Aerospace Micro-Lesson
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1957 – the Year the Space Age Began Conditions in 1957
1957 – The Year the Space Age Began Roger L. Easton, retired Naval Research Laboratory Linda Hall Library Kansas City MO 6 September 2007 Conditions in 1957 z Much different from now, slower, more optimistic in some ways z Simpler, yet very frightening, time 1 1957 in Politics z January 20: Second Presidential Inauguration of Dwight Eisenhower 1957 in Toys z First “Frisbee” from Wham-O 2 1957 in Sports z Third Year of Major League Baseball in Kansas City z the “Athletics,” not the “Royals” 1957 in Sports z No pro football in Kansas City z AFL was three years in future z no Chiefs until 1963 3 1957 at Home z No microwave ovens z (TV dinners since 1954) z Few color television sets z (first broadcasts late in 1953) z No postal Zip Codes z Circular phone diales z No cell phones z (heck, no Area Codes, no direct long-distance dialing!) z No Internet, no personal computers z Music recorded on vinyl discs, not compact or computer disks 1957 in Transportation z Gas cost 27¢ per gallon z September 4: Introduction of the Edsel by Ford Motor Company z cancelled in 1959 after loss of $250M 4 1957 in Transportation z October 28: rollout of first production Boeing 707 1957 in Science z International Geophysical Year (IGY) z (actually, “year and a half”) 5 IGY Accomplishments z South Polar Stations established z Operation Deep Freeze z Discovery of mid-ocean submarine ridges z evidence of plate tectonics z USSR and USA pledged to launch artificial satellites (“man-made moons”) z discovery of Van Allen radiation belts 1957: “First” Year of Space Age z Space Age arguably began in 1955 z President Eisenhower announced that USA would launch small unmanned earth-orbiting satellite as part of IGY z Project Vanguard 6 Our Story: z The battle to determine who would launch the first artificial satellite: z Werner von Braun of the U.S. -
Russia's Posture in Space
Russia’s Posture in Space: Prospects for Europe Executive Summary Prepared by the European Space Policy Institute Marco ALIBERTI Ksenia LISITSYNA May 2018 Table of Contents Background and Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 Domestic Developments in Russia’s Space Programme ............................................................ 2 Russia’s International Space Posture ......................................................................................... 4 Prospects for Europe .................................................................................................................. 5 Background and Research Objectives For the 50th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik-1, in 2007, the rebirth of Russian space activities appeared well on its way. After the decade-long crisis of the 1990s, the country’s political leadership guided by President Putin gave new impetus to the development of national space activities and put the sector back among the top priorities of Moscow’s domestic and foreign policy agenda. Supported by the progressive recovery of Russia’s economy, renewed political stability, and an improving external environment, Russia re-asserted strong ambitions and the resolve to regain its original position on the international scene. Towards this, several major space programmes were adopted, including the Federal Space Programme 2006-2015, the Federal Target Programme on the development of Russian cosmodromes, and the Federal Target Programme on the redeployment of GLONASS. This renewed commitment to the development of space activities was duly reflected in a sharp increase in the country’s launch rate and space budget throughout the decade. Thanks to the funds made available by flourishing energy exports, Russia’s space expenditure continued to grow even in the midst of the global financial crisis. Besides new programmes and increased funding, the spectrum of activities was also widened to encompass a new focus on space applications and commercial products. -
Back to the the Future? 07> Probing the Kuiper Belt
SpaceFlight A British Interplanetary Society publication Volume 62 No.7 July 2020 £5.25 SPACE PLANES: back to the the future? 07> Probing the Kuiper Belt 634089 The man behind the ISS 770038 Remembering Dr Fred Singer 9 CONTENTS Features 16 Multiple stations pledge We look at a critical assessment of the way science is conducted at the International Space Station and finds it wanting. 18 The man behind the ISS 16 The Editor reflects on the life of recently Letter from the Editor deceased Jim Beggs, the NASA Administrator for whom the building of the ISS was his We are particularly pleased this supreme achievement. month to have two features which cover the spectrum of 22 Why don’t we just wing it? astronautical activities. Nick Spall Nick Spall FBIS examines the balance between gives us his critical assessment of winged lifting vehicles and semi-ballistic both winged and blunt-body re-entry vehicles for human space capsules, arguing that the former have been flight and Alan Stern reports on his grossly overlooked. research at the very edge of the 26 Parallels with Apollo 18 connected solar system – the Kuiper Belt. David Baker looks beyond the initial return to the We think of the internet and Moon by astronauts and examines the plan for a how it helps us communicate and sustained presence on the lunar surface. stay in touch, especially in these times of difficulty. But the fact that 28 Probing further in the Kuiper Belt in less than a lifetime we have Alan Stern provides another update on the gone from a tiny bleeping ball in pioneering work of New Horizons. -
