Canadian Biodiversity : The IUCN Red List and SARA

Bombus terricol a , photo by Tom Murray – Discover Life

Debborah Donnelly

University College Dublin World Heritage Conservation May 27 , 2016

D. Donnelly 1

Introduction Canadian biodiversity is extensive , and is subjected to many of the same g lobal pressures that effect all non - human species. The IUCN Red List was developed to inform and encourage governments to take action in a prioritised fashion, in order to address those species most at risk. This paper shall i dentify the differences betwee n the IUCN Red List and the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) registr y with regards to Canadian taxa, as well as the major threats facing them. A spreadsheet will be included with information gleaned from both databases for conducting analysis, and in or der to c ompare and contrast the results for Canada with the IUCN list of global priorities.

IUCN Red List Criteria The IUCN (2012: 14 - 15) provides definitions for the criteria following:  “ Least Concern (LC) - A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evalu ated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.  Near Threatened (NT) - A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated ag ainst the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .  Vulnerable (VU) - A taxon is Vulnerable when the best avai lable evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.  Endangered (EN) - A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence in dicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.  Critically Endangered (CR) – A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available e vidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ” 1

1 Underlined words are highlighted by this author. D. Donnelly 2

Fig. 1 – Structure of the Categories (IUCN , 2012: 5)

Canada – Red List Under a location search for ‘Canada’ on the Red List of Species , the result listed in 2047 species o f wh ic h 39 a re l is te d as Critically Endangered (CR) 11, or Endangered ( EN) 28 , a nd are depicted in the table below . 2 The SARA Listing (if any) is noted on the left.

SARA 3 Scientific Name Common Name Status Type

Betula murrayana Murray Birch CR Plant EN Bombus affinis Rusty Patched Bumble Bee CR arthropod Bombus suckleyi Suckley Cuckoo Bumble Bee CR arthropod EN Coregonus reighardi Shortnose Cisco CR fish Coryphaenoides rupestris Roundnose Grenadier CR fish E pioblasma torulosa Tubercled Blossom, Green - blossom CR mollusc Pearly Mussel EN Erioderma pedicellatum Boreal Felt Lichen CR fungi EN Marmota vancouverensis Vancouver Island Marmot CR mammal Nicrophorus americanus American Burying Beetle CR arthropod EN Numeniu s borealis Eskimo Curlew CR bird Sebastes paucispinus Bocaccio Rockfish CR fish Anguilla rostrata American Eel EN fish EN Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale EN mammal EN Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale EN mammal TH Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale EN mammal

2 IUCN Red List a cces sed and searched 27 May 2016. 3 SARA abbreviations: EN – endangered; TH – threatened; SP – Special Concern ; EX - extirpated D. Donnelly 3

TH Brac hyramphus marmoratus Marbled Murrelet EN bird EN Clemmys guttata Spotted Turtle EN reptile Dipturus laevis Barndoor Skate EN fish EN Emydoidea blandingii Blanding's Turtle EN reptile SP Enhydra lutris Sea Otter EN mammal EN Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic Righ t Whale EN mammal Gastrolactarius camphoratus EN Fungi TH Glyptemys insculpta Wood Turtle EN reptile EN Grus americana Whooping Crane EN bird EN Haliotis kamtschatkana Pinto Abalone, Northern Abalone EN mollusc Hippoglossus hippoglossus Atlantic Halibut EN f ish SP Lampsilis cariosa Yellow Lampmussel EN mollusc EN Leucoraja ocellata Winter Skate EN fish Lopholatilus Golden Tilefish EN fish chamaeleonticeps Malacoraja senta Smooth Skate EN fish EN Moxostoma hubbsi Copper Redhorse EN fish EX Mustela nigripes Black - foo ted Ferret EN mammal EN Pinus albicaulis Whitebark Pine EN plant EN Platanthera praeclara Western Prairie Fringed Orchid EN plant Rhizopogon alexsmithii EN Fungi Sebastes fasciatus Redfish EN fish Sebastolobus alascanus Shortspine Thornyhead EN fish Thun nus thynnus Atlantic Bluefin Tuna EN fish EN Villosa fabalis Bean Mussel, Rayed Bean EN mollusc

Of the 39 CR and EN species on the IUCN list, only 23 also appear on the SARA list , with 5 being listed at a lower l evel and 1 extirpated species in Canada.

For these 39 identified endangered species, the following risks were identif ied : 1. Residential and Commercial Development ( 9 ) 2. Ag riculture & aquaculture ( 12 ) 3. Energy production and mining ( 4 ) 4. Transportation and Service Corridors ( 7 ) 5. Biological Resource Use ( 2 5) a. Hunting and trapping terrestrial animals ( 5 ) b. Logging and wood harvesting ( 6 ) c. Fishing and harvesting aquatic resources (1 7 ) 6. Human intrusion and disturbance (6) 7. Natural system modification s ( 1 2) 8. Invasive and other problematic species and genes ( 18 ) 9. Pollution (1 3) 10. G eological events (0) 1 1. Climate change and severe weather ( 1 2) 12. Other options (1)

D. Donnelly 4

W hile one might at first glance assume this list was restricted to perhaps endemic species, they are not, and IUCN Red List Table 8 indicates only five identified endemic mammals of which one is threatened. No other categories of plants or animals were indicated as havin g Canadian endemic species.

Yet, Table 5 – Threatened Species, of the IUCN Red List (2015: 4) shows the following: North Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Molluscs Other Plants Total America Inverts Canada 11 15 6 1 42 5 19 11 110

Table 6 of the IUCN Red List provides a combined total of both plants and animals for Canada (all categories) as 2,041 species .

Table 6a R ed List Cate gory summary country totals ( Animals ) IUCN Red List Categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Ri sk/near threatened), DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk, least concern).

North EX EW Sub - CR EN VU Sub - NT LR/ DD LC Total America Total Total cd Canada 7 0 7 9 24 66 9 57 0 93 1545 1801

Table 6a Red List Category summar y country totals ( Plants ) North EX EW Sub - CR EN VU Sub - NT LR/ DD LC Total America Total Total cd Canada 1 0 1 1 2 4 7 5 0 1 226 240

SARA The initial search results on the IUCN Red List do not accurately reflect numbers of species at risk in Canada . It was necessary to compare results with the Species at Risk Act (SARA) , which is federal legislation that became Canadian law in December 2002. It is designed to meet one of Canada's key commitments under the International Convention o n Biological Diver sity, and the government maintains its own registry. Environment Canada (2008) uses slightly different categories as outlined in the table below: Category Definition Special A wildlife species that may become a threatened or an e ndangered species because Concern of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats. Threatened A wildlife species that is likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse the factors leading to its extirpation or extinction. Endange red A wildlife species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction. Extirpated A wildlife species that no longer exists in the wild in Canada, but exists elsewhere. Extinct A wildlife species that no longer exists. Not at Risk A wildlife species t hat has been evaluated and found to be not at risk. Data Deficient Not enough information is available to determine the species’ status.

D. Donnelly 5

The Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) is divided into four major sections : E xtirpated, 4 E ndangered , Threatened, an d Special Concern Species.

COSEWIC 5 explains the Quantitative Criteria and Guidelines for the Status Assessment of Species in Table 2 of the SARA Registry of Canada, updated in 2014. It uses the following descriptors, with parameters for endangered or thre atened status: A) Declining Total Population; B) Small Distribution, and Decline or Fluctuation; C) Small Total Populations Size and Decline; D) Very Small Population or Restricted Distribution; and E) Quantitative Analysis.

Actual SARA Schedule 1 (updated October 2015) provided the following results (see Appendix 1 attached) . Below is a comparison between SARA and the IUCN Red List results 6 : SARA Registry IUCN 24 Extirpated 24 7 Endangered 3 9 Critically Endangered and Endangered 132 Threatened 71 Vulnerable 139 Special Concern 61 Near Threatened

With few overlapping results in the initial IUCN list (as indicated above) I cross - reference d individual species from the SARA schedule to the IUCN Red List. In order to do this, I needed a se archable list by category, therefore I had to create a database from SARA Schedule 1 updated with information from the Canadian Ministry of the Environment October 2015 assessment (Appendix 1 attached). I then individually searched each Canadian ‘ Endangere d ’ Species (from the SARA list) against the IUCN Red List to verify the ratings and in order to conduct analysis.

