Propriété Seigneuriale Dans Le Gouvernement De Québec Entre 1626 Et 1760

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Propriété Seigneuriale Dans Le Gouvernement De Québec Entre 1626 Et 1760 BENO~TGRENIER DEVENIR SEIGNEUR EN NOUVELLE-FRANCE : MOBILITÉ SOCIALE ET PROPRIÉTÉSEIGNEURIALE DANS LE GOUVERNEMENT DE QUÉBEC SOUS LE RÉGIMEFRANÇAIS Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'université Laval pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M.A.) Département d'histoire FACULTÉ DES LETTRES UNIVERSITÉLAVAL O Benoît Grenier, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON Ki A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your hie Votre relerence Our fi& Notre relerenco The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fih, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Analysant la mobilité sociale dans le gouvernement de Québec sous le Régime français, ce mémoire aborde la propriété seigneuriale en tant qu'illustration de la promotion sociale dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent au XVIIe et au XVTIIe siècle. Cette analyse, portant sur une soixantaine d'individus aux origines modestes, issus notamment de la paysannerie, ayant accédé à la propriété seigneuriale, se veut une contribution a l'étude de la promotion sociale en Nouvelle-France. Quatre parties constituent l'essentiel de ce mémoire. L'origine de ces individus et les modes d'élévation sociale sont étudiés dans une première servant de cadre contextuel et de présentation socio- démographique. Les trois chapitres suivants visent à répondre plus directement à la problématique de l'étude, à savoir l'impact socio-économique de la propriété seigneuriale chez ces seigneurs aux humbles origines. La durabilité de la propriété seigneuriale, ainsi que le fait d'y résider ou non et le peuplement de la seigneurie sont les éléments étudiés dans le deuxième chapitre. Le troisième chapitre aborde la question du prestige tributaire de la seigneurie, en s'intéressant aux appellations attribuées aux seigneurs, de méme que les fortunes seigneuriales, pour connaître l'incidence économique de la propriété seigneuriale. Dans un dernier temps, le quatrième chapitre met en relief les alliances matrimoniales des familles seigneuriales, également révélatrices du possible impact de la possession d'une seigneurie. Au sein de cette société française d'Ancien Régime, transplantée sur les rives du Saint- Laurent, d'importantes mutations s'opèrent. L'une de ces transformations est perceptible par la plus grande possibilité de mobilité sociale, quasi inexistante en France. Par l'analyse des destins d'hommes dont la naissance ne laissait en rien présager un tel parcours, ce mémoire vise a comprendre l'enjeu de la propriété seigneuriale pour de tels individus ainsi que ses répercussions. Au terme de la rédaction de mon mémoire de maîtrise, je tiens i adresser certains remerciements particuliers à ceux et celles qui ont participé à la réalisation de cette étude. Tout d'abord, je tiens à remercier sincèrement Monsieur Alain Laberge, mon directeur de recherche, qui m'a conseillé et soutenu tout au long du processus de recherche et de rédaction. Sans ses judicieux conseils. ce mémoire n'aurait pu voir le jour. Mes remerciements vont également à Monsieur André Sanfaçon, professeur au Département d'histoire de l'Université Laval, qui a effectué la prélecture de mon mémoire, apportant des commentaires éclairés sur l'ensemble de mon travail. Je remercie aussi Madame Johame Daigle, également professeur au Département d'histoire, responsable du séminaire Projef de .bfPmotre pour sa disponibilité et ses conseils fort appréciés. J'exprime aussi ma reconnaissance au Conseil du Département d'histoire de l'Université Laval pour m'avoir accordé une subvention de fin de mémoire de maîtrise, bourse qui m'a permis de me consacrer à la rédaction au cours du semestre d'hiver 2000. Enfin, je tiens à remercier ceux qui. pendant ces deux années, m'ont apporté le soutien dont j'avais besoin : mes parents, mes amis et surtout mon épouse pour sa patience et ses encouragements bienveillants. RÉSUMÉ ....................................................................................................................... ii AVANT-PROPOS .................................................................................................... iri TABLE DES MATIÈRES........................................................................................ iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX ET FIGURES .................... o.o............. o............. vi TABLE DES GRAPFnQlTES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~8~I88~~~I88888~~8#8888888#8vii TABLE DES ANNEXES ........................................................................................ viii SOURCES ET BLBLIOGRAPHTE ......................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 CHAPITRE PREMIER DEVENIR SEIGNEUR : AUX ORIGINES DE LA PROPRIÉTÉ SEIGNEURIALE .......... 17 1. Périodisation ..................................................................................................... 18 2 . Des individus ....................................................................................................19 3 . Des seigneurs ........................................................................................................ 24 4 . Des modes d'élévation sociale ............................................................................. 32 CHAPITRE DELX DEVENIR SEIGNEUR ... ET LE RESTER . DUEWBILITÉ.RESIDENCE SEIGNEURULE ET PEUPLEMENT ..................... ...... ..................*....................................................................... 38 Durabilité de la propriété seigneuriale .................................................................38 1.1 Pour le seigneur ....................................................................................... 39 1.2 Pou sa famille et sa descendance .........................................................46 Résidence seigneuriale .........................................................................................51 Peuplement seigneurial ........................................................................................ 56 CHAPITRE TROIS SEIGNEURS OU WITANTS : PRESTIGE ET FORTUNES SEIGNEURIALES ................ 61 1. Au gré des appellations ........................................................................................ 61 1.1 Un grand nombre de "Sieurs".................................................................. 64 1.2 Se dire seigneur ...................................................................................... 67 1.3 Des fonctions encore plus prestigieuses ? .......................................... 70 1.4 La seigneurie porteuse de dignité ...................................................... 73 1.5 De "simples" seigneurs ........................................................................... 74 2 . A la recherche des fortunes seigneuriales ............................................................ 77 2.1 Les sources ............................................................................................. 78 2.2 Les contrats de mariages : des indices biens minces ............................. 82 2.2.1 Dots. avancements d'hoirie et autres donations ....................... 82 2.2.2 Douaires et préciputs ...........................................................86 dune 2.3 Les inventaires.. après décès : sur la piste richesse seigneunale inexistante?........................................................................ 90 3.3.1 Une connaissance limitée aux biens mobiliers ........................ 90 2.3.2 Créanciers et débiteurs .................................................... 92 2.3.3 Les fortunes seigneuriales : un bilan ........................................ 93 2.3.4 Un niveau de vie seigneurial? .................................................. 96 2.4 D'autres indices de fortune : au gré des recensements ............................98 2.4. i La domesticité ...................... ., ............................................... 99 2.4.2 Des arpents, des bêtes et des fusils ........................................ 100 CHAPITRE QUATRE LES ALLIANCES MATRIMONIALES DES FAMILLES SEIGNEURIALES : LE DIFFICILE MAINTIEN D'UN STATUT SOCLAL .................. ............ ....... "............................................ 103 1. Alliances des seigneurs ............................................................................ 105 1.1 Célibataires et veufs ..................................................................105 1.2 Epouser un seigneur : un privilège ............................................ 106 2 . Alliances des filles et des fils de seigneurs .................................. .. ...108 2.1 Origines sociales des épouses et époux .................................... 109
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