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SPECIES DIVERSITY and SEASONAL ABUNDANCE of SCARABAEOIDEA at FOUR LOCATIONS in SOUTH CAROLINA Kevin Hinson Clemson University, [email protected]

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SPECIES DIVERSITY and SEASONAL ABUNDANCE of SCARABAEOIDEA at FOUR LOCATIONS in SOUTH CAROLINA Kevin Hinson Clemson University, Krhinso@Clemson.Edu Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2011 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SCARABAEOIDEA AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA Kevin Hinson Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Hinson, Kevin, "SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SCARABAEOIDEA AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA" (2011). All Theses. 1082. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1082 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SCARABAEOIDEA AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA _______________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Entomology _______________________________________________________ by Kevin Richard Hinson May 2011 _______________________________________________________ Accepted by: Juang-Horng Chong, Committee Co-Chair John C. Morse, Committee Co-Chair Julia L. Sharp, Committee member ABSTRACT Using light, flight-intercept, and pitfall traps, 74, 327 specimens of Scarabaeoidea were captured at four golf courses in South Carolina during 2009-2010. Aphodiinae were identified only to the subfamily level and totaled 57,502 specimens. 16,825 specimens in 47 genera and 104 species in the families Ceratocanthidae, Geotrupidae, Hybosoridae, Lucanidae, Passalidae, Scarabaeidae (excluding Aphodiinae), and Trogidae were identified based on morphological characteristics. Similar to other southeastern studies focusing on phytophagous scarabs, the most abundant species consisted of Dyscinetus morator (Fabricius), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister), Cyclocephala lurida Bland, and Hybosorus illigeri Reiche. The most speciose genus captured was Phyllophaga Harris, totaling 22 species. A new state record for Phyllophaga inepta (Horn) is reported. Light traps captured the highest number of specimens (94% of total specimens captured), followed by pitfall trapping (4%), and flight-intercept traps (2%). Light traps captured the highest number of species (83), followed by flight-intercept traps (52), and pitfall traps (15). Flight- intercept traps captured many Cetoniinae and Scarabaeinae species that were not captured in light traps, suggesting that these species may be non-phototactic. Pitfall traps yielded comparatively fewer species, many of which were already present in high numbers in light traps. The highest species diversity occurred at Camden Country Club. The proximity of this location to the convergence of three physiographical regions may explain the unusually high diversity. Male-biased sex ratios were more prevalent in all trap types. ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my mother Teresa, my father Walter, and my brother Mark, for supporting my interest in entomology in every conceivable way from a very young age, and for developing their own sense of enthusiasm for “the little things in life.” As only my family could know, my love for entomology all too frequently developed into an entire home filled with insects. Beyond simple tolerance, my family’s embracement of what many would have considered an ecosystem of unwanted guests is beyond comparison. I would not have developed a love for insects as strongly as I have were it not for my family, and for this I owe them unlimited gratitude. I would also like to dedicate this work to my infant niece, Cameron. I happily anticipate a future of answering, “What’s this bug?” I would also like to dedicate this work to my neighbors, the Doziers. Their gardens presented a paradise for the aspiring naturalist, a paradise where I was always welcome and treated as family. I would especially like to thank Adam for sharing my interest in insects and for so many wonderful summer days spent outdoors. I occasionally recall our tireless search for a particular type of diving beetle among our neighborhood streams. After all these years, I am happy that I can finally call those elusive dytiscids by their proper name: Acilius . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Juang-Horng Chong, Dr. John Morse, and Dr. Julia Sharp for their edititorial work and guidance throughout my research. I would like to thank the superintendants and staff at Camden Country Club, the Cliffs Turfgrass Research and Education Center, the Country Club of South Carolina, and Walker Golf Course for allowing me to conduct research on their beautifully maintained courses. I thank Fran Wimberly, Shawn West, Jessie Strickland, Leslie Strickland, Elaine Chandler, and Danielle Sexton for the collection and sorting of many specimens from Camden Country Club and the Country Club of South Carolina. I would also like to thank Paul Robbins, Cecil Smith, Edward Riley, and Kristin Simpson for help in confirming the identification and locating collection data for P. inepta . I also appreciate the editorial help of Al Wheeler and Peter Adler regarding the P. inepta manuscript. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO SCARABAEOIDEA ........................................................................1 Scarabaeoidea in Human History ...................................................................................1 Systematics of Scarabaeoidea.........................................................................................3 Scarabaeoidea of South Carolina....................................................................................4 Economically important scarabaeids ..............................................................................8 Scarabaeinae as indicators of ecosystem health............................................................13 II. EXAMINATION OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SCARABAEOIDEA AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA..................16 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................17 Results ..........................................................................................................................22 Discussion.....................................................................................................................35 Conclusion....................................................................................................................44 v Table of Contents (Continued) Page III. NEW STATE RECORD FOR PHYLLOPHAGA INEPTA (HORN) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE) FROM SOUTH CAROLINA........................................................................................................70 IV. DISCUSSION OF ABUNDANT SCARABAEOIDS IN THREE SOUTHEASTERN STATES.........................................................................72 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................74 A: Total number of specimens collected in light traps per species, per date, per location during 2009-2010 ............................................................................75 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................96 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Species of Scarabaeoidea captured in South Carolina during 2009-2010 ..................................59 2.2 Months during which scarabaeoid species were captured in flight-intercept traps at each sampling location….......................................................................................................64 2.3 Months during which scarabaeoid species were captured in pitfall traps at each sampling location…...............................................................................68 A-1 Light trap collections of Scarabaeoidea from Camden Country Club (Camden, South Carolina) March- June, 2009… .......................................................................75 A-2 Light trap collections of Scarabaeoidea from Camden Country Club (Camden, South Carolina) July-September, 2009… ..................................................................77 A-3 Light trap collections of Scarabaeoidea from Camden Country Club (Camden, South Carolina) October-December, 2009.................................................................78 A-4 Light
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