University of Iowa Instruments in Space
University of Iowa Instruments in Space A-D13-089-5 Wind Van Allen Probes Cluster Mercury Earth Venus Mars Express HaloSat MMS Geotail Mars Voyager 2 Neptune Uranus Juno Pluto Jupiter Saturn Voyager 1 Spaceflight instruments designed and built at the University of Iowa in the Department of Physics & Astronomy (1958-2019) Explorer 1 1958 Feb. 1 OGO 4 1967 July 28 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Launch Date Launch Date Launch Date Spacecraft Spacecraft Spacecraft Explorer 3 (U1T9)58 Mar. 26 Injun 5 1(U9T68) Aug. 8 (UT) ExpEloxrpelro r1e r 4 1915985 8F eJbu.l y1 26 OEGxOpl o4rer 41 (IMP-5) 19697 Juunlye 2 281 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Explorer 2 (launch failure) 1958 Mar. 5 OGO 5 1968 Mar. 4 Van Allen Probe A * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 3er 1 1915985 8M Oarc. t2. 611 InEjuxnp lo5rer 45 (SSS) 197618 NAouvg.. 186 Van Allen Probe B * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 4er 2 1915985 8Ju Nlyo 2v.6 8 EUxpKlo 4r e(rA 4ri1el -(4IM) P-5) 197619 DJuenc.e 1 211 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 1 * 2015 Mar. 12 ExpPloiorenre 5e r 3 (launch failure) 1915985 8A uDge.c 2. 46 EPxpiolonreeerr 4130 (IMP- 6) 19721 Maarr.. 313 HMEaRgCnIe CtousbpeShaetr i(cF oMxu-1ltDis scaatelell itMe)i ssion / 2 * 2021081 J5a nM. a1r2. 12 PionPeioenr e1er 4 1915985 9O cMt.a 1r.1 3 EExpxlpolorerer r4 457 ( S(IMSSP)-7) 19721 SNeopvt.. 1263 HMaalogSnaett oCsupbhee Sriact eMlluitlet i*scale Mission / 3 * 2021081 M5a My a2r1. 12 Pioneer 2 1958 Nov. 8 UK 4 (Ariel-4) 1971 Dec. 11 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 4 * 2015 Mar. -
Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer Launch Press
PRess KIT/DECEMBER 2009 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Launch Contents Media Services Information ................................................................................................................. 3 Quick Facts ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Mission Overview .................................................................................................................................. 5 Why Infrared? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Science Goals and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 12 Spacecraft ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Science Instrument ............................................................................................................................. 19 Infrared Missions: Past and Present ............................................................................................... 23 NASA’s Explorer Program ................................................................................................................. 25 Program/Project Management .......................................................................................................... 27 Media Contacts J.D. Harrington -
Race to Space Educator Edition
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grade Level RACE TO SPACE 10-11 Key Topic Instructional Objectives U.S. space efforts from Students will 1957 - 1969 • analyze primary and secondary source documents to be used as Degree of Difficulty supporting evidence; Moderate • incorporate outside information (information learned in the study of the course) as additional support; and Teacher Prep Time • write a well-developed argument that answers the document-based 2 hours essay question regarding the analogy between the Race to Space and the Cold War. Problem Duration 60 minutes: Degree of Difficulty -15 minute document analysis For the average AP US History student the problem may be at a moderate - 45 minute essay writing difficulty level. -------------------------------- Background AP Course Topics This problem is part of a series of Social Studies problems celebrating the - The United States and contributions of NASA’s Apollo Program. the Early Cold War - The 1950’s On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy spoke before a special joint - The Turbulent 1960’s session of Congress and challenged the country to safely send and return an American to the Moon before the end of the decade. President NCSS Social Studies Kennedy’s vision for the three-year old National Aeronautics and Space Standards Administration (NASA) motivated the United States to develop enormous - Time, Continuity technological capabilities and inspired the nation to reach new heights. and Change Eight years after Kennedy’s speech, NASA’s Apollo program successfully - People, Places and met the president’s challenge. On July 20, 1969, the world witnessed one of Environments the most astounding technological achievements in the 20th century. -
