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Cotton Growth and Development

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Cotton Growth and Development W287 Cotton Growth and Development Christopher L. Main, Associate Professor Extension Cotton and Small Grains Specialist, Plant Sciences Heat Units or DD60’s Cotton growth milestones are often temperature at which cotton growth given in terms of days after planting occurs. The formula for calculating or between growth stages, but heat units per day is as follows: the development rate of cotton is strongly influenced by temperature. (°FMax + °FMin ) A cotton crop grows more slowly DD60 = – 60 on cool days than on warm days, so 2 temperature measurements during the cropping season help estimate Calculating the accumulated heat when a crop reaches a specific units of a crop over time can then developmental stage. Heat units, be used to estimate the growth of or DD60's, are an estimation of this the cotton during the season. Table accumulated temperature effect 1 demonstrates how to calculate during a day, based on the average accumulated heat units over a five- of the maximum and minimum daily day period. Table 2 provides basic temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit benchmarks in heat unit accumulation (°F and °F , respectively). The max min for different developmental stages of number 60 is subtracted from this cotton growth. average, because 60 degrees F is generally accepted as the lowest otton has many unique Cqualities as a commercial crop. Understanding the history, Table 1. Calculation of daily and accumulated heat units growth habit and development of based on daily high and low temperatures. cotton allows for more efficient and profitable production system. Cotton is a perennial plant adapted Daily High Daily Low Average Daily Heat Accumu- to tropical and subtropical areas of Tempera- Tempera- Daily Units Day lated the world. It has an indeterminant ture ture Temperature (°F +°F )/2 max min Heat growth habit in which both (°F ) (°F ) (°F +ºF )/2 – 60 vegetative and reproductive max min max min Units growth occur at the same time. The 1 89 60 74.5 14.5 14.5 indeterminent habit allows cotton to endure environmental stresses 2 91 59 75 15 29.5 and continue to produce fibers. 3 90 64 77 17 46.5 There are two main commercial species of cotton grown in the 4 85 68 76.5 16.5 63 United States: Gossypium hirsutum 5 82 70 76 16 79 L., or upland cotton, and Gossypium barbadense L., or pima cotton. Table 2. Typical heat units required for various cotton growth stages. Growth stage Heat units Planting to seedling establish- 50-60 ment Nodes up the main stem 45-65 Emergence to first square 425-475 Square to white flower 300-350 Planting to first flower 775-850 White flower to open boll 850 Figure 2. Seedling cotton. Planting to harvest 2300 Seed germination and successful Hypocotyl Cotyledon Terminal Germination and Emergence Meristem emergence is favored by adequate 'Crook Stage' soil oxygen, moisture and warm soil Emergence temperatures (above 65 degrees Cotton seeds contain all the F). Problems with germination essential ingredients for are typically related to excessively germination except one, water. dry or wet soil conditions, soil Cotton seed begin to germinate crusting, salinity, herbicide residue, Lateral cool temperatures and poor seed when seed weight increases Roots by 50 percent, due to water Radicle quality. In Tennessee we typically entering the seed. As the seed Emergence have marginal soil temperatures swells, the seed coat splits, Tap Root when planting begins, since we have a short growing season. Also, allowing the radical to emerge. Figure 1. Cotton seedling establishment. This process takes about three the high percentage of no-till days if adequate soil moisture production acres in Tennessee is present. Tissues between ‘crook’ comes from the appearance present problems with maintaining the elongating radical and the of the curvature of the hypocotyl as adequate seed-to-soil contact cotyledon leaves (seed leaves) it pulls the cotyledons from beneath across various soil types, moisture swell rapidly. As the hypocotyl the soil surface. At this stage, cotton conditions, soil residue and extends to the soil surface, the is extremely susceptible to soil compaction zones. seedling is said to be in the crusting, preventing the cotyledons ‘crook’ stage (Figure 2). The term from emerging. Cotton Planting Forecast Table 3. Probability of cotton stand establishment based on DD60 To aid in making planting decisions, accumulation. a cotton planting forecast can be calculated. A planting forecast Predicted DD60 accumulation will consider the predicted Outlook for stand establishment 5 days after planting temperatures, DD60 accumulation, rainfall and potential for drying <10 Very poor winds. Forecasts are subject to the same inaccuracies associated with 11-15 Poor weather prediction. This information 16-25 Marginal should be used along with good 25-50 Good judgment for making a planting decision (Table 3). >50 Very good the fruit load on the plant increases Cotyledon First true leaf Main stem leaf and ages, the