The IUCN (to date) has not assessed 61% of the SARA listed ‘Endangered’ Species. Of 247 species listed by SARA as Endangered, only 8% showed u p on the IUCN as Endangered or Critically Endangered. The breakdown is shown below in Figure 2 for all categories :

4 The term extirpated is used in the sense of locally extinct, or by specifying a region or population within Canada that the species no longer exists (indicated in brackets in the table - Appendix 1). 5 COSEWIC – Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 6 Updated from Schedule 6A by the location search result f rom 27 May 2016. D. Donnelly 6

SARA listed Endangered Species: IUCN assessments

NA - Not Assessed LC - Least Concern EN - Endangered VU - Vulnerable NT - Near Threatened LR/ - Lower Risk CR - Critically Endangered DD - Data Deficient

Of the 247 Endangered Species on the Canadian SARA registry, 19 of those 247 (8%) had either an ‘Endangered’ or ‘Critically Endangered’ lis ting on the IUCN Red List. Comparisons for this paper will be made on those 19 species that corresponded in both lists.

Table Extracted from Appendix 1 – Endangered Species in Canada D. Donnelly 7

SARA Schedule 1 - Canadian Endangered Species IUCN Scientific Name Common Name Status Type Whale, Sei (Pacific EN Balaenoptera borealis Endangered mammal population) Blue Whale (Atlantic EN Balaenoptera musculus Endangered mammal population) Blue Whale (Pacific EN Balaenoptera musculus Endangered mammal population) CR Bombus affinis Bumble Bee, Rusty-patched Endangered arthropod EN Clemmys guttata Spotted Turtle Endangered reptile CR Coregonus reighardi Cisco, Shortnose Endangered fish

EN Emydoidea blandingii Turtle, Blanding's (NS pop'n) Endangered reptile

Boreal Felt Lichen (Atlantic CR Erioderma pedicellatum Endangered lichen population) EN Eubalaena glacialis Whale, North Atlantic Right Endangered mammal

EN Eubalaena japonica North Pacific Right Whale Endangered mammal EN Grus americana Whooping Crane Endangered bird EN Haliotis kamtschatkana Abalone, Northern Endangered mollusc Winter Skate (Eastern EN Leucoraja ocellata Scotian Shelf - NL; Gulf of St. Endangered fish Lawrence pop'ns) CR Marmota vancouverensis Marmot, Vancouver Island Endangered mammal EN Moxostoma hubbsi Redhorse, Copper Endangered fish CR Numenius borealis Curlew, Eskimo Endangered bird EN Pinus albicaulis Pine, Whitebark Endangered vascular plant EN Platanthera praeclara Fringed-orchid, Western Endangered vascular plant EN Villosa fabalis Bean, Rayed Endangered mollusc

From this extracted information one is able to extrapolate the focus o n assessments made by the IUCN by Type. As indicated in the chart below (Figure 3) the breakdown of assessed Endangered and Critically Endangered Species by Type, shows a prioritisation for assessing mammals (31%), fish (16%) and birds (11%), which accords with the IUCN’s own admission that the main of their previous research has been on birds and mammals primarily. No Canadian mosses or amphibians made the IUCN EN/CR lists.

D. Donnelly 8

Fig. 3 (below) Breakdown of Endangered Species by Type

Breakdown of Assessed EN/CR Species by Type

mammal fish bird vascular plant reptile mollusc lichen arthropod moss amphibian

Based on the Endangere d Species table shown above (page 6) , the following Threats in Canada have been identified (below - extracted from Appendix 2 - attached) : Threat No. Definition Quantity 1 Residential & Commercial Development 5 2 Agriculture & aquaculture 8 3 Energy Production & Mining 2 4 Transportation & service corridors 6 5 Biological Resource Use 13 6 Human intrusions & disturbance 2 7 Natural system modifications 6 8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes 12 9 Pollution 7 10 Geological Events 0 11 Climate change & severe weather 8

Notably, it is Biological Resource Use , as well as Invasive and other problematic species which ranked as the highest thre ats facing Canadian Endangered Species. Specifically, it was fishing and harvesting of aquatic species, and invasive non - native/alien species that pose the most significant risks. Appendix 2 provides the complete breakdown for the 19 identified species .

Gl obal Priorities A global search of the IUCN database for Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN) species provided a list of 79,837 taxa . The taxonomy was distinguished as follows:

 Animalia – 59,033  Chromista – 15  Fungi – 34  Plantae - 20755 D. Donnelly 9

A breakd own of the Threats for this selection is provided in the following table , which indicates Biological Resource Use the major threat (like for Canada). The next most significant threat was from Agriculture & Aquaculture , specifically annual & perennial non - t imber crops . This differs drastically from Canada that had more direct concerns with invasive species, which is 6 th in global threats , according to this analysis .

Global CR/EN Threat Definition Quantity 1 Residential & Commercial Development 10,537 2 Agriculture & aquaculture 17,031 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops 13,659 3 Energy Production & Mining 3,488 4 Transportation & service corridors 3,245 5 Biological Resource Use 21,477 5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting 12,638 6 Human intrusions & disturbance 3,555 7 Natural system modifications 9,182 8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes7,329 9 Pollution 8,725 10 Geological Events 451 11 Climate change & severe weather 5630 12 Other 156 Based on 79,837 species

The chart below (Fig. 4) represents the visual difference, by percentage, of impacted speci es per threat, for Canada and Globally.

Canadian Priorities (Critically Endangered) Following are the five most critically endangered species in Canada, identified through this cross - search between SARA and the IUCN (in alphabetic order). D. Donnelly 10

Bombus affinis – This species of bumblebee is listed as having a decreasing population (Hatfield, et al, 2015), with primary threats attributed to, “pathogen spill - over from commercial to wild bees; habitat loss due to agriculture and development; pesticide use; and clim ate change.”

Fig. 5 Rusty - patched Bumblebee (Molanic, i Naturalist, 2015)

Coregonus reighardi – Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)

The IUCN assessment was written in 1996 by M. Gimenez Dixon, with no individuals of the species collected since 1985. A COSEWIC report (2005 : 13 ) indicated that “ extensive sampling of commercial catches and assessment surveys in Georgian Bay in 1992 and 1993 … , and targeted sampling of all Canadian sites in 2002 and 2003 , no short nose cisco were captured.”

Major Threats were listed as “overfishing, and sea lamprey predation” (Gimenez, Dixon, 1996).

Erioderma pedicellatum – The Boreal Felt Lichen was last assessed by COSEWIC in 2014 and the IUCN in 2003. It is described as regionally extinct in Norway , Sweden, and New Brun swick with limited individuals known from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Because the lichen is restricted in range , and particular about its habitat (which trees it grows on), the major threats are considered to be “air pollution, acid rain, and deforestati on” (Scheidegger, 2003).

Fig. 6 Boreal Felt Lichen (SARA, 2014a)

D. Donnelly 11

Marmota vancouverensis – The Vancouver Island Marmot was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1982, and Critically Endangered since 2008. Nagorsen, et al (2013) indicates that n o obvious threats have been identified, but that “ long - term environmental changes, prehistoric hunting, and recent forestry activities could have impacted populations. Predation on so small a population is considered as a significant threat. ”

Fig. 7 Vanco uver Island Marmot (SARA, 2008)

Numenius borealis – Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)

The latest IUCN assessment was carried out in 2015, and states that no sightings of this bird have been confirmed since 1963. The 2009 COSEWIC report however pro vides a Table of possible sightings (COSEWIC, 2009: Table 1) of at least one bird as late as 2006. “It was formerly abundant, but declined rapidly over a century ago as a res ult of hunting and habitat loss” (BirdLife International, 2015). The Canadian asse ssment also lists a third factor in the species decline as, “changes in invertebrate food supply (especially grasshoppers) at spring stopover sites ” (COSEWIC, 2009: 18).

Fig. 8 The Eskimo Curlew (SARA, 2009)

Under the Canadian National Framework for Spec ies at Risk Conservation (2014) the government follows a Species at Risk Conservation Cycle that includes assessment, protection, recovery planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation . D. Donnelly 12

In addition to the Species at Risk Act (SARA), Canadian spec ies may also be protected in a variety of other ways, for example by:

 Federal Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994)  Various provincial and territorial laws (e.g. British Columbia Wildlife Act)  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) All Canadian Endangered species also have a designated Recovery Team to deal with any sightings or issues that may come up.

Recommendations Based on the assumption that species listed as Endangered on both the Canadian SARA Registr y and Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List should have priority, then the five species listed in the section immediately above meet the criteria for ongoing action. Two of the five Critically Endangered species are also considered as ‘Possibly Extinct’ , and it would be prude nt to take whatever necessary action (assessments of all possible habitat areas) to determine if this is the case, so that Canada can in turn focus on other species that may still be rescued.