Satellite Meteorology in the Cold War Era: Scientific Coalitions and International Leadership 1946-1964
SATELLITE METEOROLOGY IN THE COLD WAR ERA: SCIENTIFIC COALITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1946-1964 A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Angelina Long Callahan In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History and Sociology of Technology and Science Georgia Institute of Technology December 2013 Copyright © Angelina Long Callahan 2013 SATELLITE METEOROLOGY IN THE COLD WAR ERA: SCIENTIFIC COALITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1946-1964 Approved by: Dr. John Krige, Advisor Dr. Leo Slater School of History, Technology & History Office Society Code 1001.15 Georgia Institute of Technology Naval Research Laboratory Dr. James Fleming Dr. Steven Usselman School of History, Technology & School of History, Technology & Society Society Colby College Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Kenneth Knoespel Date Approved: School of History, Technology & 6 November 2013 Society Georgia Institute of Technology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I submit this dissertation mindful that I’ve much left to do and much left to learn. Thus, lacking more elegant phrasing, I dedicate this to anyone who has set aside their own work to educate me. All of you listed below are extremely talented and because of that, managing substantial workloads. In spite of that, you have each been generous with your insight over the years and I am grateful for every meeting, email, and gesture of support you have shown. First, I want to thank my dissertation committee. I am extremely proud to claim each of you as a mentor. Please know how grateful I am for your patience and constructive criticism with this work in progress as it evolved milestone by milestone. -
The Space Race
The Space Race Aims: To arrange the key events of the “Space Race” in chronological order. To decide which country won the Space Race. Space – the Final Frontier “Space” is everything Atmosphere that exists outside of our planet’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is the layer of Earth gas which surrounds our planet. Without it, none of us would be able to breathe! Space The sun is a star which is orbited (circled) by a system of planets. Earth is the third planet from the sun. There are nine planets in our solar system. How many of the other eight can you name? Neptune Saturn Mars Venus SUN Pluto Uranus Jupiter EARTH Mercury What has this got to do with the COLD WAR? Another element of the Cold War was the race to control the final frontier – outer space! Why do you think this would be so important? The Space Race was considered important because it showed the world which country had the best science, technology, and economic system. It would prove which country was the greatest of the superpowers, the USSR or the USA, and which political system was the best – communism or capitalism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvaEvCNZymo The Space Race – key events Discuss the following slides in your groups. For each slide, try to agree on: • which of the three options is correct • whether this was an achievement of the Soviet Union (USSR) or the Americans (USA). When did humans first send a satellite into orbit around the Earth? 1940s, 1950s or 1960s? Sputnik 1 was launched in October 1957. -
Proceedings of Spie
PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE SPIEDigitalLibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie Ground calibration of the spatial response and quantum efficiency of the CdZnTe hard x-ray detectors for NuSTAR Brian W. Grefenstette, Varun Bhalerao, W. Rick Cook, Fiona A. Harrison, Takao Kitaguchi, et al. Brian W. Grefenstette, Varun Bhalerao, W. Rick Cook, Fiona A. Harrison, Takao Kitaguchi, Kristin K. Madsen, Peter H. Mao, Hiromasa Miyasaka, Vikram Rana, "Ground calibration of the spatial response and quantum efficiency of the CdZnTe hard x-ray detectors for NuSTAR," Proc. SPIE 10392, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XIX, 1039207 (29 August 2017); doi: 10.1117/12.2271365 Event: SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2017, San Diego, California, United States Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 1/5/2018 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use Ground Calibration of the Spatial Response and Quantum Efficiency of the CdZnTe Hard X-ray Detectors for NuSTAR Brian W. Grefenstette1, Varun Bhalerao2, W. Rick Cook1, Fiona A. Harrison1, Takao Kitaguchi3, Kristin K. Madsen1, Peter H. Mao1, Hiromasa Miyasaka1, Vikram Rana1 1Space Radiation Lab, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 2Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India 3RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan ABSTRACT Pixelated Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe) detectors are currently flying on the Nuclear Spectroscopic Tele- scope ARray (NuSTAR) NASA Astrophysics Small Explorer. While the pixel pitch of the detectors is ≈ 605 µm, we can leverage the detector readout architecture to determine the interaction location of an individual photon to much higher spatial accuracy. -