carbohydrate demand increases, and the development rate of new leaves declines. Premature aging of the cotton leaf canopy due to water stress, low fertility and other stresses further reduces the Figure 3. Cotton leaf shapes. photosynthetic capacity of the crop. The branches from which fruiting buds arise are called fruiting Once the cotyledons unfold, branches, or sympodia, because each photosynthesis promotes fruiting branch contains multiple development of new plant tissues meristems. Fruiting branches have a from the apical meristems located “zig-zag” growth habit, as opposed between the cotyledons. The next to the straight growth habit of the structure to develop is the first true- vegetative branches. The initial leaf, which is ovate in shape (Figure growth of a fruiting branch is 4). It typically develops 7 to14 terminated once a fruiting bud days after the seedling becomes forms. The fruiting branch, however, established. The emergence of initiates a new growing point, called the first true leaf shifts the plant’s an axillary meristem. The axillary energy supply to gain carbohydrates Figure 4. Stem arrangement. meristem is located at the base of a from photosynthesis instead of leaf that subtends the newly formed the stored carbohydrates in the fruiting bud. cotyledons. The first several true stem leaves and branches form at leaves to develop are important for The first fruiting branch will proper plant development and need points of attachment on the main stem called nodes. As a general generally arise at main-stem node protecting from insect damage, 5 or 6. A cotton plant will mainly as the carbohydrates created are rule, a new node is produced from the apical meristem an average of produce fruiting branches, but responsible for the development of several common environmental a deep, healthy root system. Cold every three days, although nodes develop more quickly earlier rather factors such as low population soil, insect injury, seedling disease, density, insect and disease pressure, nematodes, low soil pH, water stress, than later in the season. Leaves that arise directly from the main and overfertilization can cause hard pans and herbicide residues vegetative branches to form. can inhibit root development. Root stem are referred to as main stem leaves, while leaves that arise from Vegetative branches are produced development continues during after fruiting branches, and develop the early season. Peak root mass is the fruiting branch are referred to as subtending leaves. The fruit at nodes directly below the node at achieved during early flowering and which the first fruiting branch was then declines into the late season. produced by a branch will primarily receive carbohydrates produced developed. For instance, if the first Carbohydrates are redirected to fruiting branch is initiated at main- metabolic sinks associated with by the leaf subtending that fruit. However, the main stem leaf also stem node 5, a vegetative branch boll formation instead of root and may develop at main-stem node 4. vegetative growth at this time. supplies carbohydrate for fruit development New fruiting branches generally Vegetative Growth develop approximately every three Leaf and Canopy days, although recent studies Cotton has an indeterminate show that this developmental growth habit and can grow very Development rate varies. Squares are produced tall under favorable environmental As a cotton plant develops, at new positions on a fruiting conditions. Growth regulators, such new leaves appear and expand, branch approximately every six as mepiquat chloride, are generally increasing sunlight interception. days. The age of fruiting structures applied to cotton to slow internode Initially the carbohydrates produced on a cotton plant can be mapped elongation, especially for well- by the leaves are used to produce according to this time sequence. fertilized, irrigated cotton. Increased roots and more leaves. This vegetative growth promotes boll production of new leaves causes rot and fruit abscission and makes a the leaf area of the cotton plant to cotton crop difficult to harvest. increase rapidly. Once reproductive structures begin to develop, The first vegetative structures that carbohydrate supplies are slowly appear on the main stem are main shifted to the developing fruit. As stem leaves (Figure 3 and 4). Main Photosynthate Partitioning Most of the cotton plant’s carbohydrate energy is directed to root growth prior to the time reproductive growth begins. This is a function of source-to-sink relationships. Carbohydrates are transported from supply areas (leaves), called sources, to areas of growth or storage (roots, shoots, bolls), called sinks. As bolls develop, Figure 5. Pinhead square, matchhead square, candle and white. they become carbohydrate sinks. Root and shoot growth slow, boll development dominates plant growth and roots continue to supply water and nutrients to the shoot. The first visible structures of the attached to the developing boll The branches on a cotton plant can square are the leaf-like bracts, or for a longer period of time.
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