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Home , Aamjiwnaang First Nation, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Huron Tract, Lenape, Odawa, Treaty 2

Language TERMINOLOGY 1 The most common languages in this area include Anishinaabemowin (which in turn, includes Indigenous: Overarching term to describe Non-Status Indian*: An Indian person who Métis*: People of mixed First Nation and

the dialects of Ojibwa, and ); also included is the language r the descendants of the original inhabitants is not registered as an Indian under the European ancestry who identify themselves e v called Lunaapeew. Métis people have their own language called Michif, while Inuktitut is the i of a country or a geographical region. . as Métis are distinct from , R UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL IDENTITY language of people. There are also many dialects of each language. These languages Indigenous people practice unique Inuit and non-Aboriginal people. They have le Native American: A term in use during the b often function differently from English; for example, Indigenous languages tend to name traditions and retain social, cultural, a distinct language called “Michif”. *In Indigenous people are on many different Spirituality sa 1960s in place of the term “Indian” as that Au objects by describing them, compared to a singular name an object is given in English. economic and political characteristics word began to be considered derogatory. April 2016, the Supreme Court of paths and stages of their journey in Each individual Indigenous community that are distinct from those practised ruled that Metis and non-status Indians are staying connected to and reclaiming their understands that spirituality is an essential Seven Grandfather Teachings by the dominant societies in which they /Anishinaabeg: Refers to those considered “Indians” under Section 91(24) of culture. This includes traditional values, component of their culture. Some of the The Seven Grandfather Teachings contain traditional knowledge given to the Anishinaabe live. This is the term used throughout this Indigenous people who speak a wide variety the Constitutional Act. beliefs, clan systems, spirit names and practices of this spirituality include sacred people by the Creator. They are used together in ceremony and by each individual in daily document to refer to First Nation, Métis of Algonkian language dialects such as the traditional territories. Inuit: An Aboriginal people in Northern ceremonies such as smudging, sweat lodges life. They are principles to live by and are essential for living a good and healthy life. and Inuit peoples. Odawa, Ojibwa, Potawatomi, , Mi'kmaq, etc. The word Anishinaabe also has a direct Canada, who live in Nunavut, Northwest Many Indigenous people are revitalizing and fasting. Aboriginal Peoples: The descendants of reference to the Creation Story with its Territories, Northern and their culture by learning their languages Each nation on Island () RESPECT the original inhabitants of North America. Northern Labrador. and participating in ceremonies. They are meaning of “the one lowered to earth”. has its own teachings and stories of how the Respect all of creation, including The Canadian Constitution Act recognizes discovering more about traditional foods, Unceded: Territory not surrendered by universe came to be. These teachings guide Elders and all other people. three groups of Aboriginal people-Indians, /Lunaapeew: Lenaape (or plural: music, dance, clothing and diet. With all of Lunaapeew) is pronounced “Leh-NAH-pay” Indigenous people to the Crown either by their ways of knowing and understanding Métis and Inuit. These are three separate or an Indian Act surrender. this, they are learning about a way of living the world and how they interact with HUMILITY London LOVE peoples with unique languages, cultural and it means “the people.” The nation is called “Mino Bimaadiziwin” which means it. There are key components of these To be humble is to know Love yourself, all practices and spiritual beliefs. also known as the Lenni Lenape (“true Colonization: The action or “Living in a Good Way”. This is endeavouring teachings and creation stories that are yourself as an equal others, and all people”) or the named process of settling among to follow the Seven Grandfather Teachings in First Nation: A term that came into interwoven throughout cultural practices part of creation. of creation. after the , which runs through and establishing control over every part of one's life. common usage in the 1970s to replace the traditional Lenni Lenape territory. (New the Indigenous people of an within each nation. Most importantly, there word “Indian”, which some people found 2 is an understanding between nations that York/ Island) area. Colonization replaces GENEROSITY TRUTH offensive. Although the term First Nation is traditional political systems all creation stories are considered to be widely used, no legal definition of it exists. with the colonizer’s system. Its equally true. Share what you Be truthful with Status Indian: A political definition that purpose is to take the title of A ROAD TO UNDERSTANDING have with others. yourself and with refers to a person who is registered as the land, subjugate its people To do this in a others. Consider an Indian under the Indian Act. There are and ultimately assimilate them. INDIGENOUS CULTURE good way is to your own walk ek legal reasons for the continued use of the re be generous. before judging C r r another's. term “Indian”, first used by the colonizers e TRADITIONALe a TERRITORY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v B who believed North America was the sub- i