According to the IUCN website on the ‘Overview of T he IUCN Red L ist ’, they do recognise their own bias on assessments “t owards terrestrial, and in particular forest, ecosystems. Among the better - documented species, there is also a strong bias towards animals, rather than plants, but steps are underway to rectify these biases. ” In response to this, t he IUCN Strategic Plan (2013: 7) has defined the expansion of taxonomic and geographic coverage as a targeted priorit y .

By comparing the recognised taxa as ‘Endangered’ from the SARA Schedule 1 registry with the IUCN database you can get a broader picture of the actual species at greatest risk for Canada . The results provided at least 97 assessments (at all levels) of species from Canada (Appendix 1).

Conclusion While it is understandable that SARA and the IUCN Red Lists may not have the same designation for species, Canada doing assessments for species within its borders only, and the IUCN looking at the species globally versus regionally, there appears to be a general lack of communication between the two agencies . Indeed, each organisation reports different information and years of assessments on many of the species.

While Canada, rightly so, maintains their own registry for species at risk within their borders, the impact on the same species that may exist outsi de their borders needs to be considered more thoroughly. The IUCN therefore makes their assessments and defines status based on the cumulative number and health of species globally. The furtherance of sharing information D. Donnelly 13 between these bodies could only inc rease everyone’s knowledge and ability to deal efficiently and accurately with Canadian Species at Risk.

According to UNEP (2011) “ Some 150 - 200 plant and animal species are thought to become extinct every day, and each year, forests equivalent in size to Greece are cut down. ” If this is accurate then cooperation between all agencies doing research and rescue work has never been more important. D. Donnelly 14

References BirdLife International ( 2015 ) Numenius borealis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015 - 4.RLTS.T22693170A79178546.en [ 9 May 2016 ] . Canadian Ministry of the Environment (2015) The Minister of the Environment's Response to Spec ies at Risk Assessments Submitted by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) on 6 October 2015 . http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc. ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=9953B034 - 1 [04 May 2016]. Canadian Ministry of the Environment (2014) National Framework for Species at Risk Conservation (NFSARC). http://w ww.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=236A2A34 - 1 COSEWIC 7 (2015) COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Sable Island Sweat Bee Lasioglossum sablense in Canada. http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Sable%20Island%20Sweat%20Bee_2014_e. pdf COSEWIC (2009) COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Eskimo Curlew Numenius bore alis in Canada . http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Eskimo%20Curlew_0810_e.pdf COSEWIC (2005) COSEWIC As sessment and Update Status Report on the Shortnose C isco Coregonus reighardi in Canada . http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/file s/cosewic/sr_shortnose_cisco_e.pdf Environment Canada (2008) Four Categories: Species at Risk https://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/D5 CEFC12 - E936 - 4FDD - 94BE - 6D56846739AB/poster_0408 - eng.pdf Farjon, A. ( 2013 ) Tsuga canadensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.201 3 - 1.RLTS.T42431A2979676.en [ 4 May 2016 ] . Fitz Maurice, B., Guadalupe Martínez, J., Sánchez , E. & Fitz Maurice, W.A. (2013) Mammillaria mathildae . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013 - 1.RLTS.T40841A2936210.en [07 May 2016]. Gimenez Dixon, M. ( 1996 ) Coregonus reighardi . The IUCN Red List of Threatene d Species . http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5376A11125634.en [4 May 2016 ] . Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Thorp, R., Richardson, L., Colla, S., Foltz Jordan, S. & Evans, E. ( 2015 ) Bombus affinis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015 - 2.RLTS.T44937399A46440196.en [3 May 2016 ] . IUCN (2016) Location Search – Canada . http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/link/5748ca00 - 29829221 [26 May 2016] IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015 - 4 . www.iucnredlist.org [7 May 2016].

7 COSEWIC – Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada / COSEPAC – Comité sur la situation des espèces en peril au Canada D. Donnelly 15

IUCN (2013) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Strategic Plan 2013 - 2020 . IUCN Red List Committee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/red_list_strategic_plan_2013_2020.pdf IUCN Specie s Survival Commission (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria – Version 3.1 Second Edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Switzerland. http://jr.iucnr edlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf Molanic (2015) Rusty - patched Bumblebee ( Bombus affinis ) September 12, 2015. iNaturalist.org http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1945485 Nag orsen, D.W. & NatureServe (Cannings, S. & Hammerson, G.) ( 2013 ) Marmota vancouverensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013 - 1.R LTS.T12828A43526735.en [ 5 May 2016 ] . Parks Canada (2010) Species at Risk – Priority Species . http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/nature/eep - sar/itm3.aspx SARA (2014) The Species at Risk Public Registry List http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/schedules_e.cfm?id=1 [ 03 May 2016] SARA (2014a) Erioderma pedicellatum Species Profile. http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=702 SARA (2010) Bombus affinis Species Profile. http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=1081 SARA (2009) Numenius borealis Species P rofile. http://www.registrelep - s araregistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=21 SARA (2008) Marmota vancouverensis Species Profile. http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/species/spec iesDetails_e.cfm?sid=136 SARA (2008a) Cardellina canadensis Species Profile. http://www.registrelep - sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=1008 Scheidegge r, C. ( 2003 ) Erioderma pedicellatum . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003 . http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43995A10839336.en [ 3 May 2016 ] . UNEP (2 011) RIO+20 Perspectives: Time for a global environment organisation? http://www.unep.org/rio20/PerspectivesonRIO20/tabid/101533/Default.aspx?Story_ID=12 [1 2 May 2016]. Urban, M.C. (2015) “ Accelerating extinction risk from climate change ”. Science . Vol. 348, Issue 6234. 1 May 2015.

Word c ount (excluding footnotes , appendices, and references) – 2 8 70 Appendix 1 - IUCN Red List Initial Search, and SARA Schedule 1 with Updates and Subsequent Cross-Referencing with the IUCN IUCN RED List - by location (Canada) Scientific Name Common Name Status Pop. Trend Aeshna canadensis Canada Darner Least Concern stable Branta canadensis Canada Goose Least Concern increasing Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint Reed Grass Least Concern stable Eleocharis geniculata Canada Spikesedge Least Concern stable Lontra canadensis North American River Otter Least Concern stable Lynx canadensis Canada Lynx Least Concern stable Mammillaria mathildae Biznaguita de la Cañada Endangered decreasing Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep Least Concern stable Paralichthys dentatus Summer Flounder Least Concern decreasing Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock Near Threatened decreasing Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler Least Concern decreasing

SARA List - Schedule 1 with October 2015 updates Scientific Name Common Name Status Type Actinemys marmorata Pacific Pond Turtle Extirpated reptile Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wedgemussel Extirpated mollusc Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger Salamander (Great Lakes pop'n) Extirpated amphibian Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin Extirpated arthropod Centrocercus urophasianus Sage-Grouse phaios subspecies, Greater Extirpated bird phaios Collinsia verna Spring Blue-eyed Mary Extirpated vascular plant Crotalus horridus Timber Rattlesnake Extirpated reptile Cryptomastix devia Puget Oregonian Extirpated mollusc Desmodium illinoense Tick-trefoil, Illinois Extirpated vascular plant Erimystax x-punctatus Gravel Chub Extirpated fish Eschrichtius robustus Grey Whale (Atlantic population) Extirpated mammal Euchloe ausonides insulanus Island Marble Extirpated arthropod Lupinus oreganus Oregon Lupine Extirpated vascular plant Lycaeides melissa samuelis Karner Blue Extirpated arthropod

Morone saxatilis Striped Bass (St. Lawrence River pop'n) Extirpated fish Mustela nigripes Black-footed Ferret Extirpated mammal Odobenus rosmarus Atlantic Walrus (Northwest Atlantic Extirpated mammal rosmarus population) Phrynosoma douglasii Pygmy Short-horned Lizard Extirpated reptile Pituophis catenifer catenifer Pacific Gophersnake Extirpated reptile Polyodon spathula Paddlefish Extirpated fish Ptychomitrium incurvum Moss, Incurved Grizzled Extirpated moss

Page 1 of 19 Terrapene carolina Eastern Box Turtle Extirpated reptile Tympanuchus cupido Prairie-Chicken, Greater Extirpated bird Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear (Prairie population) Extirpated mammal

