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Plantago Cordata) in Ontario Ontario Recovery Strategy Series

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Plantago Cordata) in Ontario Ontario Recovery Strategy Series Allen Woodliffe Heart-leaved Plantain (Plantago cordata) in Ontario Ontario Recovery Strategy Series Recovery strategy prepared under the Endangered Species Act, 2007 Ministry of Natural Resources About the Ontario Recovery Strategy Series This series presents the collection of recovery strategies that are prepared or adopted as advice to the Province of Ontario on the recommended approach to recover species at risk. The Province ensures the preparation of recovery strategies to meet its commitments to recover species at risk under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada. What is recovery? What’s next? Recovery of species at risk is the process by which the Nine months after the completion of a recovery strategy decline of an endangered, threatened, or extirpated a government response statement will be published species is arrested or reversed, and threats are which summarizes the actions that the Government of removed or reduced to improve the likelihood of a Ontario intends to take in response to the strategy. The species’ persistence in the wild. implementation of recovery strategies depends on the continued cooperation and actions of government agencies, individuals, communities, land users, and What is a recovery strategy? conservationists. Under the ESA a recovery strategy provides the best available scientific knowledge on what is required to For more information achieve recovery of a species. A recovery strategy outlines the habitat needs and the threats to the To learn more about species at risk recovery in Ontario, survival and recovery of the species. It also makes please visit the Ministry of Natural Resources Species at recommendations on the objectives for protection and Risk webpage at: www.ontario.ca/speciesatrisk recovery, the approaches to achieve those objectives, and the area that should be considered in the development of a habitat regulation. Sections 11 to 15 of the ESA outline the required content and timelines for developing recovery strategies published in this series. Recovery strategies are required to be prepared for endangered and threatened species within one or two years respectively of the species being added to the Species at Risk in Ontario list. There is a transition period of five years (until June 30, 2013) to develop recovery strategies for those species listed as endangered or threatened in the schedules of the ESA. Recovery strategies are required to be prepared for extirpated species only if reintroduction is considered feasible. Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario RECOMMENDED CITATION Jalava, J.V. and J.D. Ambrose. 2012. Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain (Plantago cordata) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. vi + 27 pp. Cover Illustration: Allen Woodliffe © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2012 ISBN 978-1-4435-9425-7 Content (excluding the cover illustration) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. Cette publication hautement spécialisée Recovery strategies prepared under the Endangered Species Act, 2007, n’est disponible qu’en Anglais en vertu du Règlement 411/97 qui en exempte l’application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir de l’aide en français, veuillez communiquer avec Pamela Wesley au ministère des Richesses naturelles au 705-755-5217. i Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario AUTHORS Jarmo V. Jalava, Consulting Ecologist, Carolinian Canada Coalition John D. Ambrose, Carolinian Woodlands Recovery Team ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Earlier drafts of this recovery strategy were prepared in consultation with the Carolinian Woodlands Plants Technical Committee, consisting of Dawn Bazely (York University), Jane Bowles (University of Western Ontario), Barb Boysen (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, OMNR), Dawn Burke (OMNR), Peter Carson (Private consultant), Ken Elliott (OMNR), Mary Gartshore (Private consultant), Karen Hartley (OMNR), Steve Hounsell (Ontario Power Generation), Donald Kirk (OMNR), Daniel Kraus (Nature Conservancy of Canada), Nikki May (Carolinian Canada), Gordon Nelson (Carolinian Canada), Michael Peppard (Non government organization, NGO), Bernie Solymar (Private consultant), Tara Tchir (Upper Thames Conservation Authority), Kara Vlasman (OMNR), Allen Woodliffe (OMNR). Kate Hayes (Environment Canada / Savanta), Karen Hartley (OMNR), Chris Risley (OMNR) and Muriel Andreae (St. Clair Region Conservation Authority), who provided information and advice during the preparation of this strategy in its early stages. Michael Oldham (OMNR), Ron Gould (OMNR), Judith Jones (Winter Spider Eco-consulting) were especially helpful in the latter stages. Allen Woodliffe (OMNR) provided essential information and guidance throughout the development of the strategy. ii Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario DECLARATION The recovery strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). This recovery strategy has been prepared as advice to the Government of Ontario, other responsible jurisdictions and the many different constituencies that may be involved in recovering the species. The recovery strategy does not necessarily represent the views of all of the individuals who provided advice or contributed to its preparation or the official positions of the organizations with which the individuals are associated. The goals, objectives and recovery approaches identified in the strategy are based on the best available knowledge and are subject to revision as new information becomes available. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations. Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy. RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Environment Canada – Canadian Wildlife Service, Ontario iii Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Heart-leaved Plantain (Plantago cordata) is a perennial herb that was first designated endangered in Ontario in 1985 because there are only two extant populations and they are limited by narrow habitat tolerance and ongoing habitat degradation. The global range originally extended across North America from Ohio, Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota, south to the southeastern United States, but the species is now extremely localized. The Canadian distribution has been reduced from seven historical populations to two extant locations near southern Lake Huron. The extant Ontario Heart-leaved Plantain populations are found in rocky or gravely calcareous beds of shallow, slow moving clear streams or wet depressions. These streams or depressions are found in and shaded by relatively undisturbed low wet deciduous forests where ephemeral creeks flow in the spring and after heavy rains. Moisture is generally always present above or just below the soil surface. The species is limited by its specialized habitat requirements, the dynamic nature and limited availability of its habitat and its low reproductive output, high seedling mortality rate, limited dispersal ability and low genetic variation. Ontario populations are potentially threatened by removal of riparian vegetation, hydrological changes, degraded water quality, tree harvesting, munitions removal from a former military training area, collection for food and medicinal uses, invasive plant species and herbivory by invertebrates. The recovery goal is to recover a self-sustaining, viable population of Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario. This will involve population viability analyses to determine if and the degree to which extant populations need to be enhanced, as well as the number and extent of additional populations that will need to be established in the species’ historical range in southern Ontario. In order to meet this goal, the following protection and recovery objectives are recommended. 1. Protect and manage habitat at extant sites in Ontario. 2. Determine the size and number of extant sites (area of occupancy and area of extent), site quality, population health and population trends through inventory and regular monitoring. 3. Address key knowledge gaps relating to minimum viable population size, habitat requirements and prioritization of threats. 4. Where feasible, improve the viability of Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario by establishing populations at historical and other sites where suitable recovery habitat exists or can be restored. 5. Promote awareness and stewardship of Heart-leaved Plantain to First Nations, land managers, private landowners, municipalities and other key stakeholders. It is recommended that the area occupied by the plants be prescribed as habitat in a regulation, as well as an area of habitat surrounding the occupied area that is extensive enough to protect water quality and essential hydrological processes, allow for potential dispersal and population expansion, and maintain necessary moisture and light iv Recovery Strategy for the Heart-leaved Plantain in Ontario regimes. Specifically, the area prescribed should be a composite area delineated using the following three criteria: (i) a buffer of 120m from the outer limits of a population; (ii) a minimum buffer
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