R WISDOM BRAVERY continent of India. We acknowledge that the land and water on which we are r

i Gather knowledge from life. To have Believe what your heart tells you is a gathered is part of the traditional territory of the Chippewa/

l balance in these principles is to have right. Stand strong no matter what

C Ojibwa, Odawa, Potawatomi and Lenape Nations.

wisdom in body, mind and spirit. the outcome may look like. . These Indigenous Nations, known as the Anishinaabeg and t er iv See http://ojibwe.net/projects/prayers-teachings/the-gifts-of-the-seven-grandfathers/ S Lunaapeew, agreed through their ancestral languages to the R FACTS AND FICTION es mutual sharing of the land, with obligations and responsibilities a m REGIONAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Th to the environment. Today these responsibilities and obligations Fiction: Indigenous people are all the same. There are four distinct First Nation 3 Bkejwanong First Nation (Walpole Island) extend to all Peoples. Fact: Communities within Sarnia/Lambton/ Unceded territory located near Wallaceburg, Chatham-Kent. They are Aamjiwnaang at the mouth of the St. Clair River. Bkejwanong The term Indigenous is used to describe three distinct groups of First Nation, Kettle and Stony Point First people: First Nations (Status & Non-Status), Métis, and Inuit. Each (where the waters divide) is comprised of Fiction: All Indigenous people have alcohol problems. Nation and Bkejwanong First Nation, six islands that are occupied by the Ojibwa, has a unique history, culture, language, perspective, and spiritual which are members of the Three Fires Potawatomi and Odawa peoples. These beliefs. A growing trend is the use of specific nation names such as Fact: Humour Confederacy. The fourth is the Lenape Nations also represent the Council of the Anishinaabeg, Métis, Haudenosaunee, Cree, Algonquin, etc. because Although alcohol abuse is a problem within some Indigenous Nation at Moraviantown. Each community Three Fires, which is a military and cultural Used as a means of teaching, gentle teasing these are the most accurate descriptions of the people in question, communities, not all Indigenous people suffer from such addictions. is a part of a distinct nation that has a confederacy that has survived the test of time. is intended to bring attention to behaviour and this helps to differentiate between cultural groups. Many Indigenous people who live by their traditional teachings do unique culture, tradition, belief, history, that needs to be changed and/or to show not consume alcohol or other mind-altering substances; traditional political affiliation, experience and Eelŭnaapéewi Lahkéewiit affection. It can be used to cover great pain 4 Fiction: First Nations people do not pay any taxes. healing is a proven way to help people with addictions and other perspective. There are also many different (Delaware Nation at Moraviantown) 3 and difficult situations with smiles or jokes. It peoples from other bands dispersed 4 Fact: underlying issues. Located on the southern shores of the is a common concept that “laughter is good among the four communities. , near Thamesville. Home medicine” and a way to cope. Most First Nations people pay taxes. Income earned by those working on-reserve is exempt from income tax, but must be paid if the work is Fiction: Wiiwkwedong (Kettle Point) and of the Lenape (Lunaapeew) People of the 1 Indirect Communication & Non-Interference The Role of Silence done off-reserve. First Nations people living off-reserve, for the most Aazhoodenaang (Stony Point) Delaware Nation, called the grandfather All Indigenous people are on welfare or receive government assistance. nation by the other Anishinaabeg nations It is important to understand that there is an Silence plays an important role in many part, pay the same taxes as the rest of Canadian society. Located on Lake Huron in Bosanquet because they are the original people from unspoken understanding in many Indigenous Indigenous ceremonies across cultures as In , registered Indians do not have to pay HST for goods Fact: Township and members of the the Atlantic seaboard. communities that a code of non-interference well as in day-to-day interactions. While in delivered to a reserve. First Nations people must pay the GST portion Indigenous are entitled to the same benefits as all . Anishinaabeg Nation. Kettle Point is be respected. Open criticism, disclosing a Euro-Canadian context it may be seen as of the HST for goods purchased off-reserve but are exempt from the Where exist and entitlement is right-based, Indigenous known as Wiiwkwedong (where the land Fiddle and Sash Métis Community* COMMUNICATION STYLES personal information about another person, a sign of social necessity to fill silences and PST portion of the tax since it is a provincial tax. people are still subject to regulation. goes around in a bay) and Stony Point as This Métis community is located in Lambton/ etc. may be viewed as breaking this code. answer