IUCN* NA Abronia umbellata Sand-verbena, Pink Endangered vascular plant Sturgeon, White (Kootenay River, LC Acipenser transmontanus Nechako R., Upper Columbia R., Upper Endangered fish Fraser R. pop'ns) NA Acris blanchardi Frog, Blanchard's Cricket Endangered amphibian NA Actaea elata Bugbane, Tall Endangered vascular plant LC Adiantum capillus-veneris Fern, Southern Maidenhair Endangered vascular plant NA Agalinis aspera Agalanis, Rough Endangered vascular plant NA Agalinis gattingeri Agalanis, Gattinger's Endangered vascular plant NA Agalinis skinneriana Agalanis, Skinner's Endangered vascular plant NA Ammannia robusta Ammannia, Scarlet Endangered vascular plant NA Allogona profunda Broad-banded Forestsnail Endangered mollusc NA Allogona townsendiana Forestsnail, Oregon Endangered mollusc NT Ammodramus henslowii Sparrow, Henslow's Endangered bird LC Ambystoma texanum Salamander, Small-mouthed Endangered amphibian LC Ambystoma tigrinum Salamander, Tiger (S Mtn pop'n) Endangered amphibian NA Anarta edwardsii Moth, Edwards' Beach Endangered arthropod LC Anaxyrus fowleri Toad, Fowler's Endangered amphibian NA Antennaria flagellaris Pussytoes, Stoloniferous Endangered vascular plant NA Apodemia mormo Metalmark, Mormon (S Mtn pop'n) Endangered arthropod NA Aristida basiramea Grass, Forked Three-awned Endangered vascular plant LC Ascaphus montanus Frog, Rocky Mountain Tailed Endangered amphibian LC Athene cunicularia Owl, Burrowing Endangered bird EN Balaenoptera borealis Whale, Sei (Pacific population) Endangered mammal EN Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale (Atlantic population) Endangered mammal EN Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale (Pacific population) Endangered mammal NA Balsamorhiza deltoidea Balsamroot, Deltoid Endangered vascular plant NA Bartramia stricta Moss, Rigid Aplle Endangered moss LC Betula lenta Birch, Cherry Endangered vascular plant CR Bombus affinis Bumble Bee, Rusty-patched Endangered arthropod NA Braya longii Braya, Long's Endangered vascular plant NA Bryoandersonia illecebra Moss, Spoon-leaved Endangered moss NA Buchnera americana Bluehearts Endangered vascular plant NA Calidris canutus rufa Knot rufa subspecies, Red Endangered bird NA Camissonia contorta Evening-primrose, Contorted-pod Endangered vascular plant VU Carcharodon carcharias Shark, Great White (Atlantic pop'n) Endangered fish NA Carex juniperorum Sedge, Juniper Endangered vascular plant NA Carex lupuliformis Sedge, False-Hop Endangered vascular plant NA Carex tumulicola Sedge, Foothill Endangered vascular plant NA Castanea dentata Chestnut, American Endangered vascular plant NA Castilleja levisecta Paintbrush, golden Endangered vascular plant

Page 2 of 19 NA Castilleja victoriae Owl-clover, Victoria's Endangered vascular plant Catostomus sp. cf. LC Sucker, Salish Endangered fish catostomus NA Centaurium muehlenbergii Centaury, Muhlenberg's Endangered vascular plant Centrocercus urophasianus Sage-Grouse urophasianus subspecies, NA Endangered bird urophasianus Greater NA Cephalanthera austiniae Phantom Orchid T to EN vascular plant VU Cetorhinus maximus Shark, Basking (Pacific pop'n) Endangered fish Charadrius melodus NA Plover circumcinctus subspecies, Piping Endangered bird circumcinctus NA Charadrius melodus melodus Plover melodus subspecies, Piping Endangered bird NT Charadrius montanus Plover, Mountain Endangered bird NA Chimaphila maculata Wintergreen, Spotted Endangered vascular plant Turtle, Western Painted (Pacific Coast NA Chrysemys picta bellii Endangered reptile pop'n) VU Cicindela marginipennis Tiger Beetle, Cobblestone Endangered arthropod NA Cicindela parowana wallisi Tiger Beetle, Wallis' Dark Saltflat Endangered arthropod NA Cicindela patruela Tiger Beetle, Northern Barrens Endangered arthropod NA Cirsium pitcheri Thistle, Pitcher's Endangered vascular plant EN Clemmys guttata Spotted Turtle Endangered reptile NA Coenonympha nipisiquit Ringlet, Maritime Endangered arthropod NT Colinus virginianus Bobwhite, Northern Endangered bird NA Collomia tenella Collomia, Slender Endangered vascular plant NA Coluber constrictor foxii Racer, Blue Endangered reptile LC Contia tenuis Snake, Sharp-tailed Endangered reptile NA Copablepharon fuscum Moth, Sand-berbena Endangered arthropod NA Copablepharon longipenne Moth, Dusky Dune Endangered arthropod VU Coregonus huntsmani Whitefish, Atlantic Endangered fish CR Coregonus reighardi Cisco, Shortnose Endangered fish NA Coregonus sp. Cisco, Spring Endangered fish NA Coreopsis rosea Coreopsis, Pink Endangered vascular plant NA Cornus florida Dogwood, Eastern Flowering Endangered vascular plant NA Cryptantha minima Cryptantha, Tiny Endangered vascular plant VU Cypripedium candidum Lady's-slipper, Small White Endangered vascular plant LC Cypseloides niger Black Swift Endangered bird Beluga Whale (St. Lawrence Estuary NT Delphinapterus leucas T to EN mammal population) VU Dermochelys coriacea Sea Turtle, Leatherback Endangered reptile

Salamander, Allegheny Mountain Dusky LC Desmognathus ochrophaeus Endangered amphibian (Carolinian population)

LC Dipodomys ordii Kangaroo Rat, Ord's Endangered mammal

Page 3 of 19 NA Drosera filiformis Sundew, Thread-leaved Endangered vascular plant

NA Eleocharis equisetoides Spike-rush, Horsetail Endangered vascular plant Spike-rush, Bent (Great Lakes Plains, LC Eleocharis geniculata Endangered vascular plant Southern Moutain populations) EN Emydoidea blandingii Turtle, Blanding's (NS pop'n) Endangered reptile LC Empidonax virescens Flycatcher, Acadian Endangered bird

NA Entosthodon rubiginosus Cord-moss, Rusty Endangered moss

NA Epilobium densiflorum Spike-primrose, Dense Endangered vascular plant

NA Epilobium torreyi Spike-primrose, Brook Endangered vascular plant Epioblasma torulosa NA Riffleshell, Northern Endangered mollusc rangiana NA Epioblasma triquetra Snuffbox Endangered mollusc

NA Eremophila alpestris strigata Lark strigata subspecies, Horned Endangered bird

LC Erimyzon sucetta Chubsucker, Lake Endangered fish NA Erioderma mollissimum Lichen, Vole Ears Endangered lichen

CR Erioderma pedicellatum Boreal Felt Lichen (Atlantic population) Endangered lichen

NA Erynnis persius persius Duskywing, Eastern Persius Endangered arthropod EN Eubalaena glacialis Whale, North Atlantic Right Endangered mammal EN Eubalaena japonica North Pacific Right Whale Endangered mammal NA Euphydryas editha taylori Checkerspot, Taylor's Endangered arthropod NA Fabronia pusilla Moss, Silver Hair Endangered moss NA Fissidens pauperculus Moss, Poor Pocket Endangered moss NA Frasera caroliniensis Columbo, American Endangered vascular plant Stickleback, Enos Lake Benthic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine Stickleback, Enos Lake Limnetic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine Stickleback, Misty Lake Lentic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Stickleback, Misty Lake Lotic Threespine Endangered fish Stickleback, Paxton Lake Benthic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine Stickleback, Paxton Lake Limnetic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine Stickleback, Vananda Creek Benthic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine Stickleback, Vananda Creek Limnetic LC Gasterosteus aculeatus Endangered fish Threespine