Spacecraft Solar Cell Arrays
NASA NASA SP-8074 SPACE VEHICLE DESIGN CRITERIA (GUIDANCE AND CONTROL) SPACECRAFT SOLAR CELL ARRAYS MAY 1971 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION c GUIDE TO THE USE OF THIS MONOGRAPH The purpose of this monograph is to organize and present, for effective use in design, the signifi- cant experience and knowledge accumulated in operational programs to date. It reviews and assesses current state-of-the-art design practices, and from them establishes firm guidance for achieving greater consistency in design, increased reliability in the end product, and greater efficiency in the design effort for conventional missions. The monograph is organized into three major sections that are preceded by a brief introduction and complemented by a set of references. The State of the Art, Section 2, reviews and discusses the total design problem, and identifies which1 design elements are involved in successful design. It describes succinctly the current tech- nology pertaining to these elements. When detailed information is required, the best available references are cited. This section serves as a survey of the subject that provides background material and prepares a proper technological base for the Design Criteria and Recommended Practices. The Design Criteria, shown in Section 3, state clearly and briefly what rule, guide, limitation, or standard must be considered for each essential design element to ensure successful design. The Design Criteria can serve effectively as a checklist of rules for the project manager to use in guiding a design or in assessing its adequacy. The Recommended Practices, as shown in Section 4, state how to satisfy each of the criteria. -
Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships!
Engineering Lesson Plan: Russian Rocket Ships! Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Launcher Schematics Uttering the text “rocket ship” can excite, mystify, and inspire young children. A rocket ship can transport people and cargo to places far away with awe-inspiring speed and accuracy. The text “rocket scientist” indexes a highly intelligent and admirable person, someone who is able to create, or assist in the creation of machines, vehicles that can actually leave the world we all call “home.” Rocket scientists possess the knowledge to take human beings and fantastic machines to space. This knowledge is built upon basic scientific principles of motion and form—the understanding, for young learners, of shapes and their function. This lesson uses the shape of a rocket to ignite engineering knowledge and hopefully, inspiration in young pupils and introduces them to a space program on the other side of the world. Did you know that the first person in space, Yuri Gagarin, was from the former Soviet Union? That the Soviet Union (now Russia) sent the first spacecraft, Sputnik I, into Earth’s orbit? That today, American NASA-based astronauts fly to Russia to launch and must learn conversational Russian as part of their training? Now, in 2020, there are Russians and Americans working together in the International Space Station (ISS), the latest brought there by an American-based commercial craft. Being familiar with the contributions Russia (and the former Soviet Union) has made to space travel is an integral part of understanding the ongoing human endeavor to explore the space all around us. After all, Russian cosmonauts use rocket ships too! The following lesson plan is intended for kindergarten students in Indiana to fulfill state engineering learning requirements. -
Signature Redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology Affd Society August 19, 2014
Project Apollo, Cold War Diplomacy and the American Framing of Global Interdependence by MASSACHUSETTS 5NS E. OF TECHNOLOGY OCT 0 6 201 Teasel Muir-Harmony LIBRARIES Bachelor of Arts St. John's College, 2004 Master of Arts University of Notre Dame, 2009 Submitted to the Program in Science, Technology, and Society In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2014 D 2014 Teasel Muir-Harmony. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology affd Society August 19, 2014 Certified by: Signature redacted David A. Mindell Frances and David Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Committee Chair redacted Certified by: Signature David Kaiser C01?shausen Professor of the History of Science Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics Committee Member Signature redacted Certified by: Rosalind Williams Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Technology Committee Member Accepted by: Signature redacted Heather Paxson William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor, Anthropology Director of Graduate Studies, History, Anthropology, and STS Signature