drought, salt, ultraviolet radiation, and heavy metal stress. CO has positive effects on seed germination, root development, and stomatal closure. Also, CO can enhance plant abiotic stress resistance commonly through the enhancement of antioxidant defense system. Moreover, CO shows cross talk with other signaling molecules including NO, phytohormones (IAA, ABA, and GA) and other gas signaling molecules (H2S, H2, CH4). Keywords: abiotic stress, carbon monoxide (CO), growth and development, antioxidant defense, physiological role, signaling transduction Edited by: INTRODUCTION Sylvain Jeandroz, AgroSup Dijon, France Carbon monoxide (CO), which has long been widely considered as a poisonous gas (“the silent Reviewed by: killer”) since 17th century, is a low molecular weight diatomic gas that occurs ubiquitously in John Hancock, nature. However, CO has been recently proven to be one of the most essential cellular components University of the West of England, regulating a variety of biological processes both in animals and plants (Xie et al., 2008). Generally Bristol, UK Gaurav Zinta, speaking, CO arises in biological systems principally during heme degradation as the oxidation Shanghai Center for Plant Stress product of the a-methene bridge of heme, and this process is catalyzed by heme oxygenase enzymes Biology, China (HOs, EC 1.14.14.18; Bilban et al., 2008). -
Plant Morphological Characteristics As a Tool in Monitoring Response to Silvicultural Activities INTRODUCTION CHANGES in MORPHOL
Plant Morphological Characteristics as a Tool in Monitoring Response to Silvicultural Activities David S. Buckleyl, John C. Zasadal, John C. Tappeiner 112, and Douglas M. Stones Abstract. --Monitoring environmental change through may be threatened, endangered, or produce special forest documentation of species composition becomes problematic products. This method, however, has several limitations. when compositional changes take several years to occur or Merely documenting changes in species composition does simply do not occur following silvicultural treatment. not identiv the underlying factors responsible for the loss or Morphological characteristics (e.g., leaf area, node density, gain of plant species on a site. Without this knowledge, it is bud number) change in many plant species in response to difficult to fine-tune silvicultural practices in order to prevent factors such as light availability, soil compaction, and organic the loss of certain species or encourage colonization by matter removal. As a monitoring tool, morphological others. A second limitation is that compositional changes characteristics: 1) detect plant responses soon after may occur very slowly following treatment. Thus, it may be treatment, 2) reveal underlying factors that produce changes necessary to wait several years to assess the effect of a in plant condition and composition, 3) allow prediction of given treatment. Populations of certain species may persist short-term growth response and long-term forest for long periods, despite the fact that they are declining and development, and 4) may aid in communicating effects of will eventually be replaced by better-adapted species. Finally, silvicultural treatments. species composition may not change at all following treatment. Due to the innate plasticity in many plant species, individual species may respond by changing their growth INTRODUCTION form and morphology. -
Plant Development
Plant Development Plant development is an umbrella term for a broad spectrum of processes that include: the formation of a complete embryo from a zygote ; seed germination; the elaboration of a mature vegetative plant from the embryo; the formation of flowers, fruits, and seeds; and many of the plant's responses to its environment. Cell Divisions Cell division is process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells . Opinion that microbes and worms are generated spontaneously from dust & would multiply by breaking apart during collisions. First cell division was observed by Lazarro Spallanzani – a catholic priest – & another of the Lord’s men for the sciences. S. spent months trying to divide drops with hairs so that he had only one microbe under the microscope. It divided by fission. S.was first to recognize fertilization as unification of sperm and egg cell; proved by first artificial insemination in female dogs. (1) For simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria, amoeba etc. cell division is equivalent to reproduction – a new organism is created. cell division in prokaryotes is known as binary fission. (2) Cell division in multicellular eukaryotes is part of mitosis and cell cycle resulting in daughter cells that belong to the same, growing organism . Mitotic cell division can create progeny, such as plants grow from cuttings. (3) A novel type of cell division developed only in eukaryotes: meiosis. A cell is permanently transformed into a gamete and cannot divide again until fertilization. This is the ontogenetic reflection of their prokaryotic origin. Cell Division in animals vs plants Mitosis was discovered by German botanist Eduard Strasburger in 1875 in onion cells and later by German zoologist Walther Flemming in animal gill cells in 1879. -
Crosstalk Between Hydrogen Sulfide and Other Signal Molecules
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Crosstalk between Hydrogen Sulfide and Other Signal Molecules Regulates Plant Growth and Development Lijuan Xuan y, Jian Li y, Xinyu Wang and Chongying Wang * Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (L.X.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (X.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-093-1891-4155 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 31 May 2020; Accepted: 24 June 2020; Published: 28 June 2020 Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), once recognized only as a poisonous gas, is now considered the third endogenous gaseous transmitter, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Multiple lines of emerging evidence suggest that H2S plays positive roles in plant growth and development when at appropriate concentrations, including seed germination, root development, photosynthesis, stomatal movement, and organ abscission under both normal and stress conditions. H2S influences these processes by altering gene expression and enzyme activities, as well as regulating the contents of some secondary metabolites. In its regulatory roles, H2S always interacts with either plant hormones, other gasotransmitters, or ionic signals, such as abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxin, 2+ CO, NO, and Ca . Remarkably, H2S also contributes to the post-translational modification of proteins to affect protein activities, structures, and sub-cellular localization. Here, we review the functions of H2S at different stages of plant development, focusing on the S-sulfhydration of proteins mediated by H2S and the crosstalk between H2S and other signaling molecules. -
COMMENTARY Emerging Patterns of Organization at the Plant Cell Surface
COMMENTARY Emerging patterns of organization at the plant cell surface PAUL KNOX Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Noiwich NR4 7UH, UK The processes involved in the coordinated development of occurrence of plant cell surface molecules, predominantly multicellular organisms are undoubtedly highly complex. glycoproteins, have been correlated with developmental In animal systems extensive information has been ob- stages, tissues or cell types. tained about molecules of the cell surface and extracellu- lar matrix that are involved in cell interactions and developmental processes (Edelman, 1986; Ekblom et al. The molecules of the plant cell surface 1986; Gallagher, 1989). In mature plant tissues, specific cell surface changes are known and can be related to Often thought of as a relatively inert structural box within specific functions and cell types, such as cutin at the outer which the protoplast resides, the plant cell wall can surface of plants, suberin in secondary protective tissue, perhaps more accurately be regarded as the major com- the thickened walls of collenchyma cells and the asym- ponent of a dynamic extracellular matrix, albeit more metrically thickened walls of guard cells. However, knowl- confining and displaying more rigidity than that of animal edge of specific interactions or modulations at the surfaces cells (Roberts, 1989). The great complexity of polysacchar- of plant cells during the primary stages of plant cell ides that account for much of the wall has been, and organization, i.e. in meristems and during embryogenesis, continues to be, elucidated by chemical means, but knowl- is lacking. edge of any compositional differences relating to the early events of morphogenesis is fragmentary (Bacic et al.