questions quickly, many Indigenous Aazhoodenaang (the village over there). Nonverbal Kent counties and have their monthly cultures value silence and reflection. Fiction: Fiction: Some Indigenous people often observe Storytelling Chatham Keeping these cultural differences in mind 2 meetings in Wallaceburg, Ontario. They are not affiliated with any political Métis group non-verbal signs until they feel safe. Indigenous peoples have oral traditions is as important in successful classroom First Nations people live in teepees and Inuit people live in igloos. All Indigenous people get a free post-secondary education. Located on the St. Clair River, in the city and were formed as a strictly social group in Cultural awareness is necessary to avoid in which storytelling is used to portray life environments as it is in hiring contexts. Fact: Fact: limits of Sarnia. Aamjiwnaang (where the order to celebrate Métis culture. misinterpretation of non-verbal behaviour. For lessons and teachings. Each listener may Traditional Gatherings water flows contrary) is also a member of example, a gentle handshake and avoidance interpret the story in their own way, with Historically, First Nation people lived in teepees, wigwams, There is a limited amount of funding in Indigenous communities to the Anishinaabeg Nation. of direct eye-contact are both ways of certain stories often told in certain seasons. Traditional social gatherings included longhouses and Inuit people lived in igloos. Although today they live help some students achieve the same levels of education as non- Lake St. Clair showing deference and respect. These norms It is the listener's responsibility to hear feasting, singing, dancing, drumming, games in “modern” dwellings there is currently a housing crisis in many First Indigenous Canadians. A high grade-point average (GPA) must be Windsor can sometimes clash with Euro-Canadian the moral of the story, which is in contrast and sporting events. These gatherings have Nations and Inuit communities. Many dwellings are overcrowded, maintained. In most cases, Indigenous people must rely on OSAP, expectations of direct eye-contact and a firm with the direct messaging that mainstream evolved into what today is called jiingtamog poorly ventilated and heated, and often in need of major repairs, all scholarships/bursaries and other loans to help pay for their post- * For more information see https://www.facebook.com/groups/thefiddleandsash/ handshake as a means of generating trust. society often expects. or powwows. of which contribute to health problems. secondary education. WE ARE ALL TREATY PEOPLE HISTORIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE BRITISH CROWN Goderich Historically, the relationship between Indigenous peoples and Three Fires Confederacy Trade and Military Alliances Treaty #53½, August 18, 1843 Treaty #6, September 7, 1796 Canada was based upon treaties which are constitutionally The Three Fires Confederacy is as old as its three member The Three Fires Confederacy began a trade/military Treaty #29, July 10, 1827 Treaty #7, September 7, 1796 LAKE recognized agreements between the Crown and Indigenous HURON nations. It is a trade and military alliance between the alliance in the 1650s with the French and fought together Treaty #25, July 8, 1822 Treaty #2, May 19, 1790 peoples. According to The Canadian Encyclopedia, treaties form Ojibwa (Chippewa), Odawa and Potawatomi nations. in the Fox Wars (1700’s) and against the British (1750’s). the constitutional and moral basis of alliances between Indigenous Decisions affecting any or all of the three members were The Treaty of Niagara in 1764 established a nation-to- peoples and Canada. made at a Three Fires Grand Council usually held at nation trade/military alliance between twenty-four First The Three Fires Confederacy and Lunaapeew fought Sarnia Baawating (Sault Ste. Marie). Today there are members Walpole London A ROAD TO When Canada is referenced here it needs to be clear that the Nations (including the Three Fires Confederacy) and the against the in the of Island of the Three Fires Confederacy residing at Bkejwanong British. They fought against the American rebels during the 1790-94, and were part of a larger First Nations coalition UNDERSTANDING Crown (pre-confederation) and the Government of Canada (post- (unceded) Territory (Walpole Island), Aamjiwnaang, Wiiwkwedong revolution, and against the in the . defeating two American armies. However, in 1794 they confederation) have made these agreements on behalf of all Canadian (Kettle Point) and Aazhoodenaang (Stony Point). Their participation ended with the death of at suffered a major defeat at the INDIGENOUS citizens; therefore, all Canadians are affected by treaties and need to the in 1813. This was the last time in which ended the Indian Wars with the Treaty of Chatham be educated thoroughly on their meaning and current state. the First Nations fought as allies of a European power. Greenville in 1795. Windsor CULTURE