Page 4 of 19 NA Gentiana alba Gentian, White Prairie Endangered vascular plant NA Geum peckii Avens, Eastern Mountain Endangered vascular plant NA Gomphus quadricolor Clubtail, Rapids Endangered arthropod EN Grus americana Whooping Crane Endangered bird LC Gulo gulo Wolverine (Eastern pop'n) Endangered mammal EN Haliotis kamtschatkana Abalone, Northern Endangered mollusc NA Hemileuca sp. Buckmoth, Bogbean Endangered arthropod NA Hesperia ottoe Ottoe Skipper Endangered arthropod NA Heterodermia sitchensis Lichen, Seaside Centipede Endangered lichen Whale, Northern Bottlenose (Scotian DD Hyperoodon ampullatus Endangered mammal Shelf population) NA Hypsiglena chlorophaea Nightsnake, Desert Endangered reptile Chat auricollis subspecies, Yellow- NA Icteria virens auricollis Endangered bird breasted (S Mtn pop'n) NA Isoetes engelmannii Quillwort, Engelmann's Endangered vascular plant VU Isotria medeoloides Pogonia, Small Whorled Endangered vascular plant NA Isotria verticillata Pogonia, Large Whorled Endangered vascular plant NA Juglans cinerea Butternut Endangered vascular plant NA Juncus kelloggii Rush, Kellogg's Endangered vascular plant Lamprey, Western Brook (Morrison LC Lampetra richardsoni Endangered fish Creek pop'n) NA Lanius ludovicianus migrans Shrike migrans subspecies, Loggerhead Endangered bird NA Lasthenia glaberrima Goldfields, Rayless Endangered vascular plant LC Lepomis gulosus Warmouth SC to EN fish NA Lespedeza virginica Bush-clover, Slender Endangered vascular plant Winter Skate (Eastern Scotian Shelf - NL; EN Leucoraja ocellata Endangered fish Gulf of St. Lawrence pop'ns) LR/nt Ligumia nasuta Pondmussel, Eastern Endangered mollusc NA Liparis liliifolia Twayblade, Purple Endangered vascular plant NA Lipocarpha micrantha Lipocarpha, Small-flowered Endangered vascular plant Frog, Northern Leopard (Rocky LC Lithobates pipiens Endangered amphibian Mountain pop'n) NA Lotus formosissimus Lotus, Seaside Birds-foot Endangered vascular plant NA Lotus pinnatus Trefoil, Bog Bird's-foot Endangered vascular plant NA Loxia curvirostra percna Crossbill percna subspecies, Red Endangered bird LC Lupinus densiflorus Lupine, Dense-flowered Endangered vascular plant NA Lupinus lepidus Lupine, Prairie Endangered vascular plant NT Lupinus rivularis Lupine, Streambank Endangered vascular plant LC Magnolia acuminata Tree, Cucumber Endangered vascular plant CR Marmota vancouverensis Marmot, Vancouver Island Endangered mammal NA Meconella oregana Meconella, White Endangered vascular plant Megascops kennicottii Screech-owl macfarlanei subspecies, NA Endangered bird macfarlanei Western NA Microbryum vlassovii Moss, Nugget Endangered moss NA Microseris bigelovii Microseris, Coast Endangered vascular plant NA Minuartia pusilla Sandwort, Dwarf Endangered vascular plant

Page 5 of 19 NA Morus rubra Red Mulberry Endangered vascular plant EN Moxostoma hubbsi Redhorse, Copper Endangered fish LC Myotis lucifugus Myotis, Little Brown Endangered mammal LC Myotis septentrionalis Myotis, Northern Endangered mammal NA Nerodia sipedon insularum Watersnake, Lake Erie Endangered reptile LC Notropis anogenus Shiner, Pugnose Endangered fish NT Noturus stigmosus Madtom, Northeren Endangered fish CR Numenius borealis Curlew, Eskimo Endangered bird NA Oarisma poweshiek Poweshiek Skipperling T to EN arthropod LR/nt Obovaria subrotunda Hickorynut, Round Endangered mollusc LC Opuntia humifusa Cactus, Eastern Prickly Pear Endangered vascular plant Killer Whale (NE Pacific southern DD Orcinus orca Endangered mammal resident population) LC Oreoscoptes montanus Thrasher, Sage Endangered bird NA Orthocarpus barbatus Owl-clover, Grand Coulee Endangered vascular plant NA Orthocarpus bracteosus Owl-clover, Rosy Endangered vascular plant NT Pagophila eburnea Gull, Ivory Endangered bird NA Panax quinquefolius Ginseng, American Endangered vascular plant Foxsnake, Eastern (Carolinian and Great NT Pantherophis gloydi Endangered reptile Lakes/St Lawrence pop'ns) LC Pantherophis spiloides Ratsnake, Gray (Carolinian pop'n) Endangered reptile NA Papaipema aweme Borer, Aweme Endangered arthropod NA Patera pennsylvanica Proud Globelet Endangered NA Pedicularis furbishiae Lousewort, Furbish's Endangered vascular plant NA Perimyotis subflavus Bat, tri-colored Endangered mammal NA Phacelia ramosissima Phacelia, Branched Endangered vascular plant LC Phrynosoma hernandesi Lizard, Greater Short-horned Endangered reptile NA Physconia subpallida Lichen, Pale-bellied Frost Endangered lichen NA Physella johnsoni Snail, Banff Springs Endangered mollusc NA Physella wrighti Physa, Hotwater Endangered mollusc LC Picoides albolarvatus Woodpecker, White-headed Endangered bird EN Pinus albicaulis Pine, Whitebark Endangered vascular plant LC Pinus flexilis Limber Pine Endangered vascular plant NA Plagiobothrys figuratus Popcornflower, Fragrant Endangered vascular plant NA Plantago cordata Plantain, Heart-leaved Endangered vascular plant LC Platanthera leucophaea Fringed-orchid, Eastern Prairie Endangered vascular plant EN Platanthera praeclara Fringed-orchid, Western Prairie Endangered vascular plant NA Plebejus saepiolus insulanus Blue, Island Endangered arthropod

LC Plestiodon fasciatus Skink, Five-lined (Carolinian pop'n) Endangered reptile LC Plestiodon septentrionalis Skink, Prairie Endangered reptile LC Pleurobema sintoxia Pigtoe, Round Endangered mollusc Horned Grebe (Magdalen Islands VU Podiceps auritus Endangered bird population) NA Polygala incarnata Milkwort, Pink Endangered vascular plant

Page 6 of 19 NA Pooecetes gramineus affinis Sparrow affinis subspecies, Vesper Endangered bird NA Potamogeton ogdenii Pondweed, Ogden's Endangered vascular plant NA Prodoxus quinquepunctellus Moth, Five-spotted Bogus Yucca Endangered arthropod NA Prophysaon coeruleum Taildropper, Blue-grey Endangered mollusc LC Protonotaria citrea Warbler, Prothonotary Endangered bird NA Psilocarphus brevissimus Woolly-heads, Dwarf Endangered vascular plant NA Psilocarphus elatior Woolly-heads, Tall Endangered vascular plant LR/lc Ptychobranchus fasciolaris Kidneyshell Endangered mollusc NA Pycnanthemum incanum Mountain-mint, Hoary Endangered vascular plant Mapleleaf (Saskatchewan - Nelson LR/lc Quadrula quadrula Endangered mollusc population) NT Rallus elegans Rail, King Endangered bird VU Rana pretiosa Frog, Oregon spotted Endangered amphibian LC Rangifer tarandus Caribou (Atlantic-Gaspésie population) Endangered mammal NA Rangifer tarandus pearyi Caribou, Peary Endangered mammal NA Ranunculus alismifolius Buttercup, Water-plantain Endangered vascular plant NA Ranunculus californicus Buttercup, California Endangered vascular plant LC Regina septemvittata Queensnake Endangered reptile Reithrodontomys megalotis Mouse dychei subspecies, Western NA Endangered mammal dychei Harvest NA Rhinichthys cataractae ssp. Dace, Nooksack Endangered fish LC Rhinichthys osculus Dace, Speckled Endangered fish NA Rhynchospora macrostachya Tall Beakrush Endangered vascular plant NA Rotala ramosior Toothcup (S. Mtn pop'n.) Endangered vascular plant NA Salix jejuna Willow, Barrens Endangered vascular plant Salmon, Atlantic (Inner Bay of Fundy LR/lc Salmo salar Endangered fish pop'n) Salvelinus fontinalis NA Trout, Aurora Endangered fish timagamiensis NA Sanfilippodytes bertae Diving Beetle, Bert's Predaceous Endangered arthropod NA Sanicula arctopoides Sanicle, Bear's-foot Endangered vascular plant NA Satyrium semiluna Hairstreak, Half-moon Endangered arthropod LC Scapanus townsendii Townsend's Mole Endangered mammal NA Schinia avemensis Gold-edged Gem Endangered arthropod NA Schinia bimatris White Flower Moth Endangered arthropod NA Scouleria marginata Moss, Margined Streamside Endangered moss NA Setophaga kirtlandii Warbler, Kirtland's Endangered bird NA Sida hermaphrodita Mallow, Virginia Endangered vascular plant NA Silene scouleri ssp. grandis Catchfly, Coastal Scouler's Endangered vascular plant NA Silene spaldingii Campion, Spalding's Endangered vascular plant LR/cd Simpsonaias ambigua Mussel, Salamander Endangered mollusc NA Solidago speciosa Goldenrod, Showy Endangered vascular plant

Page 7 of 19 LC Sorex bendirii Shrew, Pacific Water Endangered mammal LC Sphyrapicus thyroideus Sapsucker, Williamson's Endangered bird LC Sterna dougallii Tern, Roseate Endangered bird NA Strix occidentalis caurina Owl caurina subspecies, Spotted Endangered bird NA Stylophorum diphyllum Wood-poppy Endangered vascular plant NA Symphyotrichum frondosum Aster, Short-rayed Alkali Endangered vascular plant

