Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy 2016
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Rok 2016 był pierwszym, w którym pełna odpowiedzialność za kształtowanie i prowadzenie polskiej polityki zagranicznej została powierzona nowej większości sejmowej. 29 stycznia 2016 r. w imieniu rządu premier Beaty Szydło informację o jego polityce zagranicznej przedstawił Sejmowi minister spraw zagranicznych Witold Waszczykowski. Najważniejszym wyzwaniem, przed jakim stanął nowy rząd, był zbliżający się szczyt NATO, który zgodnie z postanowieniami szczytu w Walii w 2014 r. miał odbyć się w Warszawie. W związku z agresją Rosji na Ukrainę w 2014 r., aneksją Krymu i okupowaniem przez Rosję wschodnich terytoriów Ukrainy radykalnie zmieniła się sytuacja bezpieczeństwa w Europie. Y Rosja w swojej polityce zagranicznej sięgnęła po agresję zbrojną i aneksje terytorialne, najpierw E A przeciwko Gruzji w 2008 r., a następnie przeciwko Ukrainie, co przyniosło cezurę R B ROCZNIK w pozimnowojennej historii Europy. Odchodziła do przeszłości epoka kształtowania O bezpieczeństwa Starego Kontynentu w oparciu o poszanowanie przez wszystkie państwa O YEARBOOK europejskie prawa międzynarodowego, pokojowe rozwiązywanie sporów, niezmienność granic, K bezpieczeństwo kooperatywne, rozbrojenie i budowę środków wzajemnego zaufania. Celem O F polskiej polityki zagranicznej było więc dostosowanie Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego do nowej P sytuacji, zwiększenie jego zdolności do odstraszania Rosji na jego wschodniej flance oraz O L podwyższenie jego asertywności politycznej i gotowości bojowej. I S POLSKIEJ POLITYKI Sławomir Dębski H F 2OF POLISH01 6 O R E I G N P O L I C Y FOREIGN POLICY ZAGRANICZNEJ 2 0 1 6 The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) is a leading Central European think tank that positions itself between the world of politics and independent analysis. PISM provides analytical support to decisionmakers and diplomats, initiates public debate and disseminates expert knowledge about contemporary international relations. The work of PISM is guided by the 2016 conviction that the decision-making process in international relations should be based on knowledge that comes from reliable and valid research. www.pism.pl ISSN 1233-9903 9 7 7 1 2 3 3 9 9 0 1 6 1 Cena 36 zł (w tym VAT 5%) YEARBOOK OF POLISH FOREIGN POLICY 2016 „Wydanie trzech numerów anglojęzycznego pisma Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy i zapewnienie do niego otwartego dostępu w internecie” Zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 890/P-DUNdem/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przezna- czonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę © Copyright by Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, Warszawa 2020 Editorial Board Editor-in-chief: dr Sławomir Dębski Deputy editor-in-chief: Bartosz Wiśniewski Assistant editor: Karol Wasilewski Mambers of board: dr. Przemysław Biskup, dr. Łukasz Jasina, dr. Łukasz Jurczyszyn, dr. hab. Agnieszka Legucka, dr. Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski, dr. hab. Sebastian Płóciennik, dr. Marcin Przychodniak, dr. Patrycja Sasnal, dr. Justyna Szczudlik, dr. Jolanta Szymańska, dr. Marcin Terlikowski Reviewers dr. Agnieszka Bryc, Wojciech Gizicki Translation Magdalena Klimowicz Proofreading Brien Barnett Cover design and technical editor Dorota Dołęgowska Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy has been published since 1993. (Polish version since 1991). The views expressed here are solely those of the authors. ISSN 1233-4794 ISBN 978-83-66091-49-8 (pb) ISBN 978-83-66091-50-4 (e-book) Publisher Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych ul. Warecka 1a, 00-950 Warszawa tel. (+48) 22 556 80 00 e-mail: [email protected]; www.pism.pl Printed by OWP SIM ul. Orzechowa 2, 05-077 Warszawa Contents From the Editor .............................................. 5 I. The Basis of Polish Foreign Policy Government Information on the Polish Foreign Policy in 2016 (presented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Witold Waszczykowski at a sitting of the Sejm on 29 January 2016) ................ 11 Security Policy of the Republic of Poland .......................... 31 Artur Kacprzyk, Wojciech Lorenz, Marcin Terlikowski Poland in the European Union .................................. 48 Jolanta Szymańska, Patryk Toporowski II. Poland’s Policy towards Selected States and Regions Poland’s Policy towards the United States. 67 Andrzej Dąbrowski Poland’s Policy towards the United Kingdom ....................... 78 Bartłomiej Znojek Poland’s Policy towards Germany. 91 Sebastian Płóciennik Poland’s Policy towards France .................................. 105 Łukasz Jurczyszyn Poland’s Policy towards Russia .................................. 119 Agnieszka Legucka Poland’s Policy towards Ukraine. 134 Daniel Szeligowski Poland’s Policy towards Belarus ................................. 