LAKE ERIE

The British North America Act 1867 LOCAL TREATIES Treaty #29 1827: A large tract of land, the Huron Tract, between Lake Huron and the northern The British North America Act changed the HISTORICAL Treaty #2 1790: A large tract of land was Treaty #7 1796: Also called St. Anne’s boundaries of Treaty #7, Treaty #25 and Treaty #6 nation-to-nation relationship between the ceded between Lake Erie and the Thames Treaty, it was originally signed to set aside a and the Thames River ceded by the Ojibwa. Four Crown and the First Nations. This served as The 60's Scoop TIMELINE River by the Ojibwa, Odawa, Potawatomi reserve for an expected influx of displaced small tracts of land were reserved out of the Huron a gateway to forced assimilation. During this The 60's Scoop refers to a time when and Wyandotte nations which includes Indigenous people from the United States Treaty #25 1825: A large tract Tract, one at the mouth of the River aux Sable, one period, a number of Acts (with numerous over 11,000 status First Nations Kent County. after the Indian Wars of 1790-94. When of land, the Longwoods Tract, at Kettle Point, one at the mouth of the St. Clair River paternalistic amendments) were introduced children were removed from their Land Grant 1792: The Lenápe were given a this influx did not happen, the tract of land on the Thames River between just below the rapids and one approximately half- to support colonization, such as the Gradual families and placed into the child The Truth and Reconciliation Commission land grant on the Thames River out of the was opened up to colonized settlement and Treaty #6 (London Township) and way between the mouth of the St. Clair and Walpole Civilization Act; the Gradual Enfranchisement welfare system, in most cases without released an Executive Summary of its tract ceded by Treaty #2. became Sombra Township. Treaty #7 ceded by the Ojibwa. Island. The Huron Tract contained 2.1 million acres. Act; and the Indian Act. the consent of their families or bands. findings along with 94 “calls to action” with the purpose of reconciling relationships between Canadians and Indigenous peoples. 1763 1764 1790 1792 1796 1813 1825 1827 1851 1867 1876 1950s– 1980s 1985 1996 2015 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Battle of the Thames The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established a nation-to-nation relationship. It was the first time Europeans recognized Aboriginal The Treaty of Niagara 1764 Residential Schools Opening The Indian Act, 1876 Bill C-31 Residential Schools Closing title, setting aside land west of the Allegany This treaty between Indigenous peoples and the British Crown ratified the terms This is a treaty between the Anishinaabe, From the 1800s to the 1990s Residential Schools The Indian Act was created for the purpose Over time, many amendments to the The last Residential School in Canada mountains as “Indian Country”. It also of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Twenty-four First Nations negotiated with the Mississaugas and Haudenosaunee that were used to assimilate First Nation children into of governing the lives of Indians in a Indian Act further restricted the rights and closed in 1996. The Truth and Reconciliation established rules for land transfers between Crown over a thirty-day period. Three belts concluded the negotiations. bound them to share the territory and settler society. Children were forcibly removed from paternalistic manner. It established criteria freedoms of First Nations people. However, Commission of Canada was formed to First Nations and settlers. It was ratified by The British presented the First Nations with the Great Wampum protect the land. It is used to describe their families to attend schools far from home and for status, non-status and First Nation one change in 1985 (Bill C-31) allowed learn the truth about what happened in the twenty-four First Nations at the Treaty of agreeing that territory east of the Allegany Mountains would be for the British. The how land can be shared to the mutual although parents did not approve of this practice, band membership. Enfranchisement was a women who had previously lost their status Residential Schools and to prepare a public Niagara in 1764. territory west of the mountain range would be for the First Nations. The British and benefit of all its inhabitants. Subsequent they had no recourse or authority to remove them process by which Indians lost their status through marriage to apply to have their report with recommendations to renew the First Nations would live in peace. Indigenous Nations and Peoples, from the schools. Children were punished for speaking voluntarily or involuntarily and became non- status reinstated. relationships between First Nation people Europeans and all newcomers have been their language and practising their spiritual ways. status Indians. The Indian Act is a form of and Canadians. This process encouraged The British also presented the Twenty-four Nation Wampum agreeing that if any invited into this treaty in the spirit of One of the first Residential Schools was the Mount structural racism which enables economic, survivors to share their stories and begin member was in need the British would supply the necessities. peace, and respect. Elgin Industrial Institute that operated from 1851 to social and political institutions within society their healing journey towards reconciliation. The Haudenosaunee presented the British with a Two Row Wampum. The British 1946 on Chippewa of the Thames First Nation—only to create and reinforce racial discrimination. accepted this wampum agreeing that each would conduct their own affairs. 30 minutes outside London. Later, however, the British did not adhere to this agreement.