NA Taxidea taxus jacksoni Badger jacksoni subspecies, American endangered mammal

NA Taxidea taxus jeffersonii Badger jeffersonii subspecies, American endangered mammal NA Tegeticula corruptrix Moth, Non-pollinating Yucca endangered arthropod NA Tegeticula yuccasella Moth, Yucca endangered arthropod NA Tephrosia virginiana Goat's-rue, Virginia Endangered vascular plant NA Tonella tenella Tonella, Small-flowered Endangered vascular plant NA Trichophorum planifolium Bulrush, Bashful Endangered vascular plant NA Trillium flexipes Trillium, Drooping Endangered vascular plant NA Triphora trianthophoros Pogonia, Nodding Endangered vascular plant NA Triphysaria versicolor owl-clover, Bearded Endangered vascular plant NA Tripterocalyx micranthus Sand-verbena, Small-flowered Endangered vascular plant NA Triteleia howellii Triteleia, Howell's Endangered vascular plant LC Tyto alba Owl, Barn Endangered bird NA Uropappus lindleyi Silverpuffs, Lindley's False Endangered vascular plant NA Vernonia fasciculata Fascicled Ironweed Endangered vascular plant EN Villosa fabalis Bean, Rayed endangered mollusc NA Villosa iris Rainbow endangered mollusc NA Viola pedata Violet, Bird's-foot Endangered vascular plant Viola praemorsa ssp. Violet praemorsa subspecies, Yellow NA Endangered vascular plant praemorsa Montane

* IUCN: NA - not assessed; LC - least concern; NT - near threatened; EN - endangered; CR - critically endangered; VU - vulnerable; DD - data deficient; LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened; LR/lc - Lower Risk/least concern; LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent;

Accipiter gentilis laingi Goshawk laingi subspecies, Northern Threatened bird Owl brooksi subspecies, Northern Saw- Aegolius acadicus brooksi Threatened bird whet Aletris farinosa Colicroot Threatened vascular plant

Ambystoma jeffersonianum Salamander, Jefferson Threatened amphibian

Darter, Eastern Sand (Ontarion and Ammocrypta pellucida Threatened fish Quebec populations) Anarhichas denticulatus Wolffish, Northern Threatened fish Anarhichas minor Wolffish, Spotted Threatened fish Anthus spragueii Pipit, Sprague's Threatened bird Antrostomus vociferus Whip-poor-will, Eastern Threatened bird

Page 8 of 19 Antrozous pallidus Bat, Pallid Threatened mammal Anzia colpodes Black-foam Lichen Threatened lichen Apalone spinifera Softshell, Spiny Threatened reptile Apodemia mormo Metalmark, Mormon (Prairie pop'n) Threatened arthropod

Arnica griscomii ssp. griscomii Griscom’s Arnica Threatened vascular plant Azolla mexicana Mosquito-fern, Mexican Threatened vascular plant Balaenoptera physalus Whale Fin (Pacific pop'n) Threatened mammal Bartonia paniculata ssp. Bartonia, Branched Threatened vascular plant paniculata Bartramia halleriana Moss, Haller's Apple Threatened moss Bison bison athabascae Bison, Wood Threatened mammal Bouteloua dactyloides Buffalograss threatned vascular plant

Brachyramphus marmoratus Murrelet, Marbled Threatened bird

Braya fernaldii Braya, Fernald's Threatened vascular plant Buteo regalis Hawk, Ferruginous Threatened bird Calcarius ornatus Longspur, Chestnut-collared Threatened bird Calidris canutus roselaari Knot, roselaari type, Red Threatened bird Calochortus lyallii Lily, Lyall's Mariposa Threatened vascular plant Camassia scilloides Hyacinth, Wild Threatened vascular plant Canis sp. cf. lycaon Eastern Wolf SC to T mammal Cardellina canadensis Warbler, Canada Threatened bird Carex sabulosa Sedge, Baikal Threatened vascular plant Castilleja rupicola Paintbrush, Cliff Threatened vascular plant Catharus bicknelli Thrush, Bicknell's Threatened bird Celtis tenuifolia Hackberry, Dwarf Threatened vascular plant Cephalanthera austiniae Orchid, Phantom Threatened vascular plant Chaetura pelagica Swift, Chimney Threatened bird Chenopodium subglabrum Goosefoot, Smooth Threatened vascular plant Chordeiles minor Nighthawk, Common Threatened bird Cirsium hillii Thistle, Hill's Threatened vascular plant Coluber constrictor Racer, Eastern Yellow-bellied Threatened reptile flaviventris Contopus cooperi Flycatcher, Olive-sided Threatened bird Cottus aleuticus Sculpin, Coastrange (Cultus pop'n) Threatened fish Sculpin, Rocky Mountain (Eastslope Cottus sp. Threatened fish pop'n) Crotalus oreganus Rattlesnake, Western Threatened reptile Dalea villosa Prairie-clover, Hairy Threatened vascular plant Whale, Beluga (St. Lawrence Estuary Delphinapterus leucas Threatened mammal pop'n)

Page 9 of 19 Salamander, Allegheny Mountain Dusky Desmognathus ochrophaeus Threatened amphibian (Great Lakes/ St. Lawrence pop'n)

Dicamptodon tenebrosus Salamander, Coastal Giant Threatened amphibian Turtle, Blanding's (Great Lakes/St. Emydoidea blandingii Threatened reptile Lawrence pop'n) Enemion biternatum Rue-anemone, False Threatened vascular plant Entosphenus macrostomus Lamprey, Vancouver Threatened fish Euphyes vestris vestris Skipper vestris subspecies, Dun Threatened arthropod Eurybia divaricata Aster, White Wood Threatened vascular plant Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue Ash SC to T vascular plant Gentianopsis virgata ssp. Gentian, Victorin's Threatened vascular plant victorinii Glyptemys insculpta Turtle, Wood Threatened reptile Gymnocladus dioicus Coffee-tree, Kentucky Threatened vascular plant Halimolobos virgata Mouse-ear-cress, Slender Threatened vascular plant

Haplodontium macrocarpum Bryum, Porsild's Threatened moss

Hemphillia dromedarius Jumping-slug, Dromedary Threatened mollusc Hesperia dacotae Skipper, Dakota Threatened arthropod Heterodon platirhinos Snake, Eastern Hog-nosed Threatened reptile Hydrocotyle umbellata Pennywort, Water Threatened vascular plant Hybognathus argyritis Minnow, Western Silvery Threatened fish Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal Threatened vascular plant Hypogymnia heterophylla Lichen, Seaside Bone Threatened lichen Iris lacustris Iris, Dwarf Lake Threatened vascular plant Isoetes bolanderi Quillwort, Bolander's Threatened vascular plant Ixobrychus exilis Bittern, Least Threatened bird Justicia americana Water-willow, American Threatened vascular plant Lanius ludovicianus Shrike Prairie subspecies, Loggerhead Threatened bird excubitorides NA Lasioglossum sablense Sable Island Sweat Bee Threatened arthropod Lepisosteus oculatus Gar, Spotted Threatened fish Leptogium rivulare Flooded Jellyskin Threatened lichen Liatris spicata Blazing Star, Dense Threatened vascular plant Limnanthes macounii Meadowfoam, Macoun's Threatened vascular plant Lomatium grayi Desert-parsley, Gray's Threatened vascular plant Lophiola aurea Goldencrest Threatened vascular plant Marten, American (Newfoundland Martes americana atrata Threatened mammal population)

Page 10 of 19 Megaptera novaeangliae Whale, Humpback Threatened mammal Melanerpes erythrocephalus Woodpecker, Red-headed Threatened bird Melanerpes lewis Woodpecker, Lewis's Threatened bird Moxostoma duquesnei Black Redhorse Threatened fish Mustela erminea haidarum Ermine haidarum subspecies Threatened mammal Notropis percobromus Shiner, Carmine Threatened fish Oarisma poweshiek Skipperling, Poweshiek Threatened arthropod Trout, Westslope Cutthroat (Alberta Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Threatened fish pop'n)

Orcinus orca Whale, Killer (NE Pacific transient pop'n) Threatened mammal

Whale, Killer (NE Pacific northern Orcinus orca Threatened mammal resident pop'n) Orcinus orca Whale, Killer (NE Pacific offshore pop'n) Threatened mammal

Smelt, Rainbow (Lake Utopia small- Osmerus mordax Threatened fish bodied pop'n) Ratsnake, Gray (Great Lakes/St Pantherophis spiloides Threatened reptile Lawrence population) Percina copelandi Darter, Channel Threatened fish Phoebastria albatrus Albatross, Short-tailed Threatened bird Phlox speciosa ssp. Phlox, Showy Threatened vascular plant occidentalis Pituophis catenifer Gophersnake, Great Basin Threatened reptile deserticola