146 Anna Maria Dyner Poland’s Policy towards China .................................. 155 Justyna Szczudlik* Poland’s Policy in the Visegrad Group ............................ 170 Veronika Jóźwiak, Łukasz Ogrodnik Poland’s Policy in the Baltic Sea Region. 182 Kinga Raś III. Selected Problems of Poland’s Foreign Policy Poland’s Energy and Climate Policy .............................. 199 Marek Wąsiński Economic Diplomacy in Poland’s Foreign Policy .................... 214 Damian Wnukowski Poland’s Development Cooperation .............................. 230 Patryk Kugiel From the Editor I am pleased to inform you that the Polish Institute of International Affairs has decided to resume the publication of its Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy. For reasons unknown to me, the tradition of publishing the Yearbook annually was abandoned in 2012. We will gradually strive to make up for several years’ negligence and Yearbook 2016 is our first step in this direction. Popularisation of knowledge on Polish foreign policy is among PISM’s statutory tasks. We will be carrying out this task by compiling our Yearbooks of Polish Foreign Policy. This tradition is important not only for PISM but also for the entire community interested in international affairs and in Poland’s place in the global arena—for Polish and foreign diplomats, experts and analysts, academics, and journalists. Human memory is fallible, it is often impacted by opinions formulated post factum, influenced by more recent events and their interpretation, which makes them ahistorical. The Yearbook has always served as a systematised “snapshot” of Polish foreign policy taken either when this policy was still being pursued or immediately afterwards. We are returning to our tradition according to which the authors of specific chapters are PISM analysts specialising in the discussed issues and closely following the process of how the described policies are shaped and pursued. Our reflection is offered in a systematised manner. Each time, the annual “Government Information on Polish Foreign Policy” delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Sejm is the starting point for our discussion. In each of the chapters, we intend to present the manner in which the government defines the goals of its policy and to assess, as objectively as possible, the effectiveness of the implementation of the declared assumptions. In my view, this approach is what we really need in a situation of a heated and highly polarised political debate that results in public opinion mostly receiving extreme views. This is why systematic analytical observation prepared as objectively as possible according to a single method applied each year, is so important. This has always been a strong point of the Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy and this is the standard we intend to revive. As a result of parliamentary elections held on 25 October 2015, a new government was formed by a coalition of the following centre-right parties: Law and Justice (PiS) led by Jarosław Kaczyński, United Poland led by Zbigniew Ziobro, and Poland Together United Right, led by Jarosław Gowin, all of which formed a joint Law and Justice parliamentary group in the Sejm. This is how, for the first time in Poland’s post-1989 history, a government was formed on the basis of a parliamentary majority represented by a single parliamentary group. Beata Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy 2016 5 From the Editor Szydło (who received 96,127 votes) was appointed as prime minister. Szydło is a PiS politician and the former head of the presidential campaign of Andrzej Duda, a candidate nominated by Law and Justice who won the presidential election in May 2015. Witold Waszczykowski, PhD (32,909 votes) was appointed as the minister of foreign affairs in the new government, and Antoni Macierewicz (33,960 votes) as minister of defence. Both were Law and Justice politicians. In this way, this party’s politicians assumed offices of key importance for the pursuit of foreign policy, as stipulated in Poland’s constitution. 2016 was the first year in which the new parliamentary majority assumed full responsibility for shaping and pursuing Polish foreign policy. On 29 January 2016, on behalf of the government headed by Prime Minister Szydło, Minister of Foreign Affairs Waszczykowski presented the government’s information on Polish foreign policy to the Sejm. In his speech, he emphasised that in a situation of Europe-wide concern as to the directions and the future of European integration, Poland would base its cooperation with its European and global political partners on four premises: “Firstly, we will seek to root foreign policy in the political will of sovereign states, which—if they share deep common values and interests—are ready to work together to achieve common goals. This is the base of NATO and the European Union.