This guide was developed through collaboration with local indigenous HISTORIC SOURCES OF DISTRUST THE SEVENTH GENERATION PRINCIPLE Knowledge Keepers, with the goal of Historical distrust continues to impact interactions between Indigenous communities and The seventh generation concept urges the current generation to live and work for the helping those in our community form a the Canadian government. For this reason, the importance of re-establishing the relationship benefit of seven generations into the future. This philosophy originated with the better understanding and connection Great Covenant Chain Wampum and rebuilding trust cannot be overstated. Indigenous communities are still dealing with the and has since been adopted by many indigenous people around the world. with each other. We give thanks to the intergenerational effects caused by colonization and broken treaties, the 60's Scoop and Today, this principle can apply to decisions made with regard to the natural resources we use. knowledge keepers who shared their Residential Schools, with negotiations and/or court cases still on-going. This ensures that those decisions are sustainable for seven generations into the future. experiences and information, and we “The 60's Scoop” refers to a time when over 11,000 status First Nations children were Also important is the way that the Seventh Generation Principle can apply to relationships— also give thanks to the trees from Twenty-four Nation Wampum removed from their families and placed into the child welfare system in most cases without in particular, those between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. Its long-term which these guides were created. the consent of their families or bands. perspective can keep relationships strong for many generations to come. Indian Hospitals were a system of segregated hospitals where Indigenous patients were treated with the intent of reducing the spread of the diseases that had been introduced in the process of colonization (, Tuberculosis, etc.) Forced sterilization and experimentation www.chatham-kent.ca were conducted at these hospitals, where the government authorized and encouraged the Two Row Wampum Dish With One Spoon Wampum sterilization of Indigenous women without the patient’s consent. Patent Box