Plagiobothrys tenellus Popcornflower, Slender Threatened vascular plant

Polemonium vanbruntiae Jacob's-ladder, Van Brunt's Threatened vascular plant Polystichum lemmonii Fern, Lemmon's Holly Threatened vascular plant Polystichum scopulinum Fern, Mountain Holly Threatened vascular plant

Frog, Western Chorus (Great Lakes/St. Pseudacris triseriata Threatened amphibian Lawrence - Canadian Shield population)

Ptelea trifoliata Hoptree, Common Threatened vascular plant Pterygoneurum kozlovii Moss, Alkaline Wing-nerved Threatened moss Puffinus creatopus Shearwater, Pink-footed Threatened bird Mapleleaf (Great Lakes - Western St. Quadrula quadrula Threatened mollusc Lawrence pop'n) Rangifer tarandus Caribou (Boreal population) Threatened mammal

Page 11 of 19 Caribou, Woodland (Southern Mountain Rangifer tarandus caribou Threatened mammal pop'n) Rhodostethia rosea Gull, Ross's Threatened bird Sabatia kennedyana Gentian, Plymouth Threatened vascular plant Salix chlorolepis Willow, Green-scaled Threatened vascular plant Sanicula bipinnatifida Sanicle, Purple Threatened vascular plant Satyrium behrii Hairstreak, Behr's Threatened arthropod Schinia verna Flower Moth, Verna's Threatened arthropod Setophaga citrina Warbler, Hooded Threatened bird Sistrurus catenatus Massasauga Threatened reptile Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier, Round-leaved Threatened vascular plant Spea intermontana Spadefoot, Great Basin Threatened amphibian Sternotherus odoratus Turtle, Eastern Musk Threatened reptile Symphyotrichum Aster, Anticosti Threatened vascular plant anticostense Symphyotrichum Aster, Gulf of St. Lawrence Threatened vascular plant laurentianum Symphyotrichum praealtum Aster, Willowleaf Threatened vascular plant Symphyotrichum Aster, Crooked-stem Threatened vascular plant prenanthoides Symphyotrichum sericeum Aster, Western Silver Threatened vascular plant Tetraneuris herbacea Daisy, Lakeside Threatened vascular plant Thamnophis butleri Gartersnake, Butler's Threatened reptile Thamnophis sauritus Ribbonsnake, Eastern Threatened reptile Tradescantia occidentalis Spiderwort, Western Threatened vascular plant Urocyon cinereoargenteus Fox, Gray Threatened mammal Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry Threatened vascular plant Vermivora chrysoptera Warbler, Golden-winged Threatened bird Vulpes velox Fox, Swift Threatened mammal Woodsia obtusa Woodsia, Blunt-lobed Threatened vascular plant Yucca glauca Soapweed Threatened vascular plant

Achillea millefolium var. Yarrow, Large-headed Woolly Special Concern vascular plant megacephala Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose Sturgeon Special Concern fish Acipenser medirostris Green Sturgeon Special Concern fish Alasmidonta varicosa Floater, Brook Special Concern mollusc Anarhichas lupus Wolffish, Atlantic Special Concern fish Anaxyrus boreas Toad, Western Special Concern amphibian Anaxyrus cognatus Toad, Great Plains Special Concern amphibian Aplodontia rufa Beaver, Mountain Special Concern mammal Ardea herodias fannini Heron fannini subspecies, Great Blue Special Concern bird

Page 12 of 19 Argia vivida Vivid Dancer Special Concern arthropod Armeria maritima ssp. Thrift, Athabasca Special Concern vascular plant interior Arnoglossum plantagineum Indian-plantain, Tuberous Special Concern vascular plant Ascaphus truei Frog, Coastal Tailed Special Concern amphibian Asio flammeus Owl, Short-eared Special Concern bird Asplenium scolopendrium Fern, Hart's-tongue Special Concern vascular plant Astragalus robbinsii var. Milk-vetch, Fernald's Special Concern vascular plant fernaldii Whale, Bowhead (Bering-Chukchi- Balaena mysticetus Special Concern mammal Beaufort population) Balaenoptera physalu s Whale, Fin (Atlantic pop'n) Special Concern mammal Bidens amplissima Beggarticks, Vancouver Island Special Concern vascular plant VU Bombus terricola Yellow-banded Bumble Bee Special Concern arthropod Bryoerythrophyllum Columbian Carpet Moss Special Concern moss columbianum Goldeneye, Barrow's (Eastern Bucephala islandica Special Concern bird population) Calidris canutus islandica Knot islandica subspecies, Red Special Concern bird Canis sp. cf. lycaon Wolf, Eastern Special Concern mammal Charina bottae Boa, Northern Rubber Special Concern reptile Chelydra serpentina Turtle, Snapping Special Concern reptile Turtle, Western Painted (Intermountain - Chrysemys picta bellii Special Concern reptile Rocky Mtn pop'n) Cicuta maculata var. victorinii Water-hemlock, Victorin's Special Concern vascular plant Clethra alnifolia Pepperbush, Sweet Special Concern vascular plant Coluber constrictor mormon Racer, Western Yellow-bellied Special Concern reptile Copablepharon grandis Moth, Pale Yellow Dune Special Concern arthropod Coregonus kiyi kiyi Kiyi, Upper Great Lakes Special Concern fish Cottus confusus Sculpin, Shorthead Special Concern fish Cottus hubbsi Sculpin, Columbia Special Concern fish Coturnicops noveboracensis Rail, Yellow Special Concern bird Crossidium seriatum Tiny Tassel Special Concern moss Crotalus viridis Prairie Rattlesnake Special Concern reptile Cynomys ludovicianus Prairie Dog, Black-tailed Special Concern mammal Danaus plexippus Monarch Special Concern arthropod Deschampsia mackenzieana Hairgrass, Mackenzie Special Concern vascular plant Dryopteris arguta Fern, Coastal Wood Special Concern vascular plant Eleocharis tuberculosa Spike-rush, Tubercled Special Concern vascular plant Enhydra lutris Otter, Sea Special Concern mammal Entosthodon fascicularis Banded Cord-moss Special Concern moss Erioderma pedicellatum Lichen, Boreal Felt (Boreal pop'n) Special Concern lichen

Page 13 of 19 Whale, Grey (Eastern North Pacific Eschrichtius robustus Special Concern mammal pop'n) Esox americanus Grass Pickerel Special Concern fish vermiculatus Euderma maculatum Spotted Bat Special Concern mammal Eumetopias jubatus Sea Lion, Steller Special Concern mammal Euphagus carolinus Blackbird, Rusty Special Concern bird Falco peregrinus Falcon anatum/tundrius, Peregrine Special Concern bird anatum/tundrius Falco peregrinus pealei Falcon pealei subspecies, Peregrine Special Concern bird Fissidens exilis Moss, Pygmy Pocket Special Concern moss Fraxinus quadrangulata Ash, Blue Special Concern vascular plant Fundulus diaphanus Killifish, Banded (Newfoundland pop'n) Special Concern fish Fundulus notatus Topminnow, Blackstripe Special Concern fish Galeorhinus galeus Tope Special Concern fish Gonidea angulata Mussel, Rocky Mountain Ridged Special Concern mollusc Graptemys geographica Turtle, Northern Map Special Concern reptile Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Salamander, Spring Special Concern amphibian Hemphillia glandulosa Jumping-slug, Warty Special Concern mollusc Hexanchus griseus Shark, Bluntnose Sixgill Special Concern fish Hibiscus moscheutos Rose-mallow, Swamp Special Concern vascular plant Histrionicus histrionicus Duck, Harlequin (Eastern pop'n) Special Concern bird Lamprey, Northern Brook (Great Lakes - Ichthyomyzon fossor Special Concern fish Upper St. Lawrence pop'ns) Icteria virens virens Chat virens subspecies, Yellow-breasted Special Concern bird Buffalo, Bigmouth (Saskathewan - Nelso Ictiobus cyprinellus Special Concern fish River pop'ns) Iris missouriensis Blue Flag, Western Special Concern vascular plant Isoetes prototypus Quillwort, Prototype Special Concern vascular plant Juncus caesariensis Rush, New Jersey Special Concern vascular plant Lachnanthes caroliniana Redroot Special Concern vascular plant Lampropeltis triangulum Milksnake, Eastern Special Concern reptile Lampsilis cariosa Lampmussel, Yellow Special Concern mollusc Lampsilis fasciola Lampmussel, Wavy-rayed Special Concern mollusc Lechea maritima Pinweed, Beach Special Concern vascular plant Lepomis gulosus Warmouth Special Concern fish Lilaeopsis chinensis Lilaeopsis, Eastern Special Concern vascular plant Limenitis weidemeyerii Admiral, Weidemeyer's Special Concern arthropod Frog, Northern Leopard (Western Lithobates pipiens Special Concern amphibian Boreal/Prairie pop'ns) Macrhybopsis storeriana Chub, Silver Special Concern fish Megascops kennicottii Screech-owl kennicottii subspecies, Special Concern bird kennicottii Western Mesoplodon bidens Whale, Sowerby's Beaked Special Concern mammal Micranthes spicata Spiked Saxifrage Special Concern vascular plant

Page 14 of 19 Microtus pinetorum Vole, Woodland Special Concern mammal Minytrema melanops Spotted Sucker Special Concern fish Moxostoma carinatum Redhorse, River Special Concern fish Sculpin, Deepwater (Great Lakes - Myoxocephalus thompsonii Special Concern fish Western St. Lawrence populations) Nearctula sp. Vertigo, Threaded Special Concern mollusc Nephroma occultum Lichen, Cryptic Paw Special Concern lichen Notropis bifrenatus Shiner, Bridle Special Concern fish Numenius americanus Curlew, Long-billed Special Concern bird Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Trout, Westslope Cutthroat (BC pop'n) Special Concern fish Ophiogomphus howei Snaketail, Pygmy Special Concern arthropod Opsopoeodus emiliae Minnow, Pugnose Special Concern fish Ostrea lurida Oyster, Olympia Special Concern mollusc Otus flammeolus Owl, Flammulated Special Concern bird Parkesia motacilla Waterthrush, Louisiana Special Concern bird Passerculus sandwichensis Sparrow princeps subspecies, Savannah Special Concern bird princeps Patagioenas fasciata Pigeon, Band-tailed Special Concern bird Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Special Concern bird Phocoena phocoena Porpoise, Harbour (Pacific Ocean pop'n) Special Concern mammal vomerina Phoebastria nigripes Alabatross, Black-footed Special Concern bird Skink, Five-lined (Great Lakes/ St. Plestiodon fasciatus Special Concern reptile Lawrence pop'n) Plestiodon skiltonianus Western Skink Special Concern reptile Plethodon idahoensis Salamander, Coeur d'Alene Special Concern amphibian Podistera yukonensis Yukon Podistera Special Concern vascular plant Polites sonora Skipper, Sonora Special Concern arthropod Potamogeton hillii Pondweed, Hill's Special Concern vascular plant Pseudocyphellaria Lichen, Oldgrowth Specklebelly Special Concern lichen rainierensis Psilocarphus brevissimus Woolly-heads, Dwarf (Prairie pop'n) Special Concern vascular plant Ptychoramphus aleuticus Cassin's Auklet Special Concern bird Rana aurora Northern Red-legged Frog Special Concern amphibian Rangifer tarandus Caribou (NL population) Special Concern mammal Caribou, Woodland (Northern Mountain Rangifer tarandus caribou Special Concern mammal pop'n) Rangifer tarandus Caribou, Dolphin and Union Special Concern mammal groenlandicus Reithrodontomys megalotis Mouse megalotis subspecies, Western Special Concern mammal megalotis Harvest Rhynchophanes mccownii Longspur, McCown's Special Concern bird Rosa setigera Rose, Climbing Prairie Special Concern vascular plant Salix brachycarpa var. Willow, Sand-dune Short-capsuled Special Concern vascular plant psammophila

Page 15 of 19 Salix silicicola Willow, Blanket-leaved Special Concern vascular plant Salix turnorii Willow, Turnor's Special Concern vascular plant Scalopus aquaticus Mole, Eastern Special Concern mammal Frosted Glass-whiskers (Atlantic Sclerophora peronella Special Concern lichen population) Rockfish, Yelloweye (Pacific Ocean Sebastes ruberrimus Special Concern fish outside waters pop'n) Rockfish, Yelloweye (Pacific Ocean inside Sebastes ruberrimus Special Concern fish waters pop'n) Sebastes sp. Rockfish type I, Rougheye Special Concern fish Sebastes sp. Rockfish type II, Rougheye Special Concern fish Sebastolobus altivelis Thornyhead, Longspine Special Concern fish Sericocarpus rigidus Aster, White-top Special Concern vascular plant Setophaga cerulea Warbler, Cerulean Special Concern bird Solidago houghtonii Goldenrod, Houghton's Special Concern vascular plant Solidago riddellii Goldenrod, Riddell's Special Concern vascular plant Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii Cottontail nuttallii subspecies, Nuttall's Special Concern mammal

Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet Special Concern bird Syntrichia laevipila Twisted Oak Moss Special Concern moss Tanacetum huronense var. Tansy, Floccose Special Concern vascular plant floccosum Ribbonsnake, Eastern (Great Lakes Thamnophis sauritus Special Concern reptile pop'n) Tyto alba Owl, Barn (Western pop'n) Special Concern bird Ursus maritimus Bear, Polar Special Concern mammal

Canadian Extinct Species

Camptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck Extinct bird Coregonus johannae Deepwater Cisco Extinct fish Coregonus kiyi orientalis Lake Ontario Kiyi Extinct fish Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon Extinct bird Hadley Lake Benthic Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus Extinct fish Stickleback Hadley Lake Limnetic Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus Extinct fish Stickleback Lottia alveus alveus Eelgrass Limpet Extinct mollusc Mustela macrodon Sea Mink Extinct mammal Neomacounia nitida Macoun's Shining Moss Extinct moss Pinguinus impennis Great Auk Extinct bird Rangifer tarandus dawsoni Caribou dawsoni subspecies Extinct mammal

Rhinichthys cataractae smithi Banff Longnose Dace Extinct fish

Salmo salar Atlantic Salmon (Lake Ontario pop'n) Extinct fish

Page 16 of 19 Sander vitreus glaucus Blue Walleye Extinct fish Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear (Ungava pop'n) Extinct mammal

Page 17 of 19 Appendix 2 - Threat Breakdown for the 19 dual listed 'Endangered' Canadian Species Threat No. Definition Quantity 1 Residential & Commercial Development 5 1.1 Housing & urban areas 5 1.2 Commercial & industrial areas 5 1.3 Tourism & recreation areas 1 2 Agriculture & aquaculture 8 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops 7 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture 1 2.1.2 Small-holder farming 3 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming 5 2.1.4 Scale unknown/unrecorded 1 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations 1 2.2.3 Scale unknown/unrecorded 1 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching 5 2.3.2 Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming 1 2.3.3 Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming 3 2.3.4 Scale unknown/unrecorded 2 3 Energy Production & Mining 2 3.2 Mining & quarrying 2 4 Transportation & service corridors 6 4.1 Roads & railroads 3 4.2 Utility & service line 1 4.3 Shipping lanes 2 5 Biological Resource Use 13 5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals 2 5.1.1 Intentional use (species is the target) 2 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting 2 5.3.5 Motivation unknown/unrecorded 2 5.4 Fishing & Haresting Aquatic Resources 9 5.4.1 Intentional use (subsistence/small scale) 3 5.4.2 Intentional use (large scale) 5 5.4.3 Unintentional effects (subsistence/small scale) 3 5.4.4 Unintentional effects (large scale) 2 5.4.6 Motivation unknown/unrecorded 1 6 Human intrusions & disturbance 2 6.1 Recreational activities 1 6.3 Work & other activities 2 7 Natural system modifications 6 7.1 Fire & fire suppression 3 7.1.1 Increase in fire frequency /intensity 1 7.1.2 Suppression in fire frequency/intensity 2 7.1.3 Trend unknown/unrecorded 1 7.2 Dams & water management use 2 7.2.11 Dams (size unknown) 2 7.3 Other ecosystem modifications 2 8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes 12 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species 9 8.1.1 Unspecified species 4 8.1.2 Named species 6 8.2 Problematic native species 3 9 Pollution 7

Page 18 of 19 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water 2 9.1.3 Type unknown/unrecorded 2 9.2 Industrial & military effluents 2 9.2.1 Oil spills 1 9.2.3 Type unknown/unrecorded 1 9.3 Agriculture & forestry effluents 5 9.3.1 Nutrient loads 3 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation 2 9.3.3 Herbicides & pesticides 4 9.3.4 Type unknown/unrecorded 1 9.5 Air-borne pollutants 1 9.5.1 Acid rain 1 10 Geological Events 0 11 Climate change & severe weather 8 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration 6 11.2 Droughts 3 11.3 Temperature extremes 2 11.4 Storms & flooding 2

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